Land Off Barbrook Lane Tiptree Colchester Essex

Land off Barbrook Lane

Tiptree Colchester

Essex

Archaeological Evaluation

for Pegasus Group

on behalf of

Gladman Developments Ltd

CA Project: MK0019 CA Report: MK0019_4

CHER Event Number: ECC4315

Land off Barbrook Lane Tiptree Colchester Essex

Archaeological Evaluation

CA Project: MK0019 CA Report: MK0019_4

Document Control Grid Revision Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for Approved revision by A 29.4.19 AKM APS DRAFT Internal review APS B 01.05.19 AKM APS DRAFT - APS C 07.05.19 AKM APS DRAFT Consultant review APS D 17.05.19 AKM APS DRAFT Client review APS E 04.07.19 AKM APS DRAFT LPA review APS F 15.08.19 AKM APS FINAL Consultant review APS

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 3

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 5

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 6

4. METHODOLOGY ...... 7

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2-14) ...... 8

6. THE FINDS ...... 10

7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ...... 11

8. DISCUSSION ...... 14

9. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 15

10. REFERENCES ...... 16

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 19 APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ...... 24 APPENDIX C: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE ...... 25 APPENDIX D: RADIOCARBON DATING CERTIFICATE………………………………….26 APPENDIX E: OASIS REPORT SUMMARY FORM ...... 26 APPENDIX F: WRITTEN SCHEME OF INVESTIGATION ...... 30

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Trench location plan showing archaeological features, geophysical survey results, and modern features and constraints (1:1250) Fig. 3 Trench location plan showing archaeological features and greyscale geophysical survey results (1:1250) Fig. 4 The site overlain onto the First Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1874 Fig. 5 The site overlain onto the digital terrain model Fig. 6 Trench 3: plan, sections and photographs (1:100 / 1:20) Fig. 7 Trench 3: sections and photographs (1:20) Fig. 8 Trench 4: plan, section and photographs (1:100 / 1:20) Fig. 9 Trench 7: plan, section and photographs (1:100 / 1:20)

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

Fig. 10 Trench 11: plan, section and photographs (1:100 / 1:20) Fig. 11 Trench 31: plan, section and photographs (1:100 / 1:20) Fig. 12 Selection of blank trenches: photographs Fig. 13 Selection of blank trenches: photographs Fig. 14 Selection of blank trenches: photographs

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SUMMARY

Project Name: Land off Barbrook Lane Location: Tiptree, Colchester, Essex NGR: 589996 216804 Type: Evaluation Date: 15-24 March 2017 Location of Archive: To be deposited with Colchester and Ipswich Museum Service HER Event No.: ECC4315 Site Code: ECC4315

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in March 2019 on land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex, at the request of Pegasus Group acting on behalf of Gladman Developments Ltd. A total of 35 trenches, each measuring 30m by 1.8m, were excavated across the 9.79ha site, which comprises eleven parcels of land located on the north-eastern edge of Tiptree.

The evaluation recorded some evidence of possible prehistoric activity within the northwest portion of the site, although a general scarcity of finds and environmental remains suitable for analysis limited the scope for a clear chronology to be established.

A northwest / southeast aligned ditch dating to the late prehistoric period was encountered in the northwest portion of the site; a further two northeast / southwest aligned ditches located further to the north could not be dated due to a lack of artefactual material. The truncated remains of an unurned cremation burial of Bronze Age date were also recovered; however, due to the small proportion of bone recovered and the lack of associated other dateable material no more in-depth analysis or interpretation of this feature can made.

A number of modern drainage gullies, both with and without ceramic drains, were observed within the southern part of the site.

No further pre-determination works are required prior to determination of the application.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In March 2019 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation of land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex (centred at NGR: 589996 216804; Fig. 1) at the request of Pegasus Group acting on behal f of Gladman Developments Ltd.

1.2 Gladman Developments Ltd has submitted an outline planning application (ref.: 182014) to Colchester Borough Council (CBC). The application seeks permission for the development of up to 200 dwellings (including 30% affordable housing), provision of 0.6ha of land safeguarded for school expansion, new car parking facility, introduction of structural planting and landscaping and sustainable drainage system (SuDS), informal public open space, children's play area, demolition of 97 Barbrook Lane to form vehicular access from Barbrook Lane. All matters to be reserved except for access. A consultation response provided by the Archaeological Advisor to CBC (CBCAA), informed by the results of an Archaeology and Built Heritage Assessment (Pegasus 2018) and geophysical survey (SUMO 2018), has determined that the site is of some archaeological potential (see section 2 bel ow) and a programme of field evaluation by trial trenching will be r equired to enable the archaeological resource, both in quality and extent, to be accurately quantified.

1.3 In accordance with a Brief for an Archaeological Trial-Trenched Evaluation (CBC 2018) provided by the Archaeological Advisor, the evaluation will be undertaken in two phases; namely, phase 1 prior to determination and phase 2 post-determination. This report pertains to the pre-determination phase of trenching (phase 1), with the post-determination works to be undertaken at a l ater date. A detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI; see Appendix E) was produced by CA (2019) for the first phase of works and approved by the CBCAA on 14th March 2019. The fieldwork also followed the Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014), and the Standards for Field Archaeology in the East of England (Gurney 2003). It was monitored by the CBCAA, including a site visit on 18th March.

The site 1.4 The proposed development area is approximately 9.79ha, and comprises eleven parcels of land located on the north-eastern edge of Tiptree. No. 97 Barbrook Lane and its associated garden plot are included within the site boundary. The site is

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bounded by woodland to the north, agricultural land to the east, residential properties fronting onto Barbrook Lane and Grove Road to the south and playing fields associated with Thurstable School and Mildene Primary School to the west.

1.5 The geology of the Site is mapped as comprising bedrock deposits of the London Clay Formation, overlain in the south-western and north-western parts of the site by superficial deposits of glaciofluvial deposits of sand and gravel. No superficial geology is mapped in the remainder of the site (BGS 2019). Soils are mapped as comprising freely draining slightly acid loamy soil (Soilscapes 2019).

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The archaeological and historical background of the area has been assessed previously in an Archaeology and Built Heritage Assessment (Pegasus 2018). The Site has also been s ubject to geophysical survey (SUMO 2018) and t he following section is summarised from these reports

2.2 Limited evidence for prehistoric activity has been recorded to date within the wider vicinity of the Site, with known finds comprising scattered findspots of flint tools from a wide time frame, and a prehistoric rampart recorded approximately 790m to the north-east of the Site. No prehistoric finds or features are recorded within or in close proximity to the Site itself.

2.3 There is only sparse evidence for Roman activity in the study area used for the Archaeology and Built Heritage Assessment, and none recorded within or in close proximity to the Site itself, the nearest record being the discovery of two Romano- British coins c. 960m to the south-west of the Site.

2.4 Similarly, there is little known evidence for finds and features of medieval date within the study area. The Site was historically located in the parish of Messing, although in closer proximity to Tiptree, and formed part of the agricultural hinterland to the settlement from at least the medieval period. The findspot of a medieval copper alloy strap end is recorded c. 75m north of the Site; however, the exact location of this findspot is uncertain, being plotted at TL 89 17, while the findspots of two Saxon silver coins are recorded 580 and 595 metres respectively to the north-east of the Site.

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2.5 During the post-medieval period the Site continued in agricultural use. The Site is depicted on the Messing Tithe Map of 1839 as four arable fields recorded in the Tithe Apportionment Register as Great Luinets and Middle Luinets in the eastern area of the Site, and Eight Acres and Lower Walker in the western area of the Site.

2.6 The settlement of Tiptree developed during the 20th century, following the establishment of the Tiptree Jam Factory in 1905, with extensive expansion from the 1960s onwards. Residential development occurred to the south of the Site, along the north side of Barbrook Lane during the mid to late 20th century, with the Site subsequently have been subdivided into a series of small fields or paddocks (Pegasus 2018).

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the evaluation were to provide information about the archaeological resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and quality. In accordance with the Brief, the trial trenching was required to:

• Identify the date, approximate form and purpose of any archaeological deposit, together with its likely extent, localised depth and quality of preservation; • Evaluate the likely impact of past land uses, and the possible presence of masking colluvial/alluvial deposits; • Establish the potential for the survival of environmental evidence; • Provide sufficient information to construct an a rchaeological conservation strategy, dealing with preservation, the recording of archaeological deposits, working practices, timetables and orders of cost.

3.2 In accordance with the Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014), the evaluation was designed to be minimally intrusive and minimally destructive to archaeological remains. The information gathered will enable Colchester Borough Council to identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage assets that are identified, consider the impact of the proposed development upon that significance, and to avoid or minimise any conflict between the

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conservation of those heritage assets and any aspect of the development proposal. This process is in line with policies contained in the National Planning Policy Framework (MHCLG 2019).

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 The fieldwork was intended to comprise the excavation of 36 trenches measuring 30m long by 1.8m wide in the locations shown on Fi gure 2. The locations of trenches 6, 29 and 36 were adjusted on site to account for constraints encountered, and trench 19 remained unexcavated due to adverse ground conditions, all with the approval of the CBCAA, confirmed on site during the monitoring meeting on 1st April 2019. Trenches were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey Manual.

4.2 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual.

4.3 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites and were sampled and processed. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation.

4.4 The archive and ar tefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their offices in Milton Keynes. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will be deposited with Colchester and Ipswich Museum Service, along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix D, will be ent ered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

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5. RESULTS (FIGS 2-14)

5.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts, finds and environmental samples (palaeoenvironmental evidence) are to be found in Appendices A, B and C respectively. The trench plan with archaeological features overlain on t he geophysical survey interpretation plan and greyscale data is shown on figures 2 and 3 respectively. The trench plan overlain on the First Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1874 is shown on figure 5; an examination of historic maps shows no change or loss in the field boundary pattern within the site from the Messing Tithe Map of 1839 through to the Ordnance Survey Map of 1923. Contour information is presented on Figure 2 and the trench plan and Site boundary overlain against the digital terrain model is shown on figure 5.

5.2 The results of the evaluation only partly confirm those of the preceding geophysical survey of the site (SUMO 2018); a number of anomalies targeted across the site were not observed in the trenches. This may be due in part to the very variable geology within the site, with some linear anomalies matching changes between bands of gravel and sand, and a heavier clay substrate. While some relatively recent drainage channels were encountered in the southern half of the evaluation area, evidence for archaeological activity appeared to be focussed on the northwest corner of the site (trenches 3 and 4).

5.3 The natural substrate was encountered across the site at depths ranging between 0.29m and 0.40m. This was observed to vary substantially, ranging from mid orangey and reddish brown silty sand in the northwest portion (e.g. trench 3, deposit 301) and light grey silty sand in the southeast (e.g. trench 11, deposit 1101), to brownish orange and greyish blue clay in the southwest and northeast part (e.g. trench 29, deposit 2901; and trench 18, deposit 1801. A remnant subsoil deposit was observed in trench 5, overlaying the natural substrate. Measuring 0.14m thick, this comprised mid orangey brown silty clay with occasional stone inclusions. In all other trenches the substrate was overlain directly by topsoil comprising mid greyish brown sandy clay with occasional stone inclusions, measuring between 0.29m and 0.40m thick.

5.4 No archaeological features or deposits were observed in trenches 1, 2, 5, 6, 8-10, 12-18, 20-30 and 32-36 (see Figs. 12-14 for a selection of photographs). A possible feature running on a northeast / southwest orientation was investigated in trench 32

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(see Figs. 2 & 3) as it roughly coincided with the alignment of a drainage ditch in trench 31 (see 5.12 below). However, this was shown to be a nat ural band of sand forming part of the very changeable geology within the site. Trench 19 remained unexcavated due to adverse ground conditions.

Trench 3 (Figs 2 - 4 & 6 - 7) 5.5 A small pit 302, unidentified by the geophysical survey, was investigated near the centre of the trench. Measuring 0.44m long, 0.3m wide and 0.08m deep, with gently sloping concave sides and a c oncave base, the single fill 303 comprised greyish black silty sand with charcoal and contained a small proportion of cremated human bone recovered through a bulk environmental sample (sample no. 1; see section 7 below), subsequently radiocarbon-dated to the Bronze Age (3482 BP ± 30; 1889– 1738 cal BC (91.5%) - see section 7.7 below and Appendix C & D).

5.6 To the west of posthole 302, north / south aligned ditch 306 follows the line of a linear anomaly identified by the geophysical survey. The ditch measured 1.20m wide and 0.40m deep, with slightly convex sides and a flat base, and contained a single fill (307) of mid brownish yellow silty sand. No finds were recovered from the feature, and a soil sample (no. 3) was taken from the fill produced no material suitable to provide a clear indication of the likely date or function of the feature (see 7.10 below).

5.7 At the western end of the trench ditch 304 was observed running on a northeast / southwest alignment. Measuring 1.28m wide and 0.6m deep, with moderately sloping concave sides and a concave base, the feature contained a single fill, 305, of mid greyish brown silty sand with frequent small stone inclusions; no finds were recovered.

Trench 4 (Figs 2 - 4 & 8) 5.8 A northwest / southeast aligned ditch, 402, was investigated in trench 4, measuring 1.27m wide and 0.43m deep with moderately sloping straight sides and a concave base. The single fill, 403, comprised mid orangey brown silty sand with frequent stone inclusions and produced a single small late prehistoric pottery fragment. A soil sample (no. 2) was taken from the fill but contained only very low quantities of charred indeterminate cereal grains and charred weed seeds likely representative of windblown material (see 7.8 below).

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5.9 The ditch was not identified as part of the geophysical survey; conversely, a curvilinear anomaly crossing the trench further to the southwest was not observed.

Trench 7 (Figs 2 - 4 & 9) 5.10 Trench 7 contained a northwest / southeast aligned drain gully (702) measuring 0.28m wide and 0.25m deep, with near-vertical straight sides and a flat base, which was not identified by the geophysical survey results. The feature was filled by a single deposit, 703, of mid brownish yellow silty sand with some gravel inclusions, which produced no finds.

Trench 11 (Figs 2 - 4 & 10) 5.11 A north / south aligned ditch 1102 was investigated in trench 11, measuring 1.06m wide and 0.31m deep. The feature contained a single deposit 1103 of mid orangey brown clayey sand with some small stone inclusions, which produced no finds. As the feature was not observed in any other trenches, and was not identified by the geophysical survey, its function remains unclear.

Trench 31 (Figs 2 - 4 & 11) 5.12 A drainage ditch 3102 was investigated in trench 31, measuring 0.60m wide and 0.49m deep, with near-vertical straight sides and a flat base. The single fill 3103 comprised mid greyish brown silty sand with occasional natural flint and gravel inclusions, and contained a number of Roman and post-medieval ceramic building material (CBM) fragments. The feature was not identified by the geophysical survey.

5.13 Discussions with the landowners highlighted that a number of drain gullies have previously been dug across the site, channelling water from the garden plots of the properties along Barbrook Lane towards a larger ditch bisecting the evaluation area. It is likely that drain gully 3102 r epresents one o f these relatively recent interventions.

6. THE FINDS

6.1 The artefactual material was recovered by hand from two ditch fills (Appendix B).

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Pottery by Pete Banks 6.2 The pottery recovered from the evaluation is recorded in Appendix B and discussed below. Recording of the finds assemblage was direct to an Excel spreadsheet; this now forms the basis of Appendix B (Table 1). The pottery was examined by context, using a x40 hand lens and quantified according to sherd count and weight per fabric type. The fabrics are recorded in Appendix B (Table 2) in accordance with the Historic England guidelines (Barclay et al. 2016) and the Suffolk/Essex type series (unpublished).

6.3 The assemblage comprises 1 small sherd (5g) of late prehistoric pottery recorded from ditch fill 403. The sherd is handmade in a grog-tempered fabric (GROG) with no distinguishing features or decoration. Due to the small size of the assemblage a more detailed analysis is not possible.

Ceramic Building Material by Pete Banks 6.4 Ditch fill 3103 produced 24 fragments (1061g) of ceramic building material. Three fragments, made in a coarse sandy fabric with inclusions of flint (csf), can be dated to the Roman period on the basis of their firing and fabric. All three fragments are heavily abraded and most likely come from Roman bricks or tiles (RBT). A total of 21 fragments can be dated to the post-medieval period on the basis of their fabric, firing and thickness. All 21 are made in coarse sandy fabrics (cs) and 18 fragments can be identified as roof tiles.

7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Cremated human remains by Sharon Clough 7.1 All skeletal material was examined and recorded in accordance with national guidelines (Mitchell and Brickley 2017 and Mays et al. 2018).

7.2 In trench 3 a s hallow circular feature was sampled (sample no.1) and found to contain cremated human bone. The burial pit (302) measured 0.44m long, 0.3m wide and 0.08m deep. The silty sand fill 303 was charcoal rich; sandy soil is acidic and may have destroyed some of the originally deposited bone. However, it is more likely that this represents the base of a burial pit and vertical truncation has removed the rest of the burial.

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7.3 The total weight of bone was 8.8g. As this was such a l ow weight division into fraction size would be meaningless. Full cremated adult weight is 1000-2422g and archaeological recovered bone is usually 57-2200g (McKinley 1997). So at nearly 9g the bone is significantly short of the expected weight. The largest fragment was 16mm with many pieces less than 5mm in size, indicating that fragmentation was high. The colour was uniformly white, which indicates full oxidation of the bone during the cremation process.

7.4 Identified bone comprised three tooth roots (0.8g): two single (possibly incisor and canine), one double (premolar) and a hand phalanx (0.3g, finger bone). Other bone fragments may have been cranial, but were not clearly identified and the rest were flakes from long bones. The edges were fairly sharp, so not abraded from soil erosion. The teeth and dimension of the hand phalanx were all adult sized.

7.5 This small deposit of cremated human bone indicates that the feature it was recovered from is probably a truncated burial pit. It may have originally been placed in a biodegradable container such as cloth, leather or wicker. The consistent white colour and small fragments are more typical of prehistoric cremation burials. These can be found singly or in groups, and i t may be t hat further funerary activity lies close by, or this is an isolated burial on the periphery of the area.

Radiocarbon dating by Sharon Clough 7.6 Radiocarbon dating was undertaken in order to confirm the date of the cremated bone from fill 303 o f pit 302 i n Trench 3. The samples were analysed during July/August 2019 at Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 0QF, Scotland. The methodology employed by SUERC Radiocarbon Laboratory is outlined in Dunbar et al. (2016).

7.7 The uncalibrated dates are conventional radiocarbon ages. The radiocarbon ages were calibrated using the University of Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit calibration programme OxCal v4.3.2 (2017) (Bronk Ramsey 2017) using the IntCal13 curve (Reimer et al. 2013). The sample was dated to the Bronze Age (3482 BP ± 30; 1889–1738 cal BC (91.5%) - see Appendix C, Table 3 & Appendix D).

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Plant Macrofossils by Emma Aitken 7.8 Three environmental samples (45 litres of soil) were processed from features in two trenches (trench 3 and trench 4). This was done with the intention of recovering environmental evidence of industrial or domestic activity on t he site. It was also hoped that the environmental remains might assist with the dating of the two sampled features from trench 3. The samples were processed by standard flotation procedures (CA Technical Manual No.2).

7.9 Preliminary identifications of plant macrofossils are noted in Table 4, following nomenclature of Stace (1997) for wild plants, and traditional nomenclature, as provided by Zohary et al (2012) for cereals. The presence of mollusc shells has also been recorded, following nomenclature is according to Anderson (2005) and habitat preferences according to Kerney (1999) and Davies (2008).

Late Iron Age? Trench 4 – Ditch 402 7.10 Fill 403 (sample 2) contained very low quantities of charred indeterminate cereal grains. Moderately low numbers of charred weed seeds were also recovered and included oraches (Atriplex sp.), vetch/wild pea (Vicia/Lathyrus sp.), meadow grass/cat’s tail (Poa/Phleum sp.) and cabbage (Brassica sp.). An unidentified charred plant fragment was also recovered. Charcoal greater than 2mm was recorded from within the sample in moderate quantities. This assemblage is likely to be representative of windblown/dispersed material.

Undated Trench 3 – Pit 302 and Ditch 306 7.11 Fill 303 of pit 302 contained no charred cereal remains and only moderately low numbers of charred weed seeds which include oraches and bedstraw (Galium sp.). A single charred fragment of a hazelnut shell (Corylus avellana) was also recovered from within the assemblage. Charcoal fragments greater than 2mm were recorded in moderate quantities. The shell of the open country terrestrial snail species Vallonia sp. was also recorded in small numbers.

7.12 Fill 307 of ditch 306 contained a single poorly preserved charred barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain alongside moderately low quantities of oraches, bedstraw and black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) seeds with the bindweed showing signs of germination occurring before burning. Moderate quantities of charcoal fragments

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greater than 2mm were recorded from within ditch 306 which included charred twig wood. The burrowing snail species Cecilioides acicula was discovered within the sample in small quantities and could indicate that some cross contamination has occurred.

7.13 These two assemblages are likely to be representative of windblown/dispersed domestic material and do not provide a c lear indication of the likely date of these features.

8. DISCUSSION

8.1 In contrast to the results of the geophysical survey, only a small number of archaeological features were encountered within the site, mostly in the northwest corner in trenches 3 and 4. It is likely that the highly variable geology within the evaluation area adversely affected the survey, with a nu mber of linear anomalies coinciding with changes in the natural substrate. A number of modern drainage features not identified by the geophysical survey were also observed within the southern part of the site.

8.2 The finds assemblage recovered from the site comprises a single fragment of late prehistoric pottery, three heavily abraded redeposited sherds of Roman CBM, and a larger assemblage of post-medieval CBM. Similarly, the environmental samples recovered were unable to provide specific evidence for any type of activity or dates of the features. A radiocarbon date was obtained from burnt bone recovered from the remains of an unurned cremation burial.

Prehistoric 8.3 The highly truncated unurned cremation encountered in trench 3 was radiocarbon dated to the Bronze Age (3482 BP ± 30; 1889–1738 cal BC (91.5%)). While the small quantity of bone present is most likely a r esult of plough truncation, the pit from which the material was recovered surviving to a dept h of only 0.08m, simple unurned token cremation burials are recorded from elsewhere in the Essex region during the Bronze Age. Its presence within the site may tentatively suggest the possibility that further buried human remains survive in the area, representing a relatively small, poor, agriculturally-focussed community in the vicinity. Alternatively, the cremation may well represent an isolated event.

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8.4 A northwest / southeast aligned ditch was encountered in trench 4, dated to the late prehistoric period by a single sherd of pottery. It was not possible to determine a more precise date or function of the feature with any level of certainty.

Post-medieval and modern 8.5 Evidence for post-medieval and m odern activity was observed particularly in the southern half of the site in the areas closest to the back garden plots of properties fronting onto Barbrook Lane. This comprised various forms of drainage gullies, both with and without ceramic drains; discussions with the present landowners confirmed that many of the drains were dug within the past 30 to 50 years.

Undated 8.6 Two roughly parallel northeast / southwest aligned ditches encountered in trench 3 could not be dated due to a lack of finds and deposits suitable for dating analysis. It is possible that these features relate to the late prehistoric ditch observed in trench 4, but no clear evidence is available to confirm this. However, the features appear markedly different in shape and dimensions to the various forms of modern drains encountered across the site, suggesting a different origin. An examination of historic maps shows no change or loss in the field boundary pattern within the site from the Messing Tithe Map of 1839 through to the Ordnance Survey Map of 1923, indicating that none of the ditches encountered are related to later post-medieval and modern land management (Pegasus 2018 & Fig. 4)

8.7 Based on t he results of the first phase of evaluation the site has only limited potential to contribute to the research themes identified by Medlycott (2011), with the archaeological evidence proving relatively scarce and insufficiently well-dated to derive a coherent narrative.

8.8 No further pre-determination works are required prior to determination of the current application.

9. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Anna Moosbauer, assisted by Chloe Merrett, Luke Bateson and Adrian Arenas. The report was written by Anna Moosbauer. The finds and biological evidence reports were written by Pete Banks, Emma Aitken, and

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Sharon Clough. The illustrations were prepared by Eleanor Cox. The archive has been compiled by Emily Evans, and prepared for deposition by Hazel O’Neill. The project was managed for CA by Adrian Scruby. The assistance of Rebecca Gilbey (Pegasus Group) and Jess Tipper (Colchester Borough Council) is gratefully acknowledged

10. REFERENCES

Barclay A., Booth, P., Knight D., Evans J., Brown D.H. and Wood I. 2016. A Standard for Pottery Studies in Archaeology. Historic England.

BGS (British Geological Survey). 2015. Geology of Britain Viewer. http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 26 April 2019.

Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009 ‘Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates’, Radiocarbon 51 (1), 337– 360

CA (Cotswold Archaeology). 2012. The taking and processing of environmental and other samples from archaeological sites: Technical Manual No. 2.

CA (Cotswold Archaeology). 2019. Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation.

Davies, P. 2008. Snails Archaeology and Landscape Change. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

Dunbar, E., Cook, G.T., Naysmith, P., Tripney, B.G., Xu, S. 2016 ‘AMS 14C dating at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC)’, Radiocarbon 58 (1), 9–23

Gurney, D. 2003. Standards for Field Archaeology in the East of England. East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper 14.

Historic England, 2015. Digital Image Capture and File Storage: Guidelines for Best Practice. Swindon. Historic England.

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Historic England, 2018. The Role of the Human Osteologist in an Archaeological Fieldwork Project. Swindon. Historic England.

Kerney, M.P. 1999. Atlas of the Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Ireland. Colchester, Harley.

Mays, S. Brickley, M., Dodwell, N and Sidell, J. 2018 The Role of the Human Osteologist in an Archaeological Fieldwork Project Swindon, Historic England

McKinley, J. 1997 ‘ Bronze Age 'barrows' and f unerary rites and r ituals of cremation’ in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 129-145

Mitchell, P. and Brickley, M. (eds) 2017 Updated Guidelines to the standards for recording of human remains CIFA and BABAO

MHCLG (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government). 2018. National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF).

Medlycott, M, (ed.). 2011. Research and Archaeology Revisited: A Revised Framework for the East of England. East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper 24.

Pegasus, 2018. Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree – Archaeology and Built Heritage Assessment. Pegasus Group report No. P18-0621.

Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Blackwell, P.G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Grootes, P.M., Guilderson, T.P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., HattŽ, C., Heaton, T.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kaiser, K.F., Kromer, B., Manning, S.W., Niu, M., Reimer, R.W., Richards, D.A., Scott, E.M., Southon, J.R., Staff, R.A., Turney, C.S.M., & van der Plicht, J. 2013 ‘ IntCal13 and M arine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP’, Radiocarbon 55 (4), 1869–1887

Stace, C. 1997. New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Books.

SUMO, 2018. Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex – Geophysical Survey Report. SUMO report No. 13427.

17 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

Zohary, D., Hopf, M. and Weiss, E. 2012. Domestication of plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. 4th edition, Oxford, Clarendon Press.

18 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench Context Type Fill Context Context Description Length Width Depth/ no. of Interpretation (m) (m) Thickness (m) 1 100 Layer Topsoil light orangey / yellowish >30.0 >1.80 0.37 brown, silty sand, friable, occasional gravel bands 1 101 Layer Natural light orangey / yellowish >30.0 >1.80 >0.11 brown, silty sand, friable, occasional gravel bands 2 200 Layer Topsoil light orangey / yellowish >30.0 >1.80 0.36 brown, silty sand, friable, occasional gravel bands 2 201 Layer Natural mid orangey brown, silty >30.0 >1.80 >0.06 sand, friable, frequent gravel

3 300 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, silty >30.0 >1.80 0.35 sand, friable, occasional small stone 3 301 Layer Natural light yellowish brown / mid >30.0 >1.80 >0.14 reddish brown, silty sand, friable, frequent gravel 3 302 Cut Pit circular, concave sides, 0.3 0.44 0.08 gentle slope, concave base 3 303 Fill 302 Single fill dark greyish black, silty 0.3 0.44 0.08 sand, loose, occasional small stone / charcoal flecks 3 304 Cut Ditch linear, NE / SW orientation, >1.0 1.28 0.6 concave sides, moderate slope, concave base 3 305 Fill 304 Single fill mid greyish brown, silty >1.0 1.28 0.6 sand, loose, frequent small stone 3 306 Cut Ditch linear, NE / SW orientation, >1.0 1.2 0.4 straight / slightly convex sides, moderate / steep slope, flat base 3 307 Fill 306 Single fill mid brownish yellow, silty >1.0 1.2 0.4 sand, loose, moderate small stones 4 400 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.35 clay, friable, rare small stone

4 401 Layer Natural light yellowish brown / mid >30.0 >1.80 >0.17 orangey brown, silty sand, friable, frequent gravel 4 402 Cut Ditch linear, NW / SE orientation, >1.0 1.27 0.43 straight sides, moderate slope, concave base 4 403 Fill 402 Single fill mid orangey brown, silty >1.0 1.27 0.43 sand, friable, frequent stone 5 500 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.4 clay, friable, rare small stone

5 501 Layer Subsoil mid orangey brown, silty >30.0 >1.80 0.15 clay, friable, occasional stone 5 502 Layer Natural mid orangey brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.04 clay, friable, occasional small stone 6 600 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, silty >30.0 >1.80 0.36 sand, friable, occasional small stone 6 601 Layer Natural light yellowish brown / mid >30.0 >1.80 >0.05 reddish brown, silty sand,

19 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

friable, frequent gravel

7 700 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.32 clay, friable, rare small stone

7 701 Layer Natural light greyish yellow, silty >30.0 >1.80 >0.32 clay, friable, frequent small pebble 7 702 Cut Linear linear, NW / SE orientation, >1.0 0.28 0.25 straight vertical sides, flat / slightly concave base 7 703 Fill 702 Single fill mid brownish yellow, silty >1.0 0.28 0.25 sand, loose, moderate small stones / gravel 8 800 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.34 clay, friable, rare small stone 8 801 Layer Natural mid yellowish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.06 clay, friable, occasional grey flecks 9 900 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.29 clay, friable, occasional small stone 9 901 Layer Natural light orangey brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.08 clay, mod. compact, occasional gravel lenses / mid orangey brown, sandy gravel at NE end of trench 10 1000 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.34 clay, friable, occasional small stone 10 1001 Layer Natural light orangey brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.04 clay, mod. compact, occasional gravel lenses 11 1100 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.32 clay, friable, occasional small stone 11 1101 Layer Natural light orangey brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.07 clay, mod. compact, occasional gravel lenses 11 1102 Cut Ditch linear, N / S orientation, >1.0 1.06 0.31 concave sides, moderate slope, slightly concave / flat base 11 1103 Fill 1102 Single fill mid orangey brown, clayey >1.0 1.06 0.31 sand, friable, moderate small stone 12 1200 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.35 silt, friable, rare small stone

12 1201 Layer Natural mid brownish orange, silty >30.0 >1.80 >0.12 clay, mod. compact, no inclusions / mid greyish brown, sandy gravel at the N end of trench 13 1300 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.33 silt, friable, rare small stone

13 1301 Layer Natural light greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.07 gravel, friable, occasional flint nodules at W end of trench / light orangey blue, sandy clay, mod. Compact, no inclusions 14 1400 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 - silt, friable, rare small stone

20 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

14 1401 Layer Natural mid brownish orange, silty >30.0 >1.80 - clay, mod. compact, no inclusions 15 1500 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.29 silt, friable, rare small stone

15 1501 Layer Natural mid brownish orange, silty >30.0 >1.80 >0.11 clay, mod. compact, no inclusions 16 1600 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.33 clay, friable, occasional small stone 16 1601 Layer Natural light orangey brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.12 clay, mod. compact, occasional small stone 17 1700 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.32 silt, friable, rare small stone

17 1701 Layer Natural mid brownish orange, silty >30.0 >1.80 >0.11 clay, mod. compact, no inclusions 18 1800 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.3 silt, friable, rare small stone 18 1801 Layer Natural mid brownish orange, silty >30.0 >1.80 >0.12 clay, mod. compact, no inclusions 20 2000 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, silty >30.0 >1.80 0.34 sand, friable, no inclusions 20 2001 Layer Natural light greyish brown, silty >30.0 >1.80 >0.14 sand, friable, occasional orange flecks 21 2100 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.4 clay, friable, no inclusions

21 2101 Layer Natural light brownish orange / >30.0 >1.80 N/A greyish blue, sandy clay, mod. compact, no inclusions 22 2200 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.3 clay, friable, no inclusions 22 2201 Layer Natural light brownish orange, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.10 clay, mod. compact, occasional small pebbles 23 2300 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.35 clay, friable, no inclusions 23 2301 Layer Natural light brownish orange / >30.0 >1.80 >0.11 greyish blue, sandy clay, mod. compact, no inclusions 24 2400 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.31 silt, friable, no inclusions

24 2401 Layer Natural light brownish orange / >30.0 >1.80 >0.08 bluish grey, sandy clay, mod. compact, no inclusions 25 2500 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.32 silt, friable, no inclusions

25 2501 Layer Natural light greyish brown / yellow, >30.0 >1.80 >0.10 silty sand, friable, rare small stone 26 2600 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.31 silt, friable, no inclusions 26 2601 Layer Natural light brownish grey, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.11 silt, friable, rare small stone 27 2700 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.37 silt, friable, no inclusions

21 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

27 2701 Layer Natural mid brownish grey, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.11 gravel, friable, occasional larger flint nodules at N end of trench / mid brownish orange, sandy clay / mid brownish grey, silty clay 28 2800 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.34 silt, friable, no inclusions

28 2801 Layer Natural light orangey brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.12 silt, friable, no inclusions at N end of trench / mid brownish grey, sandy gravel bands 29 2900 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.29 silt, friable, rare small stone

29 2901 Layer Natural light brownish orange / >30.0 >1.80 >0.11 greyish blue, sandy clay, mod. compact, occasional small stone 30 3000 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.37 silt, friable, rare small stone

30 3001 Layer Natural light brownish yellow, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.19 clay, friable, orange flecks, lenses of greyish blue clay 31 3100 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.34 silt, friable, rare small stone

31 3101 Layer Natural mid brownish grey, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.08 clay, friable, regular orange flecks, frequent small stone, bands of light bluish grey / orange, silty sand 31 3102 Cut Ditch linear, NE / SW orientation, >1.0 0.6 0.49 straight vertical sides, flat base 31 3103 Fill 3102 Single fill mid greyish brown, silty >1.0 0.6 0.49 sand, loose, moderate stone, occasional flint / gravel 32 3200 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.36 silt, friable, rare small stone

32 3201 Layer Natural mid brownish grey, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.05 clay, friable, regular orange flecks, frequent small stone, bands of light bluish grey / orange, silty sand 33 3300 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.35 silt, friable, rare small stone

33 3301 Layer Natural mid brownish grey, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.06 clay, friable, regular orange flecks, frequent small stone, bands of light bluish grey / orange, silty sand 34 3400 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.3 silt, friable, rare small stone 34 3401 Layer Natural mid brownish grey, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.12 clay, friable, regular orange flecks, frequent small stone, bands of light bluish grey / orange, silty sand, moderate gravel 35 3500 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.34 clay, friable, occasional small stone

22 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

35 3501 Layer Natural mid orangey brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.09 clay, friable, occasional small stone 36 3600 Layer Topsoil mid greyish brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 0.32 clay, friable, no inclusions

36 3601 Layer Natural mid orangey brown, sandy >30.0 >1.80 >0.09 clay, mod. compact, no inclusions

23 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Table 1: Finds Concordance Weight Context Class Description Fabric Code Count (g) Spot-date 403 Late Prehistoric Pottery Grog-tempered fabric GROG 1 5 LIA 3103 CBM RBT x 3,Tile x 18 cs/csf 24 1061 POST-MED

Table 2: Fabric Description Fabric Weight Period Fabric Description Count Code (g) Late Prehistoric Pottery Common moderately sorted sub-rounded medium grog ≤1mm GROG 1 5

24 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX C: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE

Table 3: Radiocarbon dating results

Feature Lab No. Material Radiocarbon δ 13C Calibrated Calibrated radiocarbon age age radiocarbon age 68.2% confidence 95.4% confidence

Context 303 SUERC- Cremated Human 3482 ± 30BP -22.9‰ 1889–1738 cal BC 1877–1841 cal BC (26.8%) Pit 302 87969 Bone - (91.5%) 1824-1795 cal BC (20.7%) Unidentified 1714-1698 cal BC 1783-1754 cal BC (20.6%) fragments (3.9%)

Table 4: Assessment of Environmental Evidence

Proces Unproce Flot sed vol ssed vol size Root Cereal Charred Charcoal > Feature Context Sample (L) (L) (ml) s % Grain Chaff Notes Other Notes for Table 4/2mm Other Late Iron Age Atriplex sp., Vicia/Lathyrus, indet Poa/Phleum, Brassica sp. Ditch 402 403 2 20 20 20 80 * - ** **/** - grain Charred plant fragment (unidentified)

Undated

Posthole hazelnut shell frag, Atriplex moll-t*, 303 1 5 0 5 70 - - - ** **/*** 302 sp., Galium sp. ind wst*

barley Atriplex sp., Galium sp., moll-t*, Ditch 306 307 3 20 20 15 70 * - (poor ** Fallopia sp. (some **/** ind wst* pres) germination)

25 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX D: RADIOCARBON DATING CERTIFICATE

26 Rankine Avenue, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0QF, Scotland, UK Director: Professor F M Stuart Tel: +44 (0)1355 223332 Fax: +44 (0)1355 229898 www.glasgow.ac.uk/suerc

RADIOCARBON DATING CERTIFICATE 14 August 2019

Laboratory Code SUERC-87969 (GU52427)

Submitter Emma Aitken Cotswold Archaeology Unit 8 The IO Centre Fingle Drive Stonebridge Milton Keynes MK13 0AT

Site Reference Barbrook Lane, Tiptree Context Reference 303 Sample Reference ECC4315-303

Material Cremated human bone : unidentified fragments

δ¹³C relative to VPDB -22.9 ‰

Radiocarbon Age BP 3482 ± 30

N.B. The above ¹⁴C age is quoted in conventional years BP (before 1950 AD) and requires calibration to the calendar timescale. The error, expressed at the one sigma level of confidence, includes components from the counting statistics on the sample, modern reference standard and blank and the random machine error.

Samples with a SUERC coding are measured at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre AMS Laboratory and should be quoted as such in any reports within the scientific literature. The laboratory GU coding should also be given in parentheses after the SUERC code.

Detailed descriptions of the methods employed by the SUERC Radiocarbon Laboratory can be found in Dunbar et al. (2016) Radiocarbon 58(1) pp.9-23.

For any queries relating to this certificate, the laboratory can be contacted at [email protected].

Conventional age and calibration age ranges calculated by :

Checked and signed off by :

The University of Glasgow, charity number SC004401 The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336 The radiocarbon age given overleaf is calibrated to the calendar timescale using the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit calibration program OxCal 4.*

The above date ranges have been calibrated using the IntCal13 atmospheric calibration curve.† Please contact the laboratory if you wish to discuss this further.

* Bronk Ramsey (2009) Radiocarbon 51(1) pp.337-60 † Reimer et al. (2013) Radiocarbon 55(4) pp.1869-87 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX E: OASIS REPORT SUMMARY FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex Short description An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in March 2019 on land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex, at the request of Pegasus Group acting on behalf of Gladman Developments Ltd. A total of 35 trenches, each measuring 30m by 1.8m, were excavated across the 9.79ha site, which comprises eleven parcels of land located on the north- eastern edge of Tiptree.

A northwest / southeast aligned ditch dating to the late prehistoric period was encountered in the northwest portion of the site; a further two northeast / southwest aligned ditches located further to the north could not be dated due to a lack of artefactual material. The truncated remains of an unurned cremation burial of Bronze Age date were also recovered; however, due t o the small proportion of bone recovered and the lack of associated other dateable material no more in-depth analysis or interpretation of this feature can made.

A number of modern drainage gullies, both with and without ceramic drains, were observed within the southern part of the site. No further pre-determination works are required prior to determination of the application. Project dates 15-24 March Project type Field evaluation Previous work Geophysical survey (SUMO 2018) Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex Study area (M2/ha) 9.79ha Site co-ordinates 589996 216804 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Colchester Borough Council Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology Project Manager Adrian Scruby Project Supervisor Anna Moosbauer MONUMENT TYPE Posthole, ditch, drain SIGNIFICANT FINDS Ceramics, bone PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (e.g. pottery, (museum/Accession no.) animal bone etc) Physical Colchester and Ipswich Museum Ceramics, bone Service Paper Colchester and Ipswich Museum Trench sheets, context Service sheets, section drawings, photo registers Digital Colchester and Ipswich Museum Digital photos Service BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2019 Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report MK0019_1

29 © Cotswold Archaeology Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX F: WRITTEN SCHEME OF INVESTIGATION

Land off Barbrook Lane Tiptree Colchester Essex

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation

for Pegasus Group

on behalf of Gladman Developments Ltd

CA Project: MK0019

CHER Event Number: ECC4315

March 2019

Land off Barbrook Lane Tiptree Colchester Essex

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation

CA Project: MK0019

DOCUMENT CONTROL GRID REVISION DATE AUTHOR CHECKED BY STATUS REASONS FOR APPROVED REVISION BY A 01.03.2019 APS APS DRAFT INTERNAL REVIEW APS B 11.03.2019 APS APS DRAFT CLIENT REVIEW APS C 13.03.2019 APS APS DRAFT LPA REVIEW APS

Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 2

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 3

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 4

4. METHODOLOGY ...... 5

5. STAFF AND TIMETABLE ...... 9

6. POST-EXCAVATION, ARCHIVING AND REPORTING ...... 10

7. HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT ...... 13

8. INSURANCES ...... 13

9. MONITORING ...... 14

10. QUALITY ASSURANCE ...... 14

11. PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT, PARTICIPATION AND BENEFIT ...... 14

12. STAFF TRAINING AND CPD ...... 14

13. REFERENCES ...... 15

APPENDIX A: COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY SPECIALISTS ...... 16

APPENDIX B: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES ...... 18

FIGURE 1 - SITE LOCATION PLAN FIGURE 2 - PROPOSED TRENCH LAYOUT SHOWING GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY RESULTS

1 Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 This document sets ou t details of a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) by Cotswold Archaeology (CA) for an archaeologi cal evaluation of land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex, hereafter ‘th e Site’, at the request of Pegasus Group on behalf of Gladman Developments Ltd.

1.2 Submission of a plann ing application for the Site is prop osed; namely, Outline planning application for the development of up to 200 dwellings (including 30% affordable housing), land for a new medical centre of 0.5ha, new car parking facility, introduction of structural planting and landscaping and sustainable drainage system (SuDS), informal public open space, children's play area, demolition of 97 Barbrook Lane to form vehicular access from Barbrook Lane. All matters to be reserved except for access. Pre-application advice provided by the Archaeological Advisor t o the local planning authority, Colchester Borough Council (CBCAA), informed by the results of a n Archaeology and Built Heritag e Assessment (Pegasus 2018) and geophysical survey (SUMO 2018 ) has determined that the site is of some archaeological potential (see section 2 bel ow) and a field evaluation by trial trenching will be required to enable the archaeological resou rce, both in quality and extent, to be accurately quantified.

1.4 This WSI has been guided in its composition by the Brief for an Archaeological Trial- Trenched Evaluation (CBC 2018), the Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014), Standards for Field Archaeology in the East of England (Gurney, 2003), the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Planning Note 3 (English Heritage 2008), the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (EH 2006) and any other relevant standards or guidance co ntained within Appendix B.

2 Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

The site

1.5 The Site is approximate ly 9.79 ha i n extent an d comprises eight parcels of land located on the north-eastern edge of Tiptree. No. 97 Barbrook Lane and its associated garden plot are included within the site boundary. The site is bounded by woodland to the north, agricultural land to the east, residential properties fronting onto Barbrook Lane and Grove Road to the south and playing fields associated with Thurstable School and Mildene Primary School to the west.

1.6 The geology of the Site is mapped as comprising bedrock deposit s of the London Clay Formation, overlain in the south-western and north-western parts of the site by superficial deposits of Glaciofluvial Deposits of sand and gravel. No superficial geology is mapped in the remainder of the site. (BGS 2019). Soils a re mapped as comprising freely draining slightly acid loamy soil (Soilscapes 2019).

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The archaeological an d historical background of the area has been assesse d previously in an Archaeology and Built He ritage Assessment (Pegasus 2018). The Site has also been sub ject to geop hysical survey (SUMO 2018) and t he following section is summarised from these reports

2.2 Limited evidence for prehistoric a ctivity has been recorded to date within the wider vicinity of the Site, with known finds comprising scattered findspots of flint tools from a wide time frame, and a prehistoric rampart recorded ap proximately 790m to the north-east of the Site. No prehistoric finds or features are recorded within or in close proximity to the Site itself.

2.3 There is only sparse evidence for Roman acti vity in the s tudy area u sed for the Archaeology and Built Heritage Assessment, and none recorded within or in close proximity to the Site itself, the near est record being the discovery of two Romano- British coins c. 960m to the south-west of the Site.

3 Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

alloy strap end is recorded c. 75m n orth of the Site; however, the exact locatio n of this findspot is uncertain, being plotted at TL 89 17, while the findspots of two Saxon silver coins are recorded 580 and 595 metres respectively to the nort h-east of the Site.

2.5 During the post-medieval period th e Site continued in agricultural u se. The Site is depicted on the Messin g Tithe Map of 1839 a s four arable fields re corded in th e Tithe Apportionment Register as Great Luinets and Middle Luniets in the eastern area of the Site, and Eight Acres and Lower Walker in the western area of the Site.

2.6 The settlement of Tiptree developed durin g the 20th century, following th e establishment of the Tiptree Jam Factory in 1905, with extensive expansion from the 1960s onwards. Residential development occurred to the south of the Site, along the north side of Barbrook Lane during the mid t o late 20th century, with the Site subsequently have been subdivided into a series of small fields or paddocks (Pegasus 2018).

Previous archaeological work

2.7 The Site was subje ct to a detailed magnetometer survey in September 2018. No definite archaeological remains were identified although a number of p ossible ditch- type anomalies of uncertain origin were detected that may be archaeological, natural or agricultural in nature. Evidence of ploughing is visible in o ne area, while the other responses include areas of natural magnetic va riation and disturbance from ferrous objects (SUMO 2018).

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the evaluation are to provide information about the archaeological resource within the sit e, including its presen ce/absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation an d quality. In accordance with the Brief, the trial trenching is required to:

 Identify the date, appr oximate form and purpose of an y archaeological deposit, together with its likely e xtent, localised depth and quality of preservation;

4 Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

 Evaluate the likely impact of pa st land uses, and the possible presen ce of masking colluvial/alluvial deposits;  Establish the potential for the survival of environmental evidence;  Provide sufficient infor mation to construct an archaeological conservation strategy, dealing with preservation, the recording of archaeological deposits, working practices, timetables and orders of cost.

3.2 In accordance with the Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014), the evaluation has been designed to be minimally intrusive and minimally destructive to archaeological remains. The in formation gathered will enable Colchester Borough Council to identify and assess t he particular significance of any herit age assets that are identified, co nsider the impact of th e proposed development upon that significance, and to av oid or minimise any conflict between the conservation of th ose heritage assets and any aspe ct of the development proposal. This process is in line with policies contained in the National Planning Policy Framework (MHCLG 2018).

3.3 If significant archaeological remains are identifi ed, reference will be made to the Research and Archaeology Revisited: A Revised Framework for the East of England (Medlycott 2011) so that the remains can, if possible, be placed within their local and regional context.

4. METHODOLOGY

Excavation and recording

4.1 It has been agreed with the CBCAA that a 2% sample of the 9.79ha site area will be excavated at the pre-d etermination stage, with a 1% contingency. This is to be followed by a further 3% (and 1% contingency) if outline planning consent is granted (and prior t o approval of reserved matters). The first, pre -determination, phase o f trenching, to which this WSI solely pertains, will consist of 36 number 30m-long by 1.8m wide t renches to be excavat ed in the locations sho wn on Figu re 2, with a further 544m of trenching at 1.80m wide as a contingency to be used, in agreement with the client and the CBCAA, in the ev ent that the init ial trenches reveal any particularly complex or poorly understood remains that wo uld benefit from further investigation at this sta ge. Trenches will be set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co- ordinates using Leica GPS, and scanned for live services by trained Cotswold

5 Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

Archaeology staff using CAT and Genny equipment in accordance with the Cotswold Archaeology Safe System of Work for avoiding underground services. The position of the trenches may be adjusted on site to account f or services and other constraints, with the ap proval of the CBCAA. The final ‘as dug’ trench plan will be recorded with GPS.

4.2 A Colchester Historic Environment Record (CHER) Event Number (ECC4315) has been obtained for the fi eldwork; this will be th e unique re ference number for th e work in the CHER. At the start of work (immediately before fieldwork commences) an OASIS online record will be initiated and key fields completed on Details, Location and Creators forms. When the project is completed, all parts of the OASIS online form will be completed and a copy of the form will be included in the final report and the site archive. A .pdf version of the final a pproved report will be uploaded.

4.3 All trenches will be exc avated by a mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machining will b e conducted under archaeological supervision and will cease when the first archaeological horizon or natural substrate is revealed (whichever is encountered first). If p resent, any buried soil s will be hand-excavated in 1m2 test pits positioned at re gular intervals and sa mpled appropriately in accordance with sections 4.8 to 4.12 below. T he excavation and sampling strategy for any buried soils will be discussed and agreed in advance with the CBCAA prior to implementation. Buried soils will not be re moved by machine without the prior agreement of the CBCAA. Topsoil and subsoil will be stored separately adjacent to each trench.

4.4 Following machining, all archaeological features revealed will be p lanned and recorded in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual. Each context will be recorded on a pro-forma context sheet by written and measured description; principal deposits will be recorded by drawn plans (scale 1:20 or 1:50, or electronically using Leica GPS or Total Station (TST) as appropriate) and drawn sections (scale 1:10 or 1:20 as a ppropriate). Where det ailed feature planning is undertaken using GPS/TST this will be carried out in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4: Survey Manual. Photographs (digital colour) will be taken as appropriate. Digital photography will follow the guidance con tained in Digital Image Capture and File Storage: Guidelines for Best Practice (Historic England 2015). Images will supplied in both JPEG and TIFF versions, the latter as an uncompressed 8-bits per

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channel TIFF version 6 file. Metadata will be embedded in the TIFF file comprising the following: the commonly used name for the site being photographed, the relevant centred OS grid coordinates for the site to at least six figures, the relevant township name, the date of photograph, the subject of th e photograph and the direction of shot. All finds and samples will be bagged separately and related to the context record. Any a rtefacts encountered will be recovered and retained for processing and analysis in accord ance with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation (CA 2010).

4.5 Sample excavation of archaeological deposit s will be sufficient to that necessary to characterise them and to achieve the objectives of the proje ct. Discrete features will be half-sectioned and excavated sections through linear features will be at least 1m wide. Trenches may ne ed to be widened in lo calised areas if deep archaeological features are encountered, to ensur e these fea tures are fu lly sampled (i.e. to th e base of deep/large ditches and pits, etc.). F ollowing discussion and an on-site monitoring meeting with the CBCAA (see section 9 b elow), there may be a requirement to excavate small feat ures in their entirety (100% excavation). Where appropriate, excavation will not compromise the integrity of the archaeological record, and will be undertaken in such a wa y as to al low for their subsequent protection or through the opportunity for better excavation under the conditio ns pertaining to investigation of a la rger area. If complex structural fe atures are encountered, these will be cleaned and planned only at the evaluation stage.

Artefact retention and discard 4.6 Artefacts from topsoil and subsoil a nd un-stratified contexts will normally be note d but not retained unless they are of intrinsic interest (e.g. worked flint or flint debitage, featured pottery sherds, and other potential ‘registered artefacts’). All artefacts will be collected from stratified excavated contexts except for large asse mblages of modern material. Such material may be noted and not retained, or, if appropriate, a representative sample may be collected and retained.

Human remains 4.7 In the case of the discovery of human remains (skeletal or cremated), at all time s they should be treated with due decency and respect. Any suspected burial feature (inhumation or cremated bone dep osit) will be investigated with a small slot t o confirm the presence and condition of human bone. Once confirmed as human, the buried remains will not be disturbed through any further investigation pending an on-

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site meeting with the CBCAA. A human osteologist ( see Section 5 below and Appendix A for CA speci alist staff) will be available to record any human remains in situ. In the event that human remains are encountered an on-site meeting will be held with the CBCAA to determine if it will be necessary to lift and analyse the remains. A contingen cy is availab le for this work. Where further disturbance is unavoidable, or ful l exhumation of t he remains is deemed necessary, this will be conducted following the provisions of the Coroners Unit in the Ministry of Justice. All excavation and post-excavation processes will be in accordance with guidance contained in The Role of the Human Osteologist in an Archaeological Fieldwork Project (Historic England 2018) and the standards set out in CIfA Technical Paper No 7 Guidelines to the Standards for recording Human Remains (CIfA 2004).

Environmental remains 4.8 Due care will be taken to identify deposits which may have environmental potential, and where appropriate, a programme of environmental sampling will be init iated. This will follow the Hist oric England environmental sampling guideline s outlined in Environmental Archaeology, A guide to the Theory and Practice of Methods, from Sampling and Recovery to Post-excavation (English Heritage 2011), and CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites. The sampling strategy will be adapted for the specific circumstances of this site, in close consultation with the CA Environmenta l Officer, but will follow the general selection parameters set out in th e following paragraphs.

4.9 Bulk environmental soil samples (40l or 50% of cont ext where less than 40l is available) will be taken from a range of feature types (if encountered) across the site for the recovery of charred plant remains, charcoal and mineralised remains. Priority will be given to secure and phased deposits, especially those related to settlement activity and/or structure s, but unda ted/ unphased features will also b e sampled/ assessed for environmental remains. Any cremation-related deposits will b e sampled appropriately for the recovery of cremated human bone and charred remains. If any evidenc e of in situ metal working is found, suitable samples for the recovery of slag and hammer scale will be taken.

4.10 Where sealed waterlog ged deposits are en countered, samples for the recovery of waterlogged remains, insects, molluscs and pollen, as well as any charred remains, will be considered. The taking of sequences of samples for the recovery of molluscs

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and/or waterlogged remains will be considered t hrough any suitable deposits such as deep enclosure dit ches, barrow ditches, palaeo-channels, or bu ried soils. Monolith samples may also be taken from this kind of deposit as appropriate to allow soil and sediment description/interpr etation as well as sub-sampling for pollen and other micro/macrofossils such as diatoms, foraminifera and ostracods.

4.11 The need for any more specialist samples, such as C14 dating, OSL, archaeomagnetic dating and dendrochronology will be evaluated and will be taken in consultation with the relevant specialist.

4.12 The processing of the samples will be done in conjunction with the relevant specialist following the Historic England general en vironmental processing guidelines (English Heritage 2011). Flotation or wet sieve samples will be processed to 0.25mm. Other more specialist samples such as those for pollen will be prepared by the relevant specialist. Further details of the general sampling policy and the methods of taking and processing specific sample types are contain ed within CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites.

Treasure 4.13 Upon discovery of Treasure CA will notify the cli ent and the curator immediately. CA will comply fully with t he provisions of the T reasure Act 1996 and the Code of Practice referred to therein. Findings will be reported to the coroner within 14 days.

Backfilling 4.14 Upon completion of th e evaluation, and after approval by CBCAA, all trenches will be backfilled by mechanical excavator. No trenches will be backfille d without th e prior approval of the CBCAA

5. STAFF AND TIMETABLE

5.1 This project will be u nder the management of Adrian Scruby ACIfA, Project Manager, CA.

5.2 The staffing structure will be organised thus: the Project Manager wi ll direct the overall conduct of the evaluation as required during the period of fieldwork. Day to

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day responsibility however will rest with the Project Leader who wil l be on-site throughout the project.

5.3 The field te am will consist of a m aximum of 4 staff (eg 1 Project Officer and 3 Archaeologists).

5.4 It is envisaged that the project will require approximately 8 days fieldwork. Additional time will be required for analysis of the results and subsequent reporting.

5.5 Specialists who will be invited to advise and report on specif ic aspects of the project as necessary are:

Ceramics (prehistoric and Roman) Dr Ioannis Smyrnaios MCIfA (CA) Ceramics (Roman) Ed Mc Sloy Ceramics (Post-Roman) Sue Anderson (Spoilheap Archaeology) Metalwork Ed McSloy MCIfA (CA) Flint Jacky Sommerville PCIfA (CA) Animal Bone Andy Clarke BA (Hons) MA (CA)/ Matty Holmes BSc MSc ACIfA (freelance) Human Bone Sharon Clough MCIfA (CA) Environmental Remains Sarah Wyles PCIfA (CA) Conservation Pieta Greeves BSc MSc ACR (Drakon Heritage and Conservation) Geoarchaeology Dr Keith Wilkinson (ARCA) Building Recording Peter Davenport MCIfA, FSA (CA)

5.6 Depending upon the n ature of the deposits a nd artefacts encountere d it may be necessary to consult o ther specialists not list ed here. A full list of specialists currently used by Cotswold Archaeology is contained within Appendix A.

6. POST-EXCAVATION, ARCHIVING AND REPORTING

6.1 Following completion of fieldwork, all artefacts and environmental sa mples will b e processed, assessed, conserved and package d in accord ance with C A Technical Manuals and the C olchester and Ipswich Museum Service guidelines. A

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recommendation will be mad e regarding material deemed suitable for disposal/dispersal in line with the Museum’s collection policy.

6.2 An illustrated report will be compiled on the results of the fieldwork and assessment of the artefacts, palaeoenvironmental samples etc. The report will include:

(i) an abstract containing the essential elements of the results precedin g the main body of the report; (ii) a summary of the project’s background; (iii) description and illustration of the site location; (iv) a methodology of the works undertaken; (v) integration of, or cross-reference to, geophysical survey results, appro priate cartographic and docum entary evidence in cluding historic maps of the site and the results of ot her research undertaken, where relevant to the interpretation of the evaluation results; (vi) a description of the project’s results; (vii) an interpretation of the results in the appropriate context; (viii) a summary of the conte nts of the p roject archive and its location (including summary catalogues of finds and samples); (ix) a site lo cation plan at an appropriate scale on an Ordnance Survey, or equivalent, base-map; (x) a plan sho wing the location of th e trenches and exposed archaeolo gical features and deposits in relation to the site boundaries; (xi) plans of each trench, or part of trench, in which archaeological features are recognised. These will be at an appropriate scale to allow the nature of the features exposed to b e shown a nd understood. Plan s will show the orientation of trenches in relation to north. Section drawing locations will b e shown on these plans. Archaeologically sterile areas will not be illustrated unless this can provide information on the development of the site stratigraphy or show pa laeoenvironmental deposits that have influenced the site stratigraphy; (xii) appropriate section drawings of trenches and features will be included, with OD heights and at scales appropriate to th e stratigraphic detail b eing represented. These will show the orientation of the drawing in relati on to north/south/east/west. Archaeologically sterile trenches will not be illustrated unless they provide significant in formation on the development of the site

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stratigraphy or show pa laeoenvironmental deposits that have influenced the site stratigraphy; (xiii) photographs showing significant features and deposits that are referred to i n the text. Al l photographs will cont ain appropriate scales, the size of which will be noted in the illustration’s caption; (xiv) a consideration of evidence within its wider local/regional context; (xv) a summary table and descriptive text showing the features, classes and numbers of artefacts recovered and soil profiles with interpretation; (xvi) specialist assessment or analysis reports where undertaken; (xvii) an evaluation of the methodology employed an d the results obtained (i.e. a confidence rating); (xviii) An archaeological impact assessment.

6.3 Specialist artefact and palaeoenvironmental assessment will take int o account t he wider local/regional context of the archaeology and will include:

(i) specialist aims and objectives (ii) processing methodologies (where relevant) (iii) any known biases in recovery, or problems of contamination/residuality (iv) quantity of material; types of material present; distribution of material (v) for environmental material, a statement o n abundance, diversity and preservation (vi) summary and discu ssion of the r esults to include significance in a local and regional context

6.4 Copies of the draft report will be distributed to the Client or their Representative and to the CBCAA thereafter for verification and approval. Thereafter, copies of the approved report will be i ssued to the Client, CBCAA and the CHER. Reports will b e issued in digital format (PDF/PDFA as appropriate) except where hard copies have been specifically requested, and will be supp lied to the CHER. A digital vector plan compatible with MapInfo GIS software will be included with the final report for integration in the CHER.

6.5 Should no further work be required, an ordered, indexed, a nd internally consistent site archive will be prepared and deposited in accordance with Archaeological Archives: A Guide to Best Practice in Creation, Compilation, Transfer and Curation

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(Archaeological Archives Forum 2007) and Colchester and Ipswich Museum Service guidelines. The digital archive will be deposited with the Archaeology Data Service.

Academic dissemination 6.6 As the limited scope o f this work is like ly to restrict it s publication value, it is anticipated that a short publication note only will be produced, suitable for inclusion within an appropriate local arch aeological journal. Subject to any contractua l constraints, a summary of information from the project will al so be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeolo gical projects in Britain, including the upload of a digital (PDF) copy of the final report, which will appear on the Archaeology Data Service (ADS) website once the OASIS record has been verified.

Public dissemination 6.7 In addition to the ADS website, a d igital (PDF) copy of the final report will also be made available for pu blic viewing via Cotswold Archae ology’s Archaeological Reports Online web page, generally within 12 months of completion of the project (http://reports.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/).

Archive deposition 6.8 CA will mak e arrangements with Colchester a nd Ipswich Museum Service for the deposition of the site archive and, subject to agreement with the legal landowner(s), the artefact collection. The Muse um Service will be notified in advance of th e expected time limits for deposition of the archive.

7. HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

7.1 CA will conduct all works in accordance with the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and all sub sequent Health and S afety legislation, CA Health and Safety and Environmental policies and the CA Safety, Health and Environmental Management System (SHE). A site -specific Construction Phase Plan (form SHE 017) will be formulated prior to commencement of fieldwork.

8. INSURANCES

8.1 CA holds Public Liability Insurance to a limit of £10 ,000,000 and Professional Indemnity Insurance to a limit of £10,000,000.

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9. MONITORING

9.1 Notification of the start of site works will be made to the CBCAA so that there will be opportunities to visit th e evaluation and check on the qua lity and pro gress of the work.

10. QUALITY ASSURANCE

10.1 CA is a Registered Organisation (RO) with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologist s (RO Ref. No. 8). As a RO, CA endorses the Code of Conduct (CIfA 2014) and the Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology (CIfA 2014). All CA Project Managers and Proje ct Officers hold either full Member or Associate status within the CIfA.

10.2 CA operates an internal quality assuranc e system in the fo llowing manner. Projects are overseen by a Project Manager who is resp onsible for the quality of the project. The Project Manager reports to the Chief Executive who be ars ultimate responsibility for the co nduct of all CA operations. Matters of policy and corporate strategy are determined by the Board of Director s, and in cases of dispute recourse may be made to the Chairman of the Board.

11. PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT, PARTICIPATION AND BENEFIT

11.1 This project will not afford opportunities for public engagement or participation during the course of the fieldwork. However, the results will be made publicly available on the ADS and Cotswold Archaeology websites, as set out in Section 6 above, in due course.

12. STAFF TRAINING AND CPD

12.1 CA has a fully documented mandatory Performance Management system for all staff which reviews personal performance, identif ies areas for improvement, sets targets and ensures the provision of appropriate training within CA’s adopted training policy. In addition, CA has de veloped an award-winning Career Development Programme for its staff , which en sures a consistent and high qu ality approach to the development of appropriate skills.

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12.2 As part of t he company’s requirement for Conti nuing Professional Development, all members of staff are also required to maintain a Personal Development Plan and an associated log which is reviewed within the Performance Management system. All staff are su bject to pro bationary periods on a ppointment, with monthly review; f or site-based staff additional monthly Employee Performance Evaluations measure and record skills and identify training needs.

13. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological S urvey). 2019. Geology of Britain Viewer. http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html Accessed 1st March 2019.

Gurney, D. 2003. Standards for Field Archaeology in the East of England. East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper 14.

Historic England, 2015. Digital Image Capture and File Storage: Guidelines for Best Practice. Swindon. Historic England.

Historic England, 2018. The Role of the Human Osteologist in an Archaeological Fieldwork Project. Swindon. Historic England.

MHCLG (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government). 2018. National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF).

Medlycott, M, (ed.). 2011. Research and Archaeology Revisited: A Revised Framework for the East of England. East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper 24.

Pegasus, 2018. Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree – Archaeology and Built Heritage Assessment. Pegasus Group report No. P18-0621.

SUMO, 2018. Land off Barbrook Lane, Tiptree, Essex – Geophysical Survey Report. SUMO report No. 13427.

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APPENDIX A: COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY SPECIALISTS

Ceramics

Neolithic/Bronze Age Ed McSloy BA MCIFA (CA) Emil y Edwards (freelance) Dr Elaine Morris BA PhD FSA MCIFA (University of Southampton)

Iron Age/Roman Ed McSloy BA MCIFA (CA) Kayt Marter Brown BA MSc MCIFA (freelance) (Samian) Gwladys Montell MA PhD (freelance) (Amphorae stamps) Dr David Williams PhD FSA (freelance)

Anglo-Saxon Paul Blinkhorn BTech (freelance) Dr Jane Timby BA PhD FSA MCIFA (freelance)

Medieval/post-medieval Ed McSloy BA MCIFA (CA) Kayt Marter Brown BA MSc MCIFA (freelance) Stepha nie Ratkai BA (freelance) Paul Blinkhorn BTech (freelance) John Allan BA MPhil FSA (freelance)

South West Henrietta Quinnell BA FSA MCIFA (University of Exeter)

Clay tobacco pipe Reg Jackson MLitt MCIFA (freelance) Marek Lewcun (freelance)

Ceramic Building Material Ed McSloy MCIFA (CA) Dr Peter Warry PhD (freelance)

Other Finds Small Finds Ed McSloy BA MCIFA (CA)

Metal Artefacts Katie Marsden BSc (CA) Dr Jörn Schuster MA DPhil FSA MCIFA (freelance) Dr Hilary Cool BA PhD FSA (freelance)

Lithics Ed McSloy BA MCIFA (CA) Jacky Sommerville BSc MA PCIFA (CA) (Palaeolithic) Dr Francis Wenban-Smith BA MA PhD (University of Southampton)

Worked Stone Dr Ruth Shaffrey BA PhD MCIFA (freelance) Dr Kevin Hayward FSA BSc MSc PhD PCIFA (freelance)

Inscriptions Dr Roger Tomlin MA DPhil, FSA (Oxford)

Glass Ed McSloy MCIFA (CA) Dr Hilary Cool BA PhD FSA (freelance) Dr David Dungworth BA PhD (freelance; English Heritage)

Coins Ed McSloy BA MCIFA (CA) Dr Peter Guest BA PhD FSA (Cardiff University) Dr Richard Reece BSc PhD FSA (freelance)

Leather Quita Mould MA FSA (freelance)

Textiles Penelope Walton Rogers FSA Dip Acc. (freelance)

Iron slag/metal technology Dr Tim Young MA PhD (Cardiff University) Dr David Starley BSc PhD

Worked wood Michael Bamforth BSc MCIFA (freelance)

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Biological Remains Animal bone Dr Philip Armitage MSc PhD MCIFA (freelance) Dr Matilda Holmes BSc MSc ACIFA (freelance)

Human Bone Sharo n Clough BA MSc MCIFA (CA)

Environmental sampling Sarah Wyles BA PCIFA (CA) Sarah Cobain BSc MSc ACIFA (CA) Dr Keith Wilkinson BSc PhD MCIFA (ARCA)

Pollen Dr Michael Grant BSc MSc PhD (University of Southampton) Dr Rob Batchelor BSc MSc PhD MCIFA (QUEST, University of Reading)

Diatoms Dr Tom Hill BSc PhD CPLHE (Natural History Museum) Dr Nigel Cameron BSc MSc PhD (University College London)

Charred Plant Remains Sarah Wyles BA PCIFA (CA) Sarah Cobain BSc MSc ACIFA (CA)

Wood/Charcoal Sarah Cobain BSc MSc ACIFA(CA) Dan a Challinor MA (freelance)

Insects Enid Allison BSc D.Phil (Canterbury Archaeological Trust) Dr David Smith MA PhD (University of Birmingham)

Mollusca Sarah Wyles BA PCIFA (CA) Dr Keith Wilkinson BSc PhD MCIFA (ARCA)

Ostracods and Foraminifera Dr John Whittaker BSc PhD (freelance)

Fish bones Dr Philip Armitage MSc PhD MCIFA (freelance)

Geoarchaeology Dr Keith Wilkinson BSc PhD MCIFA (ARCA)

Soil micromorphology Dr Richard Macphail BSc MSc PhD (University College London)

Scientific Dating Dendrochronology Robert Howard BA (NTRDL Nottingham)

Radiocarbon dating SUERC (East Kilbride, Scotland) Beta Analytic (Florida, USA)

Archaeomagnetic dating Dr Cathy Batt BSc PhD (University of Bradford)

TL/OSL Dating Dr Phil Toms BSc PhD (University of Gloucestershire)

Conservation Karen Barker BSc (freelance) Pieta Greaves BSc MSc ACR (Drakon Heritage and Conservation)

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APPENDIX B: ARCHAEOLOGICAL STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

AAF 2007 Archaeological Archives. A guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation. Archaeological Archives Forum AAI&S 1988 The Illustration of Lithic Artifacts: A guide to drawing stone tools for specialist reports. Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors Paper 9 AAI&S 1994 The Illustration of Wooden Artifacts: An Introduction and Guide to the Depiction of Wooden Objects. Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors Paper 11 AAI&S 1997. Aspects of Illustration: Prehistoric pottery. Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors Paper 13 AAI&S nd Introduction to Drawing Archaeological Pottery. Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors, Graphic Archaeology Occasional Papers 1 ACBMG 2004 Draft Minimum Standards for the Recovery, Analysis and Publication of Ceramic Building Material. (third edition) Archaeological Ceramic Building Materials Group AEA 1995 Environmental Archaeology and Archaeological Evaluations. Recommendations concerning the environmental archaeology component of archaeological evaluations in England. Working Papers of the Association for Environmental Archaeology No. 2 BABAO and IFA, 2004 Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains. British Ass ociation for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology and Institute of Field Archaeologists. Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Paper 7 (Reading) Barber, B., Carver, J., Hinton, P. and Nixon , T. 2008 Archaeology and development. A good practice guide to managing risk and maximising benefit. Construction Industry Research and Information Association Report C672 Bayley, J. (ed) 1998 Science in Archaeology. An agenda for the future. English Heritage (London) Bewley, R., D onoghue, D., Gaffne y, V., Van L eusen, M., W ise, M., 1998 Archiving Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Data: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service Blake, H. and P. Dave y (eds) 1983 Guidelines for the processing and publication of Medieval pottery from excavations, report by a working party of the Medieval Pottery Research Group and the Department of the Environment. Directorate of Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings Occasional Paper 5, 23-34, DoE, London Brickley, M. and McKinley, J.I., 2004 Guidelines to the Standards for Recording Human Remains. IFA Paper No 7,Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) Brickstock, R.J. 2004 The Production, Analysis and Standardisation of Romano-British Coin Reports. English Heritage (Swindon) Brown, A. and Perrin, K. 2000 A Model for the Description of Archaeological Archives. English Heritage Centre for Archaeology/ Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) Brown, D.H. 2 007 Archaeological Archives: A guide to best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation. IFA Archaeological Archives Forum (Reading) Buikstra, J.E. and Ubelaker D.H. (eds) 1994 Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. (Fayetteville, Arkansas) CIfA, 2014, Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessment. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Brief. Chartered Institute for Archaeo logists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation. Chartered Institute for Arc haeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Investigation and Recording of Standing Buildings or Structures. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for the Collection, Documentation, Conservation and Research of Archaeological Materials. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for the Creation, Compilation, Transfer and Deposition of Archaeological Archives. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) CIfA, 2014, Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (Reading) Clark, J., Darlington, J. and Fairclough, G. 2004 Using Historic Landscape Characterisation. English Heritage (London) Coles, J.M., 1990 Waterlogged Wood: guidelines on the recording, sampling, conservation and curation of structural wood. English Heritage (London) Cowton, J., 1 997 Spectrum. The UK Museums Documentation Standard. Second edition. Museums Documentation Association Cox, M., 2002 Crypt Archaeology: an approach. Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Paper 3 (Reading) Darvill, T. and Atkins, M., 1991 Regulating Archaeological Works by Contract. IFA Technical Paper No 8, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading)

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Davey P.J. 1981 Guidelines for the processing and publication of clay pipes from excavations. Medieval and Later Pottery in Wales, IV, 65-87 Eiteljorg, H., Fernie, K., H uggett, J. and Robins on, D. 2002 CAD: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service (York) EA 2005 Guidance on Assessing the Risk Posed by Land Contamination and its Remediation on Archaeological Resource Management. English Heritage/ Environment Agency Science Report P5-077/SR (Bristol) EH 1995 A Strateg y for the Care and Investigation of Finds. English Heritage Ancient Monuments Laboratory (London) EH 1998 Identifying and Protecting Palaeolithic Remains. Archaeological guidance for planning authorities and developers. English Heritage (London) EH 1999 Guidelines for the Conservation of Textiles. English Heritage (London) EH 2000, Managing Lithic Scatters. Archaeological guidance for planning authorities and developers. English Heritage (London) EH 2002 With Alidade and Tape: graphical and plane table survey of archaeological earthworks. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2003a Where on Earth Are We? The Global Positioning System (GPS) in archaeological field survey. English Heritage (London) EH 2003b Twentieth-Century Military Sites. Current approaches to their recording and conservation English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2004a Dendrochronology. Guidelines on producing and interpreting dendrochronological dates. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2004b Human Bones from Archaeological Sites: Guidelines for producing assessment documents and analytical report. English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Guidelines EH 2006a Guidelines on the X-radiography of Archaeological Metalwork. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2006b Archaeomagnetic Dating. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2006c Science for Historic Industries: Guidelines for the investigation of 17th- to 19th-century industries. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2007a Understanding the Archaeology of Landscapes. A guide to good recording practice. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2007b Geoarchaeology. Using earth sciences to understand the archaeological record. (London) EH 2008a Luminescence Dating. Guidelines on using luminescence dating in archaeology. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2008b Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. English Heritage Research and Professional Services Guidelines No 1 (second edition). English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2008c Research and Conservation Framework for the British Palaeolithic. English Heritage/Prehistoric Society (Swindon) EH 2008d Investigative Conservation. Guidelines on how the detailed examination of artefacts from archaeological sites can shed light on their manufacture and use. English Heritage (Swindon) EH 2010 Waterlogged Wood: Guidelines on the recording, sampling, conservation and curation of archaeological wood. English Heritage (London) EH 2011 Environmental Archaeology: A guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation. English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Guidelines (London) EH 2012, Guidelines for the Care of Waterlogged Organic Artefacts: guidelines on their recovery, analysis and conservation. EH 2014 Our Portable Past: a statement of English Heritage policy and good practice for portable antiquities/surface collected material in the context of field archaeology and survey programmes (including the use of metal detectors). English Heritage (Swindon) EH and Church of England, 2005, Guidance for Best Practice for Treatment of Human Remains Excavated from Christian Burial Grounds in England. English Heritage (London) Ferguson, L. and Murray, D., 1997, Archaeological Documentary Archives. IFA Paper 1, Institu te of F ield Archaeologists (Reading) Gaffney, C. a nd Gater, J., with Ovenden, S., 2002, The Use of Geophysical Techniques in Archaeological Evaluations. IFA Technical Paper 9, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) Gillings, M. and Wise, A., 1999, GIS: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service (York) Gurney, D.A., 1985, Phosphate Analysis of Soils: A Guide for the Field Archaeologist. IFA Technical Paper 3, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) HE 2015a Archaeometallurgy: Guidelines for Best Practice. Historic England (Swindon) HE 2015b (revised 2008), Metric Survey Specifications for Cultural Heritage. Historic England (Swindon) HE 2015c Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment. The MoRPHE Project Managers' Guide. Historic England (Swindon) Handley, M., 1999, Microfilming Archaeological Archives. IFA Technical Paper 2, Institute of Field Archaeologists (Reading) Mays, S., 1991, Recommendations for Processing Human Bone from Archaeological Sites. Ancient Mo numents Lab Report 124/91 (London) Mays, S., Brickley, M. and Dodwell, N., 2002, Human Bones from Archaeological Sites. Guidelines for Producing Assessment Documents and Analytical Reports. Centre for Archaeo logy Guidelines, English Heritage (Portsmouth)

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McKinley, J.I. and Roberts, C., 1993, Excavation and Post-excavation Treatment of Cremated and Inhumed Human Remains. Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Paper No. 13 (Reading) MGC, 1992, Standards in the Museum Care of Archaeological Collections. Museums and Galleries Commission Murphy, P.L. and Wiltshire, P.E.J. 1994, A Guide to Sampling Archaeological Deposits for Environmental Analysis. English Heritage (London) MPRG 2000, A Guide to the Classification of Medieval Ceramics. Medieval Pottery Research Group Occasional Papers No. 1. MPRG 2001, Minimum Standards for the Processing, Recording, Analysis and Publication of Post-Roman Ceramics. Medieval Pottery Research Group Owen, J., 1995, Towards an Accessible Archaeological Archive. The Transfer of archaeological archives to museums: guidelines for use in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Society of Museum Archaeologists PCRG 1997, The Study of Later Prehistoric Pottery: General polices and guidelines for analysis and publication. Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group Occasional Paper 12 Philo, C. and Swann, A., 1992, Preparation of Artwork for Publication. Institute of Field Archaeologists Technical Paper No. 10 (Reading) RCHME 1999, Recording Archaeological Field Monuments: A descriptive specification. RCHME (Swindon) RCHME 2007, MIDAS: A manual and data standard for monuments inventories. RCHME (Swindon) Schofield, A J, (ed) 1998, Interpreting Artefact Scatters. Oxbow Monograph 4 (Oxford) Richards, J. and Ro binson, D. (eds), 2001 , Digital Archives From Excavation and Fieldwork: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service Robinson, W., 1998, First Aid for Underwater Finds. Archetype Books (London) RFG and FRG, 1993, Guidelines for the Preparation of Site and Assessments for all Finds other than Fired Clay Vessels. Roman Finds Group And Finds Research Group Schmidt, A., 2001, Geophysical Data in Archaeology: A guide to good practice. Archaeology Data Service SGRP, 1994, Guidelines for the Archiving of Roman Pottery. Study Group for Roman Pottery SMA, 1993, Guidelines on the Selection, Retention and Dispersal of Archaeological Collections. Society of Museum Archaeologists UKIC, 1983, Packaging and Storage of Freshly Excavated Artefacts from Archaeological Sites. (United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, Conservation Guidelines No 2) UKIC, 1984, Environmental Standards for Permanent Storage of Excavated material from Archaeological Sites. (United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, Conservation Guidelines No 3) UKIC, 1990, Guidance for Conservation Practice. United Kingdom Institute for Conservation UKIC, 1990, Guidelines for the Preparation of Excavation Archives for Long-term Storage. United Kingdom Institute for Conservation Archaeology Section UKIC, 2001, Excavated Artefacts and Conservation. (United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, Conservation Guidelines No 1, revised) Watkinson, D.E., and Neal, V., 1998, First Aid for Finds. (3rd editio n) RESCUE/United Kingdom Institute for Conservation, Archaeology Section and Museum of London Willis, S., 1997, (ed) Research Frameworks for the Study of Roman Pottery. Study Group for Roman Pottery World Archaeology Congress 1989, The Vermillion Accord – Human Remains. Motion Approved at the First Inter- Congress on the Disposal of the Dead (Vermillion) Young C., 1 980, Guidelines for the Processing and Publication of Roman Pottery. Department of the Environment

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