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Maps of All Gaul. Maps for Book 1. Maps for Book 2. Maps The Gallic War Book 3. Maps for Book 4. Maps for Book 5. Maps for Book 6. Maps for Book 7. All Gallic War Maps. AP Latin. Roman Customs relevant to the Gallic ethnography in Book 6. Sihler's Lexicon E. Caesar Links A small selection of links with good scholarly content. Latin Sight Reading Latin sight passages with some glosses of comparable difficulty to the Caesar selections. List of Caesarian Idiomsfrom Harper and Tolman. Caesar for Beginners The Helvetic War Breaks Caesar into very simple sentences, and one word or phrase or tense shift The Gallic War added at a time, so the learner reads with a huge amount of repetition. Thanks to Evan Millner for the link. Listen to Evan read this aloud here. You can move around and drill down to see exact locations and terrain, and each place is annotated with Latin terms Caesar uses to The Gallic War it, and information about what it is. Just click on the place marks. List of older school editions used in the creation of The Gallic War notes, with links to full scans on Google Books. Selections from the Gallic War. Caesar Links A small selection of links with good scholarly content Latin Sight Reading Latin sight passages with some glosses of comparable difficulty to the Caesar selections. Caesar's Gallic Wars. User account menu Log in. The Gallic War | Turtledove | Fandom

The Gallic War B. A conflict that began with an attempt to preserve stability on the borders of the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul soon turned into a war of conquest. Only after putting down three major Gallic revolts, the last and most famous being led by Vercingetorixcould Caesar claim to have pacified Gaul. Perhaps the most unusual feature of the Gallic War is that in Caesar's commentaries on the war we have a first hand account of all but the last year of the war, written at the time by the most important figure in that war. Inevitably this gives us something of a one-sided view of the war, although Caesar often reports his opponent's point of view and was willing to accept that his enemies often had honourable motives. It is also worth remembering that Caesar's officers, and many of his men, were literate. Caesar's commentaries will not have been the only source of information on the course of the war available in Rome, and so any blatant distortion of events would have been pointless. Caesar's work was aimed at his contemporaries, and so would have to have been convincing to them. The one area in which Caesar does appear The Gallic War have exaggerated was the size of the various armies that he opposed, but even then the exaggeration is limited compared to other ancient sources. Caesar described Gaul as being split into three sections. The north-east The Gallic War the country, above the Marne and the Seine was populated by the Belgae, the centre of the country was inhabited by people who called themselves Celts, but were called Gauls by the Romans and the area beyond the Garonne River was populated by the Aquitani. Each of these areas was inhabited by a large number of separate tribes, which were often at war with each other, and had developed a complex series of relationships. The Romans had been present in the south of France since B. Their new province was The Gallic War called Transalpine Gaul, to distinguish it from Cisalpine Gaul in northern Italy, but was often simply called 'The Province'. Julius Caesar, one of the Consuls for 59 B. In 59 B. Caesar was a middle-aged politician with no military reputation. His partners in the First Triumvirate, The Gallic War and Pompey, both had distinguished backgrounds — Crassus had defeated Spartacus and was fabulously wealthy, while The Gallic War had ended the Third Mithridatic War and conquered much of modern Turkey. Caesar was a popular politician, who had used unorthodox methods to get two land bills passed during this time as Consul, before arranging to be given a five year command in his new provinces. His conservative opponents in Rome were probably glad to see him removed from the city for such a long time, and had no reason to suspect that Caesar was about to reveal himself as The Gallic War of the greatest military commanders in Roman history. In the years before the Gallic War the most important of the Celtic tribes were the Aedui. The Aedui were friends and allies of the Roman people, and their tribal lands were The Gallic War west of the Saone and north of the Province. The Aedui's bitterest enemies before the Gallic War were their eastern neighbours, the Sequani, who occupied the eastern bank of the Saone. Caesar described the Belgae as being the most warlike inhabitants of Gaul, partly because they were furthest from the corrupting influences of civilisation and partly because they were constantly at war with their German neighbours. As with the rest of Gaul the Belgae were split into a number of tribes, with the Bellovaci, the Suessiones and the Nervii amongst the most important. They were coming under increasing pressure from The Gallic War Germans in the north and east, and felt trapped with their backs to the Alps. In around 61 B. This would not have been a peaceful migration — the west coast was after all populated by the Aquitani who would have resisted the invaders. Orgetorix didn't survive long enough to take part in the migration. He was plotting to seize power The Gallic War the Helvetii, but his plot was discovered and he committed suicide rather than face his trial. These plans were completely unacceptable to the The Gallic War. Although individual Roman politicians might hope for unrest and a chance to win military glory, as a whole the Republic much preferred to have stable friendly neighbours. A new Helvetian empire on the west coast of Gaul, created by conquest, would not be a stable neighbour. The Gallic War would also have threatened the Roman road that connected Italy The Gallic War their Spanish provinces. The migration itself would have The Gallic War endless chaos and disruption in Gaul, not least when the Helvetii reached their destination and attempted to overthrow the existing inhabitants of the area. There was also the problem of who would fill the gap left behind by the migration — the Romans certainly didn't want a Germanic The Gallic War to move into the newly empty space - there would have been nothing to stop Ariovistus expanding his kingdom south The Gallic War Switzerland. The situation in Gaul was complicated by the presence of Ariovistus, a German king who had crossed the Rhine at the invitation of the Sequani, to help them in their wars against the Aedui. His intervention came at the perfect moment. The Aedui requested help from their Roman allies, but in 62 B. In 61 B. Ariovistus defeated the Aedui at Admagetobriga. By then he had established his own The Gallic War, taking up to two thirds of the lands of the Sequani. It was probably always going to be only a matter of time before Ariovistus clashed with the Romans, who had a perfectly reasonable dread of Germanic hordes crossing the Rhine, having suffered a series of heavy defeats at the hands of the Cimbri and the Teutones in B. At the start of 58 B. Caesar had four legions in his massive province, three posted at Aquileia in the north-east of Italy, where there was a threat from the Dacians, and only one was in Transalpine The Gallic War while Roman politics kept Caesar as close to Rome as he could legitimately reach until mid-March. Caesar's problems in Rome were resolved just in time, for in March it became clear that the Helvetii were about to begin their migration. They destroyed their towns and villages, and on 28 March 58 B. According to figures given by Caesar a total ofpeople were involved in the migration, of whom a quarter, or about 90, were fighting men. There were two possible routes that the The Gallic War Helvetii could take to cross Gaul. The best ran through the Roman Province, and so when they reached the Rhone they asked for permission to cross the border. Caesar had reached Geneva just before the Helvetii, but knew that with only one legion he had no chance of stopping the migration. Caesar gained two weeks by telling the Helvetii that he would consider their request and present his answer on 12 April. Over the next two weeks the Romans destroyed the bridge over the Rhone at Geneva and built nineteen miles of fortifications on their side of the border. On 12 April, with his defences in place, Caesar informed the Helvetii that he could not give them permission The Gallic War cross the Province. The Helvetii were forced to search for an alternative route. They were able to call on some of the extensive contacts that Orgetorix had established before his fall. Orgetorix's daughter was married to Dumnorixa leader of the anti-Roman faction in the Aedui. He convinced the Sequani to allow the Helvetii to cross their lands, and the migration began in earnest. While these negotiations were going on, Caesar dashed back to Italy to collect his three veteran and two newly established legions. This combined force then crossed the Alps and joined up with the legion already in Gaul. Caesar's original plan was to wait for the Helvetii to reach the end of their migration before intervening, but by the time he The Gallic War to Gaul the Helvetii were about to cross the Saone and enter the lands The Gallic War the Aedui, who asked Caesar for help. Caesar's decision to help the Aedui was probably prompted by the discovery that the Helvetii were still crossing the Saone. After a night march the Roman's caught up with and defeated the isolated Helvetii battle of the Arar. They then threw a bridge across the river, and crossed over in a single day. The Helvetii leaders asked to meet with Caesar, but nothing came of the meeting, and the migration continued. For the next two weeks the Romans followed close behind the Helvetii, but eventually they began to run short of supplies. Dumnorix of The Gallic War Aedui had command of the Allied cavalry with the Roman army, and he was making sure that no supplies reached the army. Only the intervention of his brother Divitiacus saved him from severe punishment when Caesar discovered what was going on. The shortage of supplies forced the Romans to make a diversion towards Bibracte, the largest Aeduan town, where they expected to find supplies. The Helvetii missed their chance to slip away from the Romans and instead turned back to follow them. When Caesar discovered The Gallic War was being followed he posted his army on the next suitable hill and waited to be attacked. The resulting battle ended in The Gallic War crushing defeat for the Helvetii battle of Bibractebut at some cost to the Romans, who were unable to pursue for three days while they recovered from their efforts. When the Romans did begin their pursuit the Helvetii surrendered. Caesar ordered the survivors to return to their original homeland, where they were to rebuild their towns and villages under Roman protection. Caesar's next target was Ariovistus and hisGermans, who had established themselves on the west bank of the Rhine. Caesar describes a meeting with a delegation of leading Gallic nobles who requested his assistance against Ariovistus, but a German presence west of the Rhine would probably have attracted his attentions anyway. Caesar began by sending two embassies to Ariovistus, each of which was rebuffed. This The Gallic War Ariovistus that it was worth meeting with Caesar, but once again the peace conference The Gallic War without any positive results. The two armies then manoeuvred around each other for a few days before Caesar discovered that Ariovistus was waiting for the new moon to satisfy an augury that said he would lose if he fought any earlier. On the following day the Romans formed up in order of battle, but instead of waiting to see if the Germans would do the The Gallic War they advanced towards Ariovistus's camp, eventually forcing the Germans to come out and fight. The resulting battle generally known as the battle of Vesontio despite having taken place some way from that town ended with a crushing Roman victory. Ariovistus and the survivors of his army fled across the Rhine, and for the moment at least the German threat was removed. The Gallic War chose to place his army into winter quarters in the lands of the Sequani, well to the north of the Roman Province. He then returned to Cisalpine Gaul to hold the assizes. His motives for this decision are unclear — none are given in his commentary. The most common modern assumption is that this is an indication that Caesar had already decided The Gallic War conquer all of Gaul. The army was left in the lands of the Sequani either as a provocation or to allow Caesar to begin the next year's campaign as quickly as possible. While he was in Cisalpine Gaul Caesar raised two new legions. This is also taken as a sign that he had aggressive plans for the following year. There are other equally valid reasons why Caesar may have made this decision. Many later generals would have understood the logic of over- wintering in the territory of recently defeated enemies, thus reducing the burden of maintaining a large army. There was still a threat from across the Rhine. Just before Caesar had defeated Ariovistus a large contingent of Germans had been about to cross the river. They had dispersed after the battle of Vesontio, but could just as easily return, especially if the Romans withdrew back to the south of France. The Gallic War Caesar's original motives actually were, the presence of a large Roman army The Gallic War the Roman Province worried the Belgae, the inhabitants of north-eastern France and modern Belgium. Over the winter of B. Caesar states that he was in Cisalpine Gaul, conducting the business of his province, when he received this news. He reacted by raising two new legions, and preparing for a new campaign. At the very least Caesar was now ready to expand the Roman protectorate to include all of Gaul. The Gallic War - Paperback - Julius Caesar, Carolyn Hammond - Oxford University Press

Posted By: Dattatreya Mandal September 24, To that end, the Roman army of the 1st century BC was a disciplined force with its veritable command structure and military organizations. The Gauls, on the other hand, saw warfare as an extension of their culture, with courage and ritualism playing their crucial roles in bolstering the morale of the soldiers. And while their elite forces were armed superbly and had experience in conducting raids and battles, The Gallic War bulk of the Celtic troops lacked any formidable supply system and command chain that could logistically and strategically sustain their vast armies on the campaigns for extended periods. Simply put, many The Gallic War these Roman troops were essentially Gauls, The Gallic War born and brought up under Roman administrative systems and possibly culture. Furthermore, while these Romanized Gauls fought in the typical legionary manner with more-or-less uniform arms and armaments, they were further supported by auxiliary troops who were levied directly from allied Gaulish tribes and even distant Germanic realms — most of whom followed their own set of military commands and battlefield tactics. In one of our previous articles about the Roman legionarieswe discussed how all Roman men aging between 17 and 46 were liable for military service — although the peak age for enlistment tended to be skewed towards the early 20s age group. And interestingly, each legionary had to claim his origo origin from a city or at least a town. However, in spite of such claims, the vast majority of the legionaries came from a rural background — possibly because the rural folk were considered to be more hardy with higher levels of endurance. As a result, their city-based origo credentials were often fabricated during the time of The Gallic War, usually by the officials themselves. And while legionaries tended to be armed uniformly, it was the auxiliaries who truly presented the dynamic scope of the Roman army. Usually recruited from fringe provinces of the Roman Republic along with neighboring states, these auxiliary troops preserved their native brand of fighting styles and tactics. One apt example would pertain to the use of Gallic and Germanic mounted units by the Roman forces. Possibly recruited from the elite ranks of the Roman allied tribes, these horsemen formed the main cavalry The Gallic War of Caesar in his Gallic campaign. Interestingly enough, The Gallic War the Roman penchant for flexibility in operations, Caesar even recruited slingers from the Balearic Islands along with skirmishers and archers from distant Numidia and Crete. As we mentioned before, the Celts while being one of the warrior societies of ancient Europeapproached warfare as an intrinsic extension of their culture, as opposed to a systematic scope adopted by the Romans with logistical solutions. This translated to varied types of armor worn by their warriors, with the equipment rather mirroring the economic status of the The Gallic War in contrast to the general uniformity of the Roman legionaries. To that end, the elite and richer sections of the Gaulish tribes exhibited armors and weapons showcasing high-levels of craftsmanship — with items like coolus helmets, mail shirts, and long slashing swords. In fact, as a testimony to the refined degree of Gallic craftsmanship, many of the equipment was actually adopted by the Romans themselves. In fact, these bunch of so-termed low-intensity conflicts rather prepared the young Celtic warrior for actual warfare, not only psychologically since courage was not seen as a virtue but rather viewed as expected behaviorbut also tactically, like honing his weapon-handling and most importantly demonstrating his martial reputation as a warrior. Till now we had mostly The Gallic War about The Gallic War general soldier and warrior types of the factions involved in the Gallic Wars. However, while the cavalry was still not the dominant force on the ancient European battlefield in contrast The Gallic War the medieval timesthe Gauls were clearly better in horsemanship when compared to their Roman auxiliary counterparts. One particular example would relate to the acrimonious defeat of the Roman cavalry at the hand The Gallic War the Nervii horsemen in 57 AD. And much like the Roman cavalry auxiliaries, the Gaulish cavalry forces were filled by the wealthiest members of their society. Now it should be noted that stirrups were probably not used by these troops, which partly negated their ability to mount cyclic charges on their infantry-based foes, unlike latter-day knights. However, at the The Gallic War time, the Celtic saddle design was sturdy and effective enough for a skilled rider to maneuver his sword or spear thrust, while also allowing him to throw javelins and projectiles. And interestingly enough, even beyond the armor and skill of the horse-mounted warrior, there was tactical acumen to consider — like the co-ordination between some Germanic cavalry and their light infantrymen that shockingly took the Romans by surprise. On the other hand, the Gauls were motivated by the valor shown in the battlefield through individual deeds, thus making the encounter itself a spectacle where The Gallic War nobles and champions could flaunt their ritzy armor, heavy weapons, and indomitable courage. That was because of the tactical system adopted by the Romans that allowed them to fight in compact formations armed with the gladii short swords for thrusting. In contrast, the Gauls preferred to swing their arms and long slashing swords — actions that needed space and looser formations. So in a way, the Roman solid formations countered the Gauls by snatching away the room needed for boisterous weapon swings. Also, such tactics rather aided the Romans to maintain their cohesion and discipline, factors that were ultimately more helpful in winning engagements than the flair of the Celtic champions. The Gallic War 56 BC, after two major engagements against the The Gallic War and the Nervii, the Romans had established their control albeit precarious over the eastern parts of the Gaulish lands. In any case, now the Romans were pitted against the Veneti, who in spite of losing most of their hill-forts in the land, successfully managed to salvage most of their wealth by virtue of their maritime endeavors. To that end, the general sturdiness of Venetic ship-designs made them almost invincible against ramming. Simply put, this tactic handicapped the maneuvering power of the Venetic ships that were mostly depended on their sails — The Gallic War rendering them immobile targets floating on the high sea a predicament exacerbated by lack of wind on that fateful day. On the other hand, the Romans ships relied on oars, which allowed them to catch up with the Venetic vessels, and then destroy them in a piecemeal fashion from morning till sunset. And while this audacious naval ploy worked in favor The Gallic War the Romans, Caesar was clearly frustrated by the resistance of these seafaring Celtic tribes — as can be The Gallic War by his command to execute many of the Veneti elders and sell high numbers of the Veneti population into slavery. One blatant example would relate to the episode in 55 BC of the Usipi and Tencteri, both Germanic tribes that resolved to cross the Rhine after being driven out of their own lands by the Suebi. Unfortunately for the Romans, the Germans with their mixed cavalry tactics as we mentioned before and horsemen were able to rout the force and even killed around 74 of the Roman men. Caesar saw this as a grave affront to the The Gallic War army and promptly attacked the German camp. The aggressive maneuver totally took The Gallic War Germans by surprise — resulting in the massacre of not only men but also women and children. This tactical trick caught some fringe villagers off The Gallic War, who were shown the Roman force of arms. After demonstrating his superiority in arms, Caesar promptly withdrew from the Rhine territory and dismantled his hastily-constructed pontoon bridgeall within just 18 days. And while these actions may seem excessive and brutal, one should also objectively understand The Gallic War many of the deeds and crimes were actually planned by Caesar as publicity stunts to earn prestige among the fellow Romans and even Gauls and Germans. By 55 BC, the Romans had managed to subjugate many Gallic tribes, including the factions of Aquitania south-west France as a result of victories under Publius Crassus, the son of Marcus Licinius Crassus and a noted cavalry commander of his day who led as a junior officer under Caesar, much like Brutus. But the act that pushed Caesar into the focal point of public imagination back at Rome arguably relates to the audacious invasion of Britain — an incredible feat that was never tried before by any Roman general. But much like Rhine episode, the British campaign was probably more of a calculated move by Caesar to bolster his publicity. The problems were exacerbated The Gallic War the supporting cavalry forces were unable to make their landing due to high tides. The army disembarked after much difficulty and straggled their way The Gallic War build a roughly defensive encampment. But they were already cut-off from supplies and the Britons even managed to The Gallic War many of Roman grain harvesters. A short-pitched battle ensued with the legionaries just being able to hold their positions, and Caesar promptly demanded hostages from the British tribes. More importantly, Caesar returned to conduct his unfinished business in Britain in 54 BC. This time around, the Romans were amply supplied by transport ships and reinforced by a total of five legions and two-thousand cavalry. And The Gallic War having similar difficulties during landing and also facing hit-and-run resistance from the elusive Britons, the Romans finally scored their first major victory The Gallic War Britain by defeating a big raiding party. And thus while the majority of Gaul was nominally under Roman subjugation, many parts of the vast region were still boiling cauldrons of resent and insurrection. The result of unexpected victory encouraged many of the northern Gauls, and thus the instigated Aduatuci, Nervii and their allies decided The Gallic War rise up in arms and take the fight to the Romans based on their territory, on the similar pretext of feigning to offer them safe passage in case of a Germanic invasion. But this Roman camp was under the leadership of Quintus Cicero, the younger brother of the famous orator, and he was resolved to not make the same fatal mistake as his army colleague Sabinus. And so began the defense of Cicero against a multitude of Gallic forces, with the Nervii even using the Roman tactic of circumvallation aided by Roman prisonerswherein the besieged defender was surrounded by a line of fortifications made by the attacker. However, time was of the essence, and the Roman morale and numbers were The Gallic War dwindling fast. But The Gallic War Cicero was able to get his message to Caesar, and the proconsul reacted in his timely fashion by force marching up to 20 miles a day to relieve his stranded officer. In the following year circa 53 BCthe Romans under Caesar took the offensive by campaigning against the rebellious elements in north-eastern Gaul. Reinforced by three more legions two of them being newly raised and one even The Gallic War from PompeyCaesar even crossed the Rhine for the second time to intimidate the Germanic tribes that had been supporting the Gauls. But The Gallic War spite of victories and punitive measures, the political climate in Gaul was becoming dire for the occupying Roman forces. And while the Romans did successfully capture many fortified Gallic towns oppida on their way to crust the revolt, Vercingetorix adopted the defensive strategy of not offering the Romans direct battle. However, beyond engineered terraces, the Roman advantage when it came to siege battles, arguably related to their usage of various mechanized weapons. On the other hand, The Gallic War less-bulky scorpions were rather used as anti-personnel weapons, while at the same being more modular in design that allowed them to be transported quite easily by the Roman engineers. In essence, the scorpions proved their value in various engagements during the Gallic Wars, with one particular example pertaining to the siege of Avaricum when the Gauls tried to set The Gallic War to the aforementioned terrace. Targeting them from The Gallic War, the Roman army scorpions caused massive casualties among the desperate and even suicidal Gallic warriors attempting to fire the constructed passage. This ultimately led to the breach of Gallic defenses, and the Romans vented their winter-long frustration on the town inhabitants by looting and pillaging that had resulted in The Gallic War thousands dead according to Caesar, the heinous figure stood at 40, The sacking of Avaricum was undoubtedly a setback for the Gallic coalition, and the next target for Caesar circa spring of 52 BC would pertain to Gergovia, the The Gallic War stronghold of the Arverni, The Gallic War tribe of Vercingetorix. Caesar, on the other The Gallic War, was bolstered by fresh supplies The Gallic War the start of a new campaign season, which logistically allowed him to bring forth an impressive force of six legions. And with typical Roman resourcefulness, Caesar was able to successfully capture a few hills around the parameter of the main hill-fort. The aggression, possibly led by some impetuous centurions, had cost the Romans dearly, with Gallic defending forces inflicting over Roman fatalities 46 of them being centurions. Now when it comes to unbiased history, scholars are still not sure if it was serious miscommunication or an uncharacteristic error on the part of Caesar himself considering he distanced himself from the The Gallic War. In any case, the loss of so many officers curtailed the maneuvering capacity of the besieging Romans, and thus The Gallic War was forced to withdraw from Gergovia, resulting in a rare Gallic victory — which further enhanced the reputation of Vercingetorix. So the stage for the showdown at Alesia was set, with Caesar being determined not to repeat his miscalculation at Gergovia and Vercingetorix being confident after his recent success against his foe. In fact, the latter was so self-assured that he allowed his The Gallic War to be hemmed in at Alesia, a large hill-fort situated on a plateau miles north of modern The Gallic War. But Caesar had other plans to counter his outnumbering foes with possibly over 80, menwith his adopted strategy pertaining to the use of a grandiosely conceived circumvallation of the hill-fort. This extraordinary feat of Roman military engineering and ingenuity translated to a massive ditch on the plains to mitigate cavalry attacks on the workers. As a result, the protected working parties were able to construct a fortified rampart with palisades and even towers in regular intervals, accompanied by double-ditches, seven camps, 23 redoubts and a flurry of booby traps comprising hidden pits with sharpened stakes and barbed iron spikes. The inner line of his impressive circumvallation covered miles, while the outer line to counter the Gallic relieving army encompassed miles; and the entire defensive system was built in a month. Unfortunately for the Gauls, Roman reinforcements arrived in a timely fashion to inflict a serious defeat on their foraging parties. The Romans took advantage of this strategic weak point and surrounded the water reservoir with engineered siege ramps and towers. In response, the trapped Gallic forces tried rolling flaming casks towards the besieging forces, but in vain with the Romans being able to diffuse the incendiary objects. And finally, the Romans even managed to bore underground tunnels that caused the spring to dry up. The Gauls saw it as divine intervention and abruptly surrendered. Caesar went on to unceremoniously punish most of the defenders by cutting off their hands, and thus ended the bloody historical episode of Gallic Wars. As a result, most of the Gallic tribes accepted the Roman sphere of military controland the conflict ironically heralded the mercurial political climate The Gallic War Rome that would catapult the victors The Gallic War a civil war of their own. Without a shred of doubt, the Gallic Wars not only resulted in an appalling loss of human lives but also dreadful damages to the relatively rural infrastructure of Gaul brought on by both the resource-consuming advancing Romans and scorched earth policy of the defending Gallic tribes. In fact, according to Caesar himself, his conquering forces inflicted fatalities that went beyond tens of thousands in punitive actions that followed hard- won sieges and battles — and these figures abhorrently also included women and children like in the case of the butchering of Germanic tribes Usipi and Tencteri. But objectively, the overall Gallic Wars entailed a profitable though long-drawn endeavor for the Romans; especially Caesar who had bankrupted The Gallic War in 63 BC. This scope of profitability was fueled by the rampant acquisition and selling of slaves — a very lucrative source of income in the ancient world. Slaves in high numbers were readily available after wars of conquests, from prisoners-of-war and even ordinary civilian tribal members. To that end, Caesar himself claimed how he had sold around 53, members of The Gallic War Aduatuci tribe including men, women, and children after a particular incident The Gallic War which they feigned surrender and attacked the Romans in 57 BC. It should also be noted that this very scope of the slave-based economy was monetarily more effectual when The Gallic War could be acquired in very large numbers. That is because the acquisition of wines and luxury goods and their distribution among his retainers would actually reinforce The Gallic War standing within the tribe structure. McDevitte and W. And in case we have not attributed or mis-attributed any image, artwork or photograph, we apologize in advance.