I a DESCRIPTION of PLOT in FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT's

Home , A Lady of Quality, A Little Princess, Frances Hodgson Burnett

A DESCRIPTION OF PLOT IN FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT’S A

LITTLE PRINCESS

A PAPER

WRITTEN

PUTRI NOVA SYUHADA

Reg. No. 152202030

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

2018

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, Putri Nova Syuhada, declare that i am the sole author of this paper. Except where references are made in text of this paper, this paper contains no material publishhed else where or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for aware of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

Date :13th December 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Putri Nova Syuhada

Title of this paper : A DESCRIPTION OF PLOT IN FRANCES HODGSON

BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Department : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion on the librarian of the English Department, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their abligation under law of the Republic Indonesia.

Signed :

Date : 13th December 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Kertas karya tulis ini berjudul A DESCRIPTION OF PLOT IN FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS. Menceritakan tentang gadis kecil bernama Sara Crewe, deskripsi ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang kehidupan Sara Crewe selama berada di sekolah asrama. Bagaimana Sara Crewe menghadapi situasi dimana dia harus berjuang hidup sendiri setelah kematian Ayahnya. Dalam penyusunan kertas karya ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan (Library research). Penulis mendapat beberapa informasi dengan mengumpulkan data dari novel sebagai sumber utama, beberapa buku, dan internet. Penulis juga menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif sehingga dapat mendeskripsikan data yang berhubungan dengan masalah utama yang sedang dibahas.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT This paper is entitledA DESCRIPTION OF PLOT IN FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS. It’s about a little princess named Sara Crewe, this description to explain about the life of Sara Crewe while in boarding school. How Sara Crewe faced a situation where she had to struggle to live alone after her father's death. In composing this paper, the writer used library research. The writer got some information by collecting data from the novel as a main source, some books, and internet. The writer also used descriptive qualitative method so as to describe the data dealing with the main problem being discussed. Key word : live, struggle.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firs of all, Iwant to thank to God,for all the blessing and give me health, strength, wisdom, and inspiration to finish this paper as one of requirements to get

Diploma III certificate from English Study Diploma Program, University of

Sumatera Utara.

1. Thank you to Dr. Budi Agustono, M.Si as The Dean of Faculty of Culture

Studies.

2. Thank you to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Humas The Head of

English Diploma Study Program, who give me chance to prove my

qualified for finishing this paper.

3. Thank you to Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd as The Supervisor for

the precious time and knowledge with many advice than he gave me.

4. Thanks to my beloved parents: Supandi and Ellydafor their love and

patience, supporting me morally, spiritually, and financially in completing

this paper.

5. Thank you for my brothers and sister Edwin Prabowo, Tri Yoga Robilla,

and Nur Madinafor their support and love.

6. Thanks for all families who give me time and place during three years to

finish my study. My Grandma, My Grandpa, Uncle, Aunty, and my

Cousins.

7. Thank you My best friends Yenni Tri Astuti, Rahma Kesuma Anjani,

MahfiraSyahbandia, Cut Fairina, Khoiriyah Tambunan,and the

others. Thanks for always supporting me and help me when the writer

need your help. Any my partner in loveYusnaini Yusda Lubis,thanks for

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 8. your time, your patience to control my mood and give wonderful life who

makes my mind, mood always good to do anything.

9. Thanks you All lectures in Diploma Study Program for giving me advice

and knowledge.

10. Thanks for All my classmates in Diploma III English Study Program who

I cannot mention one by one here.

Finally, the writer realize that this paper is still far from being perfect. The writer hope who read this paper may give critics and suggestions for making it better.

Medan, 13th December2018

The Writer,

Putri Nova Syuhada Reg. No : 152202030

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

ABSTRAK ...... iii

ABSTRACK ...... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

1. INTODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Background of Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of Study ...... 5

1.3 Scope of Study ...... 5

1.4 Purpose of Study ...... 5

1.5 Significance of Study ...... 5

1.6 Method of Study ...... 5

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 6

2.1 Literature ...... 6

2.2 Novel ...... 6

2.3 Intrinsic Elements of The Novel ...... 8

2.3.1 Theme ...... 8

2.3.2 Character ...... 9

2.3.3 Plot ...... 10

2.4 Parts of Plot ...... 11

2.4.1 Exposition ...... 11

2.4.2 Rising Action ...... 11

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.3 Climax ...... 12

2.4.4 Falling Action ...... 13

2.4.5 Resolution ...... 13

3. THE DESCRIPTION OF PLOT ...... 14

3.1 Exposition ...... 14

3.2 Rising Action ...... 17

3.3 Climax ...... 18

3.4 Falling Action ...... 22

3.5 Resolution ...... 24

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 26

4.1 Conclusion ...... 26

4.2 Suggestion ...... 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 28

APPENDICES

SUMMARY

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Study

The title of this paper “A DESCRIPTION OF PLOT IN FRANCES

HODGSON BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS”.The writer would like to study about the plot in the novel Frances Hodgson Burnett’s A Little Princessas we know that the plot is one the important element in prose. The writer wantto discuss about five steps of plot. The step are exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

Discusses elements in a novel relating to the theme of the story and character because these three elements are interrelated. Perrine, Laurence and thomas R. says that “Theme, character, and plot is elements in fiction because three elements are interrelated”. There are 6 elements of prose in fantasy novel :

Theme, Setting, Plot, Characters, language and point of view. The theme of a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is the unifying generalization about life stated or implied by the story. Setting is all of information, intructions, reference is respect of time, space, atmosphere, and the situations of the events in the story. Plot is the sequence of incidents in the story.

Character is actorsinside in the story . language will show us to understand the story. Point of view of who tell the story, and therefore of how it gets told, has assumed especial importance.

Wellek and Warren says that “The term literature seems best if we limit it to the art of literature , that is, to imaginative literature. Literature is also produced by imagination of the author. Literature is not just a document of fact, it is not just

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the collection of realevents though it may happen in the real life. Literature can create its own world as product of the unlimited imagination”.

Literature can be classified according to whether it poetry, drama, fiction, and non-fiction; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherences to certain aesthetic features or expectations

(genre). Fiction is interpreted as narrative prose, it’s a imaginative, usually in logical and contain the truth of dramatization in the relationship of human being.

Fiction is concerned with the place of individual in the environments in the story, and the environment is a background or setting which characters speak and act.

Non-fiction is the literary genre that consists of new reports, feature article, essays, editorial, textbooks, historical and biographical works and opinion.

Taylor says that “There are two essential elements of fiction prose they are intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements. It means that literature have two elements that directly build a story it are intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements.

Intrinsic elements are theme, plot, characters, conflict, point of view, setting and language style. Extrinsic elements is everything which inspiring the writing of literature namely the background of the writer life, beliefs and point of view, also the customs, politics, historical problems, economics and psychological life”.

Novel is a part of literary work. it is written by an author and published as a book. Novel is more longer than a short story, it is usually contained many chapters.Whitla says that “Novel is an extend work of prose fiction, longer than a short story or a medium-length fiction, called a novelette or novella. It is written in prose and so is distinguished from a long fictional tale in versethe”. And the

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meaning of novel is a prose narrative which is considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting.

And according to me, novel is an imagination of the author or maybe based on someone experience that they knew.

Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the characters and setting are built around. It is meant to organize informations and events in a logical manner. These events relate to each another in a pattern or a sequence. As the foundation of the story it means the plot is important. plot is the bone of the story. It is make the shape of the story. It will create the process of the story. I may conclude without plot, there are no story that can be read.

Frances Hodgson Burnet’s novel talks about a little girl named Sara Crewe who at the beginning of the novel is a seven year old girl. Sara is the only daughter of the widowed Captain Crewe, and during her early childhood in India, she was given everything a little girl could possibly desire. Sara was brought all the way to England for a formal education and to escape the inevitable hardships of India such as disease. when Captain Crewe leaves at Miss Minchin’s boarding school, he wishes that Miss Minchin will give everything to her. Sara has a private sitting room, a personal maid, and all the comforts that money can buy. In the story, everyone is ready to think about Sara as an arrogant and spoiled child, but instead, she is compassionate, considerate, very intelligent, polite, and creative young girl, and very much aware that her father’s great fortune doesn’t make her better than anyone else. But, after four years coincide with Sara’s eleventh birthday, she gets news that her father died. Her father dies after a friend loses his

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money in a business deal in India. Sara is left penniless and without any family, then she has to work as a servant at the school. She lives in the attic room next to the cook and not only runs errands of all kinds but also must keep up with her studies and help teach the younger girls about French lesson.The next story is about Sara’s survival to live as a servant in Miss Minchin’s boarding school and to face her sufferings because sometimes Miss Minchin doesn’t give her meals whereas Sara has finished working hard 4 all day. But that’s not for a long time because Sara returns to become a wealthy girl after she meets Mr. Carrisford. But in reality, the business deal is successful but Captain Crewe dies before knowing the truth about his money and about his friend. And that was Miss Minchin's greatest regret, because Sara had half the wealth with Mr. Carrisford. How shy must be Miss Minchin when Mr. Carrisford announced it. Sara finally chose to go with Mr. family. Carrisford and has long targets about his efforts later.

The writer chooses the novel A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett’s because there are two reasons. The first reasonSara is a unique and interesting girl. Sara always thinks like an adult even though she was only seven years old.

Her mother’s death since Sara still a baby makes her close and love her father very much. Sara is a realist and tough. Since she knew that her father had died and she has nobody as her family, she realizes that she has to fill her needs by her own self. But in that situation, sara struggles with herself to survive. The second reason is the popularity of the story A Little Princess so much gives messages and hope to readers.

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1.2. Problem of Study

How is the plot describe in A Little Princessnovel by Frances Hodgson

Burnett?

1.3. Objective of Study

The objective of this study is to describe the plot A Little Princess by

Frances Hodgson Burnett.

1.4. Scope of Study

The scope of study in writing this paper in only to discuss and describe about five steps of plot in Frances Hodgson Burnett A Little Princess.

1.5. Significance of Study

The significance of writing this paper is to develop literary study, especially the plot in the novel being discussed, described and to be reference for the reader as well, etc.

1.6. Method of Study

In writing this paper, the writer used library research. The writer got some information by collecting data from the novel as a main source, some books, and internet. The writer also used descriptive qualitative method so as to describe the data dealing with the main problem being discussed.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW AND RELATED OF LITERATURE

2.1. Literature

Literature (from Latin Litterae (plural); letter) is the art of written work, and is not confined to published sources (although, under some circumstance, unpublished sources can also be exempt). Robert (1993 : 1) says that “Literature also refers to competitions that tell stories, dramatize situation, express emotion, analyze and advocate ideas. Before the invention of writing, leterary works were necessarily spoken or sung and were retained only as long as living people performed them. From the statement, it is concluded that there are 3 kinds of literature, namely: (1) Novel ( a work of prose fiction writen in narrative, usually in the form of stories), (2) Poetry (Expresses or interchange words that is grounded in the most deeply felt experience of human beings), (3) Drama

(Literature designed to be performed by actors who played works of art orally among the players (dialogue))”.

Literature help us grow, both personally and intellectually. It provides an objective base of knowledge and understanding. It link us with the broader cultural, philosophic, and religious world of which we are a part. It enables us to recognize human dreams and struggles in different place time that we would never otherwise know.

2.2. Novel

Novel is a relatively long work of narrativefiction, normally in prose, which is typically published as a book. Novel is a form of literary work in the form of a prose that has intrinsic and extrinsic elements.The novel word taste of

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Italian is "novella" which means a story or story.The author who wrote a novel is referred to as a novelist. The content of the novel is longer and more complex than the contents of the short story, and has no structural and rhyme limits.A novel usually tells or describes the life of a human who interacts with the environment and also his neighbor.In a novel, the author usually does his best to give directions to the reader to know the hidden message as a picture of the reality of life through a story contained in the novel.Watson (1979: 158) says that “Novel is a fictional prose narrative of length, usually with a claim to describe the real”. So it means novel is fictional written using imagination to describe the real in narrative length.

Reeve (1785) says that “Novel is a picture of real life and manners and of the time in which it is written. It can be meant a novel seems as the portrayal of human life and behaviour in reality or novel tends to be the representative of the activity of human real life, which concerns too many things such as: ambition, feeling, emotions, desire, obstacles inlife, problem, etc”.

Sumardjo (1998: 29) says that “Novel is a story with the prose form in long shape, this long shape means the story including the complex plot, many character and various setting. A novel is a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a totality, the novel has passages elements, most related to one another in close and mutually dependent. The elements of a novel-builder that then collectively form a totality that-in addition to the formal elements of language, there are many more kinds. The division of the element in question is the intrinsic and extrinsic elements”.

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2.3. Intrinsic Elements of The Novel

Intrinsic elements is structural development from inside the genre. It means that intrinsic elements are some points that build the story of the novel. It also can be some important foundations to make a novel become product. In my opinion it can be some formula that has correlation one to another . Following are some of the elements of a novel:

2.3.1. Theme

Perrine, Laurence and thomas R. (1993: 92) says that “Theme is a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is unifying generalization about life stated or implied by the story. Not all stories have theme. Theme exists only: (1) when an author has seriously attempted to record life accurately or to reval some truth about it or. (2) when an author has deliberately introduced as a unifying element some concept or theory of life that the story illustrates. Theme exists in all interpretive fiction it is the purpose of the story; in escape fiction, when it exists, it is merely an excuse, a peg to hang the story from”.The theme is very different from the title, the title is part of the theme.For example, will make a novel with a health theme, then the title should lead to matters relating to health, or the theme of life, then the title should be related to it. In addition the theme is also a corner of the field designed for problems, and errors that have been answered in the novel.The theme is the beginning of the author in telling the story.

The theme of a novel concerns all issues in human life, whether humanity, power, affection.

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2.3.2. Character

Perrine, Laurence and thomas R. (1993: 66) says that ”Character is more difficult than reading for plot, for character is much more complex, variable, and ambigous. Anyone can repeat what a person has done in a story, but considerable skill may be needed to describe what a person is. Even the puzzles posed by the detective story are less complex and put less strain on comprehension than does human nature. Hence, escape fiction tends to emphasize plot and to present character that are relatively simple and easy to understand”.

Interpretive fiction dose not necessarily renounce the attractive central character. It simply furnishes a greater variety of central characters, characters that are less easily labeled and pigeonholed, characters that are sometimes unsympathetic. Human nature is not often entirely bad or perfectly good, and interpretive fiction deals usually with characters that are neither.We may find some kind of character inside novel. Protagonist is the maincharacter of a story, they usually has a kind heart. Antagonist is the character that stands in opposition to the protagonist. Supporting character is a character that plays a part in the plot.

Authors present their characters either directly or indirectly. In direct presentation they tell us straight out, by exposition or analysis, what the characters are like, or have someone else in the story tell us what they are like. In indirect presentation the authors show us the characters in action; we infer what they are like from what they think or say or do.

The character in a story are relatively flat or round. Flat characters are characterized by one or two traits; they can be summed up in a sentence. Round

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characters are complex and many sided; they might require an essay for full analysis.

2.3.3. Plot

Plot is one of important elements. Plot is the events that form a significiant pattern of action with a beginning, a middle and an end. Plot is also a litetary term defined as the events that make up a story, perticularly as they related to one another in a pattern, in a sequence, through cause and effect, how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. They move from one place or event to another in order to form a pattern, usually with the purpose of overcoming a conflict. The plot is more formally called a narrative.

Perrine, Laurence and thomas R. (1974: 41) says that ”Plot is the sequence of incident or events which the story is composed and it may conclude what character says or think, as well as what how does, but it leaves out a description and an analysis and concentrates ordinarily on major happening. Plot, as a storyline made by the reader in the form of a row of events in chronological order, and are interconnected causality in accordance with what was happened to the perpetrators story”.

Plot may be defined as a story’s sequence of incidents, arranged in dramatic order. One is tempted to insert the word “chronological.” But doing so would exclude many stories that depart from this strict ordering of events. Stanton

(1965: 14) says that ”Plot is story that contains the sequences of events, but each incident is only connected in cause and effect, an event which caused or led to the occurrence of other events”. The plot is decided by three essential elements: events, conflict, and climax.

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2.4. Parts of Plot

In 1863, Gustav Freytag, A German writer, advocated a model based upon

Aristotle’s theory of tragedy. This is now called “Freytag’s Pyramid”, which divides drama into five parts, and provides funtion to each part. These five parts are: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution.

Climax

Rising action Falling action

Exposition Resolution

2.4.1. Exposition

The first is the exposition, which introduces the characters, especially the main character, also known as the protagonist. It shows how the characters relate to one another, their goals and motivations, as well as their moral character.

During the exposition, the protagonist learns their main goal and what is at stake.

2.4.2. Rising action

Rising action is the second phase in Freytag's five-phase structure. It starts with a conflict, for example, the death of a character. The inciting incident is the point of the plot that begins the conflict. It is the event that catalyzes the protagonist to go into motion and to take action. Rising action involves the buildup of events until the climax.

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In this phase, the protagonist understands his or her goal and begins to work toward it. Smaller problems thwart their initial success and their progress is directed primarily against these secondary obstacles. This phase demonstrates how the protagonist overcomes these obstacles.

2.4.3. Climax

The climax is the turning point or highest point of the story. The protagonist makes the single big decision that defines not only the outcome of the story, but also who they are as a person. Freytag defines the climax as the third of the five dramatic phases which occupies the middle of the story.

At the beginning of this phase, the protagonist finally clears away the preliminary barriers and engages with the adversary. Usually, both the protagonist and the antagonist have a plan to win against the other as they enter this phase. For the first time, the audience sees the pair going against one another in direct or nearly direct conflict.

This struggle usually results in neither character completely winning or losing. In most cases, each character's plan is both partially successful and partially foiled by their adversary. The central struggle between the two characters is unique in that the protagonist makes a decision which shows their moral quality, and ultimately decides their fate. In a tragedy, the protagonist here makes a poor decision or a miscalculation that demonstrates their tragic flaw.

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2.4.4. Falling action

According to Freytag, the falling action phase consists of events that lead to the ending. Character's actions resolve the problem. In the beginning of this phase, the antagonist often has the upper hand. The protagonist has never been further from accomplishing their goal. The outcome depends on which side the protagonist has put themselves on.

2.4.5. Resolution

In this phase the protagonist and antagonist have solved their problems and either the protagonist or antagonist wins the conflict. The conflict officially ends. Some stories show what happens to the characters after the conflict ends and/or they show what happens to the characters in the future.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

THE DESCRIPTION OF PLOT

The writer want to discuss about five steps of plot. The step are exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

3.1. Exposition

The exposition of this novel is beginning from on a dark winter’s day, Sara a 7-years old girl lives in India with her father. Sara father name is Captain

Crewe. he has a close relationship with her father, her mother died when she was born, and her father call her “Little Missus”. Sara sat in a coach with her father and stared out the window at the broad, fog-covered streets of londan.

“Papa.” She said

“Yes, my little Missus?” say her father

“Are we there yet?” she whispered.

“Yes, Sara, we are finally here.” (A.L.P:2)

She and her father went to England, she is sad for her father has to go back in

India leaving her there. They arrived a boarding school named Miss Minchin's

Seminary for Young Ladies. They meet Miss Minchin.

“It will be a great honor to take care of such a clever and beautiful child, Captain Crewe” she flat tered Sara.

“I am the skinniest, ugliest girl in the world” Sara thought

“Miss Minchin is a big storyteller.” (A.L.P: 4)

At the school, she was to have a pretty bad room and sitting room of her own, toys, and treats to eat, along with a pony and carriage. To replace her Indian

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nanny, her father who was so devoted to her, she would even have her own France maid Mariette. Sara would have a special doll she had named Emily. Emily was one of the gift her father Captain Crewe, Emily was Sara’s favorite.

For a few days, Captain Crewe has stayed in England with Sara in his hotel. They had a hard time finding Emily, they went to different stores until Sara has found her. He bought fancy clothes and Emily for Sarah. They went to the school and before he leaves, Captain Crewe told Miss Minchin that his lawyers will pay for Sara's bill and from the window Sara watched his father leave. She didn't cry, but she will really miss him.

When Sara walked into the classroom, every one turned to gaze. Livinia Herbert, who was thirteen, was straring especially hard. Lottie legh was looking at her cross eyed, but then, she was only four.

“For heaven’s sake,” Lavinia whispered to her friend Jessie, “Look at what the new girl is wearing. Frills and more frills, and more frills still!” “She has silk stockings on!. And look at her tiny feet!” “Please,” sniffed Lavinia. “Even enormous feet look tiny when shoved into silk stockings! I don’t think she is pretty at all she looks rather odd.” (A.L.P: 11)

In school, the girls talked about Sara's fancy clothing and her own maid named

Miss Mariette. A student Lavinia is jealous of her because she is Miss Minchin's new "show pupil". When it was their French class, everyone was amazed of her perfect accent. She became friends with Ermengarde and Lottie.

After two years, Sara is still studying in the same school she makes another friend named Becky. Becky was the scullery maid. She worked in the kitchen below, doing messy tasks no one else would do.

Becky walked into the room to clear up and add more coals to Sara's fire. Sara's room is special: colorful and strange things from india. There was even a tiger

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skin rug made out of animals his father had hunted for. Becky was so tired she fell asleep in Sara's chair.

She didn’t want to wake Becky. However, she worried that Miss Minchin might come in and find her there. Just then, a piece of burning coal fell onto the fireplace screen with a thud. Becky opened her eyes, saw Sara, and sprang up out of her chair.

“Oh, Miss!” I beg yer pardon!” Becky said. “Don’t be sorry. I’m happy that you’re here.” “I didn’t mean to do it, Miss, but the fire was so warm, an the chair was so soft, an i was so tired.” Becky kept on. “I know, and you work so hard.” Sara said. Becky finally could see that she was not in trouble. “Yer really not angry, Miss?. Yer not goin’ to tell the missus?” she gasped. “Of course not, are you done with your work?” “Can you stay a little while longer?” Sara said. Becky stared at her wide eyed. “Stay, miss?Me?Here?” Sara ran to the door, checking to see if anyone was around. “The hallway is quiet, no one knows you’re here. If you are done with your work, perhaps you can visit for a while?” she said. (A.L.P: 34)

Sara opened a cupboard, took out a perfectly frosted chocolate cake, and cut

Becky a thick slice. She smiled with pleasure as Becky ate the whole thing in what seemed like one big bite.

“Becky, if you come to my room every night, i can tell you a little bit more of the mermaid story each time until the story is finished. Would you like that?” “I would!” Becky exclaimed. “I would like that so much that i wouldn’t care anymore how eavy the coal boxes were, or how ungry i was, or how mean the missus is to me. If I’ad taht a look for ward to, i think i could do anything!” (A.L.P: 35)

And Becky did survive through the nights that followed not only on Sara’s snacks and stories, but on her warmth and kindness.

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3.2. Rising Action

The next plot is about rising action. Sara’s fatherCaptain Crewe wrote her long and vivid letters to Sara and told her that he is investing diamond mines, in the letter her father told his daughter about a new business that was sure to make them even richer then before. He had agreed to become a partner in a diamond mine with his best friend, a man he had met when he was just a boy boarding school.Lavinia doesn’t believe of this and jessie thinks that is silly, they agreed to call Sara “Your Royal Highness.”

“Maybe Sara i can have our own diamond mine somebody.” Ermegarde thought dreamily. “Great, that’s all Sara needs-more riches!” Lavinia sniffed jealously. “Oh, I can’t bear it, now she will really be stuck up.” Lavinia told Jessie “Did you know that Sara secretly pretends she is a real princess?” “Oh yes, it’s true. One night i heard her telling someone, it must have been that silly dunce Ermenngarde, when i was passing by her room. I think we should all start calling her ‘Your Royal Highness.” Jessie frowned. She didn’t want to call her any such thing. (A.L.P: 39)

On the day of her birthday, solicitor her father name is Mr. Baron arrives with tragic news, Mr. Baron says to Miss Minchin that Sara’s father Captain Crewe is dead and he left nothing for Sara.

“Excuse me, the late Cptain Crewe?” Miss Minchin gasped. “He’s died, ma’am, he died of jungle fever and bad business. But that’s not the half of it.” Mr. Borrow confirmed. “There’s more?” Miss Minchin asked. “Captain Crewe died without a cent, quite out of his mind, raving about his little girl.” “Are you telling me...That he left a child nothing? That he left me nothing? That Sara is in there rifht now, having a grand party at my expense, for which i shall never see one penny?” Miss Minchin spoke slowly. “Yes, i’m afraid the child is a beggar. But before you think of turning her out into the street, i think about how that would look for your school, and by the way, Barrow and skipworth is not responsible for her, you are.” “Yes, better to keep her, and to make us for her.” Her eyes narrowed shrewdly. (A.L.P: 47)

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Miss Minchin calls her and tells her that his dad is dead and in order for her to stay at school, she has to be a servant. All of her fancy dolls and clothes will be taken and she will live now in the attic. Miss Mariette was sent away too. She had to run errands and clean the school.

At first, no one talks to Sara and she thought Ermengarde aren't anymore bestfriends but one night Ermengarde went to the attic and confronted her.

Ermengarde asked Sara why she doesn't like her anymore so it turns out Sara was wrong with Ermengarde. Both girls remained best friends and they kept it a secret because if Miss Minchin finds out both will get in trouble.Sara had a new friend who also lives in the attic, his name is Melchisedec who is a rat.

3.3. Climax

On this plot climax Sara Crewe saw her neighbor’s monkey was on the roof of Sara’s attic room and tries to get it, she give it back to the Indian man. The indian man named is Ram Dass.

“Will he let me catch him?” “Probably not, my name is Ram Dass, the monkey is sweet, but us unruly as a small child, and hard to catch. but may i come across the roof and stand at the edge of your window and call to him? He will probably leap straight into my arms.” (A.L.P: 83)

Ram Dass was right. As soon as the monkey caught sight of his master’s handsome, white turbaned head, he hopped first onto Sara’s. Before he vanished, he turned to give Sara a little thank you scream.But Ram Dass was not amused.

Through the window, his quick eyes had taken in at one glance all of the bare drabness of Sara’s room: it was no laughing matter taht a little girl should be allowed to live this way. However he didn’t reveal his true feelings. When he spoke to her, he might as well heve been speaking to the daughter of an Indian

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rajah.In the winter days grew shorter and so chilly that Sara became stiffer and more tired every day.Becky was faring no better.

“If it weren’t fer you, miss, the prisoner in the next cell, i think i should

die.” She said one morning, before they began their day.

“Oh Becky, perhaps i might die today as well.” (A.L.P :106)

Sara saw a shiny object just beneath her feet, in the muddy gutter. Bending down to take a closer look, she saw that is was really a few coins. They had probably fallen out of a hole in someone’s pocket. She scooped them up with her cold, reddened hands. Sara uses the coin to buy bread and gives some of the coins to children in need. bakery sellers see Sara's goodness and give her bread to Sara as a gift for her kindness.

"Bless us! no, she answered. " did you find it?" "Yes, in the gutter." Sara said. "Well then, keep it, it's a busy street. you'ii never find out who lost it.” said the woman. “I know, but i thought i would just aks you.” “Not many would, do you want to buy something?” “Yes, thank you, four buns, if you please.” Sara said. “Oh, i said four, if you please. I can only pay for four.” Sara said, looking into bag and noticing the mistake. “I threw in two for free, a baker’s half dozen. I daresay you will be able to eat them all. Aren’t you hungry?” the woman said. “I am very hungry. Thank you so much!” Sara said. (A.L.P: 109)

When Sara came home that evening, she was all tired out. Miss Minchin had yelled at her for returning home late from her errands. She didn’t seem to care that the streers were wet and muddy, and that it had been hard for Sara to walk quickly in her worn out shoes. The cook was in a bad mood, too, and took it out an Sara.

“ May i have something to eat?” Sara asked shyly, laying the cook’s purchases on the table. “Dinner is over and done with,” the cook snapped back at her as usual.

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“Please, i am so hungry.” Sara said. “There’s some bread in the pantry, and that’s all you get.” The cook said. “I’m sorry, Melchisedec, but i won’t have one crumb left over for you tonight!” (A.L.P: 116)

Well, there was no feast, and no minstreals singing and playing, but

Princess Sara was ready to greet Ermengarde when she opened the door. Used to

Melchisedec, but still slightly afraid, Ermengarde was sitting in the center of the bed where he would not be able to jump on her.

“Miss Amelia has gone out to spend the night with her old aunt,” Ermengarde whispered, “No one else ever shecks on us at night, so i could stay here until morning if i wanted to!” “But why would you want to?” Sara thought “Oh Sara, you look so tired, tired and pale.” “I am tired.” Sara said. “At least you are skinny” Ermengarde said with envy. Just then, both girl heard a ruckus on the strairs below. It was Miss Minchin’s angry voice, scolding Becky. “Will she come in here?” Ermengarde whispered, panic-stricken. “I don’t think so, but just in case, don’t make a sound!” Sara said “You lying thief!” they heard her say. “Cook tells me that things have been taken from the kitchen on a regular nasic!” “It weren’t me, mum, i was hungry enough, but it weren’t me never!” They heard Becky sob in reply. “Stop telling falsehoods. I should call the police and have you sent to prison! Half a meat pie indeed!” Miss Minchin pronounced. (A.L.P: 118)

Ermengarde started at her friend with wide eyes. Slowly a thought made its way intro her sluggish mind.

“Sara, i don’t want to be rude, but are you ever hungry?” She said timidly. “What do you think, Ermengarde? Yes, i am hungry. I am so hungry i could almost eat you!” “ I feel so stupid, but i never knew.” Ermengarde said drew in a breath “I didn’t want you to know, i would have made me feel like a beggar.” Sara said, laughing even as she kept crying. “Sara! This very afternoon, my aunt sent me a box full of tarts and buns, and oranges and red-currant cider, and fighs and chocolate, and.” “Stop it! Sara said. Her head was spinning. “I’II sneak back to my room and bring it upstairs and we can eat it, okay?” “Oh Ermie,” Sara said. “The magic always comes throug, doesn’t it? Just when you think that you can’t go on, and that life is too awful, something

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nice happens. The worst never quite comes. We can pretend it is a dinner party! And oh, can i invite the prisoner in the nect cell?” (A.L.P: 120)

Ermengarde agreed. While Ermengarde was gone, Sara knocked a coded invitation on the wall. Waiting for her to return, Sara looked around the attic with new and exited eyes.

“I need your help, Becky, to set the table for a grand feast!” She said. At that moment, Ermengarde burst into the room, breathless from carrying her picnic hanper all the way up the stairs “Why, it’s a fancy banquet hall!” Ermengarde said, upon seeing the table set. Sara smiled. Ermengarde had not forgotten her lessons on how to pretend. “It’s like a queen’s table” sighed Becky “You be the princess and sit at the head of the table” Ermengarde told Sara. (A. L.P: 121)

However, the girls barely had time to be seated or to take one piece of cake into their hands when all three of them frozen. It was the sound of sameone climbing angrily and with a solemn purpose uo the stairs. There was no mistake about who it was.Miss Minchin struck open the door with a blow of her hand. Three grightened faces looked up at her.

“I had been suspecting this sort of thing,” she said, “But i didn’t dream of such an affront. Lavenia was telling me the truth!” Ermengarde burst into treas. “Please don’t punish Sara and Becky,” She begged. “It is my fault. My aunt sent me the box. We were only having a party” “With Princess Sara at the head of the table, i see. I’m sure this is you doing, Sara. Ermengarde isn’t smart enough to have thought of such a thing.” Miss Minchin said. (A.L.P: 123) When Sara nodded yes, Miss Minchin raised her arm. With a mean flourish, she swept the plates flowers into Ermengarde’s picnic hamper. “You will have no breakfast, lunch, or dinner tomorrow” she informed Sara. “But i haven’t had any lunch or dinner today” Sara raplied, rather faintly. “All the better.” Miss Minchin replied. “Really, Ermengarde. What would your papa say if he knew where you were tonight?” she turned to Emergarde. (A.L.P: 125)

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As Miss Minchin was preparing to leave, something in Sara’s face caught her eye.

It was that same look that always maddened her. Tonight it seemed irksome indeed.

“Why are you looking at me like that?” she asked “What are you thinking about now?” “I was just wondering” Sara said, “What my papa would say if he knew where i was tonight.” “How dare you, you brazen child!, i will leave you to wonder” Miss Minchin said. (A.L.P :126)

Sara was left standing all alone in the dark. While she's asleep, the Indian servant sneaks in and gussies up her crib with all sorts of nice, warm stuff—including food and a nice, warm fire.

3.4. Falling Action

On the last plot is falling action told aboutSara finds her neighbor monkey on the roof, and She brings it back to the Indian man's house. Surprise again! He's actually her father's business partner, and he's been looking for her this whole time. And guess what! She's super rich, and she never has to go back to the stinky boarding school again.

“I thought it might please you to see and to speak with her” Ram Dass suggested. “You monkey ran away again, i thought you might be worried. Shall i give him to the lascar?” Sara told the Indian gentleman in her pretty voice “How do you know he is a lascar?” “Oh, i know lascar, i was born in India.” Sara said. The Indian gentleman sat bolt upright so suddenly thay, for a moment, Sara was scared. “Question her, Carmichael, i can’t.” He said “What was your father’s name?” the Indian gentleman said, his voice faint “Captain Ralph Crewe” Sara said proudly “Carmichael! It is the child!” “What child am i?” Sara asked timidly. (A.L.P: 136)

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Mr. Crmichael explained to Sara Crewe that he and Mr. Carrisford were business partners of his father who had long sought out heirs of Captain Crewe.

“Mr.Carrisford was your father’s friend. But he didn’t betray your father or lose your father’s money. He only thought he had, because he was so ill from brain fever. By the time he recovered, your poor papa was dead, Mr. Carrisford has been looking for you ever since. He has searched for you all over Europe in France and Moscow and here you were, all this time!” “Yes, for two years, just on the other side of the wall” Sara said. Miss Minchin came rushing into the room, following by a maid begging. Everyone’s pardon. One of the students had seen Sara enter the house next door. “I am sorry to brother you. I am Miss Michin, the headmistress of the young ladies’ boarding school next door. And, i am sorry that this child has given you trouble.” She turned to face Sara. “You go home at once! You will be severely punished.” (A.L.P: 138)

Mr. Carrisford held Sara at his side. And don't allow Sara to return to the boarding school.

“She is not going anywhere. She is home.” “What could you possibly mean?” she gasped. Mr. Carrisford wished to waste no more time with Miss Minchin. “Captain Crewe left his daughter in my charge, I will not allow her to leave. The law will step in to help me. And if she stays here, i will be sure never to let her see any of her friends again!” Miss Minchin spoke “The law came to Sara’s aid. And i am sure that the parents of Miss Crewe’s fellow pupils will not refuse her invitations to visit her at her new guardian’s house.” (A.L.P: 140)

Miss Minchin starled. she knew that Mr. Crrisford was right. When she got home,

Miss Amelia was waiting fir her. Miss Amelia was mad.

“I‘ve had it, sister. I often thought werethat you were treating Sara poorly, but i never said anything. She was clever and good, and would have repaid you any kindness. But you didn’t so her any, did you? You are a selfish, hard-hearted woman!” Amelia said. “Why Amelia!” Miss Minchin gasped. “Still. She always be haved herselft like a little princess, no matter how awful we were to her. And now you’ve lost her. Some other school will get her, and her money. And the worst part is that she and her new guardian will tell everyone how we treated her. They will find our abour her thin, shabby clothes, the scant food, and the hard work. If all our pupils were taken away and we lost everything, it would serve us right!” Amelia continued. (A.L.P: 141)

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Miss Minchin didn’t know what to say. By her silence, she showed that she knew

Miss Amelia was correct. And, truth be told, from that point on, Miss Minchin became a little afraid of her sister.

3.5. Resolution

The resolution is happened on the major character, after Sara Crewe has experienced many events, difficulty and problems in her life, there can a the miracle happened in her life. It was told that diamond bussiness friends of her father, namely Mr. Carrisford and Mr. Charmichael, Ram Dass had been looking her for a long time. Sara Crewe was found by those people when Sara Crewe returned Ram Dass’s monkey at Mr. Carrisford’s home. Mr. Carrisford’s house was close to Miss Michin’s boarding school. Mr. Carrisford slowly told Sara that he was a good friend of his father, and they had been searching for heirs of his father's wealth for years, and Mr. Carrisford invited Sara to stay with him and expose Sara from Miss Minchin's atrocity.

Sara invites Becky to live with her and be her personal maid, in much better living conditions than at Miss Minchin's. Carrisford becomes a second father to Sara and quickly regains his health. Finally, Sara accompanied by Becky pays a visit to the bakery where she bought the buns, making a deal with the owner to cover the bills for bread for any hungry child. They find that the beggar girl who was saved from starvation by Sara's selfless act is now the bakery owner's assistant, with good food, clothing, shelter, and steady employment.

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“What is it, Princess?” Mr. Carrisford asked. “How can i help?” “If i have so much money. Might i tell the woman that, on cold and dreadful da ys, she can feed all of the hungry beggar shildren and send the bills to me?” “We shall arrange it tomorrow morning.” Agreed the Indian gentleman. He vowed to hiself that, in reality, he would pay the bills. (A.L.P: 145)

In the end of the story is, Sara's life returned to normal and Sara made Becky his personal maid. Sara is very happy because she can help difficult people.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1. Conclusions

After analayze the data related in A Little Princess novel by Frances

Hodgron Burnett’s. The writer concludes that based onGustav Freytag analyze method, there are five steps Gustav Freytag in A Little Princess by Frances

Hondgson Burnett’s as follow:

Exsposition of the story Sara Crewe is 7 years-old from India. she has a close relationship with her father. Her mother died when she was born. Sara

Crewe is going to London boarding school, since her father have a workbusy.

Rising action of the story Sara Crewe on her eleventh birthday, she got a news that her father is dead, when Sara is in Miss Minchin’s boarding school.

Miss Minchin banishes her to a small attic room.

Climax of the story is when Sarah’s father died and he had to work for

Miss Minchin. Sara crewe continues to strunggle with herself to survive.The climax of the story is when Sarah's father died and he had to work for Miss

Minchin. Sara crewe continues to struggle to survive. And at that time, Sara met with Mr. Ram Dass is kind with him.

Falling action of the story is after difficulties problems in her life, and struggled to live with herself. Sara Crewe met Mr. Carisford and Mr.Carisford was the pioneers of his father's business as diamond miners.

And the last, resolution of the story Sara's became her life is returned to normal and she was very happy. Sara gave money to the poor for her heart. Sara is very happy because she can help difficult people.

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4.2. Suggestions

Plot is important aspect inside literary work such as novel, short story, etc.

So it is important to look at the plot first when analyzing literary work. Analyzing the plot can help the reader to understand the entire story of literary work. Plot refers to the conflict, so the reader can read a literary work if it is fundamentally related plot.

From the story we can learn from the main character Sara Crewe, she can teach that at a young age we can be independent when we get all the luxuries and

Sara is always mature. he always does good with anyone and does not hesitate to help friends who are in trouble. as evidenced by his assistance to Ermengarde who had difficulty learning French. when his life was difficult, his kindness did not change, Sara seemed to show that doing good when we are able to be very easy, but when we are difficult it is not impossible.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BIBLIOGRAPHY

Burnett, Frances Hodgson. 2005. Classics: A Little Princess. New York.

Perrine, Laurence. and Thomas R. 1982. Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense.

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Roberts, Edgar V. and Henry E. Jacobs. 1993. Literature: An Introduction to

reading and writing. New York: Pretince Hall, inc.

Sumardjo, Jacob & Saini K.M. 1997. Apresiasi Kesusastraan. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Taylor, Richard. 1981. Understanding the element of literature. London and

Basingstoke. Macmillan press Ltd.

Watson, George. 1979. The Story of the Novel. London and Basingstoke: The Mac

Millan Press Ltd.

Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1981. Theory of Literature. New York:

Harcourt Brace Javonovich.

Whitla, William. 2010. The English Handbook. United Kingdom: WILEY

BLCKWELL.

Hofstader, Beatrice (1971), "Burnett, Frances Hodgson", Notable American

Women: 1607-1950, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Retrieved

fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett.

Obstfeld, Raymond (2002). Fiction First Aid: Instant Remedies for Novels, Stories

and Scripts. Cincinnati, OH: Writer's Digest Books. Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_%28narrative%29.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

BIOGRAPHY OF FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT

Frances Eliza Hodgson was born at 141 York Street in Cheetham,

Manchester. She was the third of five children of Edwin Hodgson, an ironmonger from Doncaster in Yorkshire, and his wife Eliza Boond, from a well-to-do

Manchester family. Hodgson owned a business in Deansgate, selling ironmongery and brass goods. The family lived comfortably, employing a maid and a nurse- maid. Frances had two older brothers and two younger sisters.

In 1852 the family moved about a mile further along York Street to a more spacious home in a newly built terrace, opposite St Luke's Church, with greater access to outdoor space. Barely a year later, with his wife pregnant for a fifth time, Hodgson died suddenly of a stroke, leaving the family without an income.

Frances was cared for by her grandmother while her mother took over running the family business. From her grandmother, who bought her books, Frances learned to love reading, in particular her first book, The Flower Book, which had coloured illustrations and poems. Because of their reduced income, Eliza had to give up their family home and moved with her children to live with relatives in Seedley

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Grove, Tanners Lane, Pendleton, Salford, where they lived in a house with a large enclosed garden in which Frances enjoyed playing.

For a year Frances went to a small dame school run by two women, where she first saw a book about fairies. When her mother moved the family to Islington

Square, Salford, Frances mourned the lack of flowers and gardens. Their new home was located in a gated square of faded gentility adjacent to an area with severe overcrowding and poverty that "defied description", according to Friedrich

Engels, who lived in Manchester at the time.

Frances had an active imagination, writing stories she made up in old notebooks. One of her favourite books was Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle

Tom's Cabin, and she spent many hours acting out scenes from the story. Frances and her siblings were sent to be educated at The Select Seminary for Young

Ladies and Gentlemen, where she was described as "precocious" and "romantic".

She had an active social life and enjoyed telling stories to her friends and cousins; in her mother she found a good audience, although her brothers had a tendency to tease her about her stories. Frances continued her education at the Select

Seminary until she was aged fifteen.

Manchester was almost entirely dependent on a cotton economy that was ruined by the Lancashire cotton famine brought about by the American Civil War.

In 1863, Eliza Hodgson was forced to sell their business and move the family once again to an even smaller home; at that time Frances' limited education came to an end. Eliza's brother (Frances's uncle), William Boond, asked the family to join him in Knoxville, Tennessee, where he now had a thriving dry goods store.

Within the year Eliza decided to accept his offer and move the family from

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Manchester. She sold their possessions and told Frances to burn her early writings in the fire. In 1865, the family emigrated to the United States and settled near

Knoxville.

After the end of the Civil War and the trade it had brought to the area,

Frances's uncle lost much of his business and was unable to provide for the newly arrived family. The family went to live in a log cabin during their first winter in

New Marker, outside Knoxville. They later moved to a home in Knoxville that

Frances called "Noah's Ark, Mt. Ararat", a name inspired by the house's location atop an isolated hill. Living across from them was the Burnett family, and Frances became friendly with Swan Burnett, to whom she introduced books by authors such as Charles Dickens, Sir Walter Scottand William Makepeace Thackeray that she had read in England. She may have befriended him because of a childhood injury that left him lame and unable to participate in physical activities. Not long after they met, Swan left for college in Ohio.

Frances turned to writing to earn money. Her first story was published in

Godey’s Lady’s Book in 1868. Soon after, she was being published regularly in

Godey's Lady's Book, Scribner’s Monthly, Peterson’s Magazineand Harper’s

Bazaar. She wanted to escape from the family's poverty, and tended to overwork herself, later writing that hse had been "a pen driving machine" during the early years of her career. For five years she wrote constantly, often not worrying about the quality of her work. Once her first story was published, before she was 18, she spent the rest of her life as a working writer. By 1869, she had earned enough to move the family into a better home in Knoxville.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Her mother died in 1870, and within two years two of her sisters and a brother were married. Although she remained friends with Swan, neither was in a hurry to be married.With the income from her writing, she returned to England for an extended visit in 1872, and then went to Paris where, having agreed to marry

Swan, she ordered a haute couture wedding dress to be made and shipped to

Tennessee. Shortly afterwards she returned home and attempted to postpone the wedding until the dress arrived, but Swan insisted they marry as soon as possible, and they were married in September 1873. Writing about the dress disappointment to a Manchester friend, she said of her new husband: "Men are so shallow ... he does not know the vital importance of the difference between white satin and tulle, and cream coloured brocade". Within the year she gave birth to her first child, Lionel, in September 1874. Also during that year she began work on her first full-length novel, That Lass o' Lowrie's, set in Lancashire.

The couple wanted to leave Knoxville, and her writing income was enough for them to travel to Paris, where Swan continued his medical training as an eye and ear specialist. The birth of their second son, Vivian, forced them to return to the United States. She had wanted her second child to be a girl, and having chosen the name Vivien, changed to the masculine spelling for her new son. The family continued to rely on her writing income and to economize she made clothing for her boys, often including many frills. Later, Burnett continued to make clothing, designing velvet suits with lace collars for her boys, and frilly dresses for herself.

She allowed her sons' hair to grow long, which she then shaped into long curls.

After two years in Paris, the family intended to move to Washington, D.C., where Swan, now qualified as a doctor, wanted to start his medical practice.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA However they were in debt, so Frances was forced to live with Swan's parents in New Market while he established himself in D.C. Early in 1877 she was offered a contract to have That Lass o' Lowrie's published, which was doing well in its serialization, and at that point she made her husband her business manager.

That Lass o' Lowrie's was published to good reviews, and the rights were sold for a British edition. Shortly after the publication of the book, she joined her husband in D.C., where she established a household and friends. She continued to write, becoming known as a rising young novelist. Despite the difficulties of raising a family and settling into a new city, Burnett began work on Haworth's, which was published in 1879, as well as writing a dramatic interpretation of That Lass o'

Lowrie's in response to a pirated stage version presented in London. After a visit to Boston in 1879, where she met Louisa May Alcott, and Mary Mapes Dodge, editor of children's magazine St. Nicholas, Burnett began to write children's fiction. For the next five years she had published several short works in St.

Nicholas. Burnett continued to write adult fiction as well: Louisiana was published in 1880; A Fair Barbarian in 1881; and Through One Administration in

1883 She wrote the play Esmerelda in 1881, while staying at the "Logan House " inn near Lake Lure, North Carolinait became the longest running play on

Broadway in the 19th century. However, as had happened earlier in Knoxville, she felt the pressure of maintaining a household, caring for children and a husband, and keeping to her writing schedule, which caused exhaustion and depression.

Within a few years Burnett became well known in Washington society and hosted a literary salon on Tuesday evenings, often attended by politicians, as well

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA as local literati. Swan's practice grew and had a good reputation, but his income lagged behind hers, so she believed she had to continue writing. Unfortunately she was often ill and suffered from the heat of D.C., which she escaped whenever possible. In the early 1880s she became interested in Christian Science as well as

Spiritualism and Theosophy. These beliefs would have an effect on her later life as well as being incorporated into her later fiction. She was a devoted mother and took great joy in her two sons. She doted on their appearance, continuing the practice of curling their long hair each day, which became the inspiration for Little

Lord Fauntleroy.

In 1884, she began work on Little Lord Fauntleroy, with the serialization beginning in 1885 in St. Nicholas, and the publication in book form in 1886. Little

Lord Fauntleroy received good reviews, became a best-seller in the United States and England, was translated into 12 languages, and secured Burnett's reputation as a writer. The story features a boy who dresses in elaborate velvet suits and wears his long hair in curls. The central character, Cedric, was modeled on Burnett's younger son Vivian, and the autobiographical aspects of Little Lord Fauntleroy occasionally led to disparaging remarks from the press. After the publication of

Little Lord Fauntleroy, Burnett's reputation as a writer of children's books was fully established. In 1888 she won a lawsuit in England over the dramatic rights to

Little Lord Fauntleroy, establishing a precedent that was incorporated into British copyright law in 1911. In response to a second incident of pirating her material into a dramatic piece, she wrote The Real Little Lord Fauntleroy, which was produced on stage in London and on Broadway. The play went on to make her as much money as the book.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In 1887 Burnett traveled to England for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, which became the first of yearly transatlantic trips from the United States to

England. Accompanied by her sons, she visited tourist attractions such as

Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum in London. In her rented rooms she continued the Tuesday evening salon and soon attracted visitors, meeting Stephen Townsend for the first time. Despite her busy schedule, she felt ill from the heat and the crowds of tourists, spending protracted periods in bed. With her sons, she moved on to spend the winter in Florence, where she wrote The Fortunes of Philippa

Fairfax, the only book to be published in England but not in the United States.

That winter Sara Crewe or What Happened at Miss Minchin's was published in the United States. She would go on to make Sara Crewe into a stage play, and later rewrite the story into A Little Princess. In 1888, Burnett returned to

Manchester, where she leased a large home off Cromwell Road, had it decorated, and then turned it over to cousins to run as a boarding house, after which she moved to London, where she again took rooms, enjoyed the London season, and prepared Phyllis for production, a stage adaptation of The Fortunes of Philippa

Fairfax. When the play ran she was disappointed by the bad reviews, and turned to socializing. During this period she began to see more of Stephen Townsend, whom she had met during the Jubilee year.

In December 1890, Burnett's oldest son Lionel died from consumption in

Paris, which greatly affected her life and her writing. Before his death, she sought a cure from physicians and took him to Germany to visit spas. After his death, before she sank into a deep depression, she wrote in a letter to a friend that her writing was insignificant in comparison to having been the mother of two boys,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA one of whom died. At this time she turned away from her traditional faith in the

Church of England and embraced Spiritualism and Christian Science. She returned to London, where she sought the distraction of charity work and formed the Drury Lane Boys' Club, hosting an opening in February 1892. Also during this period she wrote a play with a starring role for Stephen Townsend in an attempt to begin his acting career. After a two-year absence from her Washington, D.C. home, her husband, and her younger son, Burnett returned there in March 1892, where she continued charity work and began writing again. In 1893, Burnett published an autobiography, devoted to her eldest son, titled The One I Knew Best of All. Also in that year, she had a set of her books displayed at the Chicago

World Fair.

Burnett returned to London in 1894; there she heard news that her younger son Vivian was ill, so she quickly went back to the United States. Vivian recovered from his illness, but missed his first term at Harvard University. Burnett stayed with him until he was well, then returned to London. At this time she began to worry about her finances: she was paying for Vivian's education; keeping a house in Washington D.C. (Swan had moved out of the house to his own apartment); and keeping a home in London. As she had in the past, she turned to writing as a source of income and began to write A Lady of Quality. A Lady of

Quality, published in 1896, was to become the first of a series of successful adult historical novels, which was followed in 1899 with In Connection with the De

Willoughby Claim; and in 1901 she had published The Making of a Marchioness and The Methods of Lady Walderhurst.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In 1898, when Vivian graduated from Harvard, she divorced Swan

Burnett. Officially the cause for the divorce was given to be desertion, but actually Burnett and Swan had orchestrated the dissolution of their marriage some years earlier. Swan took his own apartment and ceased to live with Burnett, so that after a period of two years she could plead desertion as a reason for the divorce. The press was critical, calling her a New Woman, with The Washington

Post writing that the divorce resulted from Burnett's "advanced ideas regarding the duties of a wife and the rights of women".

From the mid-1890s she lived in England at Great Maytham Hall—which had a large garden where she indulged her love for flowers—where she made her home for the next decade, although she continued annual transatlantic trips to the

United States. Maytham Hall resembled a feudal manor house which enchanted

Burnett. She socialized in the local villages, and enjoyed the country life. She filled the house with guests, and had Stephen Townsend move in with her, which the local vicar considered a scandal. In February 1900 she married Stephen

Townsend.

The marriage took place in Genoa, Italy, and the couple went to Pegli for their honeymoon, where they endured two weeks of steady rain. Burnett's biographer Gretchen Gerzina writes of the marriage, "it was the biggest mistake of her life". The press stressed the age difference—Townsend was ten years younger than she—and she referred to him as her secretary. Biographer Ann Thwaite doubts he loved her. She claims at that time the 50-year-old Burnett was "stout, rouged and unhealthy". Thwaite believes Townsend needed her to help with his acting career and support him financially. Within months, in a letter to her sister,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA she admitted the marriage was in trouble. She described Townsend as scarcely sane and hysterical. Thwaite argues Townsend blackmailed her into the marriage: he wanted money from her and he wanted to control her as a husband.

Unable to bear the thought of continuing to live with Townsend at Maytham,

Burnett rented a house in London for the winter of 1900–1901. There she socialized with friends and wrote. She worked on two books simultaneously: The

Shuttle, a longer and more complicated book; and The Making of a Marchioness, which she wrote in a few weeks and published to good reviews. In the spring of

1901, when she returned to the country, Townsend tried to replace her long-time publisher Scribner's with a publishing house offering a larger advance. In 1902, after a summer of socializing and filling Maytham with house-guests, she suffered a physical collapse that autumn. She returned to America, and in the winter of

1902 entered a sanatorium. There she told Townsend she would no longer live with him, and the marriage ended.

She returned to Maytham two years later in June 1904. Maytham Hall had a series of walled gardens and in the rose garden she wrote several books; it was there she had the idea for The Secret Garden, mainly written in Buile Hill Park while visiting Manchester. In 1905 A Little Princess was published, after she had reworked the play into a novel. Once again Burnett turned to writing to increase her income. She lived an extravagant lifestyle, spending money on expensive clothing. In 1907, she returned permanently to the United States, having become a citizen in 1905, and she built a home, completed in 1908, in the Plandome Park section of Plandome Manor on Long Island outside New York City. Her son

Vivian was employed in the publishing business, and at his request she agreed to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA be editor for Children's Magazine. Over the next several years she had published in Children's Magazine a number of shorter works. In 1911 she had The Secret

Garden published. In her later years she maintained the summer home on Long

Island, and a winter home in Bermuda. The Lost Prince was published in 1915, and The Head of the House of Coombe and its sequel, Robin, were published in

1922.

Burnett lived for the last 17 years of her life in Plandome Manor, where she died on 29 October 1924, aged 74. She was buried in Roslyn Cemetery. Her son Vivian was buried nearby when he died in 1937.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA SUMMARY OF THE NOVEL

Captain Crewe, a wealthy English widower, has been raising his only child, Sara, in India where he is stationed with the British Army. Because the

Indian climate is considered too harsh for children, British families living there traditionally send their children to boarding school back home in England. The captain enrolls his young daughter at Miss Minchin's boarding school for girls in

London, and dotes on his daughter so much that he orders and pays the headmistress for special treatment and exceptional luxuries for Sara, such as a private room for her with a personal maid and a separate sitting room (see Parlour boarder), along with Sara's own private carriage and a pony. Miss Minchin openly fawns over Sara for her money, but secretly and jealously despises her for her wealth.

Despite her privilege, Sara is neither arrogant nor snobbish, but rather kind, generous and clever. She extends her friendship to Ermengarde, the school dunce; to Lottie, a four-year-old student given to tantrums; and to Becky, the lowly, stunted fourteen-year-old scullery maid. When Sara acquires the epithet of a princess, she embraces its favorable elements in her natural goodheartedness.

After some time, Sara's birthday is celebrated at Miss Minchin's with a lavish party, attended by all her friends and classmates. Just as it ends, Miss

Minchin learns of Captain Crewe's unfortunate demise. Furthermore, prior to his death, the previously wealthy captain had lost his entire fortune; a friend had persuaded him to cash in his investments and deposit the proceeds to develop a network of diamond mines. The scheme fails, and Sara is left an orphan and a pauper, with no other family and nowhere to go. Miss Minchin is left with a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA sizable unpaid bill for Sara's school fees and luxuries, including her birthday party. Infuriated and pitiless, she takes away all of Sara's possessions (except for some old frocks and one doll), makes her live in a cold and poorly furnished attic, and forces her to earn her keep by working as an errand girl.

For the next several years, Miss Minchin abuses Sara and the other servants, except for Becky. Miss Minchin's kind-hearted sister, Amelia, deplores how Sara is treated, but is too weak-willed to speak up about it. Sara is starved, worked for long hours, sent out in all weathers, poorly dressed in outgrown and worn-out clothes, and deprived of warmth or a comfortable bed in the attic.

Despite her hardships, Sara is consoled by her friends and uses her imagination to cope, pretending she is a prisoner in the Bastille or a princess disguised as a servant. Sara also continues to be kind and polite to everyone, including those who treat her badly. One day, she finds a coin in the street and uses it to buy buns at a bakery, but despite being very hungry, she gives most of the buns away to a beggar girl dressed in rags who is hungrier than herself. The bakery shop owner sees this and wants to reward Sara, but she has disappeared, so the shop owner instead gives the beggar girl bread and warm shelter for Sara's sake.

Meanwhile, Mr. Carrisford and his Indian assistant Ram Dass have moved into the house next door to Miss Minchin's school. Carrisford had been Captain

Crewe's friend and partner in the diamond mines. After the diamond mine venture failed, both Crewe and Carrisford became very ill, and Carrisford in his delirium abandoned his friend Crewe, who died of his "brain fever." As it turned out, the diamond mines did not fail, but instead were a great success, making Carrisford extremely rich. Although Carrisford survived, he suffers from several ailments

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and is guilt-ridden over abandoning his friend. He is determined to find Crewe's daughter and heir, although he does not know where she is and thinks she is attending school in France.

Ram Dass befriends Sara when his pet monkey escapes into Sara's adjoining attic. After climbing over the roof to Sara's room to get the monkey,

Ram Dass tells Carrisford about Sara's poor living conditions. As a pleasant distraction, Carrisford and Ram Dass buy warm blankets, comfortable furniture, food, and other gifts, and secretly leave them in Sara's room when she is asleep or out. Sara's spirits and health improve due to the gifts she receives from her mysterious benefactor, whose identity she does not know; nor are Ram Dass and

Carrisford aware that Sara is Crewe's lost daughter. When Carrisford anonymously sends Sara a package of new, well-made, and expensive clothing in her proper size, Miss Minchin becomes alarmed, thinking Sara might have a wealthy relative secretly looking out for her, and begins to treat Sara better and allows her to attend classes rather than doing menial work.

One night, the monkey again runs away to Sara's room, and Sara visits

Carrisford's house the next morning to return him. When Sara casually mentions that she was born in India, Carrisford and his solicitor question her and discover that she is Captain Crewe's daughter, for whom they have been searching for years. Sara also learns that Carrisford was her father's friend and her own anonymous benefactor, and that the diamond mines have produced great riches, of which she will now own her late father's share. When Miss Minchin angrily appears to collect Sara, she is informed that Sara will be living with Carrisford and her entire fortune has been restored and greatly increased. Upon finding this

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA out, Miss Minchin unsuccessfully tries to persuade Sara into returning to her school as a star pupil, and then threatens to keep her from ever seeing her school friends again, but Carrisford and his solicitor tell Miss Minchin that Sara will see anyone she wishes to see and that her friends' parents are not likely to refuse invitations from an heiress to diamond mines. Miss Minchin goes home, where she is surprised when Amelia finally stands up to her. Amelia has a nervous breakdown afterwards, but she is on the road to gaining more respect.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA