(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Grub As Food in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

EAS Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: EAS J Nutr Food Sci ISSN 2663-1873 (Print) & ISSN: 2663-7308 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-1 | Issue-5 | Sept-Oct-2019 |

Research Article

The Acceptability and Knowledgeability of Rhynhophorus Phoenicis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Grub As Food in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Ukoroije, Rosemary Boate1* and Bobmanuel, Rosetta Bekinwari2 1Department of Biological sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, P. O. Box 071 Bayelsa state, Nigeria 2 Department of Biology, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5047, Rivers State, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author Ukoroije, Rosemary Boate

Abstract: This study was aimed at evaluating the knowledgeability and acceptability of the African red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) as food in Bayelsa State owing to its nutritive and medicinal properties. The study employed the use of sample survey method engaging the distribution of 120 and retrieval of 100 open ended questionnaires. The respondents were males and females of age brackets 20-60 years. The findings revealed general knowledge, acceptability as food and nutritional awareness of R. phoenicis at 63, 91 and 61 respectively. Also 84 respondents had eaten various delicacies prepared with the grub, 74 were well aware of palm trees as the breeding sites, 39 recognized the adult beetle as emergent of the grub, 41 asserted to eating the larvae as food rids the chest of hang overs, 50 attested to the fact that pregnant women actually gave birth to healthy babies upon inclusion of the grubs in their diets. 60 individuals called for mass rearing the larvae to meet the nutritive needs of the populace thus forming a basis for its incorporation in entomophagy, as the larvae are considered high in unsaturated fat and the third most proteinous food after chicken and termites. The results of the present study showed that R. phoenicis larva is mostly consumed and widely accepted as food by the people. However, there is the clarion call for domestication and mass rearing of the larvae for food and commerce rather than continuous reliance on harvesting natural population/wild collection occasioned by low yield and seasonality problems. Keywords: Rhynchophorus phoenicis, Domestication, Mass rearing, Entomophagy, Acceptability.

INTRODUCTION larva is cherished as food among the many communities The palm weevil larvae also known as „grubs‟ in Nigeria and around the world, especially in those are harvested from palm trees infested by the adult palm places where palms (Oil, Raffia and coconut) are weevil, which lays her eggs in the tree via natural cultivated on commercial basis Okaraonye and openings or injuries. The eggs hatch into the larval Ikewuchi, (2008). stage which molts thrice, then the pupa and adult emergence, thus exhibiting complete metamorphosis Among the various ethnic nationalities in (Alrouechidi, 2003). All the life stages are eaten by Nigeria, it is associated with different local names such different people. as Orhu or Okhin in Edo, Nten in Ibibios, eruru, akwangwo or nza in Igbo, eko-ali in Idoma, awon or Insects have played important part in the ekuku Yoruba, odo, Ikolo, edon by the Isokos, Itsekiris history of human nutrition in Africa, Asia and Latin and the Urhobos respectively (Okaraonye and America (Bodenheimer, 1951, Defoliart, 1992) and Ikewuchi, 2008). The Ijaws in Bayelsa State call the several species have been used as human food insect dun or okoko Thomas and Briyai, (2019). (Defoliart, 1988). Rhynchophorus phoenicis commonly called Red palm weevil is one of the species of edible In Nigeria, these insects are fried in their own insects that are generally accepted, considered most oil, salted for snacks and eaten as special local important and widely marketed edible insect in the delicacies (Anthonio and Isoun, 1982). In Bayelsa State, Niger Delta region and Bayelsa State specifically. The the insects, especially the larval stage serves as special Quick Response Code Journal homepage: Copyright © 2019 The Author(s): This is an open- access article distributed under the terms of the

http://www.easpublisher.com/easjnfs/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Article History License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted Received: 02.10.2019 use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium Accepted: 11.10.2019 for non-commercial use provided the original Published: 29.10.2019 author and source are credited.

DOI: 10.36349/easjnfs.2019.v01i05.006

Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya 115

Ukoroije, Rosemary Boate & Bobmanuel, R. Bekinwari; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-1, Iss-5 (Sept-Oct, 2019): 115-120 delicacies to both the rural and city dwellers (Omotoso Ajboye, (1993) reported the use of palm weevil grub as and Adedire, 2007). Banjo et al., (2005) stated that the food by many Nigerians especially rural dwellers as grubs and adults are used as food in South Western major protein supplement. They stated that it was easier Nigeria. Processed grubs are dressed on skewers for a manufacturing proteins from insects than other plant certain amount/price and are sold in local markets, tissues, thereby advocating the need for the motor parks and by the sides of major roads leading into development of mass rearing methods of the insects for and outside. Upon harvesting, the grubs are either eaten food and commerce. raw (fresh) or cooked. Other processing/preparation methods include roasting, frying, smoking, stewing, and Bayelsans in Bayelsa State eat the palm weevil so on. In the Niger Delta area and Eastern States of larva as meat amidst varieties of meat from different Nigeria, this larva is often a cherished delicacy and can species of animals for reasons ranging from its nutty be sold along major roads and markets in Edo and Delta flavour, oily/fatty nature, nutrient content, taste, tender States of Nigeria, from Sapele where it is called „edible meat nature, among many others. This study was worm‟ or „Maggot‟ to Warri where it is called ‟diet‟, conducted to determine the knowledgebility and down to Bayelsa where it is called „Bayelsa Suya‟ and acceptability level of the grub by the populace of in Rivers it is called „chafer‟ (Lale, 1996). In Cross Bayelsa State and the inclusion of palm weevil larva in River, Akwa Ibom and all the Eastern States of their choice of variety of meat in the locality Nigeria, it is widely consumed either raw, boiled, fried, smoked or sometimes used in the preparation of stews METHODOLOGY and soups as part of a meal or as a complete meal Study Area Okaraonye and Ikewuchi (2008). The study was conducted in Bayelsa State, which is one of the Six (6) States in South-South Proximate and chemical analysis of these Geopolitical Zones of Nigeria, located in the Niger grubs revealed the presence of protein, carbohydrates, Delta Region lying between latitudes 4‟15oN and saturated and unsaturated oil and fatty acids at about 5‟23oN and longitudes 5‟22oE and 6‟45oE of the 31- 61% wet weight. Minerals found include sodium, Equator. The study area covered five communities zinc, iron, copper, manganese, potassium, calcium, including Akenfa, Agudama, Edepie, Biogbolo and phosphorus and magnesium in low, moderate and high Yenezue-gene, all in Yenagoa metropolis. content levels Okaraonye and Ikewuchi, (2008). The larvae are proven to contain the richest source of animal MATERIALS AND METHODS fat and high energy value of 234.9KJ/100g of larvae Employing the sample survey method by Nodu (Oliveria et al., (1976). According to Chaney, (2006a), et al., (2013), primary data was collected using well- the crude protein content of R. phoenicis larvae is structured, open- ended descriptive questionnaires. A higher than those found in cow milk, eggs, termites and total of one hundred and twenty questionnaires bound beef, implying that this larval meal can contribute on the „Acceptability‟ and „knowledgebility‟ of Red significantly to the daily human protein requirements of Palm Weevils (R. phoenicis) as food in Bayelsa State about 23-53g. It is also rich in essential amino acids were distributed between males and females within the such as histidine, methionine and phenylalanine age bracket of 20-60 years in the research area under (McGilvery and Goldstein, 1983; FAO/WHO/UNU, study. Respondents were shown pictures of R. phoenicis 1991). Its high content of unsaturated fatty acids is an larvae and adults. Filled questionnaires were retrieved indicator that the oil is safe for consumption by after a period of three days to a week from the individuals prone to dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and respondents. cardiovascular diseases since its intake reduces the risk of these attacks Martirosyan, et al., (2007). Vitamins STATISTICAL ANALYSIS found in high amount include thiamine and riboflavin The data generated from the studies were (Thomas and Briyai, 2019). analyzed by simple percentages while the charts were plotted using Microsoft excel. Ene, (1963) noted that insects directly or indirectly provide man with good quality food since RESULTS processed proteins could be manufactured from insect A total of a hundred questionnaires were tissues, therefore insects could add to the world‟s retrieved from the respondents. These were compiled meager supply of proteins and fats. Defoliart, (1989, and used for the computation of the results. The results 1991a, 2002) stated that indigenous population in many showed that majority of the respondents were well third world countries where animal protein is scarce, aware of the larvae of R. phoenicis. Figure 1 shows the use about 30 species of insects or more since insects are number of respondents who indicated knowledge of the many times higher in protein and fat content than the R. phoenicis larvae as 91. Among the respondents, 45 plants which they fed upon. Accordingly, Clastres, (49.5%) were male and 46 (50.5%) were females (1972), viewed the palm larvae as more than food respectively. Amongst the male respondents, 25 were gathered by chance in the forest, rather they are the within the ages of 20-40 years and 20 within 41-60 product of some sort of cultivation Fasoranti and years of age. For the female respondents, 34 were

Ukoroije, Rosemary Boate & Bobmanuel, R. Bekinwari; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-1, Iss-5 (Sept-Oct, 2019): 115-120 within 20-40 years and 12 within 40-60 years respectively (fig.1).

A total of 84 respondents, claimed to have eaten the grub. From the number 41 (48.81%) were males while the females were 43 (51.19%). Among the males 21 were within the age of 20-40 years and 20 were 41-60 years. Also, 31 female respondents fell within the age bracket of 20-40 and 12 within 41-60 years of age respectively (fig. 2). Fig. 3: Number of respondents that called for mass The response to mass rearing and rearing and domestication of R. phoenicis domestication of R. phoenicis was supported by 60 respondents. 32 (53.3%) were males and 28 (46.7%) were females. A total of 19 and 13 of them were within the age brackets of 20-40 and 41- 60 years respectively for male, while, 19 within the age of 20-40 years and 9 within 41-60 years of age were females (fig. 3).

The graph on figure 4 gives the outcome of respondents who reported awareness of palms as breeding site for R. phoenicis beetle as 74. Males were 41 (55.4%) while females were 33 (44.6%). From the sum, 24 males were within the age of 20-40 and 17 within the age bracket of 41-60 years. Also, 21 females Fig. 4: Number of respondents that indicated awareness of were ranked 20-40 years and 12 within 41-60 years old. palms as breeding ground for R. phoenicis

A total of 61 respondents believed that the consumption of R. phoenicis beetle and grub as delicacy was nutritious and had medicinal value. Among the number, 32 (52.5%) were male respondents while females were 29 (47.5%). From the number given, 16 respondents between the age of 20-40 and another 16 within 41-60 years respectively were males while 17 within the age of 20-40 years and 12 within age 41-60 years were females (fig. 5).

Fig. 5: Medicinal and nutritional importance of R. phoenicis as food.

Figure six shows that 50 respondents believed that pregnant women who consumed these grubs were likely to birth healthy and chubby children. About 28 (56.0%) respondents in support of this motive were male respondents while females were 22 (44.0%). Amongst the males, 15 fell within the age brackets of Fig 1: Number of respondents that were knowledgeable of 20-40 while 13 were within 41-60 years. Likewise, the R. phoenicis grub female respondents had 14 within 20-40 and 8 within 41-60 years.

A total of 39 respondents claimed recognition of the adult beetle as part of R. phoenicis grub. 22 (56.4%) were males while, 17 (43.6%) were females. Among the males, 12 were within 20-40 years and 10 within 41-60 years. For the female respondents, 11 were within 20-40 and 6 within 41- 60 years of age respectively as presented on figure 7

Fig. 2: Number of respondents who prefered eating R. phoenicis grub as food

Ukoroije, Rosemary Boate & Bobmanuel, R. Bekinwari; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-1, Iss-5 (Sept-Oct, 2019): 115-120 The total numbers of respondents who believed that these grubs when eaten could clear the chest region and help those suffering from “hang-overs” were 41. From the number, 24 (58.5%) were males and 17 (41.5%) were females. Male respondents had 14 within 20-40 and 10 within 41-60 years. Also, regarding the female respondents, 12 were within ages 20-40 and 5 within 41- 60 years of age respectively (fig. 8).

As represented on figure nine below, a total of 63 respondents accepted the grubs as food. Males were 42 (66.7%) and females 21 (33.3%). 20 males fell Fig. 9: Number of respondents who accepted R. within ages 20-40 and 22 within 41-60 years phoenicis grubs as food. respectively. The number of females were 10 which fell within ages 20-40 and 12 within ages 41-60 years of age accordingly

A total of 33 respondents reported knowledge of R. phoenicis beetle as the primary pest for the destruction of raphia and oil palms. From the above value, 18 (54.5%) were males and 15 (45.5%) were females. Among the males, 5 were within age brackets 20-40 and 13 within 41-60 years. For the females, 3 were within the ages of 20-40 and 12 within 41-60 years of age respectively (fig 10). Fig. 10: Number of respondents who reported that the infestation of palms by R. phoenicis led to their destruction

DISCUSSION The larval stage of R. phoenicis is well known to the indigenes and non-indigenes of Bayelsa State who strongly believe that the „grubs‟ have high nutritional and medicinal potentials. The respondents had favourable perceptions regarding the larvae as food which positively influenced their level of acceptance at Fig. 6: Number of respondents who believed that the sixty three (63) out of a hundred indicating a high consumption of R. phoenicis grubs by pregnant women acceptance at that. This finding is in support of earlier enables them to give birth to healthy babies report of Thomas and Briyai, (2019), who reported total

acceptance of the larvae as food by the people of Bayelsa state specifically and Niger Delta region in general.

Traditionally, many claimed that the larva content extends beyond nutritional to medicinal properties. A total of sixty one (61) out of the 100 respondents believed that R. phoenicis larvae contained medicinal and nutritional properties hence its acceptability. This result supports the report by Fig.7: Number of respondents who recognized the adult Solomon et al., 2008, who stated that as long as protein- beetle as a life stage of R. phoenicis energy malnutrition prevails in developing countries, the search for low cost, nutritious and easy to prepare locally available complementary foods will continue. The protein content of R. phoenicis larva compares with those from most conventional protein sources (Pyke, 1979). The high protein content of the larva is suggestive of the potential of the larva being used in combating protein deficiency if the larva is dehydrated and defatted. A relatively high cash value is observed for the larva, when compared with the reported values Fig.8: Number of respondents who believed that for meats, meat products and poultry (Watt and Merril, consumption of R. phoenicis grubs act as cure or hang- 1963). R. phoenicis grubs have been proven by overs

Ukoroije, Rosemary Boate & Bobmanuel, R. Bekinwari; EAS J Nutr Food Sci; Vol-1, Iss-5 (Sept-Oct, 2019): 115-120 researchers to be good source of protein and other Furthermore, forty one (41) of respondents nutrient supplements, thus mass production of its larvae believed that eating the larvae as food rids the chest of and those of other edible insects using advance hang overs. Those who believed this fact attested to it scientific procedures and cultivation will drastically been used by them or some friends that experienced decrease the excessive reliance on conventional protein hangovers due excessive intake of alcohol. They source Ifie and Emeruwa, (2011). FAO/WHO/UNU, claimed it calmed the thoracic region thereby ridding (1991) reported that the high protein content of these them of all symptoms of hang overs. This result is in grub meal can contribute significantly to the daily agreement with that of David, (2015) who stated that human protein requirements of about 23-56g. eating greasy grubs after hangovers do actually get rid of the tired-headachy-nauseated feeling. This is also These insects are known to be rich sources of buttressed by Buddy, (2019) who reported that taking various macro and trace elements/ minerals such as food that can replace the salt and potassium lost during sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, a drinking binge can help cure hang overs. Hence, since manganese, phosphorus, zinc and copper Abdel- the grub is proven to contain relatively high amounts of Moniem et al., (2017). They further stated that the sodium (460mg) and potassium (45mg) per 100mg its copper content of the larva can supply the consumption is proven as cure for hangovers. recommended minimum daily requiremen of human while the sodium content is also very high. These Fifty (50) respondents attested to the fact that elements are probably accumulated for future use in pregnant women actually gave birth to healthy babies adult exoskeletal and connective tissue synthesis. upon inclusion of the grubs in their diets which is an According to Defoliart, (1991b), Okaraonye and average of the total number of respondents.. This is also Ikewuchi, (2008) R. phoenicis larva contain fatty acids supportive of the statement by Bodenheimer, (1951), similar to those found in poultry and fish in their degree that palm beetles are reportedly eaten as protection of utilization but higher in unsaturation. They also against sterility. Saris et al., (2000), Abdel-Moniem et reported that the larvae oils are safe and low in al., (2017) disclosed that iron deficiency has been a cholesterol content but the oils should be stored at low major problem in women‟s diet in the developing world temperature, protected from light and oxygen to avoid particularly among pregnant women and most peroxidative changes. Stedman, (1996), remarked that especially in Africa but that these grubs are rich source fat gotten from palm grubs can be used in the of iron. They stated that the iron content of R. phoenicis manufacture of excellent butter. Abdel-Moniem et al., larvae was 99.0mg/100g larvae and is a good source of (2017), McGilvery and Goldstein, (1983) also minerals for young, pregnant and lactating mothers and confirmed that the grubs contained about eighteen for the proper development and functioning of the body known amino acids that are essential to the wellbeing of system. According to Chaney, (2006b) the larva can humans in trace to high amounts such as alanine, lysine, also supplement the daily iron requirement of man since valine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine iron is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and several others. cytochromes and myelo peroxidases.

About seventy four (74) of the respondents A total of sixty (60) respondents called for the claimed awareness of palm trees as the actual breeding domestication and mass rearing of the grub for sites of R. phoenicis. This is indicative of the fact that a commercial purposes. This is in agreement with the lot above average of the respondents were totally statement of Ebenebe et al., 2016, who reported that the conversant that the insects are polyphagous with unsustainable practice of wild collection of the larvae females that are usually attracted by palm volatiles and has been characterized by low yield and seasonality thus lay several eggs in dying or damaged parts of problems and thus calls for alternate means of culturing palms, although undamaged palms could also be the insect outside its natural habitat with the purpose of attacked and that palms indeed are the natural breeding ensuring year round supply. Also, Fasoranti and sites of the insect (Thomas, 2003). Ajboye, (1993), stated that it was easier manufacturing proteins from palm grubs than other plant tissues, About thirty nine (39) recognized the adult thereby advocating the need for the development of beetle as an emergent of the larvae and thus a stage of mass rearing methods of the insects for food and its developmental cycle. Most of the respondents only commerce. knew the larval stage while some knew the adult beetle but never speculated it to be an emergent stage of the Eighty four (84) respondents claimed to have larva and a few others claimed never to have seen the eaten delicacies prepared using the grub while about adult stage prior to the time of the research. This can be ninety one (91) of the individuals affirmed they were attributed to the fact that palm plantations are located in well knowledgeable of the insect and its use as food, forests far away from residential areas and the insect is making the aim of this research a huge success. This is crepuscular and seldomly flies to areas inhabited by the in conformity with the observations of Anthonio and populace. Isoun, (1982), Banjo et al., (2005), Omotoso and Adedire, (2007), Okaraonye and Ikewuchi (2008),

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