South during the Rashtrakutas and their Contemporaries (Agriculture, Trade and Commerce, Taxation)

5.1 Do you know

Description Image Source “The Rashtrakuta period marked as a significant period in the economic and cultural history of the Deccan. Inscriptions of the Agriculture was continued to be Rashtrakutas mainstay of the county’s economy. This led to the widespread expansion of land grant economy.”

“The Rashtrakuta kings maintained a Inscriptions and literary friendly relations with the . When sources of Rashtrakuda period the Gurjara-Prathihara was engaged in fierce struggle against theArabs, the (Image of poetic Rashtrakutas were profiting by carrying inscription of Rashtrakuta on trade with Arabs. By way of this trade king Govindaa III at Mavali, relation a large number of Arab district, ) merchants came to Rashtrakuta kingdom .”

5.2 Timeline

Timelines Image Description

Foundation of the Rashtrakuta Empire by 735 CE 956-774 CE , became ruler of the dynasty

The famous Atakur inscription, a classical Kannada 949 CE composition from the Western Ganga-Rashtrakuta period

Govinda III became the ruler of the Rashtrakuta 793-814 CE Empire.

939-967 CE Krishan III, the ruler of the later Rashtrakuta

941 CE Vikramarjuna-vijaya composed

5.3 Glossary

Staring Related Term Definition Character Term A Aparadha Fine imposed on defaulter sadandadas

B Bhogakara Land tax udranga

D Drammas Gold coins dinaras

K Karshayata Agricultural Labourers vishti

K Krshatah Land-holders or land owners chcitabhata

M Mahajanas Big Men or land controlling groups vellalas

N Nivartana A term referred to donated land kamma

O Okkalu Agriculturists sabha

S Seni Trade Guild sreni

U Udarnga A land tax octroi

U Uparikara A tax levied on agricultural produce bhattaya

5.4 Web links

Web links https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Rashtrakuta_empire_of_Manyakheta http://myupscprelims.blogspot.com/2016/05/rashtrakutas-dynasty-socioeconomic-and.html www.indianetzone.com...... History of - https://en.wikipedia,org/wiki/Rashtrakuat_dynasty www.indianmirror.com/Indian dynasties www.jagaranjosh.com/general.../palas-prathiharas-and-rashtrakutas https://myupscprelims.blogspot.com/2016/05/rashtrakutas-dynasty-socioeconomic-and.html www.importantindia.com/521/rashtrakuta-dynasty

www.exampariksha.com/rashtrakuta-dynasty-history-study-material-notes www.iasscore.in/upsc-prelims/rashtrakutas-and-other-south-indian-kingdom www.readorrefer.in/.../Rashtrakutas-Administration-Society-Culture-Economy

5.5 Bibliography

Bibliography Altekar. A.S, The Rashtrakutas and Their Times: Being a Political, Administrative, Religious, Social, Economic and Literary History of the Deccan during c.750 A.D. to c.1000 A.D., Poona, 1934. Appadorai. A, Economic Conditions in South India, 1000-1500 AD, 2 Vols., University of Madras, Madras, 1936. Bhandarkar, R.G., Early History of the Deccan, Calcutta, 1928. Chattopadhyaya, B.D., Coins and Currency System in South India (c. A.D. 225- 1300), New Delhi, 1977.

Desai, P.B. (ed.), A , Dharwar, 1981.

Diwakar, R.R. (ed.), Karnataka through the Ages, , 1968. Gupta, K.M., The Land System in South India between c.800 A.D and 1200 A.D., Lahore, 1933.

Jayashri Mishra, Social and Economic Conditions under the Imperial Rashtrakutas, New Delhi, 1992. Kuppuswamy, G.R., Economic Conditions in Karnataka (A.D. 973- A.D. 1335), Dharwar, 1975.

Madan, A.P., The History of the Rastrakutas, New Delhi, 1990.

Murthy, A.V.N., The Coins of Karnataka, Mysore, 1975.

Murthy, H.V. Srinivas and R.Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka, Delhi, 1977. Nilakanta Sastri. K.A, A History of South India, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, Madras, 1975. Portam, M.M., Medieval Trade and Finance, Cambridge, 1973.

Ramesh K.V., A History of South Kanara, Dharwar, 1970.

Salestore, B.A., Ancient Karnataka, Vol.I, Poona, 1936.

Yazdani. G, The Early History of the Deccan, Parts I-VI, OUP, London, 1960.