energies

Article Renovation of Public Lighting Systems in Cultural Landscapes: Lighting and Energy Performance and Their Impact on Nightscapes

Lodovica Valetti , Francesca Floris and Anna Pellegrino *

Department of Energy “Galileo Ferraris”, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy; [email protected] (L.V.); francesca.fl[email protected] (F.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: The technological innovation in the field of lighting and the need to reduce energy con- sumption connected to public lighting are leading many municipalities to undertake the renewal of public lighting systems, by replacing the existing luminaires with LED technologies. This renovation process is usually aimed at increasing energy efficiency and reducing maintenance costs, whist im- proving the lighting performance. To achieve these results, the new luminaires are often characterised by a luminous flux distribution much more downward oriented, which may remarkably influence and alter the perception of the night image of the sites. In this study the implications of the renovation of public lighting systems in terms of lighting and energy performance as well as the effects relating to the alteration of the night image, in historical contexts characterized by significant landscape value, are analysed. Results, along with demonstrating the positive effect that more sustainable and energy efficient lighting systems may have on the lighting performance and energy consumptions of public lighting systems, evidences the impact they may have on the alteration of the nocturnal image.



 Keywords: public lighting; urban lighting; lighting retrofit; energy efficiency; nocturnal image;

Citation: Valetti, L.; Floris, F.; lightscape; cultural landscape Pellegrino, A. Renovation of Public Lighting Systems in Cultural Landscapes: Lighting and Energy Performance and Their Impact on 1. Introduction Nightscapes. Energies 2021, 14, 509. In the last few decades, the concept of smart cities has promoted as a system aimed https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020509 at increasing citizens’ quality of life, safety and energy savings [1]. From an analysis of the literature it emerges that currently the meaning of a smart city is multi-faceted and Received: 29 November 2020 characterized by many elements and dimensions [2]. The application of new technologies Accepted: 15 January 2021 is one of the solutions adopted to obtain sustainable economic development, decrease Published: 19 January 2021 energy consumption and improve the quality of life [3]. Within this frame in public policies, among the different contexts of intervention (buildings, mobility, etc.), the renewal of Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral lighting systems has assumed a fundamental role. In fact, public lighting is an important with regard to jurisdictional claims in service for cities and responds to specific needs: it has a key role for the security of citizens published maps and institutional affil- iations. and prevention of criminal actions [4], as well as for their well-being. Moreover, public lighting has a fundamental role in defining the urban night-time panorama, improving the appearance and increasing the attractiveness of a city [5]. In fact, light is an element able to define the nocturnal image of urban spaces and to enhance monuments and architectures in the cities. However, it also represents a significant item of recurrent expenditure in the Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. budget of municipal administrations [6], for energy and maintenance costs, and could have Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. a significant impact in terms of energy consumption and light pollution [7]. This article is an open access article As reported by Cellucci et al. in 2015 [8] in Europe in most cases urban and street light- distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons ing current systems are obsolete, inefficient, and not fulfil the standard requirements [9]. Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Therefore, they represent an opportunity to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ emissions. A study conducted by the European Commission in 2004 [10] demonstrated that 4.0/). a savings of approximately between 30% and 50% of the electricity used for lighting could

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be achieved by investing in energy-efficient lighting systems. Such investments could be economically sensible with a good return on investment and sustainability, as well as im- prove lighting quality [11]. In Italy, the public lighting situation has been outlined in some studies conducted by the Italian research institute ENEA [12,13]. These studies showed that in 2015 street lighting was responsible for an energy consumption of 5.9 TWh/year and that about 2 million light points were still characterized by luminous efficiencies below 70 Lm/W. Moreover, the lighting plants were mostly controlled by traditional switch sys- tems. In general, results demonstrated that in Italy, on average, savings of approximately 30–40% could be achieved through public lighting renovation interventions. The need of reducing costs and energy consumption connected to public lighting, combined with the important technological innovation that occurred in the field of lighting with the introduction of solid state lamps (SSL) and lighting control technologies, are leading many municipalities to undertake the renovation of public lighting systems. One of the most common measures is the substitution of luminaires using old light sources with more efficient lighting technologies (e.g., light emitting diode (LED) luminaires) and/or the introduction of smart lighting control systems. In fact, LED technology is currently a satisfactory solution due to its high luminous efficiency, long life, decreasing investment and maintenance costs and lower environmental impact [14–16]. Several studies have shown the effectiveness of interventions based on the renova- tion of the current lighting systems with more efficient ones. In 2019 Islam et al. [17] demonstrated the potential impact of the substitution of the energy-intensive lighting technologies mostly used currently in Kazakhstan with LED technology. In particular, in the study three subsectors were analysed: residential, commercial/industrial and outdoor illumination. Results demonstrated that the replacement of the current lighting system with lamps with LED sources could determine a significant increase in energy efficiency and favor investments. Djuretic and Kostic [18] estimated in 2018 potential energy savings of between 31% and 60% by using high-quality LED instead of high-quality high pressure sodium (HPS) luminaires in street lighting. In particular, the study demonstrated that significant savings could be achieved when applying multi-stage dimming scenarios and intelligent street lighting systems. Similar results were obtained by Yoomak et al. [19] who analysed the performance of LED luminaires and existing standard HPS luminaires in a roadway lighting system in Thailand. The two systems were compared in terms of lighting quality, energy savings, power quality, and investment. Results in terms of lighting performance showed that with the LED luminaires, minimum illuminances were maintained, while average illuminances were reduced, and uniformity was improved. The study highlighted a potential energy savings of 40% provided by the use of LED luminaire instead of the HPS luminaire. Moreover, in 2014 Escolar et al. [20] demonstrated the rele- vance of the application of adaptive control system. They enabled multiphase light sources to adapt their intensity based on the environment conditions to reach energy savings and sustainable goals. From an economic point of view, Beccali et al. [21] analysed in 2015 the effects of the retrofit of a lighting system in Comiso, Italy. In the study a set of planning options to improve energy efficiency in street lighting systems were presented and the payback time considering three different scenarios was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the introduction of high efficient light sources such as LED allows one to significantly improve the lighting performance, as well as contain energy consumptions and expenditure. Carli et al. [22,23] proposed a multi-criteria decision-making tool in order to support the public decision maker in the selection of the optimal retrofit solutions in existing public street lighting systems. The aim of the study was the introduction of an operative tool designed to improve the energy and environment sustainability and maintain comfort, while ensuring an efficient use of public funds. The proposed method was applied and validated in a case study located in Bari, Italy. A comparison between different scenarios was made by Pagden et al. [24]. They performed an economic analysis to compare the feasibility for a case study located in UK of two different street lighting systems: LED lamps Energies 2021, 14, 509 3 of 25

and ‘part-night’ lighting, assuming the return period of investment is twenty years. In fact, some city councils in UK adopt a ‘part night’ lighting system in order to achieve short-term energy savings. In particular, this solution is applied in residential areas, where lights of relatively lower importance (considering traffic accidents and crime rates) are dimmed or switched off at times during the night when they are least likely to be needed. The comparison between LED lamps and part-night lighting systems showed that electricity savings of 44% and 21%, respectively, could be achieved compared to current electricity usage patterns. The authors concluded that the ‘part-night’ lighting system could be beneficial in the short-term, however, the replacement of the existing lower efficiency lights with LED lamps is more cost-effective. The reported works demonstrate that the renovation of public lighting systems with LED technologies can provide many benefits in terms of improvement of the lighting performance together with large energy and economic saving. However, in most cases different forms of financing support are needed, mainly because of the high investment costs and budget constraints of the municipalities. In Europe there are different forms of financing models and several organizations involved, such as European Union funds, public or private banks, energy services companies (ESCo), manufacturers of innovative lighting systems or institutional investors [25]. The renovation process of lighting systems is affecting both big cities and small urban centres. As an example, Cellucci et al. [8] presented in 2015 a study of smart lighting for a small town located on the Italian coast. The study analysed three different approaches and investigated their effects on the territory. In particular, the first level approach refers to the substitution of current luminaries with new ones selected for their technological characteristics, while the geometry of the lighting system (distance and height) remains unchanged. The second level involves the introduction of a new lighting system, characterized by a different layout and by a dynamic road lighting system able to adapt lighting conditions as needed. Finally, the third level approach adds to the second one a complete remote control, transforming the lighting system in a smart grid opportunity. The study demonstrated that the third approach achieves better results than both the two other approaches from an economic, social and environmental point of view. In general, results highlight a significant positive impact on annual energy costs and suggest applications of smart grid planning not only for metropolis and big cities, but also in smaller towns. These kinds of interventions, based on the renewal of lighting systems, may reduce energy consumption and maintenance costs, whilst improving the lighting performance. Moreover, the new high efficient optics should avoid light pollution. On the other hand, the more controlled light output of the new luminaires may remarkably influence and alter the perception of the nocturnal image of single monuments, urban areas, and landscape in general. The implications on the nocturnal visual perception are currently less analysed in scientific research, but in fact play a fundamental role [26]. Indeed, valorisation strategies that consider all the hours of life of infrastructure, sites and settings, and which also pay attention to the nocturnal perception should be promoted [27]. Within this frame, artificial light could become one of the tools of the valorisation project [28,29]. In fact, it could give a significant contribution by enhancing a site and defining its nightscape, with positive effects on the economy, on touristic visibility and on the promotion of the territory (Figure1). Some studies [30] demonstrated that projects based on nightscape strategies could increase night activities and the touristic attractiveness of a site, improving the user satisfaction and the cultural value of the territory. On the other hand, other studies focused on the potential impact of the nocturnal environment and of light and dark from a social-cultural perspective. In 2020 a study conducted by Kumar et al. [31] highlighted the importance of considering light, but also dark, in countryside environments. The study analysed how changes in lighting technologies and practices could affect different kinds of ordinary countryside. Within this frame, the study and the design of the nocturnal image should not only concern main cities or single buildings (historical buildings, monuments, etc.), but also Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 26

al. [31] highlighted the importance of considering light, but also dark, in countryside en- Energies 2021, 14, 509 vironments. The study analysed how changes in lighting technologies and practices could4 of 25 affect different kinds of ordinary countryside. Within this frame, the study and the design of the nocturnal image should not only concern main cities or single buildings (historical buildings, monuments, etc.), but also small villages and countrysides. In particular in thesesmall contexts, villages andit iscountrysides. necessary to Incarefully particular balance in these the contexts,use of light it is and necessary dark, in to carefullyorder to enhancebalance thethe useperception of light andof cities dark, and in orderterritories, to enhance increasing the perception the attractiveness of citiesand of sites territories, while preservingincreasing the attractivenesssocial and cultural of sites values. while preserving the social and cultural values.

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 1. 1. ((aa)) Mont Mont Saint Saint Michel, Michel, France, France, day day image. image. (Credits: (Credits: Wikipedia—Luca Wikipedia—Luca Deboli—originally Deboli—originally postedposted to to Flickr Flickr as Lun de Miel 443, CCCC BYBY 2.0).2.0). ((bb)) MontMont SaintSaint Michel,Michel, France, France, night night image. image. Lighting Light- ingproject: project: Light Light Cibles, Cibles, Louis Louis et Emmanuelet Emmanuel Clair, Clair, 2006. 2006. (Credits: (Credits: Wikipedia—Benh Wikipedia—Benh Lieu Lieu Song—own Song— own work, CC BY 2.5). work, CC BY 2.5).

WithinWithin this this framework, framework, the the aim aim of of the the study study presented presented in in this this paper paper is is to to evaluate evaluate the the impactimpact of of the the renovation renovation of of the the public public lighting lighting system system on on the the night night image image of of settlements settlements fromfrom both both internal internal and and external external observation observation po points.ints. In In particular, particular, the the implications implications of of the the renovationrenovation of of public public lighting lighting systems systems in in contexts contexts characterized characterized by by cultural cultural landscape landscape and and widespreadwidespread settlements settlements with with historical historical values values are are analysed. analysed. A A case case study, study, composed composed of of a a historicalhistorical village locatedlocated inin thethe Tuscany Tuscany area area of of Maremma Maremma Grossetana, Grossetana, in Italy, in Italy, was selected.was se- lected.This kind of historical landscape strongly characterizes the European and the Italian territory.This kind It is well of historical known that landscape the Italian strongly identity characterizes is built in great the European part around and the the presence Italian territory.of numerous It is smallwell known historical that settlements. the Italian identity As reported is built by Micelliin great et part al. [around32], the the international presence ofand numerous the national small cultural historical debate, settlements. in the second As reported part of by the Micelli XXth century,et al. [32], focused the interna- on the tionalcountry’s and the historic national centres cultural and ondebate, the historical in the second urban part landscape. of the XXth The century, aim was focused to define on theguidelines country’s and historic development centres and policies on the (for histor a criticalical urban review landscape. on the notion The ofaim historical was to define urban guidelineslandscapes and see development [33]). However, policies from the(for 1990s a critical up toreview recent on years, the notion their social of historical and economic urban landscapesattractiveness see has [33]). progressively However, decreased,from the 1990 dues to up structural to recent mutation years, their in Italian social society and eco- and nomicin the country’sattractiveness economy. has progressively This trend is partiallydecreased, being due reversed to structural and, nowadaysmutation in the Italian small societyurban centresand in the are becomingcountry’s economy. increasingly This important trend is partially from a cultural, being reversed social and and, economic nowa- dayspoint the of view.small urban centres are becoming increasingly important from a cultural, social and economicLike many point other of Italianview. villages, the municipality of the selected case study is con- sideringLike themany possibility other Italian to substitute villages, thethe current municipality urban lightingof the selected system case with study new, is energy con- sideringefficient the lighting possibility technologies. to substitute Within the this current study, urban the current lighting lighting system condition, with new, produced energy efficientby traditional lighting lighting technologies. sources Within and luminaires, this study, was the compared,current lighting through condition, simulation, produced to the bylighting traditional condition lighting produced sources by and the luminaires, retrofit proposal was compared, of the current through lighting simulation, system to with the lightingLED luminaires condition typically produced employed by the retrofit in street proposal and urban of the lighting current retrofit. lighting The system effects with in LEDterms luminaires of lighting typically and energy employed performance in street were and taken urban into lighting consideration, retrofit. The as well effects as thein termsimplications of lighting relating and to energy the alteration performance of the were night taken image into and consideration, night perception, as consideringwell as the implicationsboth internal relating and external to the observationalteration of pointsthe night of theimage settlements. and night perception, considering both internal and external observation points of the settlements. 2. Case Study

The case study consisted of a medieval village, named Montepescali, located in the area of Maremma Grossetana, close to the city of Grosseto, in the Tuscany region of Italy. The case study was selected because of its interesting characteristics from both the point of view of the settlement, that is an historical village located in a prominent position, and the value of the surrounding landscape context. Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 26

2. Case Study The case study consisted of a medieval village, named Montepescali, located in the area of Maremma Grossetana, close to the city of Grosseto, in the Tuscany region of Italy. Energies 2021, 14, 509 The case study was selected because of its interesting characteristics from both the5 of point 25 of view of the settlement, that is an historical village located in a prominent position, and the value of the surrounding landscape context. Initially, a multidisciplinary analysis of the case study was carried out considering Initially, a multidisciplinary analysis of the case study was carried out considering itsits morphological, morphological, perceptive, perceptive, and and functional aspects.aspects. Data Data related related to to the the morphological morphological conformationconformation of of the the site, site, hist historicalorical development development phases, phases, the the presence presence of of buildings buildings of of his- toricalhistorical and andarchitectural architectural importance, importance, as as well well as as functional functional aspectsaspects and and main main access access roads roads werewere analysed. analysed. The The analysis analysis was was aimed aimed at acquiringacquiring useful useful information information for for the the evaluation evaluation of ofthe the night night image. image. Furthermore, Furthermore, it it was possiblepossible toto identifyidentify significant significant observation observation points points insideinside and and outside outside the the settlement settlement from from whichwhich toto evaluate evaluate the the night night image image of of the the site. site. MontepescaliMontepescali is is located located in in a a strategic strategic area,area, onon the the top top of of the the hilly hilly region region of of Maremma Maremma Grossetana.Grossetana. The The prominent prominent village village position position allowsallows itit toto define define privileged privileged visibility visibility and and inter-relationshipinter-relationship between between the the settlements, settlements, thethe viabilityviability system system and and the the landscape landscape context. context. Moreover,Moreover, the the area area enjoys goodgood tourist tourist visibility visibility and and accessibility accessibility through through the most the impor-most im- tant trade routes of the region. In fact, Montepescali is built along the historical Roman road portant trade routes of the region. In fact, Montepescali is built along the historical Roman called Aurelia (nowadays an highway), which leads from Grosseto to important Tuscan road called Aurelia (nowadays an highway), which leads from Grosseto to important Tus- cities such as Livorno, Pisa and Siena (Figure2a), and close to the Grosseto-Siena railway canline, cities which such is as one Livorno, of the main Pisa railway and Siena lines (Fig of theure region2a), and (Figure close2 tob) [the34]. Grosseto-Siena rail- way line, which is one of the main railway lines of the region (Figure 2b) [34].

(a) (b)

Figure 2. (a) View of MontepescaliFigure 2. ( froma) View the of highway Montepescali 1; (b) View from of the Montepescali highway 1; from (b) View the Grosseto-Siena of Montepescali railway from line.the (Credits: Francesca Floris).Grosseto-Siena railway line. (Credits: Francesca Floris).

MontepescaliMontepescali is is surrounded by by towers towers and and fortified fortified walls walls and enjoys and enjoys a well-preserved a well-pre- servedhistorical historical heritage. heritage. The village The village was founded was founded during during the Middle the Middle Ages (11th Ages century) (11th century) and andits its dimensions dimensions were were expanded expanded in several in several phases phases of construction of construction during during the following the following cen- centuriesturies [35 [35].]. Nowadays, Nowadays, the the village village plant plant has anhas ovoid an ovoid shape shape divided divided in two in levels, two identifiedlevels, iden- as the upper plateau and the lower plateau. The upper plateau corresponds to the original tified as the upper plateau and the lower plateau. The upper plateau corresponds to the origi- medieval core of the settlement (first expansion ring on Figure3a) and is characterized nal medieval core of the settlement (first expansion ring on Figure 3a) and is characterized by the presence of historical buildings such as the ancient castle (called Cassero) and the bySaint the presence Niccolò Church of historical (Figure buildings3b). The lowersuch plateauas the correspondsancient castle to the(called second Cassero expansion) and the Saintring Niccolò (Figure 3Churcha) and includes(Figure 3b). the residentialThe lower plateau and service corresponds buildings, to the the Saints second Stefano expansion e ringLorenzo (Figure Church 3a) and and includes the historic the village residential entrance and (called service Belvedere buildings, Tower), the restoredSaints Stefano in the e LorenzoRenaissance Church period and (Figurethe historic3b) [ 36village]. The entrance village mobility (called isBelvedere almost completely Tower), restored constituted in the Renaissanceby pedestrian period streets (Figure except 3b) for [36]. a suburban The village road. mobility The driveway is almost leads completely to the main constituted entrance byof pedestrian the village, streets located except on the forlower a suburban plateau, and ro surroundsad. The driveway Montepescali’s leads to external the main perimeter, entrance of allowingthe village, the located access to on the the village lower from plateau secondary, and surrounds entrances. Montepescali’s external perim- eter, allowing the access to the village from secondary entrances.

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(a) (b)

FigureFigure 3. 3.(a )(a Construction) Construction phases; phases; (b )(b Identification) Identification of of the the main main historical historical buildings. buildings.

2.1.2.1. Ex-Ante Ex-Ante Lighting Lighting Systems Systems TheThe existing existing lighting lighting system system of of Montepescali Montepesca villageli village consisted consisted of of 259 259 luminaires. luminaires. The The entireentire stock stock of of luminaires luminaires can can be be represented represented by by the the groups groups showed showed in in Table Table1. The1. The abacus abacus reportsreports quantities quantities and and typology typology of of luminaires, luminaires their, their photometric photometric diagrams, diagrams, lamp lamp type, type, in- in- stalledstalled power, power, luminous luminous flux flux and and correlated correlated colour colour temperature temperature (CCT). (CCT). In In particular, particular, three three typologiestypologies of lightingof lighting systems systems are identified:are identified:street street lighting lighting system system, square, square lighting lighting system systemand architecturaland architectural lighting lighting system. system The street. The lighting street systemlighting(driveways system (driveways and pedestrian and pedestrian streets) werestreets) composed were composed by 228 diffusing by 228 globes diffusing (88% gl ofobes the (88% total luminaires)of the total equippedluminaires) with equipped 65 W high-pressurewith 65 W high-pressure sodium lamps sodium (HPS) andlamps two (HPS) semi-diffusing and two semi-diffusing globes (1% of globes total luminaires) (1% of total equippedluminaires) with equipped 50 W HPS with lamps. 50 W The HPS street lamps. lighting The systemsstreet lighting were constituted, systems were for constituted, all pedes- trianfor streets,all pedestrian by one-sided streets, disposition, by one-sided with disposition, a constant inter-distancewith a constant of 15inter-distance metres between of 15 themetres lighting between poles. the The lighting driveway poles. presented The driveway both a one-sidepresented lighting both a one-side poles arrangements lighting poles (inter-distance:arrangements 14(inter-distance: m) with a single 14 m) luminaire with a single per pole, luminaire and a one-sideper pole, disposition and a one-side (inter- dis- distance:position 23 (inter-distance: m) with two luminaires 23 m) with per two pole. luminaires The most per important pole. The square most inimportant Montepescali, square namedin Montepescali, Cassero Square, named had Cassero a different Square lighting, had system a different (square lighting lighting system) composed(square lighting by 10system luminaires) composed equipped by with10 luminaires 150 W metal equipped halide floodlights, with 150 W installed metal onhalide the façadesfloodlights, of the in- surroundingstalled on the buildings. façades of Finally, the surrounding 19 floodlights buildings. (7% of theFinally, total 19 luminaires) floodlights with (7% differentof the total powersluminaires) and luminous with different fluxes werepowers dedicated and luminous to the valorisation fluxes wereof dedicated buildings to with the valorisation particular historicalof buildings and architecturalwith particular value historical spread and throughout architectural the settlementvalue spread (architectural throughout lighting the set- systemtlement). The (architectural current lighting lighting system system was). automatically The current switchedlighting onsystem and off was and automatically kept at full powerswitched for the on wholeand off night. and kept at full power for the whole night. 2.2. Ex-Post Lighting Systems Table 1. Existing lighting system. The existing street lighting system emitted light in almost all directions and, as a conse- N. of Luminaire Photometric Lamp Luminous CCT Description quence, part of the light flux also reached the vertical surfacesPower of[W] the surrounding buildings. LuminairesHowever, theImage dispersion ofDiagram light flux beyondTypology the surfaces for which lightFlux [lm] is required [K] (i.e., the carriage for street lighting) generated light pollution. Moreover, from an energy point 228 of view, the flux dispersion and the adoptionHPS of traditional 65 W light sources 5300 lm determined 2000 K a waste of energy and high operating costs. In order to improve energy sustainability and Street lighting lu- to address light pollution, in 2019 the administration of Montepescali commissioned the minaires drafting of a new lighting plan for the municipality. The new lighting plan was drawn up by a professional lighting design studio and involved the replacement of almost all the 2 existing luminaires with new ones chosen forHPS their technological 50 W characteristics. 4400 lm 2000 K The proposed retrofit solution for Montepescali involved the substitution of the

existing luminaires for street lighting and square lighting with LED technologies (Table2 ). The architectural lighting system was not involved in the retrofitting and the geometry of the Square lighting 10 lighting system (distances and heights) remainedMH the same. 150 LED W luminaires 9370 lm with shielded 3000 K luminaires street optics and safety glass were proposed in place of the HPS diffusing globes (street

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(a)( a) (b)( b) FigureFigure( a3.) (3.a) (Constructiona) Construction phases; phases; (b) ( Identificationb) Identification of theof the main main historical(b historical)( b) buildings. buildings. FigureFigure 3. ( 3.a) (Constructiona) Construction phases; phases; (b) (Identificationb) Identification of theof the main main historical historical buildings. buildings. 2.1.2.1. Ex-Ante Ex-Ante Lighting Lighting Systems Systems 2.1.2.1. Ex-AnteThe Ex-AnteThe existing existing Lighting Lighting lighting lighting Systems Systems system system of ofMontepesca Montepescali villageli village consisted consisted of 259of 259 luminaires. luminaires. The The entireentireThe stockThe stockexisting existingof luminairesof luminaireslighting lighting cansystem cansystem be berepresented of represented Montepescaof Montepesca by bytheli village theli groups village groups consisted showed consisted showed ofin 259ofTablein 259Table luminaires. 1.luminaires. The1. The abacus abacusThe The entirereportsreportsentire stock quantities stock quantities of luminairesof luminaires and and typology typology can can be ofberepresented ofluminairesrepresented luminaires by, their bythe, their the groupsphotometric groupsphotometric showed showed diagrams, diagrams,in Tablein Table lamp 1. lampThe 1. Thetype, abacus type, abacus in- in- reportsstalledstalledreports power, quantities power, quantities luminous luminous and and typology flux typology flux and and of correlated luminairesof correlated luminaires colour, colourtheir, their temperature photometric temperature photometric (CCT). diagrams, (CCT). diagrams, In Inparticular, lamp particular, lamp type, type, three in-three in- stalledtypologiestypologiesstalled power, power, of oflighting luminous lighting luminous systems fluxsystems flux and areand correlated are identified: correlated identified: colour colourstreet street temperature lighting temperature lighting system system (CCT). (CCT)., square, squareIn particular,In lighting particular, lighting system three system three typologiesandandtypologies architectural architectural of oflighting lightinglighting lighting systems systemssystem system are. areThe .identified: The identified: street street lighting street lighting street lighting system lighting system system(driveways system(driveways, square, square and lighting and lighting pedestrian pedestrian system system andstreets)streets)and architectural architecturalwere were composed composed lighting lighting by system by 228system 228 diffusing. Thediffusing. The street streetgl obesgllightingobes lighting (88% (88% system ofsystem ofthe the(driveways tota (drivewaystotal luminaires)l luminaires) and and pedestrian equipped pedestrian equipped streets)withwithstreets) 65 65wereW Wwerehigh-pressure high-pressurecomposed composed bysodium bysodium228 228 diffusing lamps diffusing lamps (HPS) gl(HPS) obesgl andobes and(88% two (88% two ofsemi-diffusing ofthesemi-diffusing the tota total luminaires)l luminaires) globes globes (1% equipped (1% ofequipped oftotal total withluminaires)luminaires)with 65 65W Whigh-pressure equipped high-pressure equipped with with sodium 50 sodium 50W WHPS lamps HPS lamps lamps. (HPS)lamps. (HPS) The and The streetand two street two lightingsemi-diffusing lighting semi-diffusing systems systems globes were globes were constituted,(1% constituted,(1% of totalof total luminaires)forforluminaires) all allpedestrian pedestrian equipped equipped streets, streets, with with by 50 by one-sided50W one-sidedWHPS HPS lamps. lamps.dispos dispos Theition, The streetition, street with lightingwith lightinga constanta constant systems systems inter-distance wereinter-distance were constituted, constituted, of of15 15 formetresmetresfor all all pedestrianbetween pedestrianbetween the streets,the lighting streets, lighting by poles. byone-sided poles. one-sided The The driveway dispos driveway disposition, presentedition, presented with with a both constanta bothconstant a one-side a one-sideinter-distance inter-distance lighting lighting polesof polesof15 15 metresarrangementsarrangementsmetres between between (inter-distance: the (inter-distance: the lighting lighting poles. 14 poles. 14m) The m) with The withdriveway drivewaya single a single presented luminaire presented luminaire both per both per pole,a one-side pole,a one-side and and a lighting one-side a lighting one-side poles dis- poles dis- arrangementspositionpositionarrangements (inter-distance: (inter-distance: (inter-distance: (inter-distance: 23 23m) m)14 with 14m)with m) twowith twowith luminaires a luminairessingle a single luminaire perluminaire per pole. pole. per The per Thepole, most pole, most and important and importanta one-side a one-side square squaredis- dis- positionin inpositionMontepescali, Montepescali, (inter-distance: (inter-distance: named named 23Cassero 23m)Cassero m) with withSquare twoSquare two luminaires, had ,luminaires had a differenta different per per pole. lighting pole. lighting The The mostsystem mostsystem important important(square (square lightingsquare lighting square insystem systeminMontepescali, Montepescali,) composed) composed named by named by 10 10Casseroluminaires Casseroluminaires Square Squareequipped equipped, had, had a with different a with different 150 150 Wlighting Wmetallighting metal systemhalide systemhalide floodlights,(square floodlights,(square lighting lighting in- in- systemstalledstalledsystem) oncomposed) onthecomposed the façades façades by byof10 theof 10luminaires the surroundingluminaires surrounding equipped equipped buildin buildin withgs. withgs. Finally, 150 Finally, 150 W 19Wmetal 19floodlightsmetal floodlights halide halide floodlights,(7% (7%floodlights, of theof the total in- total in- Energies 2021, 14, 509 7 of 25 stalledluminaires)luminaires)stalled on onthe with the façades with façades different different of theof powers the surrounding powers surrounding and and luminous luminousbuildin buildin gs.fluxes gs.fluxes Finally, Finally, were were 19 dedicated 19floodlights dedicated floodlights to theto(7% the (7%valorisation of valorisation theof the total total luminaires)of ofluminaires)buildings buildings with with with with different particular different particular powers historicalpowers historical and and andluminous andluminous architectural architectural fluxes fluxes were value were value dedicated spread dedicated spread throughout to throughout theto the valorisation valorisation the the set- set- oftlement tlementbuildingsof buildings (architectural ( architecturalwith with particular particular lighting lighting historical systemhistorical system). and The). and Thearchitectural current architectural current lighting lightingvalue value systemspread systemspread throughoutwas throughoutwas automatically automatically the the set- set- tlementswitchedswitchedtlementlighting ( architecturalon ( systemonarchitectural and and off), whileoff and lighting and keptlighting LED kept at floodlightssystem fullatsystem full power). powerThe). withThe forcurrent for asymmetricthecurrent the whole lightingwhole lighting night. light night. system distribution system was was (mountedautomatically automatically parallel switchedswitchedto the on square onand and off surface) off and and kept were kept at proposed fullat full power power to for substitute for the the whole whole the night. MH night. floodlights (square lighting). TableTable 1. Existing1. Existing lighting lighting system. system. TableTableTable 1. Existing 1. 1. ExistingExisting lighting lighting lighting system. system. system. N. N.of of LuminaireLuminaire PhotometricPhotometric LampLamp LuminousLuminous CCTCCT DescriptionDescription PowerPower [W] [W] Luminaires Image Diagram Typology Flux [lm] [K] LuminairesN. N.ofN. of of LuminaireLuminaireLuminaireImage PhotometricPhotometricDiagram LampLampTypologyLamp LuminousLuminousLuminousFlux [lm] CCTCCT[K] DescriptionDescriptionDescription PowerPowerPower [W] [W] [W] LuminairesLuminairesLuminaires ImageImageImage DiagramDiagram TypologyTypologyTypology FluxFluxFlux [lm] [lm][lm] [K][K]

228228 HPSHPS 65 65W W 5300 5300 lm lm 2000 2000 K K 228228 228 HPSHPSHPS 65 65 W 65 W W 5300 5300 5300 lm Lm lm 2000 2000 K K

StreetStreet lightingStreet lighting lighting lu- lu- StreetStreetminaires lightingminairesluminaires lighting lu- lu- EnergiesEnergiesminaires 2021minaires 2021, 14 , ,x 14 FOR, x FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 7 of 726 of 26 EnergiesEnergies 2021 2021, 14,, x14 FOR, x FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 7 of 726 of 26 Energies Energies 2021 2021,, 14,,, 14xx FORFOR,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW REVIEWREVIEW 7 of7 26 of 26 2 2 2 HPSHPSHPS 50 50 50W W W 4400 4400 4400 lm Lm lm 2000 2000 K K 2 2 HPSHPS 50 W 50 W 4400 4400 lm lm 2000 2000 K K

SquareSquare lighting lighting SquareSquareSquare lighting lightinglighting 10 10 MHMH 150 150W W 9370 9370 lm lm 3000 3000 K K SquareluminairesSquareSquareluminaires lighting lighting lighting 10 1010 MHMHMH 150 150 150W WW 9370 9370 9370 lm lmlm 3000 3000 3000 K KK luminairesluminairesluminaires 10 1010 MHMHMH 150 150 150 W W W 9370 9370 9370 lm Lm lm 3000 3000 K K luminairesluminairesluminaires

3 3 F F 85 W 85 W 1750 1750 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 3 3 F F 85 W 85 W 1750 1750 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 3 3 3 FF F 85 85 W 85 W W 1750 1750 1750 lm Lm lm 3000 3000 K K

ArchitecturalArchitecturalArchitectural 150 150W 1 W 1 13,50013,500 lm lm ArchitecturalArchitectural 1 1 1 ArchitecturalArchitecturallighting 8 8 MHMH 150150150 W W 1W 11 13,50013,50013,500 lm Lm lm 30003000 K K lightingArchitecturalArchitecturallighting lumi- lumi- 8 8 8 MHMHMH 150230150 W230W 1W W 25,00013,50013,50025,000 lmlm lmlm 300030003000 K KK lightinglightingluminaires lumi- lumi- 8 8 MHMH 230230230 W W W 25,00025,00025,000 lm Lm lm 30003000 K K lightinglightinglightinglightingnairesnaires lumi-lumi- lumi-lumi- 230230 W W 25,00025,000 lm lm nairesnaires nairesnaires

8 8 8 MHMHMH 83 83 W 83 W W 2500 2500 2500 lm Lm lm 3000 3000 3000 K KK 8 8 MHMH 83 W 83 W 2500 2500 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 8 8 MHMH 83 W 83 W 2500 2500 lm lm 3000 3000 K K

1 6 lamps11 66 lamps lamps with with an absorbed an absorbedabsorbed power power power of of 150 of 150 150W W and W and and a a luminous luminous a luminous fluxflux fl ofofux 13,50013,500 of 13,500 Lm lm and andlm 2and 2 lamps lamps 2 lamps with with anwith an absorbed absorbed an absorbed power power ofpower 230 of W230 of and 230 a 1 1 1 6 1lampsluminous 6 lamps with fluxwith an of absorbedan 25,000 absorbed Lm. power power of 150 of 150 W andW and a luminous a luminous flux fl ofux 13,500 of 13,500 lm andlm and 2 lamps 2 lamps with with an absorbedan absorbed power power of 230 of 230 W1 66 andlamps1lampsW 66 lampslampsand a luminous withwith a luminouswithwith anan anabsorbedanabsorbed flux absorbedabsorbed flux of 25,000 of powerpower 25,000 powerpower lm. ofof lm. 150150ofof 150150 WW andWandW andand aa luminousluminous aa luminousluminous flflux flfl uxof 13,500of 13,500 lm lmand and 2 lamps 2 lamps with with an anabsorbed absorbed power power of 230of 230 W andW and a luminous a luminous flux flux of 25,000 of 25,000 lm. lm. W andW and a luminous a luminous flux flux of 25,000of 25,000 lm. lm. 2.2.2.2. Ex-Post Ex-PostFurthermore, Lighting Lighting Systems theSystems retrofit proposal included a step dimming during night-time: the 2.2.2.2.2.2. streetEx-Post Ex-PostEx-Post lighting Lighting LightingLighting system Systems SystemsSystemsand the square lighting system will be kept full power from the switching- 2.2.2.2. Ex-PostThe Ex-PostThe existing Lightingexisting Lighting street Systemsstreet Systemslighting lighting system system emitted emitted light light in almost in almost all directionsall directions and, and, as a as con- a con- onThe toThe existing 10 existing p.m. street and street 30% lighting lighting dimming system system (70% emitted ofemitted nominal light light in light almost in almost flux) all from directionsall directions 10 p.m. and, until and, as switch-off. aas con- a con- sequence,sequence,TheThe existing part existing part of thestreet of street thelight lighting light lightingflux flux also system also system reached reached emitted emitted the the verticallight lightvertical in surfacesalmostin almost surfaces all of alldirections the of directions thesurrounding surrounding and, and, as build-aas con- abuild- con- sequence,sequence,Instead, part the part ofarchitectural the of the light light flux lighting flux also also reached system reached(not the objectthe vertical vertical of surfaces substitution) surfaces of the of will the surrounding besurrounding kept at fullbuild- build- power ings.sequence,sequence,ings. However, However, part part of the theof thedispersion the light dispersion light flux flux ofalso light alsoof reached light reachedflux flux beyond thethe beyondthethe verticalvertical verticalvertical the thesurfaces surfacessurfaces surfacessurfaces for ofof fortheofwhichtheof thethe whichsurroundingsurrounding surrounding surroundinglight light is required is build- build-required build-build- ings.ings.and However, switched-offHowever, the the dispersion at dispersion midnight. of lightof light flux flux beyond beyond the the surfaces surfaces for forwhich which light light is required is required (i.e.,ings.ings.ings.ings.(i.e., the However,However, However, theHowever,carriage carriage thethe for thethe dispersiondispersion forstreet dispersiondispersion street lighting) lighting)ofof lightoflightof lightlightgenerated fluxflux generated fluxflux beyondbeyond beyondbeyond light light thethe pollution. thethe surfacessurfaces pollution. surfacessurfaces Moreover, forfor forMoreover,for whichwhich whichwhich lightlightfrom lightlight from is isan required requiredisis energyan requiredrequired energy (i.e.,(i.e., the the carriageThe carriage retrofit for for proposalstreet street lighting) forlighting) Montepescali generated generated light was light designedpollution. pollution. byMoreover, aMoreover, lighting from design from an anenergy studio energy but point(i.e.,(i.e.,(i.e.,(i.e.,point thethe of thethe view, carriagecarriageof carriagecarriageview, the for theforflux forfor streetstreetflux dispersion streetstreet dispersion lighting)lighting) lighting)lighting) and generatedgeneratedand the generatedgenerated theadop adop tion lightlight lighttionlight of pollution.pollution. traditional of pollution.pollution. traditional Moreover,Moreover, light Moreover,Moreover, light sources sources fromfrom fromfrom determined anan determined an anenergyenergy energyenergy pointpointhas of notview, of view, yet the been the flux flux carried dispersion dispersion out. and Therefore, and the the adop adop intion thetion ofpresent traditional of traditional study light light the sources comparison sources determined determined between apoint wastepointa waste of of view,of energy view,of energy the the andflux flux and highdispersion dispersion high operating operating and and costs.the the costs.adop Inadop order tiontionIn tiontionorder ofof to traditionaloftraditionalof improve to traditionaltraditional improve energy lightlight lightenergylight sourcessources sustainability sourcessources sustainability determineddetermined determineddetermined and and a wasteaex-ante waste of energyof and energy ex-post and and high lighting high operating operating conditions costs. costs. wasIn orderIn performed order to improveto improve by means energy energy of sustainability simulations. sustainability and and toa waste addressato waste address of energyoflight energy light pollution, and pollution, and high high in operating 2019 operatingin 2019 the costs. theadministration costs. administration In orderInorder orderorder toto of improvetoimproveto Montepescali ofimproveimprove Montepescali energyenergy energyenergy commissioned sustainabilitysustainability sustainabilitycommissionedsustainability andandthe andand the to addressto address light light pollution, pollution, in 2019in 2019 the the administration administration of Montepescaliof Montepescali commissioned commissioned the the draftingtoto toaddresstoaddressdrafting addressaddress of lightalight of new light lighta newpollution,pollution, lighting pollution,pollution, lighting plan inin planin2019in2019 for 20192019 forthethethe thethe muniadministrationadministration administrationadministrationmunicipality.cipality. The ofof The newofMontepescaliofMontepescali MontepescaliMontepescalinew lighti lighting planng commissionedcommissioned plan commissionedcommissioned was was drawn drawn thetheup thethe up draftingdrafting of aof new a new lighting lighting plan plan for forthe the muni municipality.cipality. The The new new lighti lighting ngplan plan was was drawn drawn up up bydrafting draftingbya professional a professionalof aof new a new lightinglighting lighting lighting plandesign plan design for for studiothe thestudio muni muniandcipality. and involvedcipality. involved The Thethe new thenewreplacement lighti replacement lighting ngplan planof was almostof was almost drawn drawn all theallup up the by bya professional a professional lighting lighting design design studio studio and and involved involved the the replacement replacement of almostof almost all allthe the existingby byexistinga professionala professional luminaires luminaires lighting with lighting with new design new designones ones studio chosen studio chosen and for and fortheirinvolved involved their technological technological the the replacement replacement characteristics. characteristics. of ofalmost almost all allthe the existingexisting luminaires luminaires with with new new ones ones chosen chosen for fortheir their technological technological characteristics. characteristics. existingexistingThe Theluminaires proposed luminaires proposed retrofitwith withretrofit new solutionnew onessolution ones chosen for chosen forMontepes forforMontepes forfor theirtheir theirtheircali technologicaltechnologicalcali involvedtechnologicaltechnological involved the characteristics.characteristics. thesubstitution characteristics.characteristics. substitution of the of theex- ex- TheThe proposed proposed retrofit retrofit solution solution for forMontepes Montepescalicali involved involved the the substitution substitution of theof the ex- ex- istingistingThe luminairesThe luminairesproposed proposed for retrofit forstreet retrofit street lighting solution lightingsolution and for and squarefor Montepes square Montepes lighting lightingcali caliwith involved withinvolved LED LED technologiesthe technologiesthe substitution substitution (Table (Table of ofthe2). the The 2).ex- Theex- istingisting luminaires luminaires for forstreet street lighting lighting and and square square lighting lighting with with LED LED technologies technologies (Table (Table 2). The2). The architecturalistingistingistingistingarchitectural luminairesluminaires luminairesluminaires lighting lighting forfor forfor system street streetsystem lighting was lighting was not andand not andinvolvedand square involved square lighting in lighting thein thewithwithretrofitting withwith retrofitting LEDLED LEDLED technologiestechnologies and technologiestechnologies and the thegeometry (Table(Tablegeometry (Table(Table 2). 2).of 2). 2). TheThe theof TheThe the architecturalarchitectural lighting lighting system system was was not not involved involved in thein the retrofitting retrofitting and and the the geometry geometry of theof the lightingarchitecturalarchitecturallighting system system lighting lighting (distances (distances systemsystem systemsystem and waswas and heights)waswas notnot heights) notnot involvedinvolved remainedinvolvedinvolved remained inin intheinthe thethe thesame.retrofittingretrofitting retrofitting retrofittingsame. LED LED luminairesandand andandluminaires thethe thethe geometrygeometry withgeometrygeometry with shielded ofofshielded oftheofthe thethe lightinglighting system system (distances (distances and and heights) heights) remained remained the the same. same. LED LED luminaires luminaires with with shielded shielded streetlightinglightinglightinglightingstreet optics systemsystem optics systemsystem and (distances(distancesand safety (distances(distances safety glass andand glass and andwere heights)heights) wereheights)heights) propos propos remainedremained remainedremaineded ined place in thethe placethethe same.same. of same.same. theof LEDLED theHPS LEDLED luminairesHPSluminaires diffusing luminairesluminaires diffusing withwithglobes withwith globes shieldedshielded shielded(shieldedstreet (street streetstreet optics optics and and safety safety glass glass were were propos proposed edin placein place of theof the HPS HPS diffusing diffusing globes globes (street (street lightingstreetstreetlighting optics system optics system and), andwhile ),safety while safety LED glass LED glass floodlights were floodlights were propos propos with withed asymmetr edin asymmetr inplace place icof light oftheic thelight HPS distribution HPS distribution diffusing diffusing (mounted globes (mounted globes (street par- (street par- lightinglighting system system), while), while LED LED floodlights floodlights with with asymmetr asymmetric lightic light distribution distribution (mounted (mounted par- par- allellightinglightinglightinglightingallel to thesystemtosystem system systemthesquare ),),square whilewhile),), surface)whilewhile surface)LEDLED LEDLED werefloodlightsfloodlights floodlightsfloodlightswere propos propos withwithed withwith toed asymmetrasymmetr substitute toasymmetrasymmetr substituteicic thelightlighticic lightlight theMH distributiondistribution MH distributiondistributionfloodlights floodlights (mounted(mounted ((mounted(mountedsquare (square light- par-par- light-par-par- allelallel to theto the square square surface) surface) were were propos proposed edto substituteto substitute the the MH MH floodlights floodlights (square (square light- light- ingallelallel).ing to). to the the square square surface) surface) were were propos proposed edto tosubstitute substitute the the MH MH floodlights floodlights (square (square light- light- inging). ). inginginging).). Furthermore,).). Furthermore, the theretrofit retrofit proposal proposal includ included aed step a step dimming dimming during during night-time: night-time: the the Furthermore,Furthermore, the the retrofit retrofit proposal proposal includ included eda step a step dimming dimming during during night-time: night-time: the the streetstreetFurthermore, lightingFurthermore, lighting system system the and the retrofit and the retrofit thesquare proposal square proposal lighting lighting includ systeminclud systemed ed willa step awill bestep dimming keptbe dimming kept full full power during powerduring from night-time: from night-time: the theswitch- switch- the the streetstreet lighting lighting system system and and the the square square lighting lighting system system will will be keptbe kept full full power power from from the the switch- switch- ing-onstreetstreeting-on lighting to lighting 10 to p.m.10 system p.m.system and andand 30% andand thethe30% dimming thethe square dimming square lighting (70% lighting (70% of system no ofsystemminal no willwillminal willwill light bebe light bebekeptkept flux) keptkept flux) fullfull from fullfull powerpower from powerpower10 p.m.10 fromfrom p.m. fromfrom until thethe until thethe switch-switch- switch- switch-switch- ing-oning-on to 10 to p.m.10 p.m. and and 30% 30% dimming dimming (70% (70% of noof minalnominal light light flux) flux) from from 10 p.m.10 p.m. until until switch- switch- off.ing-oning-oning-oning-onoff. Instead, toInstead,to 10to10to 1010p.m.thep.m. p.m. p.m. thearchitectural andand architectural andand 30%30% 30%30% dimmingdimming lighting dimmingdimming lighting (70%(70%system (70%(70% system ofof (not noofnoof (notminalnono objectminal object light of light substituti offlux) substitutiflux) from fromon) 10on) will 10p.m. willp.m. be until keptbe until keptswitch- at switch- full at full off.off. Instead, Instead, the the architectural architectural lighting lighting system system (not (not object object of substitutiof substitution)on) will will be keptbe kept at fullat full poweroff.off.power Instead, Instead,and and switched-off the switched-offthe architectural architectural at midnight. at lighting midnight. lighting system system (not(not (not(not objectobject objectobject ofof ofsubstitutiofsubstituti substitutisubstitution)on) will will be bekept kept at fullat full powerpower and and switched-off switched-off at midnight. at midnight. powerpower and and switched-off switched-off at midnight.at midnight. TableTable 2. Ex-post 2. Ex-post lighting lighting luminaires. luminaires. TableTable 2. Ex-post 2. Ex-post lighting lighting luminaires. luminaires. TableTable 2. Ex-post 2. Ex-post lighting lighting luminaires. luminaires. N. ofN. of LuminaireLuminaire PhotometricPhotometric LampLamp LuminousLuminous CCTCCT DescriptionDescription N. ofN. of LuminaireLuminaire PhotometricPhotometric LampLamp PowerPower [W] [W] LuminousLuminous CCTCCT DescriptionDescription LuminairesN.Luminaires N.of of LuminaireImageLuminaireImage PhotometricDiagramPhotometricDiagram TypologyLampTypologyLamp Power Power [W] [W] LuminousFluxLuminousFlux [lm] [lm] CCT[K]CCT [K] DescriptionDescription LuminairesLuminaires ImageImage DiagramDiagram TypologyTypology Power Power [W] [W] FluxFlux [lm] [lm] [K] [K] LuminairesLuminaires ImageImageImageImage DiagramDiagram TypologyTypology FluxFlux [lm] [lm] [K][K][K][K]

Energies 2021, 14, 509 8 of 25 EnergiesEnergies 2021 2021, 14,, x14 FOR, x FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 8 of 826 of 26

EnergiesEnergies 2021 2021, 14,, x14 FOR, x FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 8 of8 26 of 26

EnergiesEnergies 2021 2021, 14,,, 14x FOR,, xx FORFOR PEER PEERPEER REVIEW REVIEWREVIEW 8 of8 26of 26 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW Table 2. Ex-post lighting luminaires. 8 of 26 Energies Energies 2021 2021, 14, ,14 x ,FOR x FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 8 of8 of26 26

N. of Luminaire Photometric Lamp Luminous CCT Description Power [W] 228Luminaires 228 Image Diagram TypologyLEDLED 21 W 21 W 2500Flux 2500 lm [lm] lm 3000[K] 3000 K K 228228 LEDLED 21 W 21 W 2500 2500 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 228228 LEDLED 21 21W W 2500 2500 lm lm 3000 3000 K K StreetStreet lighting lighting 228 LED 21 W 2500 lm 3000 K 228 228 LEDLED 21 21 W W 2500 2500 lm Lm 3000 K StreetluminairesStreetluminaires lighting lighting 228 LED 21 W 2500 lm 3000 K

StreetluminairesStreetluminaires lighting lighting StreetStreet lighting lighting Streetluminairesluminairesluminaires lighting 2 2 LEDLED 13 W 13 W 2000 2000 lm lm 3000 3000 K K luminairesluminairesStreetluminaires lighting luminairesluminaires 2 2 LEDLED 13 W 13 W 2000 2000 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 2 2 LEDLED 13 13W W 2000 2000 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 2 2 LEDLED 13 13 W W 2000 2000 lm Lm 3000 K 2 2 LEDLED 13 13W W 2000 2000 lm lm 3000 3000 K K

SquareSquare lighting lighting 10 10 LEDLED 58 W 58 W 10,000 10,000 lm lm 3000 3000 K K SquareluminairesSquareluminaires lighting lighting 10 10 LEDLED 58 W 58 W 10,000 10,000 lm lm 3000 3000 K K SquareSquare lighting lighting SquareluminairesSquareSquareluminaires lighting lightinglighting Square lighting 10 1010 LEDLEDLED 58 58 58W W W 10,000 10,000 10,000 lm Lm lm 3000 3000 K K SquareSquareluminairesluminairesluminairesluminaires lighting lighting 10 LED 58 W 10,000 lm 3000 K luminaires 1010 LEDLED 58 58W W 10,000 10,000 lm lm 3000 3000 K K luminaires luminaires

3 3 F F 85 W 85 W 1750 1750 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 3 3 F F 85 W 85 W 1750 1750 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 3 3 3 FF F 85 85 85W W W 1750 1750 1750 lm Lm lm 3000 3000 K K 3 F 85 W 1750 lm 3000 K 3 3 F F 85 85W W 1750 1750 lm lm 3000 3000 K K

ArchitecturalArchitectural 150 150W 1 W 1 13,50013,500 lm lm lightingArchitecturallightingArchitectural lumi- lumi- 8 8 MHMH 30003000 K K Architectural 1 1 1 lightingArchitecturalArchitecturallightingnairesnaires lumi- lumi- 150230150150 W230W W W W 25,00013,50013,50013,50025,000 lm Lm lm lightingArchitectural luminaires 8 8 8 MHMHMH 1 1 30003000 K K 150230230150 W230 W W W1 W 1 13,50025,00025,00013,50025,000 lm Lm lmlm NOTlightingArchitecturalNOTNOTArchitecturallightinglighting REPLACEDnaires REPLACED REPLACEDnaires lumi- lumi-lumi- 8 8 MHMH 150 W 1 13,500 lm 30003000 K K lighting lumi- 8 8 MHMH 1 30003000 K K lightingNOTnaires nairesREPLACED lumi- 8 MH 150230150230 WW W W 1 25,00013,50013,50025,000 lm lm lm 3000 K NOTlighting REPLACEDnairesnaires lumi- 8 8 MHMH 230 W 25,000 lm 30003000 K K naires 230 W 25,000 lm NOTNOT REPLACEDnaires nairesREPLACED 230 W 25,000 lm NOT REPLACED NOTNOT REPLACED REPLACED 8 8 8 MHMHMH 83 83 W 83 W W 2500 2500 2500 lm Lm lm 3000 3000 K K 8 8 MHMH 83 W 83 W 2500 2500 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 8 8 MHMH 83 83W W 2500 2500 lm lm 3000 3000 K K 8 MH 83 W 2500 lm 3000 K 1 8 MH 83 W 2500 lm 3000 K 1 6 lamps1 with an absorbed8 power of 150 W and a luminous flux of 13,500 Lm and 2MH lamps with an 83 absorbed W power 2500 of lm 230 W and 3000 a K 6 lamps 6 lamps with with an absorbedan absorbed power power of 150 of 150W and W and a luminous a luminous flux fl ofux 13,500 of 13,500 lm andlm and 2 lamps 2 lamps with with an absorbedan absorbed power power of 230 of 230 luminous flux of 25,000 Lm. W1 and1 a luminous flux of 25,000 lm. 6 lampsW 6 andlamps with a luminous with an absorbedan absorbed flux of power 25,000 power of lm. 150 of 150 W andW and a luminous a luminous flux fl ofux 13,500 of 13,500 lm andlm and 2 lamps 2 lamps with with an absorbedan absorbed power power of 230 of 230 1 1 1W 6 1andlampsW 66 lampslampsand a luminous with a luminouswithwith an ananabsorbed flux absorbedabsorbed flux of 25,000 of power 25,000 powerpower lm. of lm. 150ofof 150150 W WWand andand a luminous aa luminousluminous flux flfl uxof 13,500of 13,500 lm lmand and 2 lamps 2 lamps with with an anabsorbed absorbed power power of 230of 230 1 66 lampslamps withwith anan absorbedabsorbed powerpower ofof 150150 WW andand aa luminousluminous flflux of 13,500 lm and 2 lamps with an absorbed power of 230 W1 61 Wandlamps and a luminous witha luminous an absorbed flux flux of 25,000of 3.power 25,000 Methods Thelm. of lm. The 150retrofit retrofitW and proposal a proposalluminous for forflMontepescaliux Montepescali of 13,500 lm was and was designed 2 lamps designed with by anbya lighting absorbeda lighting design power design studioof 230studio but but W and 6 lamps a luminous with an flux absorbed of 25,000 power lm. of 150 W and a luminous flux of 13,500 lm and 2 lamps with an absorbed power of 230 WW and and a luminousa luminous flux flux of of25,000has 25,000has not InThelm. lm.not The thisyet retrofit yet beenretrofit section, been proposalcarried proposalcarried the out. methodological for out. Therefore, forMontepescali Therefore,Montepescali in approach thein was the presentwas designed present designed adopted study study by thebya for lighting the acomparison evaluatinglighting comparison design design thebetween studio between impacts studio butex- butex- TheThe retrofit retrofit proposal proposal for for Montepescali Montepescali was was designed designed by by a lighting a lighting design design studio studio but but anteofhas thehasante not Theand renovationnotThe andyet retrofitex-post yet beenretrofit ex-post been proposalcarriedlighting of proposal carriedlighting the out. lightingconditions for out. conditionsfor Therefore,Montepescali Therefore,Montepescali system was wasin isperformed thein presented. wasperformed the waspresent designed present designed by study Themeansby study bymeans comparison by thea oflighting athe comparison simulations.lightingof comparison simulations. design between design between studio between studio ex-ante butex- but ex- hashas notThe not yet retrofit yet been been proposalcarried carried out. for out. Therefore, Montepescali Therefore, in inthe was the present designedpresent study study by thea lightingthe comparison comparison design between studiobetween butex- ex- (currenthasantehasante not and notThe andyet conditions)ex-post yet retrofitbeen ex-post been carriedlighting proposalcarried lighting and out. ex-postconditions out. for conditionsTherefore, Therefore,Montepescali (proposed was wasin performed inthe lightingperformed the waspresent present designed by plan) study bymeans study conditionsmeans bythe ofthea comparison lighting simulations.of comparison simulations. was design made between between throughstudio ex- but ex- 3.antehas Methodsante3. not andMethods and yet ex-post ex-postbeen carriedlighting lighting out. conditions conditions Therefore, was was in performed the performed present by studyby means means the of comparisonofsimulations. simulations. between ex- antesimulations.hasante and not and ex-post yet ex-post Abeen 3D lighting modelcarriedlighting conditions ofout. conditions the Therefore, settlement was was performed in withperformed the present the ex-anteby by means study means lighting ofthe ofsimulations. comparison simulations. system was between initially ex- created.3.ante anteMethods3. InandMethods andthisIn Then ex-post this ex-post section, the section, lighting model lighting the the methodological was conditions methodologicalconditions calibrated was was by approach performed comparing performedapproach adopted by theadopted by means resultsmeans for offorevaluating of ofsimulations. evaluating thesimulations. lighting the the simulationimpacts impacts of of 3. Methods3. Methods withthe3. Methods3.the renovation MethodsIn the renovation thisIn photometric this section, section,of theof thethe datalighting the methodologicallighting measured methodological system system in is field. pr isapproachesented. pr approach Theesented. calibrated Theadopted adoptedThe comparison comparison model for forevaluating was evaluating between used between the in ex-ante thethe impacts ex-ante studyimpacts (cur- toof(cur- of simulate3. 3.Methods MethodsIn Inthis the this section, ex-ante section, the and the methodological ex-post methodological lighting approach condition approach inadopted adopted order tofor assessfor evaluating evaluating the impact the the impacts of impacts the two of of rentthetherent renovation conditions)InIn renovation Inthisconditions)this this section,section, section, of and theof and thethetheex-post lighting the ex-postmethodologicalmethodologicallighting methodological (proposed system (proposed system is prlighting isapproachapproachesented. prlightingapproachesented. plan) adopted Theadoptedplan) adopted Theconditions comparison conditions comparison forfor for evaluatingevaluating wasevaluating between was made between made thethe through ex-antethe impactsimpacts throughex-ante impacts (cur-sim- of of(cur-sim- of thesolutionsthe renovationIn renovation this on section, the of photometric ofthe thethe lighting lightingmethodological and system system energy is pris performanceapproach esented.presented. Theadopted The as comparison well comparison for as evaluating on thebetween between nocturnal the ex-ante impactsex-ante image (cur- (cur- ofof theulations.rentthetherentulations. renovationrenovation conditions) renovationIn conditions) Athis 3D A section, 3D modelofof and ofthethemodel and the ex-post lightinglighting ofthe lightingex-post theof methodological the settlement(proposed systemsystem settlement (proposedsystem isis withprprlightingis esented.pr withapproachlighting esented.the thplan)ex-antee The plan)ex-ante adoptedThe conditions comparison lighting conditionscomparison lighting for systemwasevaluating between systemwas madebetween wasmade was through ex-antetheinitially ex-antethrough initiallyimpacts (cur- sim-cre- (cur- sim- cre- of renttherent settlement.renovation conditions) conditions) of and the and ex-post lighting ex-post (proposed system (proposed is prlighting esented.lighting plan) plan)The conditions comparison conditions was betweenwas made made throughex-ante through (cur-sim- sim- rentated.ulations.therentulations.ated. conditions) Thenrenovation conditions) Then A the 3DA the 3Dmodel and of model and the ex-post ofwas ex-postlighting theofwas calibrated the settlement(proposed calibrated (proposed settlementsystem by iswithlighting bycompar prlightingwith comparesented. the th plan)ingex-antee plan) ingex-ante theThe conditions the resultslightingconditions comparison resultslighting of systemwas theof wassystem the betweenmadelighting madewaslighting wasthrough initially simulationthroughex-ante initially simulation sim- cre- (cur- sim- cre- ulations.rentulations. conditions) A 3DA 3D model and model ex-post of ofthe the settlement(proposed settlement withlighting with th eth plan)ex-antee ex-ante conditions lighting lighting systemwas system made was was through initially initially sim-cre- cre- ulations.withated.rentulations.ated.with theThen conditions) the Then photometricA the3DAphotometric 3Dthe model model modeland dataofwas ex-post ofthedatawas measuredcalibratedthe settlement measuredcalibrated settlement(proposed inby with field. inbycompar lightingwith field. compar th The eth ingex-anteThe e calibrated plan)ex-anteing the calibrated the resultsconditionslighting lightingresults model modelof system theof wassystem the lightingwas used made waslighting usedwas initiallyin throughsimulation initially thein simulation the study cre- studysim- cre- ated.3.1.ulations.ated. Identification Then Then A the3D the model ofmodel Significant ofwas wasthe calibrated settlement calibrated Observation by withby compar Points compar the ingex-anteing the the resultslighting results of system ofthe the lighting lightingwas initially simulation simulation cre- ated.towith ulations.ated.simulatewithto theThensimulate Thenthe photometric Athethephotometric 3Dthe the modelex-ante modelmodel ex-ante datawas and ofwasdata andthemeasuredcalibrated ex-post calibratedmeasured settlementex-post lighting inby lighting field.by incompar with field.compar condition The thcondition ingTheinge calibrated ex-anteing the thecalibrated inthe resultsresults orderin lightingresults ordermodel tomodelofof assessofthetothe systemwas theassess lightinglightingwas usedthelighting was usedthe impact in simulation simulationimpactinitially the insimulation the ofstudy thestudyof cre- the withated.with In theThen orderthe photometric photometricthe to model evaluate datawas data the measuredcalibrated measured night image inby infield. compar offield. the The TheThe site,ing calibrated calibratedthecalibrated some results significant model model modelof the was waswaslighting observation used usedused in simulation ininthe thethe points study studystudy withtwoto ated.withsimulatetotwo solutions thesimulate Thenthesolutions photometric photometricthe the onthe ex-ante modelon theex-ante the dataphotometric and data wasphotometric andmeasured ex-post calibratedmeasured ex-post and lighting in andlighting byinfield.energy field.comparenergy condition TheThe condition performanceThe calibratedcalibratedingperformance calibrated thein orderin results order modelmodelas modelto wellas ofassessto wellwas was the assessas was usedlightingusedontheas used onthe theimpact inin the impact nocturnalinthe thesimulation thenocturnal studyofstudy studytheof the tolocatedwith tosimulate simulatethe inside photometric the andthe ex-ante ex-ante outside data and and themeasured ex-post settlementex-post lighting in lighting field. were condition The selected.condition calibrated in Based inorder order model on to the toassess was assess information usedthe the impact in impact the collected ofstudy ofthe the toimagetwoto with tosimulatesimulatetwoimage solutionssimulate of thesolutions theof photometric the thethe settlement. theon ex-ante ex-antesettlement. onex-antethe the photometric andanddata photometric and ex-postex-post measured ex-post and lightinglighting andlighting inenergy field. energy conditioncondition condition Theperformance performance calibrated inin inorderorder order as model toto wellas toassessassess well assess aswas ontheasthe used the on theimpactimpact impactthe innocturnal thenocturnal ofof study ofthethe the twointo twosimulate the solutions preliminarysolutions the on ex-ante on the analysis the photometric and photometric ofex-post the caseand lighting and studyenergy energy condition (morphological, performance performance in order as perceptive, to aswell assess well as as onthe andon theimpact the functionalnocturnal nocturnal of the twoimagetwototwoimage simulatesolutionssolutions ofsolutions theof the settlement. the onon settlement. on ex-antethethe the photometricphotometric photometric and ex-post andand andlighting energyenergy energy condition performance performance in order as aswell to well assess as ason theon the theimpact nocturnal nocturnal of the 3.1.imageaspects),twoimage3.1. Identificationsolutions ofIdentification of twothe the settlement.external on settlement. of the Si ofgnificant photometricSi (E1 gnificantand Observation E2 Observation in and Figure energy Points4 )Points and performance one internal as (I1 well in Figureas on 4the) significant nocturnal imageimagetwoimage ofsolutionsof ofthethe the settlement.settlement. settlement. on the photometric and energy performance as well as on the nocturnal observation3.1.imageimage3.1. Identification ofIdentification of the the pointssettlement. settlement. of Si of weregnificant Significant selected. Observation Observation In particular, Points Points the E1 viewpoint was located on the 3.1.Highway3.1. Identification Identification 1 and the of Siof E2 gnificantSi viewpointgnificant Observation Observation in a neighbouring Points Points village. The internal viewpoint I1 was 3.1.3.1. Identification Identification of Siofgnificant Significant Observation Observation Points Points 3.1.3.1. Identification Identification of ofSi gnificantSignificant Observation Observation Points Points

Energies 2021, 14, 509 9 of 25

Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 26

Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEWlocated in the Cassero Square. Figures5 and6 show the diurnal and nocturnal photographs9 of 26 taken from the selected observation points.

Figure 4. Significant internal and external observation points. FigureFigure 4. 4.Significant Significant internal internal and and external external observation observation points. points.

(a) (b)

(a) (b)

(c) (d) Figure 5. (a) day and (b) night photographs taken from the external point of view E1. (c) day and (d) night photographs taken from the external point of view E2. (Credits: Francesca Floris). (c) (d)

Figure 5. (a) day and ( b) night photographs taken from th thee external point of view E1. ( c) day and ( d) night photographs takentaken from the external point of viewview E2. (Credits: Francesca Floris).

Energies 2021, 14, 509 10 of 25 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 26

(a) (b)

Figure 6. (a) day and (b) night photographs taken from thethe internalinternal pointpoint ofof viewview I1.I1. (Credits:(Credits: Francesca Floris).

3.2. Definition Definition of the 3D Model, Measurem Measurementent Campaing and Calibration of the Model A 3D 3D model model of of the the case case study study was was used used for for the the lighting lighting simulation simulation of both of both the ex-ante the ex- andante ex-post and ex-post condition, condition, carried carried out with out withthe software the software DIALux DIALux Evo Evo8.2 (DIAL 8.2 (DIAL GmbH, GmbH, Lü- denscheid,Lüdenscheid, Germany). Germany). Based Based on the on territorial the territorial and historical and historical analysis, analysis, a 3D model a 3D includ- model ingincluding a significative a significative portion portion of Montepascali of Montepascali village village was wascreated. created. The Themodelled modelled area area in- cludedincluded parts parts of both of both the theupper upper and andthe lower the lower plateau, plateau, incorporating incorporating the parts the of parts the village of the thatvillage are that visible are from visible the from selected the selected significan significantt observation observation points. points.Moreover, Moreover, the 3D themodel 3D includedmodel included all the different all the different types of types luminaires of luminaires.. In the 3D In model the 3D the model surfaces the surfaces were charac- were terizedcharacterized by attributing by attributing the corresponding the corresponding reflection reflection factors factors that thatwere were defined defined through through an in-fieldan in-field survey. survey. In order to analyse the settlement image during night-time and to calibrate the model for the lighting lighting simulations, simulations, an an in in situ situ me measurementasurement campaign campaign was was conducted. conducted. The The meas- mea- urementsurement campaign campaign was was aimed aimed measuring measuring the the luminance luminance of the of the settlement’s settlement’s parts parts that that are perceivedare perceived from from the theselected selected internal internal and andexternal external points points of view. of view. Luminance Luminance is in is fact in factthe mostthe most representative representative photometric photometric measurement measurement of the of brightness the brightness perceived perceived when whenan object an orobject a set or of a illuminated set of illuminated objects are objects observed are observed [37]. The [ 37in]. situ The measurement in situ measurement campaign cam-was conductedpaign was conductedby one of the by oneauthors of the during authors the during month theof September month of September 2019. In this 2019. study, In this an “LMKstudy, anMobile” “LMK videophotometer Mobile” videophotometer (TechnoTea (TechnoTeamm Bildverarbeitung Bildverarbeitung GmbH, GmbH, Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Ger- many)Germany) based based on a on EOS a EOS digital digital camera camera (Canon (Canon Inc., Inc., Ōta,Ota, ¯Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan) Japan) positioned positioned at eye at leveleye level on a ontripod a tripod was wasused usedto capture to capture the lu theminance luminance distribution distribution of the of considered the considered areas fromareas the from different the different points pointsof view. of During view.During the measurement the measurement campaign, campaign, the valid the calibra- valid tioncalibration ranges rangesof the instrument of the instrument were respected. were respected. All images All were images captured were captured in RAW informat. RAW Differentformat. Different kinds of kindscamera of lens camera (focal lens length (focal fr lengthom 17 to from 50 mm 17 to and 50 mmfrom and 70 mm from to 70 200 mm mm) to were200 mm) used were in order used to in take order images to take of images the entire of the settlement entire settlement and detailed and detailedimages of images selected of areasselected or areasrelevant or relevant buildings. buildings. The associated The associated TechnoTeam TechnoTeam “LMK “LMK LabSoft” LabSoft” software software was wasused used to elaborate to elaborate the captured the captured images. images. Resu Resultslts were were expressed expressed as false as false colour colour images. images. For the model calibration, the luminance valuesvalues measured in-situ were comparedcompared with those obtained from the ex-anteex-ante lightinglighting simulation.simulation. The calibration was done by comparing the measured luminance values and the simulated ones from both the external (Figure 77)) andand internalinternal (Figure(Figure8 )8) observation observation points. points. Several Several elementary elementary surfaces surfaces of of the the building façades with greater visibility from the viewpoints werewere selectedselected forfor thethe compari-compar- ison.son. ForFor eacheach elementaryelementary building’s surface, the average luminance value was calculated, calculated, and the measured values were were compared compared with with the the simulated simulated ones ones (Tables (Tables 33 andand4 4).). Fur- Fur- thermore, the relative differences ((RD)RD) betweenbetween the ex-anteex-ante measuredmeasured luminanceluminance values and simulated ones were calculated. The RD, expressedexpressed as a percentage, is calculated as:as:   (−) 𝑅𝐷 = x xre f (1) RD = (1) xre f

Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 26

where xref, in this study, corresponds to the values of the ex-ante condition. For the model calibration x is the simulated luminance value and xref is the ex-ante measured luminance value. The RD values obtained for all viewpoints were below 8%, a value that is acceptable for this study. Energies 2021, 14, 509 11 of 25 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 26

wherewhere xxrefref, ,in in this this study, study, corresponds corresponds to to the the values values of of the the ex-ante ex-ante condition. condition. For For the the model model calibrationcalibration x x is is the the simula simulatedted luminance luminance value value and and xrefref isis the the ex-ante ex-ante measured measured luminance luminance value.value. The The RD RD values values obtained obtained for for all all viewpoints viewpoints were were below below 8%, 8%, a a value value that that is is acceptable acceptable forfor this this study. study.

(a) (b) Figure 7. Comparison of the measured and simulated average luminance values from the external viewpoint E1. (a) Measured luminance distribution; (b) simulation output.

Table 3. Comparison of the measured and simulated average luminance values from the external viewpoint E1. (1) Bell tower (2) residential building (3) residential building (4) Historic wall.

Lav (1) [cd/m2] Lav (2) [cd/m2] Lav (3) [cd/m2] Lav (4) [cd/m2] Ex-ante 1.26 0.65 0.61 0.78 (a) (b) Ex-post 1.25 0.70 0.65 0.77 RD FigureFigure− 7.0.79% 7. ComparisonComparison of of the the measured measured7.69% and and simulated simulated av averageerage6.56% luminance luminance values values from from−1.28% the the external external viewpoint E1. (a) Measured luminance distribution; (b) simulation output. viewpoint E1.(a) Measured luminance distribution; (b) simulation output. Table 3. Comparison of the measured and simulated average luminance values from the external viewpoint E1. (1) Bell tower (2) residential building (3) residential building (4) Historic wall.

Lav (1) [cd/m2] Lav (2) [cd/m2] Lav (3) [cd/m2] Lav (4) [cd/m2] Ex-ante 1.26 0.65 0.61 0.78 Ex-post 1.25 0.70 0.65 0.77 RD −0.79% 7.69% 6.56% −1.28%

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 8. 8. ComparisonComparison of of the the measured measured and and simulated simulated average average luminance luminance values values from from the the internal internal viewpoint I1. (a) Measured luminance distribution; (b) simulation output. viewpoint I1.(a) Measured luminance distribution; (b) simulation output.

TableTable 4. 3. ComparisonComparison of of the the measured measured and and simulated simulated average average luminanc luminancee values values from from the the internal external viewpointviewpoint I1E1. .(1) (1) building Bell tower façade. (2) residential building (3) residential building (4) Historic wall.

2 Ex-Ante 2 2 Ex-Post 2 Lav (1) [cd/m ]Lav (2) [cd/m ]Lav (3) [cd/m ]Lav (4) [cd/m ] Lav (1) [cd/m2] 5.32 5.72 (a) (b) Ex-anteRD 1.26 0.657.52% 0.61 0.78 Figure Ex-post8. Comparison of the 1.25measured and simulated 0.70 average luminance 0.65 values from the 0.77 internal RD −0.79% 7.69% 6.56% −1.28% 3.3.viewpoint Lighting I1. Simulations(a) Measured an luminanced Analysis distribution; of the Results (b) simulation output. The calibrated model was used to carry out the lighting simulations and results of TableTable 4. 4. ComparisonComparison of of the the measured measured and and simulated simulated average average luminanc luminancee values values from from the the internal internal the ex-ante and ex-post condition were compared. In order to simulate the lighting condi- viewpointviewpoint I1I1.. (1) (1) building building façade. façade. tion and to assess the lighting performance determined by the ex-ante lighting plants and the ex-post lighting design, an analysisEx-Ante ofEx-Ante the roads’ typologies and of Ex-Post the Ex-Post corresponding Lav (1) [cd/m2] 5.32 5.72 lighting Lclasses(1) [cd/m was performed.2] According 5.32to the Standard UNI 11248:2016 5.72 Road Light- RDav 7.52% ing—SelectionRD of lighting classes [38], the roads were organized 7.52% into categories based on their geometry and speed limit. The roads’ typologies and the corresponding road lighting 3.3. Lighting Simulations and Analysis of the Results 3.3. Lighting Simulations and Analysis of the Results The calibrated model was used to carry out the lighting simulations and results of The calibrated model was used to carry out the lighting simulations and results of the the ex-ante and ex-post condition were compared. In order to simulate the lighting condi- ex-ante and ex-post condition were compared. In order to simulate the lighting condition tion and to assess the lighting performance determined by the ex-ante lighting plants and and to assess the lighting performance determined by the ex-ante lighting plants and the the ex-post lighting design, an analysis of the roads’ typologies and of the corresponding ex-post lighting design, an analysis of the roads’ typologies and of the corresponding lighting classes was performed. According to the Standard UNI 11248:2016 Road Light- lighting classes was performed. According to the Standard UNI 11248:2016 Road Lighting— ing—Selection of lighting classes [38], the roads were organized into categories based on Selection of lighting classes [38], the roads were organized into categories based on their their geometry and speed limit. The roads’ typologies and the corresponding road lighting

Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 26

classes (defined according to the Standard) are shown in Figure 9. In particular, local ur- ban pedestrian roads were identified with the P1 lighting class and the secondary subur- ban road (50 km/h speed limit) was identified with the M3 lighting class. The ex-ante lighting classes were modified in the design phase conducted by the de- signers as a result of the risk analysis. The risk analysis, introduced by the Standard UNI 11248:2016 Road Lighting—Selection of lighting classes [38] is a mandatory phase in road lighting design. This involves the evaluation of the influence parameters in order to guar- antee maximum efficiency of the lighting systems contribution to the safety of road users, while reducing energy consumption, installation and management costs, environmental impact and light pollution. According to the Standard, the project lighting category is de- Energies 2021, 14, 509 fined by modifying the entrance lighting class (that depends on the type of road and12 of 25the analysed area before any improvement) according to the risk analysis [39]. In this case, based on the risk analysis, the project lighting classes (ex-post) were in- creased by one class with respect to the entrance lighting class (ex-ante), decreasing the geometrycorresponding and speed performance limit. The requirements. roads’ typologies The P1 andclass the was corresponding changed to P2 road and the lighting M3 to classes (defined according to the Standard) are shown in Figure9. In particular, local urban M4. The definition of the ex-post lighting classes allowed to establish the corresponding pedestrian roads were identified with the P1 lighting class and the secondary suburban lighting requirements, according to the Standard EN 13201-2:2015 Road lighting—Part 2: road (50 km/h speed limit) was identified with the M3 lighting class. Performance requirements [40].

Figure 9. Road lighting classes (ex-ante and ex-post). Figure 9. Road lighting classes (ex-ante and ex-post).

TheIn this ex-ante study, lighting a limited classes number were of modified road sections, in the which design were phase assumed conducted to be by repre- the designerssentative asof athe result totality of theof the risk road analysis. typologies The riskof Montepescali analysis, introduced village, were by the considered Standard in UNIthe 11248:2016analysis of Roadplants Lighting—Selection lighting performances of lighting and energy classes performances. [38] is a mandatory In particular, phase inthe roaddriveway lighting (M3 design. lighting This class) involves was characterized the evaluation by of two the influencetypes of road parameters sections: in section order toM- guaranteeS1 that was maximum a one-way efficiency street and of the lightingcarriage systemswas 4 m contributionwide, and section to the M-S2 safety that of roadwas a users,two-way while traffic reducing street energy and the consumption, carriage was installation6 m wide. Instead, and management pedestrian costs,roads environ-(P1 light- mentaling class) impact were and characterized light pollution. by three According types of to road the Standard, sections: thesection project P-S1 lighting 2.5 m wide; category sec- istion defined P-S2 by4 m modifying wide and thesection entrance P-S3 lighting8 m wide. class (that depends on the type of road and the analysedSubsequently area before the ex-ante any improvement) and ex-post accordingcondition were to the compared risk analysis and [39 results]. in terms of lightingIn this performances, case, based on energy the risk consumption analysis, the and project alteration lighting of the classes night image (ex-post) and were night increasedperception by were one class analysed. with respect Concerning to the the entrance lighting lighting performances, class (ex-ante), the main decreasing metrics the de- correspondingfined in the Standards performance as performance requirements. parameters The P1 class for street was changed lighting to systems P2 and were the M3 calcu- to M4.lated. The The definition energy performances of the ex-post and lighting the enviro classesnmental allowed impacts to establish generated the corresponding by the retrofit lightingproposal requirements, were evaluated according by comparing to the Standard the energy EN 13201-2:2015demand of the Road ex-ante lighting—Part and ex-post 2: Performance requirements [40]. In this study, a limited number of road sections, which were assumed to be represen- tative of the totality of the road typologies of Montepescali village, were considered in the analysis of plants lighting performances and energy performances. In particular, the driveway (M3 lighting class) was characterized by two types of road sections: section M-S1 that was a one-way street and the carriage was 4 m wide, and section M-S2 that was a two-way traffic street and the carriage was 6 m wide. Instead, pedestrian roads (P1 lighting class) were characterized by three types of road sections: section P-S1 2.5 m wide; section P-S2 4 m wide and section P-S3 8 m wide. Subsequently the ex-ante and ex-post condition were compared and results in terms of lighting performances, energy consumption and alteration of the night image and night perception were analysed. Concerning the lighting performances, the main metrics defined in the Standards as performance parameters for street lighting systems were calculated. Energies 2021, 14, 509 13 of 25

The energy performances and the environmental impacts generated by the retrofit proposal were evaluated by comparing the energy demand of the ex-ante and ex-post systems. Moreover, some energy indexed were calculated, as requested by the European and Italian Standards. In particular, the power density indicator (DP) and annual energy consumption indicator (DE), introduced by the Standard EN 13201-5:2015 [41] as energy performance indicators for road lighting, were calculated. These indicators may be used to compare the energy performance of different road lighting solutions and technologies for the same road lighting project. In particular, the power density indicator (DP) demonstrates the energy needed for a road lighting installation. The DP of a lighting installation in a given state of operation is the value of the system power divided by the value of the product of the surface area to be lit and the calculated maintained average illuminance value on this area. According to the Standard [41], the DP is calculated as:

P DP = n
(2) ∑i=1 Ei·Ai

−1 −2 where DP is the power density indicator [W·lx ·m ]; P is the system power of the lighting installation used to light the relevant areas [W]; Ei is the maintained average horizontal illuminance of the sub-area “i” [lx]; Ai is the size of the sub-area “i” lit by the lighting installation [m2] and n is the number of sub-areas to be lit. The annual energy consumption indicator (DE) determines the energy consumption dur- ing the year and is calculated as the total electrical energy consumed by a lighting installation day and night throughout a specific year in proportion to the total area to be illuminated by the lighting installation. According to the Standard [41], the DE is calculated as:

m
∑j=1 Pj·tj D = (3) E A

where DE is the annual energy consumption indicator for a road lighting installation −2 [Wh·m ]; Pj is the operational power associated with the j-th period of operation [W]; tj is the duration of j-th period of operation profile when the power Pj is consumed, over a year [h]; A is the size of the area lit by the same lighting arrangement [m2] and m is the number of periods with different operational power Pj. Moreover, the parameterized index of lighting system efficiency (IPEI) for both the current and LED installations was calculated, as defined in the Italian Minimum En- vironmental Criteria [42], to define the corresponding energy class. According to the Standard [42] the IPEI index is calculated as:

D IPEI = P (4) DPr where IPEI is the annual energy consumption indicator for a road lighting installation [-]; −1 −2 DP is the calculated power density indicator [W·lx ·m ] and is DPr is the reference power density indicator. The reference values are defined in the Italian Minimum Environmental Criteria [42], according to the road lighting class [W·lx−1·m−2]. Finally, the assessment of the nightscape was made by comparing the ex-ante and ex-post condition in terms of luminance values and luminance distributions on vertical sur- faces (building façades). In addition, the luminance contrasts from the selected significant observation points were calculated. The luminance contrast is calculated as [43]:

L − L C = t b (5) Lb

where C is the luminance contrast; Lb is the luminance of the background and Lt is the luminance of the target Energies 2021, 14, 509 14 of 25

4. Results In this section, results relative to the comparation between the ex-ante and ex-post lighting system, in terms of lighting performances, energy consumption and alteration of the night image and night perception are presented.

4.1. Lighting Performance For both the ex-ante and ex-post lighting systems, the lighting performances were calculated and compared to the requirements of the Standard EN 13201-2:2015 Road lighting—Part 2: Performance requirements [40], according to corresponding lighting classes. The lighting performances were evaluated considering the representative road areas (M-S1, M-S2 for driveways and P-S1, P-S2, P-S3 for pedestrian roads) and the main pedestrian square of Montepescali (Cassero square). The quantities calculated for the driveways (M-S1, M-S2) were: the average luminance (Lav), the overall uniformity (Uo), the Threshold Increment (TI) and the Edge Illuminance Ratio (EIR). Furthermore, the Relative Differences (RD) between the ex-ante and the ex-post performances were calculated. In particular, according to the definitions of the Standard [40]:

• The average luminance (Lav) is the average value of the luminance calculated on the roadway. • The overall uniformity (Uo) of the road surface luminance is the ratio between the minimum and the average value. • the Threshold Increment (TI) is the parameter which expresses the disability glare as percentage increase in luminance contrast threshold (between object and background) that is required to make it visible in presence of disability glare generated by road lighting luminaires. • the Edge Illuminance Ratio (EIR) is the ratio between the average horizontal illumi- nance on a strip nearby the carriageway and the average horizontal illuminance inside the carriageway, on a strip that have the width of one driving lane. The results for the selected driveway areas are reported in Table5.

Table 5. Lighting performances of the ex-ante and ex-post installations for the representative drive- way areas.

2 Lav [cd/m ] Uo TI EIR Standard Requirement 1 >0.75 >0.40 <15% >0.30 Ex-ante 0.43 0.40 74% 0.70 M-S1 Ex-post 0.88 0.54 12% 0.39 RD +52% +26% −83% −45% Ex-ante 0.68 0.30 96% 0.56 M-S2 Ex-post 1.16 0.46 13% 0.37 RD +42 +35% −87% −34% 1 EN 13201-2:2016 Standard (M4 class).

The quantities calculated for the three characteristic portions of the pedestrian streets (P-S1, P-S2, P-S3) and for the pedestrian Cassero square were: average illuminance (Eav), minimum illuminance (Emin), minimum semi-cylindrical illuminance (Esc,min) and the minimum vertical illuminance (Ev,min). Furthermore, the Relative Differences (RD) between the ex-ante performance and ex-post performance were calculated. In particular, according to the definitions of the Standard [40]:

• The average illuminance (Eav) is the horizontal illuminance averaged over a road area. • The minimum illuminance (Emin) is the lowest illuminance on a road area. • The minimum semi-cylindrical illuminance (Esc,min) in a plane above a road area is the lowest semi-cylindrical illuminance on a plane at a specified height (in this case 1.50 m) above a road area. Energies 2021, 14, 509 15 of 25

• The minimum vertical illuminance (Ev,min) on a plane above a road area is the lowest vertical plane illuminance on a plane at a specified height (in this case 1.50 m) above the road area. The results for the selected pedestrian areas are reported in Table6 (pedestrian streets) and in Table7 (Cassero square).

Table 6. Lighting performances of the ex-ante and ex-post installations for the pedestrian sections.

Eav [lx] Emin [lx] Esc, min [lx] Ev, min [lx] 1 Standard Requirement 10 < Eav < 15 >2 >2 >3 Ex-ante 6.19 3.57 1.25 1.71 P-S1 Ex-post 14.26 8.53 1.42 0.70 RD +56% +58% +11% −59% Ex-ante 5.70 3.24 1.37 1.67 P-S2 Ex-post 13.70 8.70 1.80 1.72 RD +58% +62% +23% +2% Ex-ante 4.36 2.00 1.37 1.44 P-S3 Ex-post 10.41 3.60 0.95 1.09 RD +58% +44% −30% −24% 1 EN 13201-2:2016 Standard (P2 class).

Table 7. Lighting performances of the ex-ante and ex-post installations for the pedestrian square area (Cassero square).

Eav [lx] Emin [lx] Esc, min [lx] Ev, min [lx] 1 Standard Requirement 10 < Eav < 15 >2 >2 >3 Ex-ante 94.35 60.89 11.41 4.77 P-S4 Ex-post 96.95 90.03 46.85 30.10 RD +3% +33% +76% +75% 1 EN 13201-2:2016 Standard (P2 class).

4.2. Energy Performance The energy analyses allowed evaluation of the annual energy savings and the en- vironmental impacts generated by the retrofit proposal. The evaluation of the energy performance was performed by considering the total absorbed power due to lamps, bal- lasts, and grid losses, and the equivalent hours of use. The equivalent hours of use resulted from the step dimming program planned for the new plants: the street lighting system and the square lighting system was kept full power from the switching-on to 10 p.m. and dimmed to 70% from 10 p.m. until switch-off. The architectural lighting system (not object of the substitution scheme) was kept at full power and switched-off at midnight. In Table8 the input data for the energy analysis are reported.

Table 8. Total installed power and equivalent hours of use of the ex-ante and ex-post installations for the street lighting system and the square lighting system and for the architectural lighting system.

Street and Square Lighting Arch. Lighting Total Power [W] Equivalent Hours [h] Total Power [W] Equivalent Hours [h] Ex-ante 17,560 4200 2439 4200 Ex-post 6714 3351 2439 2100 RD −62% 0%

The energy demand of the ex-ante and ex-post systems were calculated. Two scenarios in particular were considered in the analysis. Initially the energy demand of the ex-ante and ex-post systems considering only the substitution of the luminaires, without the intro- duction of dimming strategies during night-time, was calculated (Table9). Subsequently, Energies 2021, 14, 509 16 of 25

the energy demand of the ex-ante and ex-post systems also considering the step-dimming scenario was calculated (Table 10).

Table 9. Energy demand of the ex-ante and ex-post installations considering only the substitution of luminaires.

Energy Demand (No Step-Dimming) [kWh] Street Lighting Square Lighting Arch. Lighting Total Ex-ante 81,448 7607 12,446 101,501 Ex-post 27,051 2558 10,756 38,475 RD −66.8% −66.4% −28.8% −62.1%

Table 10. Energy demand of the ex-ante and ex-post installations.

Energy Demands (with Step-Dimming) [kWh] Street Lighting Square Lighting Arch. Lighting Total Ex-ante 81,448 7607 12,446 101,501 Ex-post 21,583 2041 6223 29,847 RD −73.5% −73.2% −50% −70.6%

Moreover, the environmental impacts generated by the retrofit of the lighting system were calculated in terms of tons of oil equivalent (TOE) and tons of annual carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative differences (RD), corresponding to the energy savings, between the current system and the LED system were calculated and results are reported in Table 11.

Table 11. Tons of oil equivalent (TOE) and tons of annual carbon dioxide (CO2) of the ex-ante and ex-post installations.

TOE CO2 Ex-ante 18.98 32.88 Ex-post 5.58 9.67 RD −70% −70%

In order to assess the lighting installations energy performance, as defined by the Eu- ropean Standard EN 13201-5: 2015 Road lighting—Part 5: Energy performance indicators [41], the Power Density Indicator (DP) and Annual Energy Consumption Indicator (DE) were calculated for both the ex-ante and ex-post installations. Table 12 shows the calculated val- ues for the driveway’s areas (M-S1 and M-S2), Table 13 for the pedestrian areas (P-S1, P-S2 and P-S3) and Table 14 the pedestrian Cassero square area. Moreover, the Parameterized index of lighting system efficiency (IPEI) for both the current and LED installations was calculated, as defined in the Italian Minimum Environmental Criteria [42], to define the corresponding energy class.

Table 12. Energy performance indicators for ex-ante and ex-post installations of driveway areas.

DPr DP DE IPEI Energy Class Ex-ante 0.040 0.28 11.26 7.00 G M-S1 Ex-post 0.042 0.02 1.40 0.54 A3+ RD - −92% −88% −92% - Ex-ante 0.040 0.06 2.13 1.37 D M-S2 Ex-post 0.042 0.01 0.50 0.19 A6+ RD - −85% −77% −86% - Energies 2021, 14, 509 17 of 25

Table 13. Energy performance indicators for ex-ante and ex-post installations of pedestrian areas.

DPr DP DE IPEI Energy Class Ex-ante 0.048 0.53 21.13 11.04 G P-S1 Ex-post 0.051 0.04 2.63 0.86 B RD - −92% −88% −92% - Ex-ante 0.048 0.20 4.90 4.26 G P-S2 Ex-post 0.051 0.027 1.17 0.50 A3+ RD - −86% −76% −88% - Ex-ante 0.048 0.13 2.45 2.78 F P-S3 Ex-post 0.051 0.02 0.58 0.32 A5+ RD - −88% −76% −88% -

Table 14. Energy performance indicators for ex-ante and ex-post installations of the pedestrian square area (Cassero square).

DPr DP DE IPEI Energy Class Ex-ante 0.048 0.09 42.22 1.82 E P-S4 Ex-post 0.051 0.01 4.06 0.19 A6+ RD - −89% −90% −90% -

4.3. Visual Perception (Nightscape) In this study, in addition to the lighting and energy analysis, the ex-ante and ex-post lighting solutions were also evaluated for the nightscape they determine for external and internal observation points. The assessment of the nightscape of Montepescali was made through the calibrated model by comparing the ex-ante and ex-post condition in terms of luminance values, luminance distributions on vertical surfaces (building façades) and luminance contrasts from the selected external (E1 and E2) and internal (IM1) significant observation points. As previously reported, the calibrated model included parts of both the upper and the lower plateau, incorporating the parts of the village that are visible from the selected observation points. In the study, the luminance values of the vertical façades in large part or completely visible from the selected points of view were analysed, including both the main historical landmarks (identified in the preliminary territorial analysis) and the residential buildings. The luminance distribution on the visible buildings’ façades was evaluated and results relative to the ex-ante and ex-post conditions were compared. Figure 10 reports, for the observation point E1, the lighting condition (rendered image) and the luminance distribution (false colour image) obtained from the simulation for both the ex-ante and the ex-post installations. In this case, in particular, the visible portion of the lower plateau (residential buildings), the bell tower of the Santo Stefano and San Lorenzo Church and the Belvedere tower (historical landmarks) were analysed. Figure 11 shows the lighting condition (rendered image) and the luminance distribution (false colour image) from the E2 external point of view. In this case the visible façades of the upper plateau (residential buildings), the Cassero tower and the Belvedere tower (historical landmarks) were analysed. Figure 12 reports the lighting simulation results relative to the internal viewpoint I1 (Cassero Square). Energies 2021, 14, 509 18 of 25 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 26

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 10.Figure Observation 10. Observation point E1 (simulation point E1 performed (simulation using performed Dialux EVO using software): Dialux (a EVO) render software): of the ex-ante (a) render condition; of (b) false colour render of the ex-ante luminance distribution. In evidence the analysed vertical surfaces and the corre- spondingthe average ex-ante luminance condition; values; (b) false(c) render colour of the render ex-post of thecondition; ex-ante (d) luminance false colour distribution. render of the ex-post In evidence luminance the distribution.analysed In evidence vertical the surfaces analysed and vertical the corresponding surfaces, the corre averagesponding luminance average values;luminance (c) values render and of the the ex-postRelative Differencescondition; (RD) between (d) false the average colour luminance render of of the the ex-post ex-ante luminanceand the ex-post distribution. installations. In evidence the analysed vertical surfaces, the corresponding average luminance values and the Relative Differences (RD) Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEWTable 15. Observation point E1: (a) Bell tower, (b) Belvedere tower, (c) residential building, 19(d) of 26

between the averageresidential luminance building, of the (e) resident ex-anteial and building, the ex-post (f) Historic installations. wall.

Lav [cd/m2] (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) (d) (e) (f) Ex-ante 1.25 1.56 0.14 0.70 0.65 0.62 Ex-post 0.96 1.24 0.03 0.32 0.24 0.36 RD −23% −21% −79% −54% −63% −42% 1 Historic building illuminated by architectural lighting floodlights (not involved in the retrofit proposal).

Table 16. Observation point E1. Luminance contrasts.

Luminance Contrast [–] Bell Tower | Context Belvedere Tower | Context (a) Ex-ante 1.37 (b) 1.96 Ex-post 3.04 4.22

(c) (d)

Figure 11.Figure Observation 11. Observation point E2 (simulation point E2 performed (simulation using performed Dialux EVO using software): Dialux (a EVO) render software): of the ex-ante (a) render condition; of (b) falsethe colour ex-ante render condition; of the ex-ante (b) false luminance colour distribution. render of the In evidence ex-ante luminancethe analysed distribution. vertical surfaces Inevidence and the corre- the spondinganalysed average verticalluminance surfaces values; and(c) render the corresponding of the ex-post condition; average luminance(d) false colour values; render (c) of render the ex-post of the luminance ex-post distribution. In evidence the analysed vertical surfaces, the corresponding average luminance values and the Relative Differencescondition; (RD) between (d) false the average colour renderluminance of of the the ex-post ex-ante luminanceand the ex-post distribution. installations. In evidence the analysed vertical surfaces, the corresponding average luminance values and the Relative Differences (RD) between the averageTable luminance 17. Observation of the point ex-ante E2: (a) and Cassero the ex-post tower, (b) installations. Belvedere tower, (c) residential building, (d) residential building, (e) residential building, (f) Historic wall.

Lav [cd/m2] (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Ex-ante 1.47 1.56 0.30 0.64 0.40 0.68 0.62 Ex-post 1.41 1.24 0.09 0.21 0.09 0.29 0.36 RD −4% −21% −70% −67% −78% −57% −42% 1 Historic building illuminated by architectural lighting floodlights (not involved in the retrofit proposal).

Table 18. Observation point E2. Luminance contrasts.

Luminance Contrast [–] Cassero Tower | Context Belvedere Tower | Context Ex-ante 1.78 1.95 Ex-post 5.78 4.96

Energies 2021, 14, 509 19 of 25 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 26

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 12.Figure Observation 12. Observation point I1 (simulation point I1 (simulation performed using performed Dialux usingEVO software): Dialux EVO (a) render software): of the (a ex-ante) render condition; of (b) false colour render of the ex-ante luminance distribution. In evidence the analysed vertical surfaces and the corre- the ex-ante condition; (b) false colour render of the ex-ante luminance distribution. In evidence the sponding average luminance values; (c) render of the ex-post condition; (d) false colour render of the ex-post luminance distribution.analysed In evidence vertical the surfaces analysed and vertical the corresponding surfaces, the averagecorresponding luminance average values; luminance (c) render values of the and ex-post the Relative Differencescondition; (RD) between (d) false the colour average render luminance of the of ex-postthe ex-ante luminance and the ex-post distribution. installations. In evidence the analysed vertical surfaces, the corresponding average luminance values and the Relative Differences (RD) between the averageTable luminance 19. Observation of the ex-antepoint I1: and (a) Cassero the ex-post Façade, installations. (b) Cassero tower, (c) residential building, (d) horizontal floor.

For each observation point, the average luminance values (LavLav) [cd/m of the2] vertical surfaces corresponding to the façades of the visible building(a) 1 or monuments(b) 1 were calculated.(c) Further- (d) more, the RD between theEx-ante average luminance4.95 of the ex-ante4.88 and the ex-post6.08 installations 5.92 were calculated (Tables 15Ex-post–19). 5.09 4.81 9.46 5.97 RD 3% −1% 56% 1% Table 15. Observation1 Historic point building E1: (a) illuminated Bell tower, by (b)architectural Belvedere lig tower,hting floodlights (c) residential (not involved building, in the (d) retrofit proposal). residential building, (e) residential building, (f) Historic wall.

Table 20. Observation point I1. Luminance contrasts.2 Lav [cd/m ] (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) (d) Luminance Contrast (e) [–] (f) Cassero Tower | Cassero Façade Cassero Tower | Façade (c) Ex-ante 1.25 1.56 0.14 0.70 0.65 0.62 Ex-ante −0.01 −0.20 Ex-post 0.96 1.24 0.03 0.32 0.24 0.36 Ex-post −0.06 −0.49 RD −23% −21% −79% −54% −63% −42% 1 Historic building illuminated5. Discussion by architectural lighting floodlights (not involved in the retrofit proposal). This study was aimed at assessing the impact of different lighting systems and con- Table 16. Observation point E1. Luminance contrasts. trol systems on the photometric and energy performances and on the nocturnal image of a small settlement located in a landscapeLuminance context. Contrast In [–]the paper, data and results relating to the case study of Montepescali were reported. Comparable results were obtained from an analogous studyBell Tower conducted | Context by the same Belvedereauthors on Tower the neighbouring | Context village of Ex-anteBatignano. 1.37 1.96 Ex-post 3.04 4.22

Energies 2021, 14, 509 20 of 25

Table 17. Observation point E2: (a) Cassero tower, (b) Belvedere tower, (c) residential building, (d) residential building, (e) residential building, (f) Historic wall.

2 Lav [cd/m ] (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Ex-ante 1.47 1.56 0.30 0.64 0.40 0.68 0.62 Ex-post 1.41 1.24 0.09 0.21 0.09 0.29 0.36 RD −4% −21% −70% −67% −78% −57% −42% 1 Historic building illuminated by architectural lighting floodlights (not involved in the retrofit proposal).

Table 18. Observation point E2. Luminance contrasts.

Luminance Contrast [–] Cassero Tower | Context Belvedere Tower | Context Ex-ante 1.78 1.95 Ex-post 5.78 4.96

Table 19. Observation point I1: (a) Cassero Façade, (b) Cassero tower, (c) residential building, (d) horizontal floor.

2 Lav [cd/m ] (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) (d) Ex-ante 4.95 4.88 6.08 5.92 Ex-post 5.09 4.81 9.46 5.97 RD 3% −1% 56% 1% 1 Historic building illuminated by architectural lighting floodlights (not involved in the retrofit proposal).

Finally, for both ex-ante and ex-post solutions, luminance contrasts were calculated in order to quantify the visibility of a target relative to its immediate background. In this study the luminance contrasts between the average luminance values (Lav,t) of the main historical buildings that characterizes the village skyline (identified in the preliminary multidisciplinary analysis) and the average luminance values (Lav,b) of the background built context (residential buildings) were calculated. The calculated luminance contrasts are reported in the Tables 16–20.

Table 20. Observation point I1. Luminance contrasts.

Luminance Contrast [–] Cassero Tower | Cassero Façade Cassero Tower | Façade (c) Ex-ante −0.01 −0.20 Ex-post −0.06 −0.49

5. Discussion This study was aimed at assessing the impact of different lighting systems and control systems on the photometric and energy performances and on the nocturnal image of a small settlement located in a landscape context. In the paper, data and results relating to the case study of Montepescali were reported. Comparable results were obtained from an analogous study conducted by the same authors on the neighbouring village of Batignano. As expected from the analysis of the literature, results confirmed the effectiveness of the retrofit proposal in terms of lighting and energy performances. In particular, the presented study showed that, even in the case of intervention in a small village, significant improvements in terms of lighting and energy performances could be achieved. Concerning lighting performances, results confirmed the effectiveness of the diffusing globes retrofit with LED luminaires equipped with asymmetric optical systems. In fact, the Energies 2021, 14, 509 21 of 25

analysis of the ex-ante lighting system showed that, in the driveway areas, the lighting per- formances did not comply with the Standard requirements in terms of average luminance values and threshold increment (TI) (due to the uncontrolled emission of luminous flux of the existing luminaires). The simulation of the ex-post solution showed that the average luminance values were increased by more than 42%, and the minimum requirement im- posed by the Standard reference was respected. Moreover, the threshold increment (TI) was drastically reduced by more than 83%, solving the critical issue related to the disability glare. A different result was obtained for the pedestrian roads. The ex-post solution showed higher illuminance values on the horizontal surface with respect to the ex-ante condition, increasing the average illuminance values by more than 56% and respecting the Standard requirement. Instead, the semi-cylindrical and vertical illuminance values did not increase significantly in the ex-post solution and did not reach the Standard requirements. The reason for this result was that the new LED luminaires were characterized by high efficient optics, designed to decrease the dispersion of light flux towards the vertical surfaces. Also for energy performances the results were in agreement with previous studies and demonstrated the positive potential of a retrofit intervention in terms of energy savings. Indeed, the comparison of the energy demand of the ex-ante and ex-post systems and the analysis of the environmental impacts generated by the retrofit of the lighting system (in terms of tons of oil equivalent (TOE) and tons of annual carbon dioxide (CO2)) showed in both cases a reduction by more than 70%. Moreover, the calculation of energy performance indicators showed a significant potential of energy savings. On each analysed areas, the replacement of HPS lamps (70 W) with LED technologies (21 W) caused a reduction in the power density indicator (DP) greater than 85% and of the annual energy consumption indicator (DE) greater than 76%. Also the IPEI indexes of the different road areas were reduced significantly (relative differences between 86% and 92%) causing an improvement on the design energy classes. The results of the study highlighted that with only the substitution of traditional light- ing systems with LED luminaires, that is without the introduction of dimming strategies during night-time with further effects in the same direction, allows one to decrease the energy consumption of 62.1%. The introduction of lighting control systems, also in the case of a simple step-dimming program, could implement further total energy savings of 8.5% (from 62.1% to 70.6%). Within this frame, the introduction of an adaptive control system, as pursued in the smart cities approach, could further increase energy savings. Moreover, results demonstrate that the architectural lighting system, composed of metal halide lamps not replaced in the retrofit proposal, could also generate an energy savings of 50%. This result was only due to the efficiency of the power lines and the switch-off at midnight. In this paper, in addition to the lighting and energy analysis, the ex-ante and the ex-post lighting solutions were evaluated for the nightscape they determine. In fact, in literature the implications on the alteration of the night image and night perception were generally not taken into account. In the present study the variation on nightscape was investigated and quantified. The nightscape was evaluated through simulations, analysing the average luminance distributions on the building façades observed from one internal and two external observation points and calculating luminance contrasts. Results showed a remarkable difference between the simulation of the ex-ante and ex-post lighting systems concerning the visual perception of the urban context. From the external points of view, the simulation of the ex-post solution showed a reduction in buildings’ average luminance values and a different luminance distribution on vertical surfaces. A decrease between 41% and 79% of average luminance values was obtained on the façades of common residential buildings, while a lower decrease (between 4% and 23%) was calculated on the façades of historical buildings (i.e., the bell tower, the Belvedere tower, etc.). Different results for historical buildings and residential buildings emerged. In fact, the ambient lighting of the settlement in the ex-ante condition was the result of the diffusion of the light beam from street lighting luminaires. Instead, the historic buildings were enlightened by the dedicated architectural lighting system, not included in Energies 2021, 14, 509 22 of 25

the retrofit intervention, causing a lower alteration in their night perception. Moreover, the analysis of the luminance contrasts showed that the calculated luminance contrasts between the average luminance values of the historical buildings and the average luminance values of the visible parts of the surrounding residential buildings was higher in ex-post solution. In fact, the luminance contrasts increased respectively from 1.37 to 3.04 (bell tower) and from 1.96 and 4.22 (Belvedere tower) from the E1 point of view and from 1.78 to 5.78 (Cassero tower) and from 1.95 to 4.96 (Belvedere tower) from the E2 point of view. Also, in this case the reason was that the façades of the historic buildings, illuminated by the not replaced architectural lighting system, preserved high luminance values also in the retrofit solution. Instead, the replacement of the other lighting systems caused a significant decrease of the luminance values on the façades of the surrounding urban context, due to the more controlled light output of the new LED luminaires. As a general comment, a significant variation in the luminance values and luminance distributions comparing the ex-ante and ex-post conditions emerged. In fact, the current lighting systems emits light in almost all directions and, as a consequence, part of the light flux reaches also the vertical surfaces of the surrounding buildings. However, the unnecessary dispersion of light flux generates energy waste and light pollution. The substi- tution with LED luminaires with high efficient optics, allow to reduce energy consumption and to minimize obtrusive light and light pollution. However, the limitation of the lu- minous flux emitted towards the building façades, significantly modified the nocturnal image and the perception of the urban context. In fact, results showed that the nocturnal visibility of residential buildings was significantly reduced in the ex-post condition, and consequently the luminance contrasts between the historical landmarks and the urban context increased. Results demonstrated that this design strategy allow to increase the visibility of the landmark elements. However, the excessive reduction of the visibility of the urban context could define a lack in the overall perception of the settlements. As a consequence, at night, only some elements, considered to be the most important, would be perceived from external points of observation. Within this frame, another study conducted by the authors [44] investigated the subjective perception of the nightscape perceived from observation points located outside settlements in prominent position and characterised by high historical and heritage value. The study demonstrated that when during night-time large parts of a settlement are not illuminated, and therefore not recognizable, the sub- jective pleasantness of the perceived nightscape is low. On the other hand, the subjective pleasantness rises when the overall or larger parts of the settlement can be perceived. The same study demonstrated that also excessive luminance contrasts could again reduce the perceived pleasantness of the nightscape. Within this frame, innovative strategies could be directed towards creating and controlling specific nocturnal lighting scenarios, considering also the visual aspects of the nightscape as a design criteria. Different results were obtained in the analysis of the visual perception from the internal point of view. The replacement of existing luminaires (metal halide floodlights) with LED technologies in the Cassero square did not significantly change the existing visual perception. The reason is that the photometric diagrams of the current and new LED luminaires were similar and the installation in the upper part of the building façades allowed to homogenously illuminate the vertical surfaces in both ex-ante and ex-post conditions. In fact, the calculated luminance contrasts between the average luminance values of the vertical surfaces of the square were near-zero and without relevant differences between the ex-ante and ex-post conditions. As a comment, in this case the total absence of luminance contrasts could compromise the valorisation of the main buildings and the creation of a visual hierarchy able to enhance the architectures and their cultural values. From the simulation of a retrofit intervention of a lighting system it was possible to demonstrate that the replacement of existing luminaires with LED technologies could improve the energy efficiency and the lighting performances. On the other hand, it may remarkably influence the perception of the nocturnal image of the monuments and of the urban context. Within this frame, the absence of a design strategy able to connect the Energies 2021, 14, 509 23 of 25

different elements of the settlement in a coordinate system could compromise the overall perception of the settlements and of the context perceived from external points of view. On the other hand, the absence of a luminance hierarchy and an excessive uniformity could compromise the perception of the nocturnal image from internal observation points. For these reasons, in order to enhance the nightscape from both internal and external points, the introduction of new attentions and indications should be considered.

6. Conclusions The renewal of public lighting systems, replacing the existing luminaires with LED technologies, is a policy that many municipalities are adopting to reduce their expendi- ture budget, as well as to increase the city environmental sustainability. Moreover, the introduction of innovative and flexible systems could be a first step toward the smart cities approach. In fact, the renovation of public lighting systems may increase the energy effi- ciency, reduce the maintenance costs and the CO2 emissions, while improving the lighting performance. On the other hand, it may remarkably influence and alter the night image and night perception of the sites. In this paper the possible implications of the retrofit of public lighting systems in small villages characterized by prominent position, landscape context and widespread heritage are analysed. The current lighting condition, produced by traditional luminaires, and the lighting condition produced by a retrofit proposal with LED sources of a case study located in the Tuscany area of Maremma Grossetana are evaluated. The ex-ante and ex-post lighting solutions are compared through simulations. The effects in terms of lighting and energy performance are analysed, as well as the implications on the alteration of the nightscape, considering both internal and external significant observation points. Results confirm the positive effect that more sustainable and energy efficient lighting systems may have on the lighting performance and energy consumptions. On the other hand, a significant variation in the nightscape emerges, in particular considering the visual perception from external observation points. In fact, results demonstrate the high impact that retrofit interventions could have on the perceived visual image of a site. As a general comment, the need of introducing also the visual aspects as a design criteria of the nightscape emerged. Within this frame, future research will be devoted to defining new design indications. As an example, to allow a general perception of the settlement, design strategies based on the definition of a coordinated nocturnal image, considering both the main elements of the urban scene and the surrounding context should be developed. To this end, the definition of luminance hierarchies considering the entire settlement should be an effectiveness solution, as also recommended in [27]. Moreover, in order to avoid excessive luminance contrasts or, in contrast, an excessive uniformity in the perceived nocturnal image, design indications should be introduced in order to suggest specific range of luminance contrasts. In conclusion, the introduction of a new approach based on a systemic vision should be considered. The definition of new design indications should be the premises to re-think the public lighting of urban settlements with cultural heritage value and to enhance the nightscape from both internal and external observation points. The final goal should be the promotion of both energy saving policies (economic and environmental sustainability) and valorisation of places and landscapes, respecting the socio-cultural values of the sites.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.P.; methodology, L.V., A.P.; investigation, F.F.; data curation, L.V., F.F.; writing—original draft preparation, L.V., F.F.; writing—review and editing, L.V., A.P.; supervision, L.V, A.P.; project administration, A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the Studio Associato GMS (Milan) for the provided materials on the existing lighting systems and the new lighting plan for the municipality of Montepescali. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Energies 2021, 14, 509 24 of 25

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