International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

“FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF A HELICAL USED IN MARINE APPLICATIONS ”

Author-1NELAGONDARASHI CHANDRA SHEKAR M.Tech Assistant Professor Dept:(Mechanical Engineering) Email: [email protected] Mobile: 9701916138 Sri Indu Institute of engineering & Technology, Sheriguda, Hyderabad.

Author-2 MANDA SANDEEP M.Tech Assistant Professor Dept :(Mechanical Engineering) Email: [email protected] Mobile: 9494924307 Sri Indu Institute of engineering & Technology, Sheriguda, Hyderabad.

Author-3:Dr I. SATYANARAYANA Professor, principal M-Tech(IIT-KGP), Ph.D., MIE, MISHMT Email Id: [email protected] Mobile:9502997013 Sri Indu Institute of engineering & Technology, Sheriguda, Hyderabad.

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FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF A HELICAL GEAR USED IN MARINE APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT

Gear is a machine element used to transmit motion and power between rotating shafts by means of progressive engagement of projections called teeth. Generally gear transmits motion or power between rotating shafts when the centre between two shafts is comparatively low. In helical , the leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling causes the tooth shape to be a segment.. The bending and surface strength of the gear tooth are considered to be one of the main contributors for the failure of the gear in a gear set The aim of the project is to design a helical gear for marine applications .the design is done on 3d modeling CATIA V5 software. Structural analysis and Fatigue analysis are done using three materials Nickel Chromium Alloy steel , Aluminum Alloy A360 and titanium . Structural analysis is done to validate the strength. Fatigue is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading. The nominal maximum stress values are less than the ultimate tensile stress limit, and may be below the yield stress limit of the material. The analysis is done on ANSYS software. They are simple in construction, easy to manufacture INTRODUCTION TO GEARS and less cost. They have highest efficiency and Gears are one of the most critical components in excellent precision rating. They are used in high speed and high load application in all types of trains and a mechanical power transmission systems. The bending wide range of velocity ratios. Hence, they find wide and surface strength of the gear tooth are considered to applications right from clocks, household gadgets, be one of the main contributors for the failure of the gear motor cycles, automobiles, and railways to aircrafts in a gear set. Understanding of their behaviour becomes essential to design and implement them effectively. Thus, analysis of stresses has become popular as an area of research on gears to minimize or to reduce the failures and for optimal design of gears. This thesis investigates the characteristics of involutes helical gear system SPUR GEAR mainly focused on bending and contact stresses using analytical and finite element analysis. A rigid multibody HELICAL GEAR model is required to be simulated. The model consists of Helical gears are used for parallel shaft drives. They have a helical gear pair where Gear contact is characterized by teeth inclined to the axis as shown in Fig. 2 Hence for the an angle-varying mesh stiffness and a backlash which same width; their teeth are longer than spur gears and have can lead to loss of the contact. Angle-varying mesh higher load carrying capacity. Their contact ratio is higher than spur gears and they operate smoother and quieter than stiffness shall be calculated using a finite element model. spur gears. Their precision rating is good. They are recommended for very high speeds and loads. Thus, these CLASSIFICATIONS OF GEARS gears find wide applications in automotive gearboxes. SPUR GEAR Their efficiency is slightly lower than spur gears. The angle also introduces axial thrust on the shaft. Spur gears have their teeth parallel to the axis and are used for transmitting power between two parallel shafts.

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DOUBLE HELICAL GEAR OR HERRINGBONE Spur Parallel Applicable to Simplest tooth GEAR Double helical or Herringbone gears used for Shafting. all types of elements offering transmitting power between two parallel shafts. They have High speeds trains and a maximum precision. opposing helical teeth with or without a gap depending on and loads wide range of First choice, the manufacturing method adopted, Fig 3. Two axial highest velocity ratios . recommended for all thrusts oppose each other and nullify. Hence the shaft is efficiency the gear meshes, free from any axial force. Though their load capacity is Precision except where very very high, manufacturing difficulty makes them costlier Rating is high speeds and loads excellent or special features of than single helical gear. Their applications are limited to other types, such as high capacity reduction drives like right angle drive, that of cement mills and crusher cannot be avoided.

Helical Parallel Most Equivalent quality to Shafting. applicable to spurs, except for Very high high speeds complication of helix speeds and and loads; also angle. Recommended loads. used whenever for all high-speed and DOUBLE HELICAL GEARSTRAIGHT BEVEL Efficiency spurs are used. high-load meshes. GEARS slightly less Axial thrust than spur component must be Straight bevel gears are used for transmitting power between mesh. accommodated. intersecting shafts,. They can operate under high speeds and Precision high loads. Their precision Rating is good

Bevel Intersecting Suitable for Good choice for right rating is fair to good. They shafts, 1:1 and higher angle drive, High speeds, velocity ratios particularly low ratios. are suitable for 1:1 and higher velocity ratios and for right- and for right - However complicated angle meshes to any other angles. Their good choice is for High loads. angle meshes both form and right angle drive of particularly low ratios. However, Precision (and other fabrication limits complicated both form and fabrication limits achievement of Rating is fair angles) achievement of precision. They should be located at one of the less critical to good. precision. Should be meshes of the train. Wide application of the straight bevel located at one of the drives is in automotive differentials, right angle drives of less critical meshes of blenders and conveyors. the train.

SPIRAL GEARS gears are also known as crossed helical gears, They SUMMARY AND EVALUATION OF GEAR TYPES have high helix angle and transmit power between two nonintersecting non-parallel shafts. They have initially point In the evaluation of helical gear designs, certain basic gear contact under the conditions of considerable sliding velocities design performance metrics such as tooth bending Stress, finally gears will have line contact. Hence, they are used for Permissible bending stress, contact stress, bending fatigue light load and low speed application such as instruments, strength, allowable surface fatigue stress, Surface strength of sewing machine etc. The characteristics of these various gear gear and pinion etc. are to be carefully considered. The types are discussed in most mechanical design texts Like all effectiveness of the helical gear design Can be improved only components, gears can and do fail in application. From the when all these metrics are controlled properly. Gear designers above discussion meshing stiffness analysis of helical gear in are constantly looking for Ways to improve effectiveness dynamic condition is very important. through various techniques. Despite such attempts, the control SUMMARY AND EVALUATION OF GEAR TYPES of all these metrics and achieving the desired performance is a very complicated task. Therefore, there is great need for Type Features and Applications Comment s Regarding Precision Precision detailed study of the intricacies of helical gear design especially Rating for different types of gear profiles.

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difference between the theoretical and the actual position between driving gear and the driven gear.

CROSSED HELICAL GEAR

The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of

the gear. When two teeth on a helical gear system engage, SPEED REDUCTION GEAR BOX the contact starts at one end of the tooth and gradually spreads as the gears rotate, until the two teeth are in full It can be defined also as the amount by which the ratio at engagement. a given point in a revolution departs from the correct This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much ratio. For this reason, with prior knowledge of the more smoothly and quietly than spur gears. For this reason, operating conditions of the gear set it is possible to helical gears are used in almost all car transmissions. design the gears with minimum vibration and noise. Because of the angle of the teeth on helical gears, they Mostly transmission error is due to two major causes. create a thrust load on the gear when they mesh. Devices The first cause is production incorrectness as well as that use helical gears have bearings that can support this mounting mistake and the second one is caused by thrust load . elastic deflection at the time of loading. One interesting thing about helical gears is that if the angles Transmission error is considered as one of the of the gear teeth are correct, they can be mounted on main contributor to noise and vibration in a gear system. perpendicular shafts, adjusting the rotation angle by 90 This suggests that the gear noise is closely related to transmission error. If a pinion and a gear have ideal degrees. involutes profiles running with no loading they should theoretically run with zero transmission error. However, when these same gears transmit , the joint torsion mesh stiffness of each gear changes throughout the mesh cycle as the teeth deflect causing variations in angular rotation of the gear body. Even though the transmission error is relatively small these slight variations can cause noise at a frequency which matches a resonance of the shafts or the gear housing causes noise to be enhanced. This an attempt is made to study the performance of a phenomenon has been studied in order to minimize the helical gear system for three different types of helical amount of transmission error in gears. Gearboxes of gear systems namely single, herringbone and crossed construction vehicles and sites sustain a variety of faults helical gear system. The objective of this work is to such as broken-shafts, eroded, broken, or missing teeth, conduct a comparative study on helical gear design and even broken-cases because of heavy loads and harsh and its performance based on various performance working conditions. Early malfunction detection is metrics through finite element as well as analytical important to limit damage and avoid accidents. Generally, approaches. The theoretical analysis for a single casing mounted accelerometers are used to detect gear helical gear system Based on American Gear faults based on vibration analysis techniques. Manufacturing Association (AGMA) a standard has A gear is a rotating machine part having cut been assessed in Mat lab. The effect of Major teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in performance metrics of different helical gear tooth order to transmit torque. Two or more gears working in systems such as single, The benefit of such a tandem are called a transmission and can produce a comparison is quickly estimating the stress mechanical advantage through a gear ratio and thus may distribution for a new design variant without carrying be considered a simple machine. Geared devices can out complex theoretical analysis as well as the FEA change the speed, magnitude, and direction of a power analysis gives less scope for Manual errors while source. The most common situation is for a gear to mesh calculating complex formulas related to theoretical with another gear, however a gear can also mesh a non- analysis of gears. It will significantly reduce rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing Processing time as well as enhanced flexibility in the translation instead of rotation. design performance. The gears in a transmission are analogous to the The major cause of vibration and noise in a gear wheels in a pulley. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of system is the transmission error between the meshing a gear prevent slipping. gears. By definition transmission error is the When two gears of unequal number of teeth are combined a mechanical advantage is produced, with both

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the rotational speeds and the of the two gears costs among others factors. These factors are critical in differing in a simple relationship.In transmissions which offer modern competitive, manufacturing, especially in multiple gear ratios, such as bicycles and cars, the term gear, the aviation industry which demands exceptional as in first gear, refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual operations requirements concerning high reliability and physical gear. The term is used to describe similar devices strength, low weight and energy consumption, even when gear ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or low vibrations and noise. Considering their reliability and when the device does not actually contain any gears, as in a efficiency are some of the most important factors, continuously variable transmission. problems of distributions of loads and consequently, The earliest known reference to gears was distribution of stresses in the whole gear transmission, circa 50 A.D. by Hero of Alexandria, but they can be particularly in teeth of mating gears, traced back to the Greek mechanics of the Alexandrian need to be thoroughly analyzed. Gear transmissions school in the 3rd century BC and were greatly developed are widely used in various industries and their efficiency by the Greek polymath Archimedes (287-212 BC). and reliability are critical in the final product The motion from one shaft to another performance evaluation. shaft may be transmitted with belts, ropes and The motion from one shaft to another chains. These methods are mostly used when the two shafts shaft may be transmitted with belts, ropes and chains. are having long center distance. But if the distance These methods are mostly used when the two shafts are between the two shafts is very small, then gears are used to having long center distance. But if the distance between the transmit motion from one shaft to another. In case of belts two shafts is very small, then gears are used to transmit and ropes, the drive is not positive. There is slip and creep motion from one shaft to another. In case of belts and that reduces velocity ratio. But gear drive is a positive and ropes, the drive is not positive. There is slip and creep that smooth drive, which transmit velocity ratio. Gears are used reduces velocity ratio. But gear drive is a positive and in many fields and under a wide range of conditions such smooth drive, which transmit velocity ratio. Gears are used as in smaller watches and instruments to the heaviest and in many fields and under a wide range of conditions such most powerful machineries like lifting cranes. Gears are as in smaller watches and instruments to the heaviest and most commonly used for power transmission in all the most powerful machineries like lifting cranes. Gears are modern devices. These toothed wheels are used to change most commonly used for power transmission in all the the speed or power between two stages (input and modern devices. They have been used extensively in the output). They have gained wide range of acceptance in all high-speed marine engines. There is a great deal of kinds of applications and have been used extensively in researches on gear analysis. Generally their major concerns the high speed marine engines. In the present era of are on the analysis of gear stresses, transmission errors, sophisticated technology, gear design has evolved to a high dynamic loads, noise, and failure of gear tooth, which are degree of perfection. very useful for optimal design of gear set. They have used The design and manufacture of precision cut various approaches and means to attain their main gears, made from materials of high strength, have made objectives. it possible to produce gears which are capable APPLICATION OF HELICAL GEARS of transmitting extremely large loads at extremely high Helical gear applied in the industries comes in diverse circumferential speeds with very little noise, vibration and weight and sizes. There are many different types of helical other undesirable aspects of gear drives. Helical gears gears which can be used in different places. Therefore, the are the modified form of spur gears, in which all the teeth application of helical gears is diverse, and we cannot give a are cut at a constant angle, known as helix angle, to the specific list. We can see that mechanical industry has a axis of the gear, where as in spur gear, teeth are cut quick development. It is no doubt that the market demands parallel to the axis. Helical gears are also employed to for helical gears that are used in industrial applications are transmit power between two shafts parallel to the axis. increasing. The following are the requirements that must be met in the Obviously, the application of helical gears is quite large. design of gear drive. The gear teeth should have For example, they can be used in fertilizer industry, sufficient strength, so that they will not fail under static and railway industry, printing industry, and earth moving dynamic loading during normal running conditions. industry, etc. Except for these industries, there are also The gear teeth should have clear characteristics sothat their many others where helical gears can play a rather life is satisfactory, the use of space and material should important role. Then, let us see a few of the applications of be economical. The alignment of the gears and helical gears. deflections of the Shafts must be considered, because they First, the earth moving industry: in our society especially affect the Performance of the gears. The lubrications of in cities, there are always a lot of constructions. In order to the gears must be satisfactory. fulfil these tasks, equipment and machinery are necessary. These equipment’s require the need of helical gears. For Currently the popular standards are ISO and instance, helical gears like spur, helical, and planetary form AGMA. These standards vary in selected approaches as an integral part of the machinery and vehicles used in the well as models and methods resulting in different design earth moving industry. solutions obtained for the same gear under the same set of Second, the railway industry: railways are indispensable in working conditions. Gear transmissions affect energy our society. In railways, there is a wide range of helical consumption during usage, vibration, noise and warranty gears and helical gear equipment’s used in different

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railway applications. For the special requirements of the railways, the specialized helical gears are brought into use. They are applied to achieve the certain purposes. Third, the power industry:. In every process of power generation and power transmission, helical gear power transmission equipments have been used for a long period of time. helical gear equipments support all different aspects of the power generation process. helical gear peripherals are used in different processes of power generation, like in the gas turbine electric power generation, coal-power electrical plants and so on.

MODES OF GEAR FAILURE

Solid Modeling It is the most perfect type of geometric model which is used in CAD systems. It contains all the work frame and surface geometry necessary to fully describe the edge and faces of the model. In addition to the information related to the geometry, it has information called topology that relates all the geometry together. This intelligence makes operations such a filleting and selecting an edge and also specifying a radius. Fully Associative A CATIA model is one which associates the drawings and assembles it. When we Change Catia models geometry then the models are automatically reflected in the associative drawings and assemblies. Constraints By which you can guarantee that design concepts such as through holes and/or equal radii etc are captured and maintained is called constraints. Parallel, perpendicular, horizontal, vertical, etc know as geometrical constraint and length, height, width, etc know as dimensional constaint. Associativity: Associativity ensures that if any modification is made in the model in any one of the workbenches of CATIA V5, it is automatically reflected in the other workbenches immediately.

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4.1 MODULES IN CATIA Figure 1 MODEL OF HELICAL GEAR

• Sketcher • Part Design • Assembly Design • Drafting • Sheetmetal

Helical gear

DIFFERENT VIEWS AND DIMENSIONS OF HELICAL GEAR

5. INTRODUCTION TO FEA A wide range of objective functions (variables within the Figure 2 MODEL OF HELICAL GEAR system) are available for minimization or maximization:

• Mass, volume, temperature • Strain energy, stress strain • Force, displacement, velocity, acceleration • Synthetic (User defined)

There are multiple loading conditions which may be applied to a system. Some examples are shown:

• Point, pressure, thermal, gravity, and centrifugal static loads • Thermal loads from solution of heat transfer analysis • Enforced displacements • Heat flux and convection • Point, pressure and gravity dynamic loads

Each FEA program may come with an element library, or one is constructed over time. Some sample elements are:

• Rod elements • Beam elements • Plate/Shell/Composite elements • Shear panel • Solid elements

TYPES OF ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

Structural analysis consists of linear and non-linear models. Linear models use simple parameters and assume that the material is not plastically deformed. Non-linear models consist of stressing the material past its elastic capabilities. The stresses in the material then vary with the amount of deformation as in.

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Vibration analysis is used to test a material against random 3. Post processing : In the earlier days of finite vibrations, shock, and impact. Each of these incidences may element analysis, the user would pore through reams of act on the natural vibration frequency of the material which, in numbers generated by the code, listing displacements and turn, may cause resonance and subsequent failure. stresses at discrete positions within the model. It is easy to miss important trends and hot spots this way, and Fatigue analysis helps designers to predict the life of a modern codes use graphical displays to assist in material or structure by showing the effects of cyclic loading visualizing the results. A typical postprocessor display on the specimen. Such analysis can show the areas where crack overlays colored contours representing stress levels on propagation is most likely to occur. Failure due to fatigue may the model, showing a full field picture similar to that of also show the damage tolerance of the material. photo elastic or moiré experimental results.

Heat Transfer analysis models the conductivity or thermal 6.1 GENERIC STEPS TO SOLVING ANY fluid dynamics of the material or structure. This may consist of PROBLEM IN ANSYS a steady-state or transient transfer. Steady-state transfer refers to constant thermo properties in the material that yield linear Like solving any problem analytically, you need to define (1) your solution domain, (2) the physical model, (3) heat diffusion. boundary conditions and (4) the physical properties. You then solve the problem and present the results. In numerical 5.2 RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS methods, the main difference is an extra step called mesh generation. This is the step that divides the complex model FEA has become a solution to the task of predicting into small elements that become solvable in an otherwise failure due to unknown stresses by showing problem areas in too complex situation. Below describes the processes in a material and allowing designers to see all of the theoretical terminology slightly more attune to the software. stresses within. This method of product design and testing is Build Geometry far superior to the manufacturing costs which would accrue if Construct a two or three dimensional representation of each sample was actually built and tested. the object to be modeled and tested using the work plane In practice, a finite element analysis usually consists of three coordinate system within ANSYS. principal steps: Define Material Properties Now that the part exists, define a library of the necessary 1. Preprocessing : The user constructs a model of materials that compose the object (or project) being the part to be analyzed in which the geometry is divided into a modeled. This includes thermal and mechanical properties. number of discrete sub regions, or elements," connected at Generate Mesh discrete points called nodes." Certain of these nodes will have At this point ANSYS understands the makeup of the part. fixed displacements, and others will have prescribed loads. Now define how the modeled system should be broken These models can be extremely time consuming to prepare, down into finite pieces. and commercial codes vie with one another to have the most Apply Loads user-friendly graphical “preprocessor" to assist in this rather Once the system is fully designed, the last task is to burden tedious chore. Some of these preprocessors can overlay a the system with constraints, such as physical loadings or mesh on a preexisting CAD file, so that finite element boundary conditions. analysis can be done conveniently as part of the computerized Obtain Solution drafting-and-design process. This is actually a step, because ANSYS needs to understand within what state (steady state, transient… etc.) the problem 2. Analysis : The dataset prepared by the preprocessor is must be solved. used as input to the finite elementcode itself, which constructs Present the Results and solves a system of linear or nonlinear algebraic equations After the solution has been obtained, there are many ways Kijuj = fi to present ANSYS’ results, choose from many options such as tables, graphs, and contour plots. Where u and f are the displacements and externally applied forces at the nodal points. The formation of the K matrix is 6.2 SPECIFIC CAPABILITIES OF ANSYS dependent on the type of problem being attacked, and this 6.2.1STRUCTURAL module will outline the approach for truss and linear elastic Structural analysis is probably the most common stress analyses. Commercial codes may have very large application of the finite element method as it implies element libraries, with elements appropriate to a wide range bridges and buildings, naval, aeronautical, and mechanical of problem types. One of FEA's principal advantages is that structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine many problem types can be addressed with the same code, housings, as well as mechanical components such as merely by specifying the appropriate element types from the pistons, machine parts, and tools. library. · Static Analysis - Used to determine displacements, stresses, etc. under static loading conditions. ANSYS can

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compute both linear and nonlinear static analyses. Nonlinearities can include plasticity, stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain, hyper elasticity, contact surfaces, and creep. · Transient DynamicAnalysis - Used to determine the response of a structure to arbitrarily time-varying loads. All nonlinearities mentioned under Static Analysis above are allowed. LOADS APPLIED FOR ALLUMINIUM ALLOY · Buckling Analysis - Used to calculate the buckling A360 loads and determine the buckling mode shape. Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and nonlinear buckling analyses are possible. MODAL ANALYSIS A modal analysis is typically used to determine the vibration characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of a structure or a machine component while it is being designed. It can also serve as a starting point for another, more detailed, dynamic analysis, such as a harmonic response or full transient dynamic an alysis. Modal analyses, while being one of the most basic DEFORMATION FOR ALLUMINIUM ALLOY dynamic analysis types available in ANSYS, can also be A360 more computationally time consuming than a typical static analysis. A reduced solver, utilizing automatically or manually selected master degrees of freedom is used to drastically reduce the problem size and solution time. 7. STRUCTURAL ANAYLSIS OF HELICAL GEAR 7.1ANAYLSIS OF HELICAL GEAR BY ALUMINUM ALLOY A360 Material properties:- Density:- 8.88g/cc Modulus of elasticity:- 207 GPA Poisson’s ratio:- 0.31 STRESS MODEL FOR ALLUMINIUM ALLOY A360

7.2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY Material properties Density :- 8.88 g/cc Modulus of elasticity :-270 Gpa Poisons ratio :- 0.31

IMPORTED MODEL FOR ALLUMINIUM ALLOY A360

MESHED MODEL FOR ALLUMINIUM ALLOY A360

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Figure 3 IMPORTED MODEL FOR NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY

DEFORMAION IMPORTED MODEL FOR TITANIUM ALLOY Figure 4 MESHED MODEL FOR NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY

STRAIN AND STRESS FOR TITANIUM ALLOY

FATIGUE ANAYLSIS OF HELICAL GEAR

8.1FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM ALLOY FOR NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY 360

7.3 STRUCTURAL ANSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TITANIUM Material properties:- Density:- Modulus of elasticity:- Poisonratio:-

Figure 5 MESHED MODEL FOR FATIGUE

ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY 360

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LOADS APPLIED FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY 360 LIFE FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY STEEL

Safety factor

LIFE SPAN OF FATIGUE ANALYSIS FOR ALUMINIUM ALLOY 360

SAFETY FACTOR FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY STEEL

SAFETY FAACTOR OF FATIGUE ANALYSIS 8.3 FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF TITANIUM FOR ALUMINIUM ALLOY 360

8.2 FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY STEEL

IMPORTED MODEL FOR FATIGUE

ANALYSIS OF TITANIUM IMPORTED MODEL FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY STEEL

MESHED MODEL FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY STEEL

LOADS FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF NICKEL TITANIUM

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[2] G. Dalpiaz, A. Rivola and R. Rubini, Effectiveness and Sensitivity of Vibration Processing Techniques for Local Fault Detection in Gears, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing (2000) 14(3), 387-412 [3] A. Parey, M. El Badaoui, F. Guillet, N. Tandon, Dynamic modeling of spur gear pair and application of empirical mode decomposition-based statistical analysis for early detection of localized tooth defect, Journal of Sound and Vibration 294 (2006) 547–561 LIFE SPAN FOR FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF [4] Mohamed Slim Abbes, TaissirHentati, Mohamed TITANIUM Maatar,TaharFakhfakh, Mohamed Haddar, Dynamic analysis of helical gears supported by rolling element bearings, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Sofia, 2011 [5] Vijaya Kumar Ambarisha, Shih-Emn Chen, Sandeep Vijayakar, Jeff Mendoza,Time-Domain Dynamic Analysis of Helical Gears with Reduced Housing Model, SAE International [6] KuoJaoHuang ,HsinWeiSu, Approaches to parametric element constructions and dynamic analyses of Figure 6 SAFETY FACTOR FOR FATIGUE spur/helical gears including modifications and ANALYSIS OF TITANIUM undercutting, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 46 (2010) [7] Takayuki Nishino, Vibration Analysis Of The Helical 9. CONCLUSION Gear System Using The Integrated Excitation Model, [8] Miguel Amezketa, XabierIriarte, Javier Ros and Jesús Gears almost always produce a change in Ma Pintor, Dynamic Model of A Helical Gear Pair With torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through Backlash And Angle-Varying Mesh Stiffness, Multibody their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple Dynamics 2009, ECCOMAS Thematic Conference machine. The angled teeth engage more gradually than [9] D. Kong, J.M. Meaghe, C. Xu, X. Wu Y. Wu, do spur gear teeth, causing them to run more smoothly Nonlinear Contact Analysis of Gear Teeth for and quietly With parallel helical gears, each pair of teeth Malfunction Diagnostics first make contact at a single point at one side of the gear [10]TaharFakhfakh, Fakher Chaari and Mohamed wheel; a moving of contact then grows gradually Haddar, Numerical and experimental analysis of a gear across the tooth face to a maximum then recedes until the system with teeth defects, Int J Adv Manuf Technol teeth break contact at a single point on the opposite side. (2005) 25: 542–550 In this project we designed component on catia [11]Arvind Yadav MITS Gwalior, Different types of v5software . we done here analysis for the gear by failure of gear choosing three materials aluminum alloy 360,nickel [12]MiguelAmezketa, XabierIriarte, Javier Ros and Jesús chromium alloy and titanium .to find the maximum Ma Pintor, Dynamic model of a helical gear pair with stresses we done structural analysis .By taking structural backlash And angle-varying mesh stiffness values we have done fatigue analysis to find life of the 13]Emulation And Analysis Method For Meshing component . Contact For High Precision Multi Teeth Of Involute In observing the three material stress value is Cylindrical Gear occur in nickel chromium alloy is we can use but in [14] Zhonghong Bu, Geng Liu, Liyan Wu, School of aluminum alloy 360 we observed value and the stress Mechanical Engineering, Modal analyses of herringbone value is minimum on it. So we can say aluminum is planetary gear train with journal bearings preferable. In fatigue analysis the three materials values [15]Negash Alemu, Analysis Of Stresses In Helical as near to it, so we can use any of the material to Gears By Finite Element Method maintain minimum life and safety factor of the [16] J. Mranberger,M.Sraml,J. Patre,J. Flasker, component Numerical calculation of bending fatigue like of thin-ring REFERENCES spur gears [1] Wilson Q. Wang, Fathy Ismail and M. Farid [17]Xiao-Leixu,Zhi-Weiyu,YumingGao,Tie-non Wong, Golnaraghi, Assessment of Gear Damage Monitoring The crack failure of gear used in generating electricity Techniques Using Vibration Measurements, Mechanical equipment wind Systems and Signal Processing (2001) 15(5), 905-922 [18] Abhay K. Jha,V. Diwakar, Metallurgical analysis of failed gear.

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