DOCSLIB.ORG

A Versatile Selenium Transfer Reagent in Organic Synthesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Versatile Selenium Transfer Reagent in Organic Synthesis Chemistry in india Part i CHIMIA 2012, 66, No. 12 921 doi:10.2533/chimia.2012.921 Chimia 66 (2012) 921–929 © Schweizerische Chemische Gesellschaft Tetraethylammonium Tetraseleno- tungstate: A Versatile Selenium Transfer Reagent in Organic Synthesis Devarajulu Sureshkumar§, Purushothaman Gopinath§, and Srinivasan Chandrasekaran*ab§ Abstract: Organoselenium compounds have attracted intense research owing to their unique biological properties as well as pharmaceutical significance. Progress has been made in developing reagents for incorporation of selenium in an efficient and controlled manner. Herein, we present a review on the recently developed selenium reagent, tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate, [Et N] WSe as a versatile selenium transfer reagent in organic 4 2 4 synthesis. Tetraselenotungstate has been successfully used for the synthesis of a number of functionalized diselenides, sugar- and nucleoside-derived diselenides, seleno-cystines, selenohomocystines, selenoamides, selenoureas and sugar- and nucleoside-based cyclic-selenide derivatives. Additionally, this reagent has been employed for the ring opening of aziridines to synthesize a variety of β-aminodiselenides. A new selena-aza- Payne type rearrangement of aziridinemethanoltosylates mediated by tetraselenotungstate for the synthesis of allyl amines is also discussed. Keywords: Aziridines · Diselenides · Selena-aza-Payne and cyclic-diselenides · Selenium · Selenium-transfer reagent · Seleno-cystines · Selenohomocystine · Sugar diselenides · Tetraselenotungstate Srinivasan of Chemistry – An Asian Journal and zyme inhibitors, antitumor, anti-infective Chandrasekaran Regional Editor of Tetrahedron Letters. He agents and also for their potential phar- was born in Tamil was an elected member of the Bureau and maceutical significance (Fig. 1).[2] Much Nadu, India in Executive committee of the International of the biological activity of selenium is 1945. He received Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. His associated with its incorporation into the his early education research interests include exploitation of seleno-cysteine residue of enzymes such as at the University of new methods and reagents in organic syn- glycine reductase, formatedehydrogenase, Madrasandobtained thesis and their utilization in the synthesis hydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, tet- his PhD degree in of biologically active natural products. raiodothreonine 5-deiodinase and plasma 1972 working with proteins.[3] Recently, it has been reported Prof. S. Swaminathan at the University that by incorporation of selenium into pep- of Madras. He worked as a Research 1. Introduction tides, it is possible to study the conforma- Associate (1973–75, 1976–77) with Prof. tional folding preferences of peptides and E. J. Corey at Harvard University, USA Selenium was discovered by Berzelius proteins. Despite the importance of the se- and at Syntex Research, USA (1976). in 1817 and is considered as an essential lenium analogues of amino acids, there are He started independent research at the micro-mineral necessary for cellular func- very few synthetic methodologies avail- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute tion in mammals but toxic at higher levels. able for the synthesis of selenium com- of Technology, Kanpur where he was The first organo-selenium compound, di- pounds due to difficulties in purification, promoted to Professor in 1985. In May ethyl selenide, was prepared by Lowig in and relative instability. For example, the 1989, he moved to the Indian Institute of 1836. In the past decades, organoselenium synthesis of amino acid, selenocysteine, is Science to take up his current position. He chemistry has made significant progress difficult because it readily oxidizes to form has received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar starting from the synthesis of simple sele- the diselenide, selenocystine, in the pres- Prize (Council of Scientific and Industrial nols, selenides and diselenides to the de- ence of air. Research, 1989). He is an elected fel- velopment of organoselenium compounds Diselenides are important motifs in se- low of the Indian Academy of Sciences, having therapeutic potential. lenocystine containing proteins, enzymes Indian National Science Academy and the Following the discovery of seleno-en- and are very good chiral ligands. The most Academy of Sciences of the Developing zymes, selenium-containing compounds frequently used method for the prepara- World (TWAS). He is currently a mem- have been studied extensively in recent tion of organic diselenides is the reaction ber of the International Advisory Board years because of their interesting reactiv- of alkali metal diselenides with various ity profile,[1] anti-oxidant properties, as en- electrophiles.[4] Generally the metal dis- *Correspondence: Prof. S. Chandrasekaranab aDepartment of Organic Chemistry Fig. 1. Biologically Indian Institute of Science NH2 O active selenium-con- Bangalore-560012, India COOH HSe Se COOH b taining molecules. Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific HOOC Se N Research NH2 NH2 Se Jakkur, Bangalore, India Selenocystiene Selenocystine E-mail: [email protected] Ebselen (anti-oxidant) §All three authors contributed equally to this article 922 CHIMIA 2012, 66, No. 12 Chemistry in india Part i i. W(CO)6 ,DMF,90°C, 1h Se Se SeR RX Se SeR 2K +3Se K2Se3 [Et4N]2WSe4 Se RX W W ii. Et4NBr 1 W Se Se Se Se SeR 60 % Se X1 X2 1 Scheme 1. Synthesis of tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (1). WeSe + Se R + Se R 2 R Se WeSe3 R Se [Et N] WSe 1 3 4 2 4 Se R 3 RX R Se CH3CN, rt, 5-90 min 2 3 Scheme 3. Tentative mechanism of 1 with alkyl halides. 82 -95% R=Alkyl X=Halides Simple benzyl bromides and its deriva- Se ) Y 2 tives were easily (5–15 min) converted to Se ) HO 2 the corresponding diselenides using 1 in ()5 Se ) 2 CH CN at ambient temperature (Scheme 3a;Y=H; 92% 3 [9] 3b;Y=p-CN; 95% 2). Generally, the reaction is clean and 4;89% 5;92%; dr =1:1 a simple filter column yields diselenides 3c;Y=p-CO2Et; 84% 3d;Y=p-OMe; 91% of high purity and chemical yields (81– 3f;Y=p-COPh; 81% 95%). Tetraselenotungstate 1, reacts with the alkyl halides to form the correspond- ing diselenides chemoselectively without Se ) EtO interfering with the easily reducible func- 2 Se ) 2 O tional groups such as cyano, ester and keto O N 6 84% 2 82% 8 functionalities. Thus, this reagent has a + (1:1) (1:1) + definite advantage over other procedures ) 2 EtO ) involving the use of metal diselenides and Se 2 Se reducing agents, which cannot be utilized O N O 2 9 in some of these cases. Simple long-chain 7 hydroxy alkyl bromides show low reactiv- Scheme 2. Reaction of tetraselenotungstate 1 with alkyl halides. ity with 1 as compared to benzyl bromides towards the formation of alkyl diselenides. Secondary benzylic bromides are easily elenides are prepared under strongly basic 2. Synthesis of Tetraethylammonium transformed into the corresponding disel- conditions or using reducing agents such Tetraselenotungstate, [Et N] WSe enides as a diastereomeric mixture. In the 4 2 4 as NaBH and LiEt BH, which are often in- case of highly reactive bromides like 4-ni- 4 3 compatible with many functional groups. Tetraselenotungstate 1 is prepared by trobenzyl bromide and ethyl bromoacetate, Another drawback is the formation of a slight modification of the original pro- reaction of 1 furnished a mixture of mono- monoselenides and triselenides as byprod- cedure reported by Kollis and O’Neal[8] and diselenides in 1 : 1 ratio in reasonable ucts, which are often very difficult to pu- by treatment of K Se with W(CO) in dry yields without affecting the nitro and ester 2 3 6 rify. Furthermore, such procedures require DMF at 90 ºC for 1 hr followed by the ad- functionalities (Scheme 2). refluxing conditions for the formation of dition of Et NBr (exchange of potassium Although reaction of 1 with alkyl ha- 4 diselenides. counter cation with tetraethylammonium lides seems to follow the bimolecular S 2 N Although several methods are avail- cation makes the reagent more soluble in substitution pathway, the mechanism of able for the synthesis of organo-selenium organic solvents). After filtration, THF is alkylation of selenometallates of this kind compounds,[5] there still exist challenges to slowly added and the reaction mixture is has not been completely studied and fully develop new versatile selenating reagents, stored at 4 ºC overnight. This furnishes understood. Since reactivity of tetraseleno- which can perform regio-, and stereo con- tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate, tungstate 1 is similar to tetrathiotungstate, trolled selenium transfer reactions effi- [Et N] WSe (1) as a red crystalline solid (WS )2–, a plausible mechanism based on 4 2 4 4 ciently in a single step. These challenges in 60% yield (Scheme 1).The reagent can the analogous reaction of tetrathiotungstate arise partly because of the relative insta- be stored under argon atmosphere for a few with alkyl halides is presented in Scheme bility of existing selenating reagents at months; however it decomposes to the cor- 3. In the first step, tetraselenotungstate 1 ambient conditions. Development of prac- responding oxometallic species upon pro- reacts with alkyl halides by alkylation of tically useful and efficient new selenating longed exposure to air. selenium to form monoalkylated interme- reagents is still necessary. Therefore, we diate X and subsequently the second sele- 1 have been involved in the development of nium alkylation forms dialkylated interme- new selenating reagents in organic synthe- 3. Synthesis of Simple Diselenides diate X . The intermediates X and X can 2 1 2 sis for the last few years. Müller and co- undergo induced internal redox reaction workers first reported tetraselenotungstate Tetraselenotungstate 1 is a highly with the oxidation of the selenium ligand in 1981,[6] and since then there have been reactive and soft nucleophile that can and concomitant reduction of the metal no comprehensive studies on the use of this transfer selenium to a variety of organic center to form diselenide 3 along with a selenating reagent. In this review we focus compounds.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Methods for the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds*
    Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 603–613, 2004. © 2004 IUPAC New methods for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds* Aldo Caiazzo1, Shadi Dalili1, Christine Picard2, Mikio Sasaki1, Tung Siu2, and Andrei K. Yudin1,‡ 1Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; 2Ylektra, Inc., 100 University Ave., 10th Floor, South Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5J 1V6, Canada Abstract: Due to frequent occurrence of nitrogen-containing groups among the biologically active compounds, chemoselective functionalization of organic molecules with nitrogen-con- taining functional groups is an important area of organic synthesis. We have proposed and implemented a new strategy toward design of nitrogen-transfer reactions on inert electrode surfaces with a particular focus on the generation and trapping of highly reactive nitrogen- transfer agents. A wide range of structurally dissimilar olefins can be readily transformed into the corresponding aziridines. The resulting aziridines are precursors to a range of cata- lysts via nucleophilic ring-opening with diaryl- and dialkyl phosphines. Another strategy ex- plored in the context of oxidative nitrogen transfer is cycloamination of olefins using NH aziridines. INTRODUCTION The transformations of organic compounds belong to one of the following two broad categories: car- bon–carbon bond-forming reactions and redox processes. Over the years, remarkable progress has been achieved in design and applications of novel metal-based complexes in oxidation chemistry. The metal center of such a catalyst is surrounded by a ligand, which resembles and emulates the function of the enzyme active site. This strategy is known to adequately address the issues of regio-, chemo-, and stereoselectivity in a number of synthetic transformations.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in Titanium Radical Redox Catalysis
    JOCSynopsis Cite This: J. Org. Chem. 2019, 84, 14369−14380 pubs.acs.org/joc Recent Advances in Titanium Radical Redox Catalysis Terry McCallum, Xiangyu Wu, and Song Lin* Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States ABSTRACT: New catalytic strategies that leverage single-electron redox events have provided chemists with useful tools for solving synthetic problems. In this context, Ti offers opportunities that are complementary to late transition metals for reaction discovery. Following foundational work on epoxide reductive functionalization, recent methodological advances have significantly expanded the repertoire of Ti radical chemistry. This Synopsis summarizes recent developments in the burgeoning area of Ti radical catalysis with a focus on innovative catalytic strategies such as radical redox-relay and dual catalysis. 1. INTRODUCTION a green chemistry perspective, the abundance and low toxicity of Ti make its complexes highly attractive as reagents and Radical-based chemistry has long been a cornerstone of 5 1 catalysts in organic synthesis. synthetic organic chemistry. The high reactivity of organic IV/III radicals has made possible myriad new reactions that cannot be A classic example of Ti -mediated reactivity is the reductive ring opening of epoxides. This process preferentially readily achieved using two-electron chemistry. However, the − high reactivity of organic radicals is a double-edged sword, as cleaves and functionalizes the more substituted C O bond, the selectivity of these fleeting intermediates can be difficult to providing complementary regioselectivity to Lewis acid control in the presence of multiple chemotypes. In addition, promoted epoxide reactions. The synthetic value of Ti redox catalysis has been highlighted by their many uses in total catalyst-controlled regio- and stereoselective reactions involv- 6−10 ing free-radical intermediates remain limited,2 and the synthesis (Scheme 1).
    [Show full text]
  • The Synthesis and Applications of N-Alkenyl Aziridines
    The Synthesis and Applications of N-Alkenyl Aziridines by Nicholas A. Afagh A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Chemistry University of Toronto © Copyright by Nicholas A. Afagh 2010 The Synthesis and Applications of N-Alkenyl Aziridines Nicholas A. Afagh Master of Science Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 2010 Abstract N-alkenyl aziridines are a unique class of molecules that do not behave as typical enamines as a result of the inability of the nitrogen atom lone-pair of electrons to delocalize. The attenuated nucleophilicity of these enamines presents opportunities for the selective functionalization and reactivity not available to classical enamines. An operationally simple and mild copper-mediated coupling has been developed that facilitates the preparation of a broad range of N-alkenyl aziridines not available through existing methods. The preparation and reactivity of highly- functionalized N-alkenyl aziridines are reported. Also reported is the application of the chemoselective amine/aldehyde/alkyne (A 3) multicomponent coupling involving amphoteric aziridine aldehydes as the aldehyde component. This coupling allows access to propargyl amines with pendent aziridine functionality. ii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Andrei K. Yudin for his continuous support and encouragement over the past two years. His wealth of knowledge and profound insight into all matters chemistry made for many interesting discussions. In addition, I would like to thank all the members of the Yudin group past and present with whom I have had the distinct pleasure of working alongside and shared many late evenings.
    [Show full text]
  • Aziridination of Alkenes Promoted by Iron Or Ruthenium Complexes
    Aziridination of Alkenes Promoted by Iron or Ruthenium Complexes Caterina Damiano, Daniela Intrieri and Emma Gallo* Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan (Italy). E-mail address: [email protected]. Keywords: Aziridines, Nitrene reagents, Alkenes, Homogenous catalysis, Iron, Ruthenium. Abstract Molecules containing an aziridine functional group are a versatile class of organic synthons due to the presence of a strained three member, which can be easily involved in ring-opening reactions and the aziridine functionality often show interesting pharmaceutical and/or biological behaviours. For these reasons, the scientific community is constantly interested in developing efficient procedures to introduce an aziridine moiety into organic skeletons and the one-pot reaction of an alkene double bond with a nitrene [NR] source is a powerful synthetic strategy. Herein we describe the catalytic activity of iron or ruthenium complexes in promoting the reaction stated above by stressing the potential and limits of each synthetic protocol. 1. Introduction Aziridines, the smallest N-heterocycle compounds, have attracted considerable attention in the last few decades due to their many applications in biological and synthetic chemistry [1]. The aziridine functionality is often responsible for the activity of biologically active species (such as antitumor compounds, antibiotics and enzyme inhibitors) and aziridine containing molecules [2] are also useful building blocks in the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals [3-6]. The striking chemical properties of aziridines are due to the energy associated to the strained three- membered ring [7], which renders them very active and versatile starting materials for the synthesis of several useful molecules such as amines, amino acids, β-lactams, polymers and α-amido ketones [8, 9].
    [Show full text]
  • Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Vinyl Aziridines: Expedient Synthesis of Cyclic Sulfoximines from Chiral Sulfinimines Toni Moragas,A Ryan M
    Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Vinyl Aziridines: Expedient Synthesis of Cyclic Sulfoximines from Chiral Sulfinimines Toni Moragas,a Ryan M. Liffey,a Dominika Regentová,a Jon-Paul S. Ward,a Justine Dutton,a William Lewis,a Ian Churcher,b Lesley Walton,c José A. Souto,a,d Robert A. Stockmana* Abstract: A novel rearrangement of 2-vinyl aziridine 2-carboxylates to unusual chiral cyclic sulfoximines is described herein. The method allows the synthesis of substituted cyclic sulfoximines in high yields with complete stereocontrol, displaying a wide substrate scope under mild conditions. Further development of a one-pot process directly from sulfinimines shows the synthetic applicability of this protocol, providing access to complex chiral sulfoximines in only two steps from commercially available aldehydes. A mechanistic hypothesis and synthetic application in the formal synthesis of trachelanthamidine by transformation of a cyclic sulfoximine into a pyrroline is also disclosed. Since the first isolation of sulfoximines by Bentley and coworkers in 19501 these sulfur containing compounds have found applications in functional group transformations and asymmetric synthesis,2 drug development,3 crop treatment4 and insect control.5 Largely ignored in medicinal chemistry for around 50 years, the sulfoximine group has recently been the object of significant new interest in this area.3 Sulfoximines are three-dimensional motifs with three points of attachment in orthogonal vectors,6 with functionalisation at nitrogen and carbon alpha to the sulfur both versatile and facile. 7-9 Despite the promising biological activity showed by the few previously synthesised cyclic sulfoximines,3 methods describing the synthesis of these compounds are scarce and mainly involve the multistep synthesis of linear sulfoximines10,11 and subsequent cyclisations.12 Furthermore, they generally describe benzo-fused cyclic sulfoximines.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrocyclic Reactions of Aziridines
    ELECTROCYCLIC RUCTIONS OF AZIRIDINES by MUHAMMAD HUMAYOUN AKHTAR M. Sc., University of Moncton, 1966. A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Chemistry @ WHAMMAD HUMAYOUN AKHTAR , 1970 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY August, 1970 A PPR OVA L Name : Muhammad Humayoun Akhtar Degree : Doc tor of Philosophy Title of' Thesis: Electrocyclic Reactions of Aziridines Examining Committee: ,, A. C . Oehlschlaire'u' Senior supervisa/ . .- ' A. G. SherviooP Examining Committee - - K. ?I.Slessor ~xami~kn~Committee A. Fischer External Examiner Professor Department of Chemistry The University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia Abstract Temperature dependent nmr spectra have been observed for a series of para-substi tuted 1-aryl-3,3- dimethyltriazenes . The temperature dependence has been interpreted in terms of restricted internal rotation about the N2,Fj bond of these triazenes and activation para- 5 meters AF', AH', and AS have been calculated from the spectral data. The origin of the rotational barrier is considered to lie in partial double bond formation between hT2 and T3 due to the contribution of 1,3-dipolar resonance hybrids to the qround states of these triazenes. This interpretation is supported by a sizable substituent effect o= -2'1 for the rotational process in the series studied. Chemical shift data at low temperatures indicates a stereo- specific association of benzene with the triazenes studied which places the benzene ring closer to the trans N-Me group in the 1,3-dipolar resonance hybrid. The thermal decomposition of ~T-arylazoaziridines follows two routes; one giving arylazide and alkene (stereospecif ically) and the other giving products typical of homolysis of the azo-linkage.
    [Show full text]
  • Asymmetric Nitrene Transfer Reactions with Azides Via Co(II)-Based Metalloradical Catalysis (MRC) Jingran Tao University of South Florida, [email protected]
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2013 Asymmetric Nitrene Transfer Reactions with Azides via Co(II)-Based Metalloradical Catalysis (MRC) Jingran Tao University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Chemistry Commons Scholar Commons Citation Tao, Jingran, "Asymmetric Nitrene Transfer Reactions with Azides via Co(II)-Based Metalloradical Catalysis (MRC)" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4590 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Asymmetric Nitrene Transfer Reactions with Azides via Co(II)-Based Metalloradical Catalysis (MRC) by Jingran Tao A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Chemistry College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: X. Peter Zhang, Ph.D. Jon Antilla, Ph.D. Wayne Guida, Ph.D. Xiao Li, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 3rd , 2013 Keywords: cobalt, porphyrin, catalysis, aziridination, C–H amination, azide, asymmetric Copyright © 2013, Jingran Tao Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my beloved parents. Acknowledgments I need to begin with thanking Dr. Peter Zhang for his continuous guidance and support. I learned the words “determination” and “believe” from him. I also need to thank my committee members: Dr. Jon Antilla, Dr. Wayne Guida Dr. Xiao Li and Chair Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides Generated from Aziridines in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Paulo J
    Tetrahedron Letters 47 (2006) 5475–5479 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated from aziridines in supercritical carbon dioxide Paulo J. S. Gomes, Cla´udio M. Nunes, Alberto A. C. C. Pais, Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo* and Luis G. Arnaut Department of Chemistry, Coimbra University, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal Received 8 March 2006; revised 26 May 2006; accepted 30 May 2006 Abstract—The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with DMAD in supercritical carbon dioxide is reported. The photo- lysis reaction conditions were optimized with a suitable adjustment of pressure, temperature, irradiation time and co-solvent concen- tration leading to a more efficient reaction than in neat acetonitrile. Similar results were observed using thermal reaction conditions. Supercritical carbon dioxide with a minute co-solvent addition is shown to be a very efficient medium for promoting this type of cycloadditions. Ó 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Over the last decade, supercritical fluids (SCF) received ology for the synthesis of nitrogen-heterocyclic significant attention as a new class of environmentally compounds. We chose the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition friendly solvents for organic synthesis. Supercritical flu- of azomethine ylides generated from aziridines as the ids have properties intermediate between the gas and the model reaction. Aziridines (1) undergo electrocyclic ring liquid phases that can be tuned simply by changing the opening in a disrotatory manner upon irradiation and pressure and temperature. In particular, changes of pres- conrotatory ring opening upon thermolysis, giving sure close to the critical point enable drastic changes in azomethine ylides (2), which participate in 1,3-dipolar density and viscosity.
    [Show full text]
  • Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis with Transition Metal Complexes: Applications in Organic Synthesis Christopher K
    Review pubs.acs.org/CR Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis with Transition Metal Complexes: Applications in Organic Synthesis Christopher K. Prier, Danica A. Rankic, and David W. C. MacMillan* Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States References 5360 1. INTRODUCTION CONTENTS A fundamental aim in the field of catalysis is the development 1. Introduction 5322 of new modes of small molecule activation. One approach 2+ toward the catalytic activation of organic molecules that has 2. Photochemistry of Ru(bpy)3 5323 3. Net Reductive Reactions 5324 received much attention recently is visible light photoredox 3.1. Reduction of Electron-Poor Olefins 5324 catalysis. In a general sense, this approach relies on the ability of 3.2. Reductive Dehalogenation 5326 metal complexes and organic dyes to engage in single-electron- 3.3. Reductive Cleavage of Sulfonium and transfer (SET) processes with organic substrates upon Sulfonyl Groups 5328 photoexcitation with visible light. 3.4. Nitrogen Functional Group Reductions 5329 Many of the most commonly employed visible light 3.5. Radical Cyclizations 5330 photocatalysts are polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium and iridium, and are typified by the complex tris(2,2′-bipyridine) 3.6. Reductive Epoxide and Aziridine Opening 5331 2+ 3.7. Reduction-Labile Protecting Groups 5331 ruthenium(II), or Ru(bpy)3 (Figure 1). These complexes 4. Net Oxidative Reactions 5332 4.1. Functional Group Oxidations 5332 4.2. Oxidative Removal of the PMB Group 5334 4.3. Oxidative Biaryl Coupling 5335 4.4. Oxidative Generation of Iminium Ions 5335 4.5. Azomethine Ylide [3 + 2] Cycloadditions 5338 4.6.
    [Show full text]
  • Anionic Polymerisation of Aziridines
    MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR POLYMERFORSCHUNG JOHANNES GUTENBERG‐UNIVERSITÄT MAINZ Anionic Polymerisation of Aziridines Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des Grades eines Diplom‐Chemikers am Institut für Organische Chemie des Fachbereiches Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz vorgelegt von Laura Thomi geboren in Frankfurt am Main Mainz 2013 Diese Arbeit wurde in der Zeit von November 2012 bis Juli 2013 am Institut für Organische Chemie der Johannes Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz und am Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung in Mainz unter der Betreuung von Herrn Prof. Dr. Holger Frey und Frau Prof. Dr. Katharina Landfester durchgeführt. für meine Eltern “We live on an island surrounded by a sea of ignorance. As our island of knowledge grows, so does the shore of our ignorance.” - John Archibald Wheeler Danksagung Mein Dank gilt Herrn Prof. Dr. Holger Frey und Frau Prof. Dr. Katharina Landfester für die Bereitstellung des Themas und die ausgezeichneten Arbeitsbedingungen. Zudem danke ich Herrn Dr. Frederik Wurm für die freundliche Aufnahme in seine Gruppe und die hervorragende Betreuung der Arbeit. Bei allen Mitgliedern der Arbeitsgruppe Frey bedanke ich mich für die wunderbare Arbeitsatmosphäre und die Unterstützung bei dieser Arbeit. Herrn Christian Moers und Herrn Jan Seiwert danke ich, dass sie mir die anionische Polymerisation von Styrol und Ethylenoxid näher gebracht haben. Bei Frau Anna Hesse und Herrn Christian Moers bedanke ich mich für das Korrekturlesen dieser Arbeit. Frau Katja Weber danke ich für die Bereitstellung des 2-Methyl-N-tosylaziridins. Für die GPC Messungen danke ich Frau Christine Rosenauer und insbesondere Frau Monika Schmelzer. Bei Frau Dr. Elena Berger-Nicoletti möchte ich mich für zahlreiche MALDI Messungen bedanken.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Biological Activity of N-Acyl Aziridines a Dissertation
    Synthesis and Biological Activity of N-Acyl Aziridines A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Greggory M. Wells April 2016 © 2016 Greggory M. Wells. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Synthesis and Biological Activity of N-Acyl Aziridines by GREGGORY M. WELLS has been approved for the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the College of Arts and Sciences by Stephen C. Bergmeier Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT WELLS, GREGGORY M., Ph.D., April 2016, Chemistry Synthesis and Biological Activity of N-Acyl Aziridines Director of Dissertation: Stephen C. Bergmeier The development of new antimicrobial drugs is essential as the human population continues to build resistance to current treatments. Peptidomimetic compounds, those synthesized to mimic the behavior of naturally occurring biological proteins, have demonstrated promise in this area. Using bicyclic aziridine ring opening reactions, a library of N-acyl aziridinyl peptide isosteres has been synthesized and submitted to biological assays for cysteine protease inhibition, a common pathway to suppression of bacteria. Most of the compounds tested showed good activity against cathepsin B. This research required a novel synthetic approach to selectively generating oxazolidinones and aziridinyl ureas from fused bicyclic aziridines, which was accomplished with solvent selection, nucleophilic amine stoichiometry, and aziridine substitution. To extend the peptidic nature of these compounds, some success was achieved with acylation and amide coupling reactions. A practical approach to generating enantiomerically pure bicyclic aziridines was investigated, however the best enantioselective conditions provided only a 3 : 1 ratio.
    [Show full text]
  • Oseltamivir Phosphate): Cis -Aziridine As the Key Synthon and RCM Shubhash P
    RSC Advances This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. This Accepted Manuscript will be replaced by the edited, formatted and paginated article as soon as this is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. www.rsc.org/advances Page 1 of 4 RSC Advances A concise synthetic approach towards Tamiflu (Oseltamivir phosphate): Cis -aziridine as the key synthon and RCM Shubhash P. Chavan,* Prakash N. Chavan and Lalit B. Khairnar The key synthon cis -aziridine has been efficiently utilised for the synthesis of Tamiflu (Oseltamivir phosphate), using Wittig olefination, Barbier addition, Mitsunobu reaction and ring closing metathesis (RCM) as key essentials. Manuscript Accepted Advances RSC RSC Advances Page 2 of 4 Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry RSC Publishing COMMUNICATION A concise synthetic approach toward Tamiflu (Oseltamivir phosphate): Cis -aziridine as the key Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x synthon and RCM† Subhash P.
    [Show full text]