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The Development of Computer Science: a Sociocultural Perspective UNIVERSITY OF JOENSUU COMPUTER SCIENCE DISSERTATIONS XIV MATTI T EDRE THE D EVELOPMENT OF C OMPUTER S CIENCE A S OCIOCULTURAL P ERSPECTIVE ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Science of the University of Joensuu, for public criticism in Louhela Auditorium of the Science Park, Länsikatu 15, Joensuu, on October 20th, 2006, at 12 noon. UNIVERSITY OF JOENSUU 2006 Julkaisija Joensuun yliopisto Tietojenkäsittelytieteen ja tilastotieteen laitos Publisher University of Joensuu Department of Computer Science and Statistics Editor Erkki Sutinen Vaihdot Joensuun yliopiston kirjasto/Vaihdot PL 107, 80101 Joensuu Puh. 013-251 2677, fax 013-251 2691 email: [email protected] Exchanges Joensuu University Library/Exchanges P.O. Box 107, FI-80101 Joensuu, FINLAND Tel. +358-13-251 2677, fax +358-13-251 2691 email: [email protected] Myynti Joensuun yliopiston kirjasto/Julkaisujen myynti PL 107, 80101 Joensuu Puh. 013-251 4509, fax 013-251 2691 email: [email protected] Sales Joensuu University Library/Sales of publications P.O. Box 107, FI-80101 Joensuu, FINLAND Tel. +358-13-251 4509, fax +358-13-251 2691 email: [email protected] ISBN 952-458-866-8 (paperback) ISSN 1238-6944 (paperback) ISBN 952-458-867-6 (PDF) ISSN 1795-7931 (PDF) Computing Reviews (1998) Classification: K.m Yliopistopaino Joensuu 2006 The Development of Computer Science: A Sociocultural Perspective Matti Tedre Department of Computer Science and Statistics University of Joensuu P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, FINLAND [email protected] University of Joensuu, Computer Science, Dissertations XIV Joensuu, 2006, 502 pages ISBN 952-458-866-8 (paperback) ISSN 1238-6944 (paperback) ISBN 952-458-867-6 (PDF) ISSN 1795-7931 (PDF) Abstract Computer science is a broad discipline, and computer scientists often disagree about the content, form, and practices of the discipline. The processes through which computer scientists create, maintain, and modify knowledge in computer science—processes which often are eclectic and anarchistic—are well researched, but so far there is no consensus on whether studies of such processes belong to the field of computer science or not. In this thesis the sociocultural formation of computer science and computing tech- nology is analyzed. It is asked if there is a need to extend computer science with meta-knowledge derived from perspectives from disciplines such as sociology, history, anthropology, and philosophy. Based on a selection of science and technology studies and case studies from the history of computing, an argument is made that understanding the social processes that create and maintain computer science is an important part of understanding computer science. An outlook on social studies of computer science is presented, and it is suggested that it should be acknowledged and included in the ACM Com- puting Classification Systems as class K.9. Keywords : social studies of computer science; social issues; meta-knowledge in computer science i Supervisors Professor PhD Erkki Sutinen Department of Computer Science and Statistics University of Joensuu, Finland Director of Research Dr. Esko Kähkönen International Multidisciplinary PhD Studies in Educational Technology University of Joensuu, Finland Associate Professor PhD Piet Kommers Department of Behavioral Sciences University of Twente, The Netherlands Reviewers Professor Dr. Tech Jari Multisilta Department of Information Technology Tampere University of Technology in Pori, Finland Professor PhD Pierluigi Crescenzi Department of Systems and Computer Science University of Florence, Italy Opponent Professor Dr. Johannes C. Cronje Department of Curriculum Studies University of Pretoria, South Africa Language editor Justus Randolph Department of Computer Science and Statistics University of Joensuu, Finland ii Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to my advisors Erkki Sutinen, Esko Kähkönen, and Piet Kommers—who gave me the opportunity to freely do my research and whose ideas were indispensable for shaping this thesis. I thank the language editor of this thesis, Justus Randolph, for his countless insightful comments on my arguments. His insistence on clarity had a substantial impact on the style of this thesis. I thank the reviewers of this thesis, Jari Multisilta and Pierluigi Crescenzi, for their com- ments. I also thank the people with whom I have had the honor to write and publish: Mar- cus Duveskog, Ron Eglash, Pasi J. Eronen, Teppo Eskelinen, Carolina Islas Sedano, Minna Kamppuri, Jyri Kemppainen, Markku Tukiainen, and Mikko Vesisenaho. I thank everyone who has read and commented my thesis. I thank my friends and colleagues at the department of computer science and statistics, University of Joensuu. And, of course, I thank my friends and relatives for being there for me. This work was funded by (1) the Department of Computer Science and Statistics at the University of Joensuu, Finland (2) the East Finland Graduate School in Computer Science and Engineering (ECSE ) (3) the National Institute for International Education ( NIIED ) of Korean gov- ernment (4) the Centre for International Mobility ( CIMO ) of Finnish Ministry of Educa- tion. This work was written with OpenOffice 2.0 under Gentoo Linux, and the illustra- tions were made with D IA 0.94. Joensuu, September 29, 2006, Matti Tedre iii COMMONS D E E D Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 You are free: to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works . You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. iv Table of Contents 1.INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1 1.1.B ACKGROUND ........................................................................................2 Computation.....................................................................................................5 The Separation Between Science and Humanities...........................................7 1.2.R ESEARCH Q UESTIONS ..........................................................................10 1.3.M ETHODOLOGY , L ITERATURE , AND S OURCES ..........................................11 Credibility of Theoretical Research...............................................................11 Methodology..................................................................................................13 Methods..........................................................................................................15 Choice of Literature.......................................................................................17 The Literature in Chapter Two.......................................................................17 Sources in Chapter Three...............................................................................20 1.4.C ONVENTIONS U SED IN T HIS T HESIS ......................................................23 1.5.L IMITATIONS AND A SSUMPTIONS ............................................................25 Sociocultural Matters.....................................................................................25 The Scope of This Thesis...............................................................................28 2.INTERPRETATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.......31 2.1.S OME B ASIC Q UESTIONS A BOUT S CIENCE ..............................................34 How Does One Come to Know Facts?...............................................................40 Intuition of Scientific Knowledge..................................................................41 Early Schools of Thought...............................................................................42 The Problems of Positivism...........................................................................44 Logical Truths Do Not Carry Information.....................................................47 Inductivism.....................................................................................................48 Problems of Inductivism................................................................................49 Popper's Falsificationism....................................................................................53 A Single Observation Can Falsify a Theory..................................................54 Progress in Science—The Falsificationist Viewpoint....................................57 Criticism of Falsificationism..........................................................................59 Science as a Contract: Thomas Kuhn's Theory...................................................64 Some Terminology Introduced by Kuhn........................................................66 Scientific Progress According to Kuhn..........................................................68 The Characteristics of a Paradigm..................................................................70
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