Get In Shape :: Mirrorless Camera Housings :: Learning Croatia Murter Island Wrecks & GLOBAL EDITION Chuuk March 2013 Number 53 Rhode Island Mako Magic Budapest Molnár Jánus Portfolio Daniel Jean-Baptiste INDIAN OCEAN Mexico's Yukatán

cover photo by scott johnson Mayan The1 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 Maldives DIRECTORY X-RAY MAG is published by AquaScope Media ApS Frederiksberg, Denmark www.xray-mag.com

PUBLISHER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF SENIOR EDITOR Peter Symes Michael Symes, PhD - Science Giant moray eel, Maldives. Photo by Scott Johnson [email protected] SECTION EDITORS PUBLISHER, MANAGING EDITOR Michael Arvedlund, PhD - Ecology contents & CREATIVE DIRECTOR Scott Bennett - Travel, Sharks Gunild Symes Andrey Bizyukin, PhD - Features [email protected] Larry Cohen - Photo & Video Kelly LaClaire - Marine Mammals Associate editors Catherine Lim - News, Books Scott Bennett, Toronto Roz Lunn - Equipment News [email protected] Bonnie McKenna - Turtles Catherine GS Lim, Singapore Michael Menduno - Tech [email protected] Robert Osborne - Features, Profiles Michael Menduno, Berkeley Don Silcock - Photo & Video [email protected] Barb Roy, Vancouver Columnists [email protected] Gretchen Ashton - Dive Fitness Pascal Bernabé - Tech Talk Russia - Moscow Leigh Cunningham - Tech Talk Andrey Bizyukin, PhD Andy Murch - Shark Tales [email protected] Mark Powell - Tech Talk Svetlana Murashkina, PhD Cindy Ross - GirlDiver [email protected] Cedric Verdier - Tech Talk Lawson Wood - UW Photography ASSISTANT editors Roz Lunn, London Contributors this issue [email protected] Antti Apunen Robert Osborne, Toronto Gretchen M. Ashton [email protected] Pascal Bernabé Don Silcock, Sydney Scott Bennett [email protected] Andrey Bizyukin, PhD Larry Cohen USA Amanda Cotton Larry Cohen, Wayne Grant [email protected] Daniel Jean-Baptiste Kelly LaClaire, Portland Scott Johnson [email protected] Kelly LaClaire Bonnie McKenna, Houston Catherine GS Lim [email protected] Rosemary 'Roz' Lunn Vitya Lyagushkin ADVERTISING Bonnie McKenna UNITED KINGDOM Brandi Mueller 11 19 30 49 60 plus... Rosemary E Lunn, London Robert Osborne Th e Ta l e o f Tw o Th e Ma l d i v e s : Cr o a t i a 's Mu r t e r Is l a n d Ch uu k Is l a n d s : Th e Ne w Sp o r t o f EDITORIAL 3 [email protected] Christian Redl Wr e c k s o f Gu a m Sump t u o u s Diving b y Pe t e r Sy m e s Wr e c k Ju n k i e He a v e n Ho c k e y Un d e r Ic e NEWS 4 Barb Roy b y r a n d i u e l l e r b y c o t t o h n s o n n d r e y i z y u k i n b y r a n d i u e l l e r b y hristian e d l USA & INTERNATIONAL Don Silcock B M S J & A B B M C R WRECK RAP 11 Susan Kochan, Orlando Margarita Solotskaya TRAVEL NEWS 15 [email protected] Janne Suhonen Matthew Meier, San Diego Gunild Symes 61 72 88 96 EQUIPMENT NEWS 44 [email protected] Peter Symes Mo l n á r Já n o s : Ca v e Ma k o Ma g i c Ma k i n g t h e Sh o t Po r t f o l i o : BOOKS & MEDIA 47 Grégory Vernoux MARKETING & SOCIAL MEDIA Aaron Wong Diving in Bud a p e s t U.S. Rh o d e Is l a n d Yu k a t á n , Me x i c o Da n i e l Je a n -Ba p t i s t e MARINE MAMMALS 81 Arnold Weisz b y An t t i Apu n e n b y Am a n d a Co t t o n b y Aa r o n Wo n g Ed i t e d b y Gu n i l d Sy m e s TURTLE TALES 71 [email protected] Contacts page: Xray-Mag.com SHARK TALES 72 Not yet subscribed to PHOTO NEWS 94 columns... X-RAY MAG? Sign up now! SUBSCRIPTION X-RAY MAG International Edition in English is FREE It’s FREE! QUICK! EASY! To subscribe, go to: www.xray-mag.com 79 83 91 click here... Di v e Fi t n e s s : Te c h Ta l k : UW Ph o t o g r a p h y : COVER PHOTO: Clown triggerfish with anthias, Maldives, Ge t In Sh a p e Le a r n i n g Ca v e Diving Mi r r o r l e s s Ca m e r a s III by Scott Johnson b y Gr e t c h e n As h t o n b y Pa s c a l Be r n a b é b y Do n Si l c o c k

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Support the resistance

As this issue goes to press, a to the U.S. court has declared the Japanese Sea Shepherd conservation for them to group to be "pirates" and take, but to ordered it to cease aggressive us all, and I actions against Japanese would very whalers. much like ‘mine’ left alive. at odds with the rest of the They sail their whaling fleet world. Is your misplaced pride The lawsuit, initiated by half way round the planet really worth all the animosity? a group of Japanese to hunt them under the false researchers to halt Sea pretences of conducting As for the ruling by the U.S. Shepherd, comes after years ‘scientific research’, and as court, it is our position that of clashes at sea. The group, we understand it, only to while just societies rest on collectively referred to in the stockpile most of the meat laws that are, at least in judgment as "Cetacean", has in warehouses because the theory, carefully formulated long hunted whales in the demand from consumers is to protect the common good Southern Ocean for scientific simply not there anymore, and and a legal system where research. then they use some for pet disputes can be resolved fodder. It is such a far cry from peacefully, there are also "You don't need a peg leg the Inuit hunters who need times where the outcomes or an eye patch. When you meat to survive and only take comes into conflict with our ram ships, hurl containers of what is needed to feed the conscience or sense of what acid, drag metal-reinforced family. is right and what needs to be ropes in the water to damage done. propellers and rudders, launch Yoshimasa Hayashi, Japan's smoke bombs and flares fisheries minister, has In our case, while we do not with hooks, and point high- reaffirmed the country's agree with all the methods powered lasers at other ships, stance on whaling to the employed by Sea Shepherd or you are, without a doubt, a AFP, stating: "So why don't we all the choices they made, we pirate, no matter how high- at least agree to disagree? have elected to stand behind minded you believe your We have this culture, and the organisation, make regular purpose to be," said Chief you don't have that culture." donations and consider Judge Alex Kozinski. Well, Bubba, you do come ourselves supporters. across like a kleptomaniac Excuse me, but who are the making excuses for not being It was not a difficult choice. real pirates here? able to help it. Get over it. The whales do not belong It's pathetic, and it puts you —The X-RAY MAG Team

3 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO Healthy reefs need a mix of picky eaters With the use of underwater video that was very toxic to coral. Peter A. Hughes, cameras, researchers studying fish "Of the nearly 30 species of bigger Founder from the deep feeding on South Pacific coral reefs herbivores on the , there were four in Fiji have discovered that there are that were doing almost all of the feed- only four species of herbivorous fish ing on the seven species of seaweeds that remove the majority of common that we studied. We did not see much News edited by and potentially hazardous seaweeds overlap in the types of seaweed that Gunild & Peter Symes off coral, but each of these fish will each herbivore ate. Therefore, if any only eat one type of seaweed. This one of these four species was re- means that a specific mix of these moved, that would potentially allow NEWS species is necessary to keep a reef some macroalgae to proliferate," said healthy, according to the new study Mark Hay, a professor in the School published by the journal Ecology. of Biology at the Georgia Institute of LIVE-ABOARDS! New Zealand: New deep sea discoveries the study, which was supported Technology. "It’s not enough to have by the National Science Foundation herbivorous fish on the reef. We need Scientists have reported new NIWA/University of Aberdeen (NSF), the National Institutes of Health to have the right mix of herbivores.” findings of deep-sea fish chal- (NIH) and the Teasley Endowment Rapid decline in coral reefs can fol- species after a two-week lenges of to Georgia Tech, focused on mac- low if seaweed growth is not curbed survey in the depths off the the past no long- roalgae, or sea- Kermadec Islands of New er exist, and shouldn't weeds, that threat- Zealand. Among the findings limit our responsibility to learn en endangered is a new species of eelpout, Zealand Te Papa about and understand the coral reefs. The a large deep sea cusk eel, Tongarewa, during the seven deep sea to help ensure the harmful seaweeds new records of a rattail fish days of sampling. In addition, long term health of the deep either produce in the southwest Pacific and a large number of amphipods oceans, one of the largest chemicals toxic to the return of another type or marine sand-hoppers were environments on earth." corals or damage of rattail—the cosmopolitan also taken to further previous nIWA Principal Scientist corals by smothering rattail—in New Zealand waters, research in the Kermadec Dr Malcolm Clark said that or scraping them. which hasn't been seen in over Trench. the data collected will help BS Thurner Hof / wikimedia commons

N IWA/Un i ve r s t y o f Abe rd een a century. Landers lowered from the scientists understand biodi- Adaptation Bluespine unicornfish over 6500 photographs RV Kaharoa reached depths versity in the deep sea near According to the re- were taken and of one to six kilometers, well New Zealand. He added that searchers, specific fish have adapted by herbivorous fish, said the scientists. 100 fish below the layer that light pen- researchers will be better able to specific defense strategies of sea- Often, where there is overfishing, there caught etrates, on the edge of the to make assessments on pos- weed. They found that two species of is overgrowth of seaweed. No fishing by Kermadec Trench, which is sible risks to the ecosystem unicornfish removed several types of zones or marine protected areas help one of the deepest points on posed by global warming and brown algae, a species of parrotfish threatened ecosystems re- Earth, as it drops more than human activities such as min- ate red seaweeds and a rabbitfish cover, according to a related study. ■ ten kilometers below sea level. ing on the seabed. consumed a kind of green seaweed SOURCE: Georgia Institute of Technology "The amount of data recov- the major funding of the ered during the survey was research voyage supported by considerable. A lot can be NIWA's Deep-sea , Bay Islands learnt and achieved by using Communities fairly basic equipment in the project deep sea," said team leader funded by Dr Alan Jamieson of the the Ministry the University of Aberdeen. "A voy- of Business, NIWA/University of Aberdeen DESTINATIONS! researchers age such as this is testament to Innovation and from the University of how feasible scientific research Employment came Aberdeen, the National in the deep sea has become. from the Marine Alliance Institute of Water and It is no longer the inaccessible, for Science and Technology Researchers found this eelpout (above), which is new to science; Cosmopolitan rattail, Atmospheric Research (NIWA) out of reach, part of the world for Scotland. ■ source: NIWA/ Coryphaenoides armatus, (top left) hasn't been seen in the waters of New Zealand www.DivEncounters.com and the Museum of New it once was. The technological University of Aberdeen since one was caught by the HMS Challenger on a scientific expedition in the 1870s; Mug shot of a deep-sea cusk eel new to New Zealand (left)

4 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO news NOAA plan addresses coral loss on Maui reef

The U.S. National Oceanic and coordinator, Tova Callender, told Maui Atmospheric Association (NOAA) Now that everyone can help revive the announced a new plan to help reverse Maui reefs: "Simple actions like conserv- the loss of coral cover at the Ka’anapali ing water, not pouring chemicals down reef off West Maui, Hawaii. Almost a the drain, and keeping debris and soil quarter of the living coral has been lost out of storm drains, can reduce the pol- over 13 years due to damage by pollu- lutants flowing into the sea and help our Spanish fossil reef reveals oldest spider crabs tion, according to NOAA. coral reefs." Focusing on the Honokowai and With a goal of implementing impor- Scientists have uncovered the re- "So this discovery in Spain in quite im- Wahikuli watersheds, the plan com- tant projects within five years, NOAA mains of the oldest known spider pressive and pushes back the origin prehensively addresses the effects of stated that several activities are crabs—dating over 100 million years of spider crabs as known from fossils." planned ago—in a fossil reef in Spain. Dis- the team of researchers from to start covered in an abandoned quarry Spain, the United States and the this year in Koskobilo, eight crustacean spe- Netherlands visited the quarry sev- including a cies new to science were unearthed eral times between 2008 and 2010 workshop including the ancient spider crabs as to collect fossils. At this location, they to create a well as some shrimp and lobster. found a large diversity in the deca- rain garden two of the spider crab species, pod population, identifying at least at a local Cretamaja granulata and Koskobil- 36 different species dating between park as well ius postangustus, surpass the previ- 145 million to 66 million years ago. as improve- ous record holder by a wide margin, "One of the main results of this re- ments to according to Adiël Klompmaker, search is that decapod crustaceans agricultural author of the study published in the are really abundant in reefs in the roads, post- journal Cretaceous Research and Cretaceous," said Klompmaker. "The fire rehabili- postdoctoral researcher at the U.S. presence of corals seemed to pro- tation plan- University of Florida's Museum of Nat- mote decapod biodiversity as early ning and ural History. "The previous oldest one as 100 million years ago and may gulch sta- was from France and is some millions have served as nurseries for specia- bilization, of years younger," said Klompmaker. tion." ■ SOURCE: LIVESCIENCE measures AS LOW AS supported also in part by other nasa state agen- Satellite image of the island of Maui in Hawaii cies. 7 NIGHTS / 5 DIVE DAYS Aside runoff pollution on reef health—a first from being beautiful, coral reefs are also for Hawaii. "A big part of the problem is vital. They protect coastlines, provide what is flowing off the land into the sea," habitats for a myriad of marine species, said project manager Kathy Chaston are nurseries and spawning grounds for of NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation fish, provide jobs and income for locals, Program. "Our team looked ‘mauka’— are a source of food and new medi- inland—to identify major pollutant types cines, and provide jobs and income and their sources, and then developed for the local economy, according to actions to reduce them." NOAA. Indeed, Hawaii's coral reefs con- proposed actions for government, tribute as much as US$364 million yearly community members and the pri- to the state's economy, according to 800.329.9989 wikimedia commons vate sector are included in the vol- a 2004 study by Pacific Science journal Today's European spider crab shown swimming in a reserve in the Balearic Islands untary management plan. West Maui sited by NOAA officials. ■ CARADONNA.COM Watershed and Coastal Management

5 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO news

Australia's on list of shame?

A scorecard rating the performance of the UNESCO, which stated that failure to do so Queensland and Australian governments' would put the reef's world heritage status in management of the Great Barrier Reef has jeopardy. Well, that deadline has passed, been released by a joint assessment team and the Australian government has been from the Australian Marine Conservation put on alert. Simon Hefti / wikipedia commons Society (AMCS ), WWF-Australia and the "These dismal scores highlight our grave Shark on in the Philippines Fight for the Reef campaign. The assess- concerns that UNESCO is going to have no ment does not look good and could risk option but to recommend the Reef be put Brouhaha over Tubbataha the UNESCO World Heritage Status the on its unenviable 'List of World Heritage in Great Barrier Reef currently enjoys. Danger' -- the list of shame," said Richard In January, the U.S. Navy vessel USS ning activities to support the reef's recov- the Australian government was given Leck, WWF's campaign director. "There's a Guardian plowed into Tubbataha Reef ery including a US$100,000 grant to a a deadline last year for devising a plan very real risk the Great Barrier Reef could in the Philippines—a treasured UNESCO Philippine university for coral restoration to make substantial improvements to the lose its World Heritage status. The impact World Heritage Site and a mecca for research at Tubbataha Reef, accord- management of the Great Barrier Reef by of that would be felt right throughout divers. Since the accident, there's been a ing to the U.S. Embassy in Manila. Other Queensland's economy, especially its $6 flurry of responses and reactions. U.S. offi- activities include cooperation and discus- billion reef tourism industry. Australia's repu- cials have repeatedly expressed regrets sion with local experts on rehabilitation of tation is on the line." and offered apologies for the incident the reef, surveys to make improvements contributors to the poor report card while swiftly transporting the crew of the to the park ranger station and better include the Queensland government's vessel out of the region; salvage opera- mapping of the reef. recent efforts to expedite port develop- tions have been initiated by the U.S. ment, while weakening coastal protection Navy; UNESCO has offered to send a Explanations? laws. team to do an independent assessment Questions have been raised as to why "The sheer size and speed of port and of the damage; and newly appointed the minesweeper was there—in a marine associated development along the Reef U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry has protected area—in the first place. "Faulty RAND coast is unprecedented. There's more made an offer of compensation for navigation chart data" was blamed for B N E E dredging, more ships and more turtles and reef damages, which opponents in the the incident by U.S. Navy officials, even H W T coral dying. We also have significant con- Philippines say is a way to evade fines though the ship was given warnings from cerns that instead of strengthening legisla- under local and international law. park rangers. According to transporta- PALAU SIREN tion to protect the Reef, the Queensland While Kerry promised U.S. cooperation tion officials, crewmembers of the USS Government has moved to weaken legis- and it's own probe into the incident, the Guardian cannot be held criminally T lation, which flies in the face of the World Philippine Department of Transportation liable, as they have immunity under inter- R Y U R Heritage Committee's recommendations," and Communication (DOTC) and the national law. E LUXU said Leck. Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) are con- Meanwhile, the Philippines DOTC said An immediate moratorium on further ducting their own comprehensive investi- they want to set up more solar radars development is being called for by WWF gations of the incident. and surveillance equipment in Tubbataha and AMCS until the governments of According to marine park's monitors, Reef in order to prevent another catas- Queensland and Australia come up with a 4,000 square meters of the reef have trophe like the grounding of the USS well-funded, sustainable plan for the future been damaged, surpassing the Coast Guardian. ■ of the Great Barrier Reef. The organisations Guard's earlier estimate of 1,000 square SOURCES: philstar.com, manila bulletin, also want the Australian government to meters. Philippine Daily Inquirer, manilastandardto- put AU$500 million into reducing pollution In addition to compensation for reef day.com, abs-cbnnews.com, gmanetwork. NASA/GSFC/LaRC/JPL, MISR Team of the reef. ■ SOURCE: wildlifeextra.com damages, the U.S. government is plan- com Great Barrier Reef

6 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO X-RAY MAG AD.indd 1 12/21/11 12:20 PM AB U -M L N R A E S D O A R P

I T S S MA RT news Mabul Resort

www.sipadanmabulresort.com Russian researchers reach bottom of N I T R O X CAVERN & CAVE DIVING COURSES PRIVATE VIDEO 'Russian Loch Ness' in first-ever dive in one of the planet's 'Poles of Cold' Researchers in Russia have water, so that’s where all of dived to the bottom of Lake the science will go in the near Labynkyr, one of the coldest future." lakes on the planet. The dive Indeed, as legend has it, Lake Women scuba divers in Saudi Arabia demand own section of sea was recorded by Guiness World Labynkyr, which is popularly

EXPLORE ASIA TOURS SDN. BHD (Co. No: 372345-X) Records. Taking place in Oy- known as the Russian Loch Ness, More and more women scuba boats require large groups of par- have started taking an inter- Lot A -1 -G, Block A, Signature Office, KK Times Square, Off Coastal Highway, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Website : www.sipadanmabulresort.com Website : www.mabulwaterbungalows.com E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] Office Tel : ++6088 486 389 Office Fax : ++6088 486 628 myakon, a Siberian village in is thought by some to be inhab- divers in Saudi Arabia want des- ticipants, so Saudi women want- est in the sport,” said certi- License No : KKKP/PL 2941 Yakutia called a 'Pole of Cold' ited by a cryptid, a lake mon- ignated areas in the ing to go in a private group often fied dive instructor Riham because it is one of three places ster nicknamed "the Labynkyr Red Sea in order to get around have their dive trips cancelled Al-Qhadi. order to dive without limitations, in the world with devil"—a myth furthered by a the obstacles facing them when due to not meeting required num- While statistics in Saudi Arabia is to such countries as Baharain or the coldest 1953 siting by Viktor Tverdokhle- attempting to get a permit for a bers. not yet available, women divers the United Arab Emirates where air tem- bov, the leader of an expedition dive trip. The Coast Guard will not are on the rise and on the move. she said there are marine clubs by the Soviet Academy of Sci- allow women to dive without a More women dive “Nothing is impossible. All I have to who arrange dive trips for which ences geological unit in Siberia male guardian, or mahram. instructors wanted do is to keep training,” said Samar members pay a fee, adding that who said he saw "some kind of even though diving courses Women dive instructors are few, Al-Fatih, a Saudi dive instructor for any avid scuba diver, private animal" with a large, dark gray, for women only are expensive, and demand is high, so fees who obtained her certification pools are just not on par with the oval body and possibly a fin, in it hasn't stopped more Saudi are expensive. “Nonetheless, an abroad. She said she was willing real thing—namely, diving in the the water. women from participating in increasing number of women to travel to another country in open ocean. While the lake attracts atten- the sport. Indeed, it costs SAR Getting there can be a tion for its anomalies, such as 1,500-2,000 (US$400-533) per div- problem for women divers, freezing more slowly than other ing course over six days, which though, as most dive centers local lakes and its large crack includes two study days, two div- are located in remote areas, which reaches depths of 75-80 ing days in the pool and two div- said Al-Qhadi. However, these meters, Shiller was after more im- ing days in the sea. Courses are remote dive centers that wel- mediate data, taking first-ever only open to individuals 18 and come women are the only ones Hans Egede's Sea serpent, 1734 footage at the lake bottom as older. These issues keep women that can offer privacy. peratures, the ten-man crew well as samples of water, flora from getting into the sport. the women dive instructors from the Russian Geographical and fauna at depth. Prior to the Dive instructor Fuad Azmerli said said it is imperative that clubs Society (RGS) took the plunge RGS team's dive, the lake had that Saudi women divers have and centers dedicated spe- in relatively mild -45°C (-49°F)— only been explored by robot shown commitment to the sport cifically for women divers are mild for a place that can reach and echo sound. While the dive over the last ten years by getting developed in Saudi Arabia -71°C (-96°F). team found no lake monster, certified abroad. Another instruc- to provide women divers with the leader of the group, they did manage a dive that tor, Tamader Baitallmal, said it was the environment they need, Dmitry Shiller, explained the rea- according to the expedition hard for women to practice their especially since there are now son for the dive: "By now almost supervisor, Tatiana Nefyodova, because they don't many Saudi women divers, who all the land on Earth has been was groundbreaking as “the first have their own diving area—a have surpassed the diving skills studied, but terra firma is only 30 ever winter aqualung dive in a place where they can dive in pri- of men, wanting to work in the percent of the planet. I’m sure cold pole natural body of wa- vate, freely and without a male sport internationally. ■ there are a lot of secrets under ter". ■ source: rt.com guardian. In addition, most dive source: albawaba.com fil e photo: pete r s ym es

7 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO news no aa

New kind of underwater volcano found

Scientists from New Zealand and Great Britain have discovered a new type of underwater volcano. It ejects lava resembling a mass of foam. This foamy lava then ascends slowly to the surface of the ocean. It was previously thought that undersea volcanoes were either effusive or explosive, depend- ing on the level of their eruptive . However, the new discovery On 11 March 2011, an undersea megathrust earthquake took place off the coast of Tōhoku, Japan. It had a mag- describes a new class of volcanic nitude of 9.0 (Mw), reaching underwater depths of about 20 miles (32km). As a result, tsunami waves reaching eruption, in which lava is so full of heights of up to 133 ft (40.5m) were triggered off Tōhoku, which then raced across the Pacific Ocean. It was the gas bubbles that it becomes buoy- most powerful known earthquake to hit Japan—in the top five most powerful earthquakes in the world since written ant, floating to the surface as an records began in 1900. It moved Honshu 8ft (2.4m) east and shifted the planet on its axis approximately 4-10 inches (10-25cm). The earthquake and tsunami caused the death of 15,853 people, injured 6,013, and left 3,283 missing. airy foam. The air bubbles are released as the foam rises and the lava then falls to the sea bed, leav- ing some pumice at the surface. Tsunami created giant underwater dunes off Japan named after the Maori god of the sea, the new class of erup- In March 2011, a giant tsunami hit the it was safe for large ships to enter Kes- for example. tion will be called Tangaroa. northeastern coast of Japan. Today, sci- ennuma Bay. This bay, which is located Indeed, scientists did find huge dunes landscape and requires further monitor- Led by a team of scientists entists say that the tsunami may have northeast of Sendai, is for the most part, underwater, which were made by the ing. from Victoria University in New dramatically changed the topography calm, and usually used as a refuge for 2011 tsunami. The findings published in It is yet unknown precisely how many Zealand, the research was done under the waves in addition to laying vessels during storms. the Marine Geology journal in January dunes were created by the 2011 tsunami. at the Macauley volcano in the waste to everything above ground. They At first, the survey was not done for show that these dunes were a direct However, now scientists can learn more Kermadec Islands. It is unrelated to have found evidence of changes on the research purposes. It was done to help result of a large tsunami at work on the about the strength and frequency of tsu- the raft of floating pumice, which ocean floor that may affect the marine rescue and recovery efforts in areas af- topography of the ocean floor. This namis by studying their effects on the sea was found floating in the Pacific ecology of Japan. fected by the giant tsunami. However, means that past tsunamis can be studied floor. This is especially handy when traces Ocean a bit further north of the In an emergency field survey 20 days the findings have given the study a new by examining the seabed. of a tsunami in urban areas are destroyed site, scientists said. ■ after the tsunami hit, scientists attempted goal of finding out whether tsunamis can It also means that the marine ecosys- by people themselves, as they rebuild SOURCE: Radio New Zealand to find out how much change had oc- affect the deep in ways previously un- tem of Japan has been affected by the and reshape the land during the recov- curred to the seafloor and whether or not known—by creating underwater dunes, dramatic alteration of the underwater ery process. ■ SOURCE: JAPAN DAILY PRESS

8 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO D a n news Carri son- S tone

Two new species of the gorgonian inhabiting barnacles—Conopea saotomensis and Conopea fidelis (inset)—have been collected from the area surrounding the historically isolated volcanic islands of São Tomé and Príncipe Symbiosis between barnacles and gorgonian Two newly discovered species of gorgonian inhabiting barnacles occur exclusively in a symbiotic relationship with a black coral host.

The newly discovered bar- fideli referring to the 'fidelity' of of barnacle larvae settlement nacles are both gorgonian the barnacle towards its host of and interaction with the gor- inhabiting. preference. gonian host are known, but it Observations Observations suggest the host gorgoni- seems that barnacle larvae by the authors ans are a particular are able to choose between suggest that that the barnacles type of beauti- the different gorgonians in Noise makes crabs crabby they also dem- might have a unique ful octocoral, also their search for a host. It is onstrate pref- known as sea fans. believed to be mediated by Ship noise is the most common crabs acclimatise to noise over erence to a ability to recognize Once locating the pheromones. It has been source of noise in the aquatic time. particular gor- and choose a host, the barnacle shown that barnacle larvae environment. Repeated exposure to ambient- gonian hosts. then lives in com- can determine where to set- A team from the Universities of noise playback led to increased This peculiar specific host of their plete symbiosis with tle by recognizing pheromone Bristol and Exeter exposed crabs consumption (probably behavior is preference. the gorgonian, cues from their host. It has also to recordings of ship noise and due to handling stress), whereas reflected in almost fully covered been shown that gorgonians found it affected their metabo- repeated exposure to ship-noise the name of one of the newly by host tissue. produce barnacle settlement lism—indicating elevated stress— playback produced no change in described species, Conopea to date, not all the details inducers as well as inhibitors. ■ and found little evidence that physiological response. ■

9 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO Peter Symes Anemonefish oxygenate news their anemone hosts As clownfish move around at night, they boost water flow over the anemone and increase its oxygen consumption. U.S. researchers measured and compared the net dark oxygen uptake of fish–anemone pairs when partners were separate from each other, together as a unit, and together as a unit but separated by a mesh screen that prevented physical contact. they found that both the fish and anemones consumed 1.4 times more oxygen when they were together than when apart. Three behaviours Based on observations, they defined three particu- lar behaviours: fanning, wedging and switching, which Dr Joseph T. Szczebak compared to tossing and turning in bed.

"During fanning, clownfish When clownfish were motionless among the tentacles, aside from rest in the rhythmically flapping their tentacles of their pectoral fins," he said. anemone host, they "During wedging, the engage in certain Maldivian coral islands atolls as seen from a NASA clownfish forcefully wiggle satellite deeper into the anemone's behaviours more bed of tentacles, caus- often than when ing a flutter of tentacular Maldives pledges entire country activity. they are alone. These behaviours to become bioreserve by 2017 "Lastly, during switching, appear to enhance clownfish rapidly changed In response to the egies of resource man- their orientation within the water motion call for champions in agement, conservation, © Wayne Levin anemone. through anemone support of the Aichi and sustainability. Biodiversity Targets, the Biosphere "Anemone oxygen tentacles. the Republic of Reserve’s strategy must consumption increases Maldives has pledged integrate management with water flow, suggesting to become the first of natural resources that any flow-related side effects of clownfish nation where the entire with conservation and behaviour will indeed increase anemone country and its Exclusive sustainable use. The rates," Szczebak said. ■ Economic Zone will be plan also must seek Source: Journal of Experimental Biology a Biosphere Reserve. to ensure equitable In order to become distribution of natural Anemonefish behaviour at night appears a UNESCO designated resource wealth. to oxygenate sea anemone hosts and to reserve, the nation must Currently, there are 610 augment the of both partners. adhere to strict guide- biosphere reserves in At night there is less oxygen available on lines that combine strat- 117 countries. ■ the reef because photosynthesis ceases DEEP DOWN YOU WANT THE BEST scubapro.com once the sun goes down

10 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO wreck rap The Tale of Two Diver swimming between the WWI SMS Wrecks of Guam Cormoran and the WWII

Text and underwater photos by Brandi Mueller Guam’s is home to a unique set of sunken war- ships. It is the only place in the world where a and a World War II wreck sit touching each other underwater, and they can both be dived on one tank. The calm, warm waters of Guam make for easy diving, and both wrecks can be mostly explored above 100ft. The story of how these ships sank is almost as interesting as the dive itself.

German Captain Adalbert Zuckschwerdt the Americans refused to give an adequate the Cormoran started off as the Rjasan, steered his ship, the SMS Cormoran, into amount of coal to continue their voyage, in built in a German shipyard in 1909. It was a Guam’s Apra Harbor on 14 December 1914. part because of their own short supply, thus 88-meter (290ft) passenger-cargo freighter With only 50 tons of coal left in the hold and preventing the vessel from leaving Guam. built for Russia. not much food, he hoped the Americans The ship and her crew stayed in Guam of this U.S. territory would provide them with peacefully for over two years, many moving World War I much needed supplies to continue their voy- onto land and living as neighbors among the During World War I, in August 1914, the Marineschule Flensburg-Mürwik / wikimedia commons / public domain age. Although still a neutral party of WWI, indigenous Chamorros and Americans. Russian Rjasan was captured by the Germans German merchant raider, SMS Comoran

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IJN

SMS Comoran (left); Tokai Maru (above); Impact point of the SMS Cormoran and the Tokai Maru (right)

off Korea by ing, the captain sent his the SMS Emden. ship and 13 crew to the Converted to an bottom of the sea. These auxiliary cruiser crewmembers are buried in the port of with full military honors in Tsingtao, Northern the Naval cemetery in China, she was Agana, Guam, and the outfitted with rest of the crew were sent guns salvaged to , Utah, for from a disabled the duration of the war. warship called This was the only hos- the Cormoran, tile encounter between which had serious United States and German engine failures; during the Pacific she was renamed Ocean campaign of the after that ship. war. once refitted for war, the SMS Cormoran took to the Pacific where she spent all her time avoiding allied warships and Japanese battleships. Prior to reaching Guam she had not sunk any enemy ships. Scuttling the ship News reached Guam of America’s dec- laration of war on Germany on 7 April 1917. and in an attempt to prevent hos- tilities between the Germans living on Guam and keep the Guamanians from Drawing of two wrecks, harm, the Americans asked Captain the Tokai Maru and the Zuckschwerdt to surrender. He agreed to SMS Cormoran, by Jerry L surrender and asked if he could go to his Livingston for the Micronesia ship to let his men know the news. Submerged Cultural Resources Upon returning to his ship, he ordered Assessment the crew to scuttle the vessel. As the Americans saw this happening, they fired a warning shot across the bow of the Cormoran, the first shot fired by Americans in WWI. Ignoring this warn-

NPS Submerged Resources Center

12 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO wreck rap Bikini Atoll

SMS Cormoran; Coral growth on davit on Tokai Maru (far right)

Location World War II of Guam on Almost 25 years and global map another war later, Guam was invaded by Japan. In 1941, Japan occupied Guam—the only United States territory occupied nasa by Japanese forces dur- ing WWII. The Tokai Maru was a ship built by the Osaka Shosen Company as a Japanese luxury liner in 1930. It travelled from Tokyo to New York and was 134 meters (440ft) long and 18 meters( 60ft) wide. In 1940, Apra it was recommissioned as Harbor a freighter to transport per- sonnel and war materials for the Japanese Imperial Navy. on 24 January 1943, the U.S. submarine Flying Fish spotted the Japanese Imperial Navy freighter Tokai Maru in Apra Harbor. The submarine waited just outside the harbor for three days for it to leave. Giving up on the waiting, the USS Flying Fish fired two torpe- does, one missing com- Map of Guam Moorish idol hides in the Tokai Maru

13 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO THIS PAGE: Scenes from the wreck of wreck the Tokai Maru rap Guam

tinue across the ship to where it of other diving including a touches the Cormoran around Japanese Val bomber, a 90-me- 30 meters (100ft). Then divers ter concrete barge called the explore the Cormoran first, the American Tanker to provide a majority of that ship being deep- breakwater at the mouth of er, during dive one. Often the Apra Harbor, and spectacular second dive is used to explore reef diving with a lot of healthy the slightly shallower Tokai Maru. hard corals, schools of fish and MDA does not lead dives, but more anemone fish than one for an extra cost will provide a can count. ■ guide. Unfortunately the loca- tion of these wrecks inside the Brandi Mueller is an underwater harbor leads to varied visibility, photographer, PADI IDC Staff usually 10-11 meters (35-40ft), Instructor and 100ton USCG Cap- depending on change and tain based in Honolulu, Hawaii. ship traffic in the harbor. See: smugmug.sirenphotography. Guam also offers plenty com

pletely, running aground on ing around 12 meters (40ft). a reef, and the other strik- Most of the superstructure is ing the Tokai, but not sink- still intact, and the engine ing her. room still has two engines seven months later, on with intact catwalks. Depth 27 August 1943, another charges can still be seen U.S. submarine, the USS in the stern, and the holds Snapper, was given anoth- contain bed and truck er chance to finish the job frames. The Cormoran sits in the Flying Fish started. They 36 meters on her port side. fired four torpedoes, three hitting and sinking the Tokai Diving the wrecks Maru, the fourth hitting Only a 10-minute boat ride another injured Japanese from shore, both wrecks vessel, the Nichiyo Maru. can be seen on one dive, the Tokai Maru sank next but most dive shops, includ- to the Cormoran in Apra ing Micronesian Diver Harbor, with one small sec- Association (MDA) offers tion touching each other. weekly two-tank boat trips The Tokai rests in 36 meters allowing for two dives on (120ft) of water with an 85 these wrecks. With the degree list to her port. The mooring attached to the upper forward bridge is Tokai, most divers descend the shallowest area start- to the Tokai and con-

Diver peers through interior of Tokai Maru

14 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO “Цифровой” travel news журнал IV Digital непечатный, экологически чистый журнал для разумных дайверов, которые любят жизнь www.ivmag.org/ivdigital Pay-as-you-go carsharing goes global, appeals to tourists, not just locals IV Digital magazine - Pay as you go instead of paying paperless eco-friendly magazine by the day, that’s the new way World’s biggest airport cars can be rented not only in for Diver Sapiens, who enjoy life. the United States but also in sev- www.ivmag.org/ivdigital to be built in Istanbul eral countries around the world. One of the largest of these serv- Turkey has announced plans to ices, Zipcar, with some 767,000 build the world’s largest airport. members, was just bought by EC debates regulation of With six runways and a cost US$5.6 Avis, the global car rental cor- billion, the hub will be able to poration, at a cool $500 million, carry-on luggage fees service 150 million passengers catapulting the concept into

per year. That’s 60 million more the media and highlighting the Mario Roberto Duran Ortiz/ wikimedia commons European Parliament lawmakers (MEPs) than Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta globalization of car sharing. stated they wanted to end “the exces- International Airport, which is cur- originally geared to locals, cheap as US$8 an hour, which sive restrictions and arbitrary charges rently the busiest airport in the travellers and tourists are find- covers fuel, insurance and road- that some airlines impose on carry-on planet. Slated to be completed in ing the pay-as-you-go services side assistance, the premiums luggage”. In addition, MEPs pressed the 2017, the airport will be built in four increasingly appealing and con- don’t go up if you are driving in European Commission, “to include a rea- stages on a 77 million square meter venient, as they find these type a foreign country, but read the sonable hand luggage allowance rule area near Istanbul. According to of rental cars available in more rules carefully. And if you hap- in the coming revision of air passenger Turkey’s transport minister, Binali and more cities. While you can’t pen to run out of fuel, you can rights legislation”—a revision to be post- Yildirim, the new airport will have yet join while abroad, several just top it up with the company poned for consideration before summer. an annual capacity of 90 million service providers let you book a credit card supplied with the “We must protect consumers from once operational. He said that the car in another country by using vehicle. How smart is that? the abusive commercial practices that plans for the airport would help your electronically coded mem- there are a few drawbacks airlines use to generate extra income,” improve Turkey’s bid for the 2020 bership card. to pay-as-you-go car rentals said MEP Georges Bach. In order Olympics. There are other large the main appeal for travellers including the fact that you can’t to allow for carry-on purchases in construction projects planned for is the ability to find cars parked join yet while overseas and there the airport, MEP Said El Khadraoui Istanbul, which include a high- all around town available on the is little availability at airports, with said that hand luggage should be speed train to Ankara, a make- spot at any hour of any day or a few exceptions in New York checked at the check-in counter over for Taksim Square and a third night, adding spontaneity and City, Baltimore, Vienna rather than at the gate. bridge over the Bosphorus. ■ flexibility to one’s trip. For exam- and Hamburg. In addi- however, Commissioner De source: telegraph.co.uk ple, if in London, you could take tion, it’s designed for Gucht was not in favor of a jaunt to Stonehenge in a car. short-term use and more regulatory action even No need to figure out how to not cost-effective on though he conceded that get there by bus or train. long journeys. After restrictions varied a lot because you can reserve about 24 hours, you reflecting what he called a cars online or with an iPhone or might as well go with “diversity in a very competi- Android app, anytime, you can traditional day rental, tive market”. To that, MEP get around the limited office because the cost of Wolf Klinz rebutted: “Citizens hours, limited locations and pay-as-you-go will have lost a lot of confidence closed Sundays of traditional exceed the flat daily in the EU—here’s a chance to car rental companies. Often as rate. ■ SOURCE: BBC do something to restore it.” ■ SOURCE: ATWONLINE.COM simm / wikimedia commons Jorge.invicta / wikimedia commons

15 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO travel news

Planes powered by plants look promising

New fuels made from plants are is closer to 5 to 10 percent due dollars we invest in the commercial making waves in the airline indus- to altitude. Steven Barrett, assist- airplane side goes towards improv- try, as flight tests such as the one ant professor of astronautics and ing our environmental footprint.” made by a twin-engine bio-fueled aeronautics at the Massachusetts Falcon 20 from Ottowa Interna- Institute of Technology (MIT), and Flying in the future tional airport in Canada in October the director of the Laboratory for Long into the future, we may see 2012 make aviation history. Aviation and the Environment, told new aircraft shapes running on Upon landing the National Re- the BBC, “Emissions from planes electricity, hydrogen or solar en- search Council of Canada (NRC) have a different impact than they ergy, but for now, biofuels are seen craft, pilot Tim Leslie said, “Today, would on the ground.” as a potential savior, as most com- I flew the world’s first 100% biofuel While the number of passengers mercial passenger jets need no flight. It is truly inspiring to take this and flights is likely to double by modifications to use them. There step towards an eco-friendly fu- 2030, according to the U.N. Interna- are those who fear that mass use of ture.” tional Civil Aviation Organization, bio-fuels will lead to deforestation Bio-fuel benefits reported by airline manufacturers and carriers or the taking of land away from the Canadian Falcon 20 test flight are scrambling to find effective the growing of food, and scientists showed a 50 percent decrease in alternatives. Dr John Tracy, chief are calling for further research and aerosol emissions as well as in- technology officer (CTO) at Boe- assessment of the entire life-cycle creased engine efficiency. ing, told the BBC, “Probably 75% of a fuel before it is called ‘green’ the plane ran on a fuel made of the research and development and sustainable. ■ from rapeseed oil, but there are other fuels it could have used made from flax, algae, coconut husks or even used cooking oil. Considered eco-friendly because they are carbon neutral, these kinds of “green” fuels are de- rived from plants that aborb CO2 from the atmosphone while they grow and release the gas when they burn without adding any net greenhouse gases. So many be- lieve that these bio-fuels are the way to go for the aviation industry to decrease its carbon footprint -- an important point considering that aviation contributes 2 percent of all greenhouse gasses, according to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). some argue the percentage photo illu st ra t i on

16 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO The Trakdot Luggage travel news tracker fits into a checked bag and reports city loca- Siren Fleet tion in real time to Track your (lost) luggage any mobile, Apple, We’ve that airline personnel can scan While not outfit- Android, or SMS capable devices all been to identify your luggage and ted with special there view your itinerary. If someone codes or micro- before: Ar- without access to scanning tech- chips, Magel- riving at the nology finds your luggage, your lan’s Retriever final destination tag number can be entered on Tags encapsu- Airlines must compensate passengers for delays of your dream the ReboundTAG website and lates instructions vacation only to you will notified by text mes- written in eight Stuck in an airport for hours or European Court of Justice deci- discover your luggage didn’t. sage or e-mail. Cost is GB£34.99 languages even days because your flight sion, which was made in October Fortunately, this unwanted stress (about US$54.60) including a (English, Italian, Liveaboard Safaris in Fiji, Indonesia, is delayed? Well, now you may 2012. In the European Court can be alleviated by a new one-year membership. Spanish, Portu- Palau, the Philippines & the Maldives be able to get compensation case, a Staffordshire couple Jeff range of high tech tags and guese, Japa- 6-13 night trips offer:- from the airline for your trou- and Joyce Halsall claimed that mobile apps. SuperSmartTags feature a code nese, Chinese, Up to 4 Dives per Day ble. In a landmark ruling in the their return flight from Tenerife on Able to fit comfortably in the that anyone can use to report French and Free Aqua Lung Equipment Rental United Kingdom, airlines could be Thomas Cook Airlines was delayed palm of your hand, the battery- your bag online. Once the code German) alert- Free MKVI Courses & Rental required to pay compensation by 22 hours. powered Trakdot Luggage is submitted, a text message, ing baggage Specialist Photography Workshops to any passenger whose flight is In the Halsall’s claim, which Tracker provides information e-mail or phone call will be agents to check Affordable Luxury in Asia & the Pacific delayed more than three hours. was initially rejected by a local about the whereabouts of your received explaining that your the itinerary judge, the airline is said to bag via text message, e-mail or luggage has been found. Enter inside your bag Make Siren Your #1 Choice have blamed the delay the Trakdot mobile app. Availa- your itinerary on the SuperSmart- and send your on an ‘exceptional cir- ble in April 2013 at a retail price Tag site and airport staff will be luggage to your www.sirefleet.com [email protected] cumstance’, which was of US$49.95 plus an $8.99 activa- able to view your travel plans next destination. beyond its control. It was tion fee and an annual service and forward your luggage to Cost is US$10.50. discovered, however, fee of $12.99. your next destination. Cost is ■ that the flight was actu- AU$19.95 (about US$20.36) and ally delayed due to a Rebound TAG Microchip Bag comes with a three-year mem- Apps for dive travellers mechanical problem. Tags are printed with a barcode bership. iTunes and Andriod icons link to download Pages So, the Halsalls filed an appeal to the European You’ve booked a Court. Wikivoyage presents destination guides trip to your favorite currently, European leg- getaway but the islation permits passengers Have you checked out the Swedish and Dutch. ice can plane is full and to claim GB£200-£480 if new Wikivoyage? Re-launched billed on the site as “the free, be slow you’re stuck in their flights are delayed under Wikimedia in January worldwide travel guide that and qual- the middle seat, by more than three hours. 2013, Wikivoyage offers anyone can edit”, Wikivoyage ity suffers during rush hour”. sound familiar? Seat Alerts by These claims can still be travel guides to destinations states that it currently has While it claims not to be ExpertFlyer may help rejected by airlines when all around the world. With 27,045 articles in English, and a travel magazine, users of find you a better seat. delays are outside their user-generated content, the that contributors are not averse Wikivoyage will find a wealth of control, such as strikes or popular online encyclopedia, to calling a spade a spade: travel information on each des- AwardWallet keeps Ted & Dani Percival / creative commons bad weather. It is hoped Wikipedia, collaborates with “Being ‘fair’ does not necessar- tination entry including details track of the loyalty In a court in Staffordshire, a key by consumer groups that airlines Wikivoyagers—globe-trotting ily mean being ‘nice’. We have about terrain, weather, a bit programs you partici- ruling has paved the way for pas- will now not be able to so easily Internet users—to compile use- a mission to make (among of history, and the most popu- pate in, such as your sengers to get compensation if reject most claims, as they have ful travel information on a wide other things) a reliable and lar places to visit. In addition, frequent flyer miles, their flights are delayed three or been allowed to do for far too range of countries and places, complete travel guide, and a there’s information about how hotel and credit card more hours. Theoretically, travel- long. all on one website. The website travel guide that doesn’t give to get into the country and points. This application gives users lers can now even place claims statistics show that nearly 2 mil- states that travel information qualitative information about how to get around. One has fast access to their balances and for delays that date back several lion passengers out of 200 million is currently available in nine the things it describes isn’t relia- only to surf the pages to learn reward numbers even in loca- years—back to 2005, in fact. in U.K. airports each year, endure languages including English, ble or complete.” For example, more. ■ tions where there is no the Stoke-on-Trent County Court flight delays of three hours or French, German, Italian, an entry about a particular res- SOURCE: jyllands-posten.dk internet connection. judge was in fact implementing a more. ■ SOURCE: WANDERLUST.CO.UK Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, taurant might state that “serv-

17 X-RAY MAG : 53 : 2013 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS WRECKS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY TECH EDUCATION PROFILES PHOTO & VIDEO PORTFOLIO travel news Sharks show plane makers how to fly more efficiently

Airbus and the German to this effect, a new state- airline Lufthansa of-the-art varnish, which attempts to mimic the skins are testing a shark- of fast-swimming sharks, has Wreck Trek. skin coating for their been developed by the The final frontier. airplanes. Fraunhofer Institute for Manu- facturing Technology and Sharks skin is composed of Advanced Materials (FAM) in jagged scales covered with Bremen, Germany. tiny longitudinal ridges, which In the past, said Volkmar play a big role in why sharks Stenzel, the project’s head at can so easily slice through the the Fraunhofer Institute, sheets water. Experiments suggest of plastic imitation shark skin that the ridges cut down on were glued to the aircraft’s the friction between the shark exterior. “But the foil had and the water, channelling major disadvantages: it was the water and even speeding rather heavy and the added it along, as it moves over the cancelled out the skin and preventing eddies, amount of fuel that could be which contribute to drag. saved,” Stenzel said. This observation has made Insteand Fraunhofer Institute the aviation industry believe have developed a new tech- sharks could hold the key to nique to emboss the struc- cutting energy consumption. tures of shark skin into aircraft paints. the idea is to make sur- faces more aerodynamic and The aviation industry reduce fuel consumption by believes sharks could about one percent and lower hold the key to cutting operating costs. ■ energy consumption source: Bloomberg Businessweek Sym es P ete r

The Florida Keys Wreck Trek is a series of challenging dives on some of the most O G R amazing shipwrecks in the universe. From the 510’ Spiegel Grove off Key Largo A L Y E K to the recently scuttled 524’ missile-tracking USS Vandenberg in Key West,

it’s a must for any diver’s (or captain’s) log.

A AD fla-keys.com/diving/wrecktrek OR M LA IS

ON K ATH EY W MAR EST S BIG PINE KEY & THE LOWER KEY

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