THE 8 th LATIN-AMERICAN CONGRESS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION - CLAGTEE 2009 1

The Energy Way (BEEMG 2006)

Paulo Cesar da Costa Pinheiro, Dept. Engenhctrict Meccmicct, UFMG

Abstract— Minas Gerais State does not have any fossil fuel The State capital is , planned and resources, neither Petroleum, nor Natural Gas or Mineral Coal. constructed to replace the oldest capital Ouro Preto. Minas Gerais has plenty of sunshine, rivers and renewable forest. Inaugurated in December, 12, 1897, has today more than In order to use fossil fuel, Minas Gerais needs to imports it either 2,400,000 inhabitants. to other Brazilian States or abroad. By using renewable energy sources, Minas Gerais is user friendly to the environment, Minas Gerais has a privileged localization and easy access produces less green house gas emission with energetic security, to the main national markets, being in the route of the North- saves assets, create jobs and produces decentralized earnings. South and East-West Brazilian coimnercial flows. The latitude, vegetation and variability of the geologic formation Index Terms—energy, energy balance, biomass, renewable offer diversified climatic conditions, excellent hydraulic energy. potential and large mineral reserves. With about 57% of lands 600 meters over the sea level, it is the state has the highest I. Introduction average altitude of the Brazil. The climate is tropical of Minas Gerais is a state of the Southeastern Brazilian altitude with average temperatures annual less than 20°C. region, located between the parallels 14°13'58 "and 22°54'00" The Southeastern is the Brazilian region most developed, South and the meridians 39°51'32 "and 51°02'35" the West of economically and industrially, concentrating 43% of the Greenwich. Have length of 986 km in the North-South population, about 60% of the Gross National Product GNP direction and 1248 km in the East-West. Minas Gerais has of and the most significant part of the Brazilian consuming 588,383.6 km2 surface area, 854 cities (1996), population of market. 19.850.072 inhabitants (2008), and population density of 33,74 hab/km 2. It has frontier with the states of Sao Paulo II. ENERGY BALANCE OF MINAS GERAIS STATE (South and Southeastern), Rio de Janeiro (Southeastern), Minas Gerais is the second economic more important state Espirito Santo (East), Bahia (North and the Northwest), Goias of Brazil, after Sao Paulo. It produces 10 % of Brazilian Gross (Northwest), Mato Grosso do Sul (West), and Federal District National Product (GNP) and it large participation in several (Northwest). industrial sectors with 30 % of automobile production; 38 % of the steel production; 53 % of the pig-iron production; 25 % of the cement production, and also great importance of the rural production and the service sector. In 2006, it consumed 14.2 % of the Brazilian energy, with 65 % then come from renewed sources (average national 45.1 %). The Minas Gerais energy demand in 2006 was 32.3 Mtoe, corresponding to 14.3 % of the total Brazil’s energy demand. The Table I shows the evolution of the Minas Gerais energy structure, and the importance of the primary sources energy [CEMIG, 22° BEE]. This demand is due mainly to the Industrial sector (63.8 %). In second place are the Transports sector (15.4 %), and the Residential (11.3 %) sectors. Other (Coimnercial, Public and Losses) 4.3 %, and Fanning sector 2.3 %. Some remakes can be made about the energy sources structure and other data not showed in table I: - Minas Gerais imports all fossil fuel that consumes. - The renewed energy sources represent 65 % of the total energy demand. Figure 1. Minas Gerais localization. Firewood and its products is the more important energy source, representing 31.7 % in 2006. The great Paulo Cesar da Costa Pinheiro, Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica da consumption of wood is due to existence of a UFMG, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, (email: pirdreiroMinetuno.Lcc.ufmg.br, pinheiroto!demec.ufmg.br). metallurgical park using the charcoal. THE 8 th LATIN-AMERICAN CONGRESS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION - CLAGTEE 2009 2

table I (MG Mtoe/ BR Mtoe / MG/BR %) Minas Gerais Energy Demand 1978/2006

SOURCE 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 7,29 7,94 8,66 8,08 7,72 8,21 9,69 10,52 10,77 10,31 11,44 12,23 10,77 10,20 9,35 9,41 9,80 9,58 8,66 8,04 7,55 8,58 8,26 8,50 9,45 10,19 10,23 10,26 Wood and 29,79 30,37 31,08 30,41 29,11 30,23 33,34 32,92 32,77 32,78 32,57 32,95 28,54 26,70 25,09 24,79 24,85 23,27 21,98 21,67 21,26 22,13 23,06 22,44 23,54 25,99 28,01 28,46 28,59 Products 24,5 26,1 27,9 26,6 26,5 27,2 29,1 32,0 32,9 31,5 35,1 37,1 37,7 38,2 37,3 38,0 39,4 41,2 39,4 37,1 36,2 34,1 37,2 36,8 36,1 36,4 36,4 35,9 35,9 1,20 1,44 1,66 1,68 1,76 1,82 2,01 2,21 2,33 2,49 2,72 2,88 2,87 2,97 2,98 3,11 3,24 3,36 3,48 3,69 3,85 3,88 4,05 3,59 3,64 3,99 4,10 4,13 4,38 Hydraulic 8,82 10,02 11,06 11,22 12,10 13,00 14,31 15,50 16,57 17,40 18,66 19,50 20,05 21,05 21,26 22,58 23,60 24,87 25,99 27,46 28,44 28,62 29,98 26,28 27,64 29,39 30,80 32,38 33,54 Energy 13,6 14,4 15,0 15,0 14,5 14,0 14,0 14,3 14,1 14,3 14,6 14,8 14,3 14,1 14,0 13,8 13,7 13,5 13,4 13,4 13,5 13,6 13,5 13,7 13,2 13,6 13,3 12,8 13,1 5,47 5,54 5,40 4,84 4,69 4,14 4,06 4,26 4,94 5,13 5,25 5,46 5,63 5,92 5,93 6,18 6,50 6,95 7,65 8,29 8,44 8,92 8,72 9,11 9,11 8,80 9,65 9,79 10,13 54,26 57,57 56,50 51,88 52,25 49,60 48,96 52,26 57,53 59,14 60,63 61,73 61,99 63,03 65,49 67,97 71,90 76,21 82,74 88,88 92,78 94,95 97,47 99,96 100,31 94,65 101,94 105,08 108,68 and Products 10,1 9,6 9.6 9,3 9.0 8,3 8,3 8.2 8.6 8,7 8,7 8.8 9,1 9.4 9,1 9,1 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,1 9,4 8,9 9,1 9,1 9,3 9,5 9.3 9,3 1,22 1,56 1,59 1,19 1,51 1,36 1,62 1,95 2,10 2,48 3,15 3,02 2,80 3,24 3,36 3,55 3,31 3,53 3,54 3,42 3,73 3,20 3,72 3,89 4,07 4,06 4,14 3,99 3,97 Metalurgical 3,88 4,47 4,66 3,90 3,85 4,60 6,18 6,93 7,04 7,81 8,50 8,45 7,60 8,53 8,61 9,19 9,36 9,95 10,45 10,61 10,53 10,03 11,05 10,70 11,20 11,21 12,13 11,42 11,07 31,4 34,9 34,1 30,5 39,2 29,6 26,2 28,1 29,8 31,8 37,1 35,7 36,8 38,0 39,0 38,6 35,4 35,5 33,9 32,2 35,4 31,9 33,7 36,4 36,3 36,2 34,1 34,9 35,9 0,01 0,07 0,18 0,31 0,32 0,28 0,33 0,30 0,26 0,19 0,12 0,09 0,17 0,11 0,14 0,14 0,15 0,14 0,12 0,15 0,11 0,10 0,12 0,09 0,09 0,15 0,16 0,20 Energetic coal 1,18 1,12 1,22 1,83 2,24 2,21 2,27 3,04 3,07 2,80 2,34 2,28 1,95 2,43 2,06 1,82 1,97 1,97 1,91 2,04 1,78 2,58 2,66 2,63 1,80 1,93 2,09 2,29 2,46 0,9 5,7 9,8 13,8 14,5 12,3 10,9 9,8 9,3 8,1 5,3 4.6 7,0 5.3 7,7 7,1 7,6 7,3 5,9 8,4 4,3 3,8 4,6 5,0 4,7 7.2 7,0 8,1 0,32 0,46 0,50 0,48 0,58 0,80 0,86 1,03 1.24 1,31 1,23 1,22 1.21 1,33 1,18 1,18 1,25 1.27 1,37 1,51 1,59 1,59 1,41 1,34 1,57 1,78 2,16 2,40 2,80 Sugar Cane 7,15 8,17 9,12 9,64 11,44 14,57 15,99 17,88 18,14 20,58 19,54 19,35 18,99 19,94 20,34 20,19 22,67 22,77 23,89 25,38 25,28 25,23 20,77 22,94 24,98 27,09 28,76 30,15 33,00 Products 4,5 5,6 5,5 5,0 5,1 5,5 5,4 5,8 6,8 6,4 6,3 6,3 6,4 6,7 5,8 5,8 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,9 6,3 6,3 6,8 5,8 6,3 6,6 7,5 8,0 8,5 Other primary 0,16 0,21 0,28 0,23 0,29 0,31 0,33 0,36 0,35 0,38 0,41 0,36 0,39 0,40 0,36 0,31 0,35 0,34 0,41 0,45 0,46 0,52 0,53 0,52 0,50 0,56 0,55 0,62 0,58 Sources 0,56 0,82 1,01 1,09 1,18 1,19 2,28 2,50 1,81 2,15 2,17 2,47 2,72 2,76 3,09 3,13 3,05 3,83 3,87 4,45 4,97 5,36 6,24 8,41 8,65 9,37 9,03 8,87 10,42 28,6 25,6 27,7 21,1 24,6 26,1 14,5 14,4 19,3 17,7 18,9 14,6 14,3 14,5 11,7 9,9 11,5 8,9 10,6 10,1 9,3 9,7 8,5 6,2 5,8 6,0 6,1 7,0 5,6 15,66 17,16 18,16 16,68 16,86 16,96 18,85 20,66 22,03 22,36 24,39 25,29 23,76 24,23 23,27 23,88 24,59 25,18 25,25 25,52 25,91 25,77 27,11 26,83 27,48 28,73 30,94 31,32 32,32 105,64 112,54 14,65 109,97 112,17 115,40 123,33 131,03 136,93 142,66 144,41 146,73 141,84 144,44 45,94 149,67 157,40 162,87 170,83 180,49 185,04 188,90 91,23 193,36 198,12 199,63 212,76 218,65 227,75 14,8 15,2 15,8 15,2 15,0 14,7 15,3 15,8 16,1 15,7 16,9 17,2 16,8 16,8 15,9 16,0 15,6 15,5 14,8 14,1 14,0 13,6 14,2 13,9 13,9 14,4 14,5 14,3 14,2

TABLE II Importation/Exportation Balance of Energy in Minas Gerais 2006 (Mtoe) Energy Source Importation Primary Secondary Consumption Exportation => Production Production =>

Crude Oil 7,042 0 - Crude Oil Products 2,914 5,354 7,848 582 Diesel 1,734 2,540 4,301 51 Fuel Oil 337 885 886 276 Gasoline 445 1,204 1,560 74 LPG 398 436 992 - Kerosene - 289 109 181 Natural Gas 692 0 417 -

Energetic Coal 200 0 200 - Metallurgical Coal 3,226 0 - Metallurgical Coke 608 1,891 2,679 - Coke Gas - 618 618 Uranium (U308) 0 0 0 0 -

Wood - 8,906 8,906 - Charcoal 1,294 2,851 4,060 - Electricity (1) 1,853 5,163 4,153 2,259

Sugar Cane Bagasse - 1,783 1,090 - Sugar Cane Juice and molasses - 1,029 566 - Ethanol 148 673 657 156

Other Primary Sources (2) 0 585 585 - Other Secondary Sources (3) 326 1,178 982 539 Not-Energy Products - 860 851 - Total 18,303 18,326 12,565 33,602 <4) 3,536 (1) 0.08 toe/MWh. To obtain the total demand of energy multiply by 0.29/0.08 = 3.625 (2) Industrial and agricultural rejects (3) Coke of petrol, nafta, refinery gas and tar from coke and charcoal plants. (4) Consumption + loss = Primary + Importation - Exportation Source: Cemig, 22° BEE

Table II shows the importation/exportation energy % of its energy, mainly fossil energy. All fossil energy (oil, balance of Minas Gerais, in 2006. It shows that Minas natural gas, coal and coke), are imported of the neighboring Gerais is not self-sufficient in energy, needing import 47.1 States or the exterior Countries, generating an evasion of THE 8 th LATIN-AMERICAN CONGRESS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION - CLAGTEE 2009 3 money and income for outside of the State. Until 2001 rains regimen and distribution, relief and topography Minas Gerais never had a liquid importation of electricity, conditions and available water volume. Due the high and after 2001, it imports some electricity. average altitude and the existence of great volume rivers, Without fossil fuels, Minas Gerais uses a great amount especially the Sao Francisco, Rio Grande and Paranaiba, of renewed energy sources to supply part of its energy the State have a huge hydraulic potential. Despite the best demand. The renewed energy use in Minas Gerais produces exploitations already being explored, remaining the less economy of foreign currency, decentralized generation economic and small hydraulic plants (SHP), still exists a form of jobs and income, and less greenhouse effect gases great exploration potential (table IV). Today, about 80% of emission. the installed potential is meets in the Rio Grande and Thus, due the absence of fossil energy resources, the Paranaiba basins (table V), where they are 8 of the 13 main Minas Gerais energy vocation for self-sufficiency is to generating plants. employ more and more the use of renewed energy sources. The the renewed sources use must be stimulated, in order TABLE IV to supply the domestic market and to conquest new Hydroelectric Potential of Minas Gerais (MW) markets. For such it must be stimulated the forest activities, Operation 9,694 to obtain the self-sufficiency in the alcohol and biodiesel Construction/Project 1,704 production and to explore its hydraulic, solar and eolic Viability 1,683 potential. Inventory 6,672 Estimated Calculated 2,767 Estimated Remainder 1,195 III. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Total 23,721 The renewed energy sources use presents many Source: Sistema de Informagoes do Potencial Hidreletrico advantages: Brasileiro, SIPOT, Dezembro/2000 - It substitutes fossil fuels, improving the state and TABLE V national trade balance. Main Hydroelectric Plants of Minas Gerais - Energy generation with lesser environmental impact Hydroelectric Plant River Inundation Power and lesser greenhouse gases emission. Area (km2) MW(1) - It is a domestic resource, safe, immune to the prices Camargos Grande 76.0 46.0 fluctuation and uncertainty supply of imported fuels. Cachoeira Dourada Paranaiba 658.0 - Jobs generation, income and taxes inside of the state. Emborcagao Paranaiba 455.3 1,191.7 - Jobs generation in the agricultural sector, processing Furnas Grande 1,459.5 1,270.0 and manipulation fuels industry, and conversion plants. Guilmam-Amorim Piracicaba 140.0 - Local energy generation, with less transport costs. Ilha dos Pombos Paraiba Sul 798.0 189.7 Itumbiara Paranaiba 36.0 2,082.2 A. Hydraulic Energy Jaguara Grande 438.0 638.4 About 84.7 % of all electricity generated in Brazil come Marimbondo Grande 256.3 1,440.2 from hydraulic origin, and in Minas Gerais 92.6 %. The Mascarenhas Doce 123.0 first Brazilian hydraulic plant, “Ribeirao do Inferno”, was Mascarenhas de Moraes Grande 476.1 implanted in Diamantina, MG, in 1883. In the 40’s, Minas Miranda Araguari 408.0 Gerais had 300 SHP generating 110 MW. The first huge Nova Ponte Araguari 510.0 hydroelectric plants are Tres Marias and Furnas in 60 ’s, Peixoto Grande 143.9 478.0 also had been in Minas Gerais. Porto Colombia Grande 6.2 320.0 Salto Grande Guanhaes 722.3 102.0 TABLE III Sao Simao Paranaiba 1,142.0 2,688.5 Generating Electricity Park in Minas Gerais Tres Marias S Francisco 221.7 516.8 Energy Type % Grande 380.0 Hydraulic 92.6 % (1) End or current phase of the project, except Jaguara Thermal 7.4 % (425.4), Sao Simao (1,710) and Tres Marias (396.0). Wind < 0.1 % Source: IBGE, Statistical Yearbook of Brazil, 1998, Source: Cemig, 22° BEE CEMIG.

Brazil has 12% of world the water reserves, and a great Minas Gerais has today 76 SHP (SHP = small hydraulic hydraulic resources. The Brazilian hydraulic potential is plants. By the Brazilian law must be between 1 MW and 30 estimated in 240 GW, with 82 GW (34 %) is already in MW and reservoir area < km2) with an installed power of use. The hydraulic potential depends on factors such as 1,185 MW. Moreover, the not explored SHP potential in THE 8 th LATIN-AMERICAN CONGRESS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION - CLAGTEE 2009 4

MG is 3,000 MW. In order to use to advantage the not diminishing, due to charcoal substitution by coke in some explored hydraulic potential in MG, the CEMIG has been integrated steel mills. After 2001 it had one retaken the established a program named “Minas PCH” with the aim to charcoal use, due the prices increase of the coal and coke, implant in partnership with private companies new SHP in and in 2006 when Minas Gerais imported 31 % (1,294,000 Minas. In the first stage, this program want implant 400 ton) of the all consumed charcoal. MW, but the final goal is implant 252 SHP with the total In the 80’s the reforested area in Minas Gerais was 3 power of 2,800 MW. million hectares, but it was reduced, having today 1.17 million hectares (2 % of State area). About 75% of the reforestation wood is used for the charcoal production B. Biomass [AMS], being that eucalyptus is used in 52 % of the planted The Biomass is an organic substance produced of a forests in Brazil. renewable and sustainable form, by the plants through the photosynthesis process. It can be used like energy source, TABLE VI producing heat, energy and vehicle fuels. The use of the Jobs in Minas Gerais Forest Sector (2006) biomass like an energy source, have so many advantages: Sector / Activity Jobs Number - Biomass is a renewable energy source and it doesn’t Direct (1) Indirect (2) Total contribute for the greenhouse effect. It acts like a CO2 sink, Forest Sector 109,350 429,000 538,350 reducing its atmospheric levels. Forest Plantations 48,400 193,600 - Without sulfur, it does not produce rain acid, in Charcoal Production 56,750 227,000 8,400 contrast of the coal or oil. Firewood 4,200 - Good combustion due to high chemical reactivity. Iron and Steel Plants 29,838(3) 119,272 149,110 Integrated Steel Plants 8,068 32,272 - Fixation in the rural sector the jobs and income, Pig-Iron 12,800 51,200 producing a regional economic development. Ferroalloys 8,970 35,800 - Substitution of imported coke in steel plants. Cellulose and Paper 8,803 35,812 44,615 - It is a domestic resource, free of the price fluctuations Wood and Furniture 14,960 59,840 116,300 of imported fuels. Wood Plates 1,380 5,520 - The use of liquid biofuels (biodiesel and ethanol) Processed Wood 13,580 54,320 reduces the economic pressures of the imported crude oil Total 162,951 643,924 1,291,604 products. Source: AMS; SINDIFER; FIEMG As disadvantages it can be cited: (1) In the activity; (2) In the productivity chain; (3)In the iron - High content and great variations of the humidity and steel plants. content. - Low density and small heat value. The charcoal production employ near to 57,000 people - Small homogeneity. directly, generating others 230,000 indirect jobs in Minas The biomass always had a significant participation in the Gerais. The main charcoal producing region is the North of Minas Gerais Energy balance, being up to 1992 the main Minas Gerais and the Vale do , where they energy source of the state. It is used in the domestic and are the Eucalypts renewable forests implanted by the Steel industrial sector, especially the sugar cane and the firewood companies. The activities of forest sector are important for and its derivatives: charcoal, alcohol and bagasse. In the the regional development, being able to generate 25 jobs industry the predominant use is the manufacture of pig-iron for hectare. in the charcoal blast furnaces. In the 70 ’s the productivity of the Eucalypt forests was Brazil is the greater world charcoal producer. In 2006 20 m3/ha.year IMA (annual average increment). Today, the country produced 9.6 million metric tons (38 million with the moderns cloning and forest handling techniques m3), 25 % of the world-wide production. Near 90 % of the they get an average productivity between 40 and 45 IMA, charcoal produced in Brazil is used in the industrial sector being that in some plantations they get 65-80 m3/ha.year or in the pig-iron and steel production (7.2 Mton), IMA. ferroalloy (0.89 Mton) and cement (0.40 Mton). The The use of the charcoal to replace to the coke in the pig- domestic sector consumes 8 % and the commercial sector iron production produced for Minas Gerais in 2006 a (barbecue and pizza restaurants, and bakeries), 1.2 %. foreign currency economy of US$ 348,000,000.00. Minas Gerais have today the world biggest charcoal based iron sector, and have also the bigger charcoal bast- 3,100,000 ton pig-iron (2006) x 0.45 ton coke/ton pig-iron furnace. Besides the 3 integrated steel mills that use = 1,395,000 ton coke x US$ 250.00/ton coke (in plant) charcoal, Minas Gerais have more 90 charcoal blast ­ = USS 348,000,000.00/year______furnaces in independent producers. The charcoal consumption in 2006 was 4.15 Mton. Since 1989 the firewood and charcoal consumption are THE 8 th LATIN-AMERICAN CONGRESS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION - CLAGTEE 2009 5

C. Ethanol In 2006 the Ethanol consumption in Minas Gerais was Castor bean (mamona) is another interesting alternative 1,292,000 m3 (657,000 tep), and for the first time the state for the biodiesel production. It has high oil content (45 to have a net exportation of ethanol. Beyond the Ethanol, the 52%), high productivity (1,200-4,000 kg/ha.year with sugar cane sector produced 8,372,000 ton (1,783,000 tep) irrigation), short harvest time (150-210 days), possibility of sugar cane bagasse, consumed, mainly in the vapor culture in diverse climates and soils. process production and electricity generation in the sugar They are a great potential of biodiesel production and and ethanol sector. The increase of the thermal cycle use in Minas Gerais, substituting diesel and increasing the efficiency can provide an electricity excess to be used. agricultural economy.

TABLE VII E. Wind and Solar Energy Sugar Cane Production The 22th Minas Gerais Energy Balance presents a small Production Production Planted area Source solar and wind energy participation in the Energy State (millions tons) thousand hectare Matrix. The “Morro do Camelinho ” wind energy plant in 2001 2002 2001 2002 Gouveia, with 1 MW, installed in 1994 is only wind plant World FAO 1,273.3 1,288.4 19,500 19,700 in the energy balance. This was the first Brazilian wind Brazil 345.9 363.7 5,000 5,100 IBGE plant constructed to be linked to the electrical system. Minas Gerais 19.0 18.2 294.2 285.1 IBGE In Minas Gerais the photovoltaics collectors haven’t significant use. It use is limited to the farms houses isolated D. Biodiesel from the electrical lines or in experimental stations. Brazil imported in 2006, 40.6 billion liters, 9% of the TABLE X diesel consumed, at a cost of US$ 970 million (beyond Flat Plate Solar Collectors Sells in 1999 (m2) diesel produced with imported oil). Diesel can be partially Country Sells 1999 m2 Total up to Companies substituted for the Biodiesel. The Biodiesel is a fuel 1999 m2 Number composed by monoalkylated long chain ester acids Brazil 240,000 2,037,000 100 obtained by transesterification of vegetal oils or animal fats since 1983 (ASTM-PS 121/99). Germany 366,000 2,070,000 Beyond the economic advantages, the diesel substitution since 1973 for the Biodiesel reduces the greenhouse gases and Europe 814,700 8,488,200 polyaromatics emission, mainly the benzopyrene, that have since 1975 a high cancer potential. Source: Fraidenraich TABLE VIII Productivity of the Oil Plants However the flat plate solar collector is much utilized. liters/hectare liters/hectare The flat plate solar collector uses the solar energy to heat Soya 400 Pequi 3,100 water between 40 and 60°C, basically for residential use. Sunflower 800 Maize 160 Since 1999, the Brazilian production of solar collectors has Castor bean 1,200-4,000 Cotton 280 grown 10% annually, being commercialized about 250,000 Babagu 1,600 Macauba 4,000 m2/year. In 2001, due to the energy rationing in Brazil had Palm 5,950 Peanut 750-2,100 been commercialized 600,000 m2 (Muniz, 2002). Considering in the end of 2001, an installed park in Any vegetal oil, soya, palm (dende), castor bean Minas Gerais of 1 million m2 of solar collectors; with a (mamona), babagu, peanut, sunflower, canola, cotton, monthly average production of energy 80 kWh/month coconut, can be used for the Biodiesel production. Today in (Procel, 2003) is had: Brazil, the only oil plant with great availability is the soya (table IX). Despite its productivity in oil being near to 20%, Generation = 1,000,000 m2 * 80 kWh/ month * 12 month/year the remaining bran can have alimentation and energy use. Generation = 960 GWh/year______

TABLE IX Today in Brazil, more than 6% of all the electricity Production of Soya consumption is used in the electric showers. Thus, the solar Production Production Planted area Source collectors can in the future generate in Minas Gerais more (millions tons) thousand hectare than 4000 GWh/year. 2001 2002 2001 2002 It isn’t also contabilized in the Energy Balance, the solar World 172.1 183.9 75,500 79,200 FAO energy used to dry to the firewood and the grains produced Brazil 37.7 42.0 13,900 16,300 IBGE in the State. Minas Gerais 1.39 1.95 632.4 716.6 IBGE THE 8 th LATIN-AMERICAN CONGRESS ON ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION - CLAGTEE 2009 6

Firewood Production (2006) = 28,730,000 ton V. REFERENCES

Considering 25%drying: [1] AMS. Anuario 2007. AMS Associate Mineira de Silviculture. 0.25 x 28,730,000 ton x 2440 kJ/kg [Online], Available: http://www.silviminas.com.br = 17.5 E09kJ = 417,000 toe [2] CEMIG. 22th Balani;o Energetico do Estado de Minas Gerais. BEEMG 2006, 2007, CEMIG Companhia Energetica de Minas Gerais, 176p. [Online], Available: http://www.cemig.com.br/balancoEnergetico/22beemg.zip F. Other Energy Sources [3] EPE - BEN 2008. Balamjo Energetico National 2008: Ano Base In Minas Gerais, 34.6% of the total of gases produced in 2007. Rio de Janeiro, EPE Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica, 244p, 2008. Available: steel production not is used (9281,000 toe). These gases https://ben.epe.gov.br/downloads/Relatorio_Final_BEN_2008.pdf could be used in electricity cogeneration inside the pig-iron [4] FRAIDENRAICH, Naum. Tecnologia Solar no Brasil. Os Proximos and steel plants. The installation investments cost today are 20 Anos. IN: Energia 2020 Sustentabilidade na Geraijao e Uso de US$360-US$600/kW. This generated energy can be used Energia no Brasil: Os Proximos 20 anos. Unicamp, 18 a 20 de Fevereiro de 2002. [Online], by the self industries or be distributed by the electric Available: http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/7viewM3 system. [5] Fundaijao Joao Pinheiro. Perfil de Minas Gerais 2001. Belo The biodigestors had been introduced in Brazil in the Horizonte, 2002, FJP, Centro de Estatistica e Infonna;oes, 133p, [Online], Available: 70 ’s, and today exist in Brazil near 8,300 biodigestors in http://www.indi.mg.gov.br/perfil/perfil2001FJP.pdf operation, mainly in the agricultural zone, where is a [6] IBGE. Anuario Estatistico do Brasil, 1998. IBGE, Institute Brasileiro substitute of the LPG. Industrial installations could be used de Geografia e Estatistica, 1999. [Online], Available: http://www.ibge.gov.br for the effluent treatment, diminishing the pollution and [7] MELLO, M. G. (org) Biomassa Energia dos Tropicos em Minas producing gas combustible. Gerais, Estudos Preliminares. l.ed., Belo Horinzonte: LabMidia/FAFICH. 2001. 272p IV. CONCLUSIONS [8] MUNIZ Marise. O Sol como Aliado. Estado de Minas. 2002. [Online], Available: The past Minas Gerais economic development was http://www.estaminas.com.br/ecologico/122419.htm obtained by renewed energy sources, and these sources still [9] PROCEL. . [Online], Available: http://www.eletrobras.gov.br/procel/main_10_l_4_b_2.htm have important role in its economy. The fossil sources used [10] SIMOES, Rodrigo Ferreira. Localiza;ao Industrial e Relates in Minas Gerais are imported from the neighboring states Intersetoriais: Uma Analise de "Fuzzy Cluster" para Minas Gerais. or the exterior, with a high lost of money. Campinas, SP, Unicamp, Tese (doutorado). Institute de Economia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2003. The use of renewed energy sources in Minas Gerais [11] TORRES, Manuel Emilio de Lima; ALMEIDA, Paulo Eduardo provides important conditions for the sustainable Fernando. Energia. IN: Minas Gerais do Seculo XXI - Infra- development like the as stronger payments balance with the estratura: Sustentando o Desenvolvimento. BDMG, v.3, Cap.2, 2003 [12] UFJF. Anuario Estatistico de 2002- Ano Base 2001 reduction of fuel importation and increase of exportations, (ISSN 1516-5493) [Online], decentralized jobs and income generation (direct and Available: http://www.cps.ufjr.br/bol/2002/2002.htm indirect), sustainable local development, augmentation of economic activity and increase of the tax collection. Moreover, as the renewed sources are less pollutant, its VI. BIOGRAPHIE use diminishes the pollution and a reduction of the health public expenses. The lesser greenhouse gases emission Paulo Cesar da Costa Pinheiro was bom in Govemador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil on allows the C02 credits commercialization, through the September 6, 1957. He graduated in Clean Development Mechanism CDM projects. Mechanical Engineering from the Institute de Minas Gerais has a special set of conditions in the Tecnologia de Govemador Valadares, MG, and world, with an industrial park based in renewed sources a PHd at Universite de Technologic de Compiegne UTC, France. (1987). and great possibility to increase still more the use of these He is Associate Professor at Universidade renewed sources. Minas Gerais are an example for the Federal de Minas Gerais UFMG, Brazil. His World in the use of these sources, and the augmentation of special fields of interest included charcoal production, biomass, solar energy, energy its use is an important way for the sustainable development. planing. There are a huge potential of growing of the renewable energy sources use in Minas Gerais.