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Remaking the Alaska-Yukon Borderlands: the North-West Mounted Police, the United States Army, and the Klondike Gold Rush

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Remaking the Alaska-Yukon Borderlands: the North-West Mounted Police, the United States Army, and the Klondike Gold Rush University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020-04-22 Remaking the Alaska-Yukon Borderlands: The North-West Mounted Police, the United States Army, and the Klondike Gold Rush Dumonceaux, Scott Drew Cassie Dumonceaux, S. D. C. (2020). Remaking the Alaska-Yukon Borderlands: The North-West Mounted Police, the United States Army, and the Klondike Gold Rush (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/111867 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Remaking the Alaska-Yukon Borderlands: The North-West Mounted Police, the United States Army, and the Klondike Gold Rush by Scott Drew Cassie Dumonceaux A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2020 © Scott Drew Cassie Dumonceaux 2020 Abstract Public and academic historians of the Klondike gold rush have long positioned the Alaska-Yukon border as an established fact, serving as a firm dividing line between perceived American lawlessness and Canadian order as thousands of miners rushed to the Yukon and Alaska from 1896-1899. A wider, regional analysis of the Alaska-Yukon borderlands, however, reveals that at the beginning of the gold rush, the border was little more than a line-on-a-map. When the North-West Mounted Police and the United States Army first arrived in the region in 1894 and 1897, the Alaska-Yukon borderlands was largely a borderless region, with miners, merchants, and transportation companies crossing the unmarked Alaska-Yukon border without interference. As thousands of miners began rushing to the region during the fall of 1897, the efforts of the Mounted Police and the U.S. Army to control the situation transformed the Alaska- Yukon borderlands from a borderless to a bordered region. This process of remaking the Alaska-Yukon borderlands involved establishing government control in Alaska and the Yukon, developing transportation routes that linked the region to the North American industrial economy, and clarifying the location of the Alaska- Yukon border. The U.S. Army and the Mounted Police gathered information about a constantly changing situation, cooperated and negotiated with local transportation companies, miners, merchants, Canadian and American customs officials, and each other, and formed different understandings of the situation on the ground than their respective governments. By the end of 1899, the remaking of the Alaska-Yukon borderlands had created two separate but connected territories and a functional Alaska-Yukon border that allowed people and supplies to move across the border and the police and the army to enforce national sovereignty - just as international negotiators met to discuss the boundary question for the first time. ii Acknowledgements Many people have provided their time, insights, and support during the researching and writing of this dissertation. My supervisor George Colpitts has always been excited about the project. He gave me the time and space to develop the project in the way I envisioned and put up with my overly optimistic estimates of productivity. I tell anyone who listens that I couldn’t ask for a better supervisor. The other members of my superiority committee, Elizabeth Jameson and Rob Huebert, provided valuable suggestions and encouragement throughout the researching and writing process. I’d also like to thank the other members of my examine committee, Sheila McManus, David B. Marshall, and Sabrina Peric, who stepped into the superiority committee at the last minute. The Department of History at the University of Calgary provided financial and academic support. Professors Frank Towers, Jewel Spangler, and Hendrik Kraay’s thoughtful suggestions during a presentation at a department colloquium were a great help. Our Graduate Program Administrators Lori Somner and Diane McInnes made sure I moved through the program smoothly. My graduate student colleagues Rebecca Ralph, Paula Larsson, and Chris Hyland have become close friends. Financial support for the many research trips I undertook for the project was provided by the University of Calgary Department of History, University of Calgary Faculty of Graduate Studies, and a Northern Scientific Training Program Grant. Finally, and most importantly, I want to thank my family. The love and support of my parents Adrien and Maureen Dumonceaux has been invaluable throughout the researching and writing of this project and my whole academic career. My brother Jeremy Dumonceaux is always available for a phone call about nothing in particular. I’d also like to thank Carl, Alex, Braxton, Kinsley, Arya, and Odin Dumonceaux, and particularly my nephew Braxton, who every time I see him asks if I’ve finished my “book.” His suggested title is “The Brave Explorers.” iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ......................................................................................................................v List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... vi Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 The Mounted Police and the Borderless Region, 1894 .....................................56 Chapter 2 The Mounted Police and the Alaska-Yukon Borderlands, 1895-1896 ...........100 Chapter 3 The Mounted Police and the Beginning of the Klondike Gold Rush, 1897 ....127 Chapter 4 The U.S. Army and the Beginning of the Klondike Gold Rush, 1897 ............186 Chapter 5 The Alaska Relief Expedition, 1897-1898 ......................................................224 Chapter 6 The Lynn Canal Border, 1898 .........................................................................270 Chapter 7 The Mounted Police and the Yukon Transportation System, 1898 ................318 Chapter 8 The U.S. Army and the 1898 Expeditions ......................................................360 Chapter 9 The Mounted Police and the White Pass and Yukon Route, 1899 .................404 Chapter 10 The U.S. Army and the Alaska-Yukon Borderlands, 1899 ...........................447 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................487 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................505 iv List of Figures Figure 1 Map of the Alaska-Yukon Borderlands ............................................................................ 5 Figure 2 Map of Miller and Glacier Creeks, 1896 ...................................................................... 120 Figure 3 Map of Chilkoot and White Pass Trails, Fall 1897 ...................................................... 148 Figure 4 Ray’s Notice ................................................................................................................. 210 Figure 5 Map of the Disputed Territory ...................................................................................... 277 Figure 6 Map of the Skagway to Lake Bennett and Lake Bennett to Dawson City Routes, 1898 ..................................................................................................................................... 326 Figure 7 Payments to Chilkoot Company, 1898 ......................................................................... 334 Figure 8 Goods Purchased for the Portland and Brixham. ......................................................... 346 Figure 9 Statement of Division of Expenditures, 14 April 1899 ................................................ 349 Figure 10 Map of the Region Explored by Expeditions 2 and 3 ................................................ 361 Figure 11 Map of Cook’s Inlet and Copper River, 1898 ............................................................ 374 Figure 12 Route of Glenn and Castner, 1898 ............................................................................. 394 Figure 13 Map of White Pass Railway, 1899 ............................................................................. 408 Figure 14 Call for Tenders, 16 February 1899 ........................................................................... 416 Figure 15 Mounted Police Call for Tenders, 1899 ..................................................................... 417 Figure 16 Map of the Lynn Canal Border, 1899 ......................................................................... 430 Figure 17 WPYR System, 1902 .................................................................................................
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