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THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS Volume VII, Number 3 Fall, 1984 Ranger Service Dogs: A Program Proposal

W. Greg Light Minute Man Parks in the summer^visitation up, ac­ cidents and incidents up, staffing down from the previous year. Even on quiet days, the demands on a ranger's time and abilities can be considerable. Shift log narrative, a typical July even­ ing in a big, mountainous natural area; 4:00 pm: I'm on duty for the evening shift. It's been a fairly slow day for the park. I guess the rainy weather is keeping the visitors away. 7:30 pm: I just received a call from the park dispatcher, who asks me and my partner to respond to the campground in reference to a lost child. Upon our arrival, I question the parents and we prepare to set out on a search mission. I don't mind telling you, I'm a little concerned for the lost child. She's eight years old, never been out of the city. It's getting darker now and the rain is heavier. Search com­ mand has been set up, and my partner and I now set out to find her. My partner, Buford, seems to know just where to go, so I follow. The brush is thick and it's get­ ting cooler. I hope she's ok. 8:10 pm: Buford stops. I hear a little girl crying. Buford approaches her slowly, and she gives him a big hug. Not a bad days work for a ranger and his partner. Oh, by the way, did I tell you that Buford is a German Shepherd? Police dogs. SAR dogs. I prefer the title "Ranger Service Dog", for anyone who has had the occasion to work with a good canine team or has held the position of dog master must know the talent and skill that such a team can provide to any public safety agency. For the National Park Ser­ Wilderness Finders vice, a park ranger service dog program WOOF dog team on a search in the Grand Canyon in 1982. Continued on page 7 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

system. Both the Service and Congress Editor's Notes Letters recognized from an early date that inter­ Editor: pretation (or education, as they then call­ There is a discernible cycle in Newsletter ed it) was an important aspect of manag­ affairs which parallels the overall seasonal Much has been said in the last few years about interpretation being an optional ac­ ing a historic site. The Historic Sites Act pattern of the Park Service. During the of 1935, which has served as the keystone winter, when the parks are quiet and the tivity which has legitimacy only as the handmaiden of some other management legislation for operating historic areas, Post-Rendezvous High is at its peak, the states that the Secretary of the Interior contributions to the Newsletter flow in like a function. In his article, "Park Interpreta­ tion: a Choice, Not a Requirement", in should "develop an educational program river during the year's first melt. As business and service for the purpose of making picks up in the spring, that flow diminishes the last Newsletter, Dave Dame reiterated this view. Specifically, he stated that available to the public facts and informa­ but can be maintained with a little shared ef­ tion pertaining to American historic and fort between contributor and contributee. In ". . .without interpretation all the man­ dated functions and interactions in a park archaeologic sites, buildings, and proper­ the summer, though, work pressures, heat ties of national significance." This man­ and vacations conspire to reduce the stream can and would still occur." Admittedly, this may be true in some parks. However, date has been carried out by the Service to a trickle, and the production of this for almost half a century. It is unfortunate publication requires considerably more ef­ in most parks interpretation is itself a mandated function. that it is sometimes overlooked when in­ fort on everyone's part. Particular thanks terpretation in the national park system is are therefore in order to this issue's con­ Two categories of parks in which inter­ viewed as a whole. tributors, who worked hard to get their ar­ pretation is a requirement can be iden­ As noted by Dave Dame, interpretation ticles in on time. The Association ap­ tified. Included in the first category are can play a key role in supporting other preciates your efforts. those parks which have interpretation mandated in their founding legislation. management activities throughout the You'll note a slightly more technical tone Service. However, as can be seen from the to some of the articles in this issue. Several Independence is one such park. In fact, the park's enabling legislation specifically foregoing, it often has its own role to members have suggested that more sources play, especially in historic areas. In fact, and references be included with articles so mentions interpretation no fewer than four times. Surely, there are other parks since well over half of the units of the na­ that readers may further pursue their tional park system can be classified as reading or research in the subject area. This with similar legislation. If the mandate is not included in the enabling act itself, it historic sites, well over half the units in the will be done wherever possible in the future, national park system have a mandate for too. might be found in the Congressional in­ tent behind the legislation. This intent can interpretation. Therefore, if a Servicewide If you're going to Bar Harbor and have be gleaned from the various hearings and generalization about interpretation can be some ideas for future articles or comments reports which are generated as a bill made, it probably should be that inter­ on the Newsletter's format or directions, makes its way through Congress. pretation is a requirement, not a choice, let's get together. I look forward to talking rather than vice versa. with you. The second category of parks in which interpretation is a requirement are those Russ Smith which are covered by a general legislative Independence mandate. Included in this group are all of the historic areas within the national park Continued on page 22

ANPR Board of Directors ANPR Newsletter Officers: Editor: Bill Halainen, Minute Man President Dick Martin Yosemite Composition and Layout: Jennifer Nilo Vice President, East Maureen Finnerty Everglades Proofreading: Cathy Halainen, Vice President, West Jim Tuck Rocky Mountain RO Lynda Patterson Secretary Laurie Coughlan Gettysburg Published by Concord Press, Treasurer Debbie Trout Great Smoky Mountains Past President Mike Finley Alaska RO 2 Watson Place Saxonville Industrial Park Regional Representatives: Framingham, MA 01701 North Atlantic Stan Robbins Acadia Submit letters and comments to: Mid-Atlantic Mary Kimmitt Independence Bill Halainen, Editor National Capitol Rick Erisman C & O Canal ANPR Newsletter Southeast Ken Hulick Chattahoochee RFD#2, 41 North Great Road Midwest Tom Cherry Cuyahoga Lincoln, MA 01773, Southwest Cliff Chetwin Carlsbad or call 617-259-0397 Rocky Mountains Paul Broyles Wind Cave If you have moved since receiving the West Dennis Burnett Sequoia/Kings last issue, please send old mailing label Pacific Northwest Noel Poe North Cascades and new address to: Alaska Bryan Swift Denali ANPR Support: Box 222 EO Coordinator Ginny Rousseau Sequoia/Kings Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190 Marketing Coordinator Tim Setnicka Hawaii Volcanoes Include your four-letter park code and Editor, ANPR Newsletter Bill Halainen Minute Man your region. Advertising Frank Fiala Rocky Mountain Public Relations Andy Ringgold Washington 2 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

resource management is good for park operations, it is necessary to look at a variety of factors. Specialization in any A MESSAGE FROM THE field generally results in a better quality job being done in that particular specialty. The use of specialists to plan and review resource management programs, plan management actions, train and provide PRESIDENT advice to field rangers, and perform out­ A alfe - jBF-nI,;•,— A- side liaison definitely can and should increase the quality of resource manage­ ment programs. However, the potential also exists for some problems from resource management specialization. While it is essential that field rangers, maintenance staff and others remain in­ volved in the implementation of resource management plans, there is the possible tendency of some field staff to take less interest in a program when it becomes ap­ parent that it is someone else's specialty. Management can avoid many of these problems by requiring accountability, but there is another approach to maximizing ". . .over the years we had watched all management programs simultan­ resource management programs while the high-salaried specialists splinter eously with visitor service pro­ avoiding some of their pitfalls—the en­ off. . .the foresters, the biologists, the inter­ grams; couragement of complete involvement preters or park naturalists, the historians, • Since 1969 the GS-025 park ranger from rangers (whether interpretive or the geologists and so on."—Lon Garrison, standards have not required a protection), maintenance people and The Making of a Ranger, referring to a definite background in resource others. Rangers in particular shouldn't period in 1953 when he was superintendent management for entry into the pro­ take anything less than an aggressive of Big Bend. fession. stance regarding their involvement in Because of these forces, the increased resource management. As Roderick Nash "A park ranger seldom has time and said recently on these pages, "Let's find energy for more than visitor services and law complexity of many other ranger func­ tions, and the admittedly complex factors some rangers who can really range!" He enforcement. When push comes to shove, was using that in the context of backcoun- management of resources becomes a secon­ involved in most resource management activities, it is often necessary for a staff try management, but it is all a part of dary responsibility. The professional multi- ranger work and resource management. disciplinary park ranger has, for all practical person to devote full time and attention to purposes, become an antique."—Roland H. resource management. If rangers are going to continue to have Wauer, former chief of the division of There have been a variety of responses a major voice in resource management natural resources in Washington, writing in to these challenges: programs, it is vitally essential that we all a 1980 report entitled The Role of the Na­ • Some parks have established be willing, even anxious, to earn the pro­ tional Park Service Natural Resource resource management specialist fessional respect of managers in our Manager. positions on their superintendent's resource management role. As one ranger staffs, or have created divisions of of my acquaintence said recently, "We resource management; must earn the right to manage resources." These two men and other Service Pro­ • Some parks have placed increased Once earned, we must re-earn that right fessionals who have devoted major strength and emphasis on the continuously. portions of their careers to resource resource management function Much of the reputation of the National management programs have been and are within their ranger divisions; Park Service is based upon the positive concerned about the quality of these pro­ • The Service and ANPR have made view which the American public has of the grams in the National Park Service, and a long standing committment to visitor services activities of rangers, coupl­ rightly so. Management of park resources revision of the GS-025 park ranger ed with the competent management of is an absolutely vital function, and one standards to require 30 semester superlative areas. Resource management which has always been an intregal part of hours of academic training in activities are often less visible, usually less ranger responsibilities. Several issues sur­ resource management for entry into glamorous, sometimes more laborious rounding resource management are pro­ the profession; than high profile visitor services. bably more lively now than at any time in • The Service established 37 resource However, they are equally important. A the past. One issue is that of a visible management trainee positions in lot of energy, knowledge, and enthusiasm trend toward increasing specialization in 1982, and will add another 23 in has been directed to solving some very resource management. This trend has Fiscal 1985. knotty protection problems over the past been the result of several forces: These responses, combined with in­ decade; i.e., emergency medical services, • The emergency nature of some park creased resource management training law enforcement training, and fire ranger work has tended to over­ Servicewide, are logical and desirable. The management. If we now direct some of shadow resource management emphasis is increasing on resource that same drive toward resource manage­ responsibilities; management programs. ment, I am confident that we can profes­ • Rangers/managers, in some cases, When one asks whether the trend sionally meet our resource management have had inadequate staff or train­ toward increasing specialization in responsibilities. ing to properly perform resource 3 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

draft without the knowledge that the posal is almost the same; the House asks Washington "skids had been greased" may have for $5 million more, primarily for Park found the document a little presump­ Police and visitor transportation in some Health and Fitness tuous. We hope that you will feel more parks. comfortable knowing that the Service The Service continues to make progress understood the complexity of the issue in developing the health and fitness pro­ A-76 and made every effort to do its gram, though perhaps not as rapidly as homework. On August 6, the House passed S-864, a many of you would like. The Director's John Chew Senate bill to take the limitation off the continued support and encouragement Shenandoah amount the Service could spend on was demonstrated by his recent memo on Volunteers in Parks, with an amendment the subject to all employees. As the Direc­ to prohibit the application of A-76 to the tor mentioned, we are working on a Park Uniforms Park Service, the Bureau of Land Service health and fitness handbook A new contract has been awarded to R Management, and Fish and Wildlife. The which will be available to all employees. It & R Uniforms, effective October 1st; it bill then went back to the Senate for its is nearing completion and we have sub­ will be for one year with renewal options consideration. mitted a budget proposal for its publica­ for an additional four years. Price tion and distribution. We are also ready to The heart of the amendment stipulates changes for uniform items will take place that "A-76 and any similar provisions in submit "minimum" fitness standards for on that date, but, because of competitive several arduous and hazardous ac­ any other order or directive shall not app­ procurement, will be quite reasonable. ly to activities conducted by the National tivities—primarily law enforcement and The 1985 order forms with new prices structural and wildland fire suppression. Park Service, except as may be specifically must be used for any purchases after Oc­ authorized by a provision of law enacted These standards will be submitted to tober 1st. OPM in an effort to determine their after the date of the enactment of this sec­ NPS-43, the proposed uniform pro­ tion." perspectives on them; standards for SAR, gram guideline, has been delayed due to EMS, SCUBA, Nordic skiing and changes being made to simplify the NRA Suit lifeguarding are still being studied. The allowance system. It should be out in late Federal government's regulations and winter. restrictions on such standards would As many of you know, the National Ri­ make even the most well-entrenched The Budget fle Association (NRA) is suing the Service bureaucrat blanch. The support received over the new regulations, which prohibit from the field and many Association hunting and trapping except where As we went to press early in August, the specifically provided by law. The NRA members, however, makes the effort all House and Senate were attempting to the more worthwhile. contends that, where the enabling legisla­ complete action on the fiscal 1985 budget tion is silent, the Service should have the John Chew before their scheduled August 10th recess. discretion to open or close units to those Shenandoah The Service's budget was, of course, one activities. of the many items under consideration, The suit was filed on April 30th in U.S. and some aspects of it are of interest to district court in Washington, and the Ser­ EMS Guideline Association members. vice has responded that it feels the regula­ By the time you read this, the emergen­ Land acquisition funds should be in­ tions are correct as written. Five en­ cy medical services guideline (NPS-51) creased this year. Last year Congress vironmental groups have intervened on should be in its final stages. A work group budgeted $67 million for land purchases. the Service's side. Although there is still a $30 million sup­ met in Washington during the first week At present, the parties involved are plemental appropriations bill in Congress of August to consolidate the many "still passing paper around." It is unclear for fiscal 1984, this year the Senate ver­ constructive comments that were received how long it will take the court to reach a sion of the budget calls for a total of $76 as part of the review process. Those decision on this case. comments were incorporated where ap­ million and the House version for $100 propriate into the guideline's final ver­ million. A figure somewhere between the National Park sion. This document is meant to aid parks two should be arrived at in the House- in managing local park EMS programs, Senate conference. Protection Act and should also reduce the overall costs, Construction funds—excluding the both in time and money, of managing the $100 million for roads that comes Although the House passed their ver­ Servicewide program. from the Department of Transporta­ sion of this bill last year, it never received a hearing in the Senate and is now sitting One factor that has not been well tion—should be up considerably. The in the Committee on Energy and Natural covered is the behind-the-scenes work Service received just over $44 million for Resources awaiting action on some in­ which has taken place in putting NPS-51 construction last year; this year, both the definite future date. together. Before the Service made the Senate ($98.9 million) and House ($109.4 decision to move in the direction of an million) requests are substantially higher, Another version, however, entitled EMS guideline, many agencies, private largely due to the requests of individual "Wildlife and the Parks", is being sector medical providers, and emergency Congressmen for work in their districts' evaluated in the Senate's Subcommittee medical service organizations were con­ parks. on Environmental Pollution, whose chair­ man, Sen., John Chafee (R, R.I.), is a tacted to see if the Service was taking a The proposed sums for the ONPS practical, workable course of action. sponsor of the bill. Hearings were held on (operations) portion of the budget, June 27th, but it is unlikely that the Once feedback was received from them, however, are roughly comparable to fiscal the actual writing took place. We realized Senate will enact the Chafee bill in its cur­ 1984's. The Service was allocated a little rent form this session. early on that rangers do not live and work more than $601 million last year, and ask­ in a vacuum, particularly in the EMS ed for $624.6 million this year (an increase field, and that we needed field support for of about 3'/2 percent). The Senate pro­ the program to succeed. We understand that those of you who may have read the 4 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

submitted the following report to his ficult to do when wearing the green In Print supervisor: "Oct. 7th. Shot two bandits. uniform. It would draw too much atten­ Snowing like hell."; and the remarkable tion and create such a lasting impression. I Books (for her time) Mona Matheson, who, new­ decided to back away like a bull elk, its ly married to a warden and recovering antlers extended toward the foe." Men For The Mountains, by Sid Marty; from illness, snowshoed the better part of Marty also describes professional skills The Mountaineers Press; 270 pages; 1978. 70 miles to join him on winter foot patrol like horse packing and tracking in an easy, Available in paperback for $7.95, of 400 square miles of high mountain ter­ straight-forward manner that both cap­ postpaid, from The Moutaineers, 719 rain and temporary residences in the most tures and clarifies the essential nature of Pike Street, Seattle, Washington 98101. spartan of cabins. each talent. Reading these passages is like Recommended by Bill Conrad of These stories provide a proper back­ taking a quick course in ranger skills. Glacier. ground for his accounts of wardens facing Contrasting with these descriptive pass­ Sid Marty, a former park warden at the more complex management problems ages on the positive aspects of a warden's Banff, Jasper and other Canadian na­ of modern parks, because they allow work are more pointed accounts of the tional parks, has written what has to be Marty to show that the traditional forces of contemporary society working one of the very best accounts of the life vigorous, skilled, often cynical and occa­ against the profession—from the en­ and work of rangers (for Canadian sionally heroic ranger still exists. croachments of civilization to increasingly wardens are analagous to American Although at times a bit wistful in his bureaucratic administration of the parks. rangers) ever put down on paper. No less recollections of the first wardens, Marty At these points, he speaks with con­ an observer than the eminently articulate shows that their spirit is still alive, siderable conviction. Farley Mowat has called this book "one although endangered by bureaucratiza­ On journalistic sensationalism regard­ of the most exciting and enlightening" he tion and the encroachments of contem­ ing bear maulings: "Stories about the had read in years, and has accurately porary civilization. savagery of nature, rare as they are, allow described Marty as "a poet, a wit, and a us to forget the savagery of a civilized brilliant observer (who) truly feels things world" and "that our chances are about with his blood and his guts and has the one in a hundred of even getting to the ability to make us feel them too." mountains safely in our automobiles." Mowat's comments are right on the On park architecture: "It was as if the money. Reading Marty's vivid narratives creator of this brick lemon had arrived of fighting wildfires in the mountains or blinkered and deaf to the sights and confronting grizzlies is like listening to an sounds of high mountains and green old, trail-wise ranger telling stories over forest, as if his inspiration had driven him tap beer in the corner of some dark, to build a Woolco store in the rough-hewn Western lodge. He is pro­ mountains." fane, breathtakingly beautiful in his in­ On visitor destruction of park cisive and insightful descriptions of the resources: " North Americans, by and park world, candid about his own errors, large, still suffer from 'frontier and refreshingly blunt and sacreligious hangover', though the age of the pioneer about tourists, bureaucrats and park ad­ is long since over. This cherished myth, ministrators. Anyone who can deftly skin with its exploitative outlook toward the a bear yet quote Chauceur to his horse (in environment, is too prevalent to be ig­ Middle English no less) has to be an nored in the islands of wilderness that are author worth reading. our parks." Marty's book is written episodically On park bureaucracy: "The Area rather than in a continuous, career- Manager was a kind of flak catcher for the recounting narrative. Because of the wide Chief Warden or, to borrow a nautical variety of experiences he had in his years in image, a breakwater that we hurled our the warden service, he speaks with authority Sid Marly and "Monte" on a patrol in the energies against in an attempt to rock the and lucidity on a host of skills inherent to north section of Banff National Park. boats of the administrators, bobbing at traditional rangering— wildfire suppression, anchor in their tranquil backwaters." poaching patrol, technical cliff rescues, For these pithy observations as well as anesthetizing bears, and, of course, dealing He tells about Malcolm McNab, whose for its adventure, humor, and occasional with a wide variety of Canadian park expertise with a boat and in water rescue real poignancy, Marty's book is must visitors, all of whom will sound familiar to and recovery procedures allowed him to reading for all rangers. National Park Service rangers. take what for others would be deadly risks Perhaps the best sections of the book to recover the body of a falling victim. are those in which Marty retells stories Then there's Peter Fuhrmann, who im­ Periodicals about the first wardens who worked in the provised a helicopter sling rescue techni­ There is a 48-page tabloid now cir­ parks. There's Ed McDonald, who broke que that involved literally being pushed culating through some park areas entitled his hip in a fall from a horse and spent over a cliff edge with a stretcher so that "Parks In The West And American days crawling painfully to his nearby the attending helicopter could get enough Culture", which is a selection of articles cabin while grizzlies snuffed around him, lift to pick him and the victim up. And on that topic published by the Institute of awaiting his demise (he survived); George Marty himself, who wryly and candidly the American West. Busby, a warden enamored of sleeping relates the story of his confrontation, Since 1975, the Institute has sponsored with his cabin door open, who'd wake up armed only with a fire shovel, with four an annual conference in Sun Valley, to find everthing from porcupines to bears slightly deranged citizens: "A wise man Idaho, which brings "people in the as bedfellows; old Bill Neish, who once would have turned and run. But it is dif­ humanities disciplines together with ex-

5 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER perts from other pertinent disciplines to Barry Sadler, looking in the other direc­ discuss topics of interest and importance tion, argues for the establishment of a to the West." Past sessions have looked at park ethic for the future, since "we still topics as diverse as Rocky Mountain lack a widely shared and coherent agriculture and Indian self-rule; this understanding of the meaning and year's meeting, which was held in mid- significance of parks for contemporary August, focused on "the values society, even less a set of principles represented in various questions relating to guide and unify our conduct as users to parks." and our stewardship as managers for Retired? Job Opportunity The original proposal was made by Dr. tomorrow. available as resident caretaker of property T. Allan Comp, the chief of Pacific Nor­ This ethic, he says, should be "one within Cumberland Island National thwest region's cultural resource division. which links (parks) to people, as well as Seashore. Two bedroom furnished house landscape" because "it is vital that the with services. Husband-wife team prefer­ "Although many programs examine underlying precepts which guide decisions administrative and management pro­ red. General maintenance ability should, at the very least, accord with desireable. Small boat operation ex­ cedures, ecology questions, and political fundamental social ideals as well as en­ points of view regarding parks," says perience essential. Position open due to vironmental necessity, and attempt to medical complications of present person­ Institute Director E. Richard Hart in his bridge these." introduction, "Dr. Comp stated that nel. Please send resume to: D.N. Copp, 5 some questions relating to human values Along with proposing greater diversity Birds Nest Lane, Prouts Neck, Maine and parks have been studied too little." of parks and the development of parks in 04074. Phone 207-883-9795. A planning group was established relatively barren areas and along the which "identified a number of values and fringes of metropolitan centers, Sadler needs that the reservation of lands repre­ holds that "a park ethic for sent for human beings" and focused on tomorrow. . .must be closely tied with a several key questions: "To what human broader urban and environmental ethic." needs and values do the ideas of parks or "It would promote, on the first count, reserved lands respond? What are the a more humane and livable metropolitan values placed on parks within different habitat in which built and natural cultures and traditions? What does the amenities are a designed part of the need for parks say about us as humans?" physical texture of the city," he says. "It The publication and the conference would stress, secondly, not only the value sought to explore these and other ques­ of parks as models of sound environmen­ tions, both "material and philosophical." tal stewardship, but the inescapable necessity of applying the latter to sur­ There is simply too much in "Parks In rounding lands as well." The West" to offer any kind of adequate summary in these pages. A brief look at If you're interested in reading this truly two of the articles contained within, indispensable publication and can't find it however, will suggest the depth of reflec­ in your park (5,000 were distributed to the tion and commentary offered. Service), write to The Institute of the American West, P.O. Box 656, Sun Alfred Runte looks at the history of Valley, Idaho 83353. America's conceptions concerning parks, and says that "park managers and en­ vironmentalists seeking evidence of the nation's dedication to its parks. . .will find little of comfort in their history" because "modern threats to the parks are not unique; they have simply worsened and multiplied." He argues forcefully that "the nation's reluctance to protect the parks properly began not as a series of oversights, but as deliberate precedent", that the motive of economic exploitation prevalent then is still at work, and that "the time of national decision is really at hand." "Soon we will know whether the nation really intended its parks to survive 'in­ alienable for all time'," he says, "or whether those were simply words of con­ venience while the nation cashed in the freedom of the wilderness for its desire to exploit everything, even its sacred trust."

6 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

Ranger Service Dogs visitor sees the team as a work tool. Just The candidate should have at least three as carpenters have hammers, rangers can years of protective service experience in a Continued from front use canines to their advantage. If the variety of areas under his or her belt can only benefit or enhance any protec­ canine team is trained properly, there before engaging in canine training. A tion divisions current capabilities. is nothing to fear in public relations. commission should be required, and EMT The Park Service, like all agencies, is The dog will be trained to accept people training needs to be of prime importance. also facing budget cuts, and consequently, and work around them without being A background with animals should also personnel cutbacks. Now more than ever, aggressive. be discussed. The candidate should be the Service should look toward Sandy Bryson, a well-known and very professional and in good physical establishing guidelines and adopting a respected dog trainer and handler who has condition, and should not expect addi­ ranger service dog program. also worked with dogs at Yosemite, has tional compensation for taking on this As park rangers, we are called upon for found that people are very receptive to new responsiblity. The chance for addi­ every conceivable public safety function— dog and handler teams. "As many suc­ tional money tends to bring out law enforcement, crime prevention, facili­ cessful dog units have demonstrated, the undesirable candidates, although the ty security, executive protection, search properly trained police service dog acts to salary should be comparable to that of and rescue, EMS and so forth. The ranger facilitate police community relations," other agency canine handlers. The can­ service dog program could benefit the she has written. "In the context of cities, didate should be willing to work with the Park Service in all of these areas in many parks or rural communities, the dog pro­ dog during off-duty hours, and the ways. vides excellent, healthy liaison and families of the candidate should also be interviewed to obtain their feelings on the First, the ranger dog program can be a shortens the social distance between law new member. benefit by saving the Service money. The abidding citizens and the officer in program is cost effective; it saves money uniform." The next step in the process is the selec­ on personnel time by decreasing the tion of the dog. It is impossible to list all amount of hours spent on specific pro­ of the elements needed in selecting the dog jects. In search and rescue, a canine team in this article. My suggestion is to have a can search an area faster and with more skilled dog master assist in the selection accuracy than a team of men can. Not on­ process, and to develop and adopt guide­ ly are they effective in SAR, but in lines for a ranger service dog program. building searches as well, where they Some basic rules of thumb are that the reduce the number of people required for dogs should be male, 9 to 18 months old a thorough check to one person and a upon entering training, 75-90 pounds, dog. A building can be search with 100% well-developed and in excellent physical accuracy using this method. By reducing condition. The dogs should be free from the amount of personnel on searches, disease, including intestinal trouble and money will be saved on overtime, supplies heartworm; x-rays should be taken to rule and even possible workmens' compensa­ out hip displasia; ears, eyes, nose and all tion claims. extremities should be normal. Family histories should be obtained to rule out in­ Next, you save time. A ranger dog pro­ herited weaknesses. The dog should be gram could reduce time on all missions curious, but not overly aggressive, and from 30—85%. Not only do you save should be tested to rule out gun shyness or time, but you increase your effectiveness work-related physical fears. All dogs due to the dog's much keener sense of should be German Shepherds. The smell and hearing. A dog is able to home Shepherd is the most intelligent, well- in on a target and is not affected by mannered, trainable, and athletic breed human conditions such as lack of sleep, available. In addition to looking the part, job burnout, too many hours in a day, their heritage and background make them personal problems or personal fears. most suitable for this type of work. For Dangerous situations also present those who are interested, more detailed in­ themselves to park rangers, whether on a formation can be supplied regarding fur­ search for an escaped felon or on a check P.K. McCarthy ther selection procedures by writing me of an unsecured installation. These ac­ Agility training exercise for Massachusetts' care of this Newsletter. tivities can be done more safely and pro­ Metro Police canine. perly by deploying a canine team. After the selection has been made, it is now time for training. The most desirable It is a misconception that a park ranger Canine training itself takes about 12 to training program is the full-time, certified with a dog would present a poor public 14 weeks, but before entering training, 12-14 week course offered by many law relations image. This is not true by any both the ranger and dog must be selected. enforcement agencies nationwide. As with means. People who look at a ranger dog Very few dog masters and dogs are cut out the selection process, the same holds true team as a potential threat usually are for this line of work, so particular atten­ for being extremely cautious in selecting people who are actually presenting threats tion must be given to the selection pro­ the training program that is right for you. to us or to other visitors. The average cess. The selection of the dog master is First, there are private kennels that sup­ particularly important, as the team will ply trained dogs to agencies, thereby only be as effective or as valuable as he or eliminating the 12-14 week wait. The dogs she makes it. Close attention should be receive their training prior to the handler's given to the candidate's reasons for wan­ arrival, then the handlers are given ap­ Greg Light has six years experience as a ting to be selected. A true dedication and proximately 40 hours of training and dog master, and is both a SAR dog and desire to become a dog master should be hands-on experience with the dog prior to certified K-9 dog instructor. He is at pre­ displayed, not just his or her desire to ob­ sent a seasonal at Minute Man. tain new career-benefiting training.

7 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER their return home. My personal ex­ vides the handler with a change to test the Buford for example, was only used perience and advice is not favorable for dog's ability to deal with real-life once for personal protection in the two this type or process. Pre-trained dogs are obstacles encountered on the park level. years we worked together. At that time, I a good idea, but they lack certain One area of the obstacle course that isn't was physically assaulted by two males characteristics—most importantly, the done as a matter of practice is the "jump with beer bottles. Buford subdued one trust that the dog and handler build through fire" routine, which could injure and I the other, and Buford's bite didn't through training. During 14 weeks of liv­ or kill a dog and is strictly left to circus even break the attacker's skin. I don't ing and working together, a dog and performers. doubt that he could have, but I think he handler will learn to trust each other, and Scouting training provides the handler just wanted to get the man's attention, an appreciation and love between man and the dog with the building search and which he did. and dog builds, making them a tighter crime scene search techniques needed if "There is no better, low-profile law en­ working, better functioning team. the team is to provide proper crime forcement tool than the police service Moreover, some kennels may not provide prevention or security checks. This train­ trained German Shepherd," says Bryson. medical guarantees on their dogs, as well ing teaches the dog to rely on his senses of "Records show that the very presence of as not being able to certify the dog's train­ smell and hearing to detect intruders and dogs reduces crime and the tendencies ing in court if the need should arrive. pinpoint their exact location. toward crime. When felonies do occur, My recommendation is the full 12-14 Tracking is used to follow a suspect the police service trained dog is a much week canine training program offered by from point of crime to point of capture, better option than a gun. A bullet, once police departments throughout the coun­ but, even more importantly, it is used in fired, cannot be recalled. A police service try. In selecting the program that fits your search and rescue. Once again, the dog's dog can always be recalled." needs, you should first visit the police keen senses make it able to locate lost per­ Most of a canine team's time is spent on agencies sponsoring the training. Watch sons more quickly and efficiently than SAR missions, building searches and the dogs work and talk to the handlers humans. public relations, not protection, with about the school. Take notice if the dogs A dog's talents in this area are public relations a primary duty. Buford are friendly toward you, if the training remarkable. Tim Setnicka, author of spent more time with kids than Captain area is properly equipped, and if the dogs Wilderness Search and Rescue, tells of a Kangaroo, and received more cards and are being trained in the field as well as in search area problem that he conducted in thank you notes than I did. He projected a the training compound. Also, the cost of which it was found that, "amazingly, one tremendous image to anyone he dealt the training (if any) and the availability of trained search dog can patrol a tract in six with, good or bad, and so will the dogs in the training to outside agencies is an im­ hours that it would take 106 workers 370 your program if it is properly ad­ portant factor. My suggestions for train­ man-hours to comb with the same pro­ ministered. ing programs would be the U.S. Park bability of detection." In addition to these basics, a dog can be Police, Secret Service, U.S. Customs and Concerning an actual avalanche SAR given a special skill area. This involves a state police agencies, as opposed to local incident, Setnicka says that "three dogs few more weeks of training, but allows departments. As before, further informa­ were able to cover an area 100 meters by you to utilize the team more effectively. tion is available. 400 meters in about four hours' time." Areas of specialization are mostly confin­ The training program itself consists of "It was estimated that it would have ed to narcotics detection and bomb detec­ six basic areas: 1) obedience, 2) agility, 3) taken 40 probe searchers approximately tion, but some trainers I've been working scouting, 4) tracking, 5) protection, and 6) eight hours to cover the same area," he with have had very good, success training practical applications. says. "The value of a team of trained dogs in venison detection (with obvious Obedience is possibly the single most avalache dogs cannot be overemphasized. poaching season applications), and even important aspect of a dog's training. There has also been significant proof detection of illegally imported sausages Without an obedient dog, it is a waste of showing that a dog's sense of smell can be brought into the United States from Italy. time and energy to work on the remaining used successfully to locate drowned per­ A dog can be trained to detect almost five skills. Obedience training starts from sons in bodies of water. Because a decom­ anything that emits a distinct smell or day one and continues throughout the posing body gives off a scent through odor. team's career. The dog learns to sit, stand, body gasses, the dog can detect these Training a dog in narcotics detection is lie, heal, run and walk upon your voice or escaping gasses at the water's surface. a fairly simple but time-consuming task. hand commands. The handler learns the Personal protection training teaches the Dogs are trained to detect marijuana, proper way to correct the dog's bad ac­ dog to protect the handler, and should not hashish, cocaine and heroin, which have tions and how to praise the good ones in be confused with attack training. Attack been hidden in areas as disparate as gas addition to learning the proper commands training is taught in a totally different tanks, engine blocks and suitcases. The and their placement. fashion. Personal protection requires the drug odors have been masked by perfume, The next step is agility training. You dog to be physically aggressive to a person manure and even female dog musk, but have no doubt seen the exercise where a when given the command by the handler have invariably failed to defeat the keen dog walks a thin board, jumps over or when the handler is physically attack­ smell of narcotics detection dogs. hurdles, climbs barrels and jumps through ed. Then and only then will the dog's ag­ Dogs are cost-effective in this area, too. a hoop of fire. Although most people like gressive side surface, and will subside only In fiscal 1979, Customs dogs sniffed out to refer to such exercises as "cute little when given the proper command or when enough drugs to show "a more than tricks", I'd like to think that I don't train the assailant physically submits to the 16-to-l return in terms of drug seizure animals for a circus. These "cute little dog's actions. This training also prepares value to budget dollars spent." tricks" are done for a reason. The dogs the dog for crowd control situations. Pro­ Bomb dogs are taught to identify one or have fears, just as you or I. To overcome tection training is often over-played by more of the seven distinct scents found in these fears and to learn to trust the people in administration, who fear the explosives. By using a canine team to handler, the dog is put through various possiblity of "bad press", but a trained search for bombs, you decrease the man- exercises to extend his ability and to over­ team will never be the recipient of such reporting. come these natural fears. This also pro­ Continued on page 10

8 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

Working Teams All three of Sandy's dogs—Hobo I, William Durant, who is currently in the Thunder, and Hobo II—have been train­ process of training a new dog, 3-year-old ed in both police service and search and Ajax. Sandy Bryson and Hobo II rescue, she says, yet have remained A primary duty for these teams is sociable animals. She found them to be Sandy Bryson has been working with checking buildings after alarms have come "wonderful public relations tools" while in, a frequent happening in this park with dogs for almost 10 years, and is con­ working in Yosemite; people were "very sidered one of the principal authorities in over 40 historic structures. Instead of positive" toward the dog, constantly stop­ employing several rangers in a half hour this country on police service and rescue ping the team for petting and photos. Yet dog training. She and her first dog, Hobo (or longer) search, the canine teams are the dogs were still ready to aggressively able to perform the same task in 10 I, worked seasonally and intermittently at protect her and her co-workers. Yosemite from 1977 to 1980, and, minutes or less with a higher probability "Ranger protection is really an impor­ although now a full-time deputy for El of detection. An announcement is made at tant function," Sandy says. "The dog Dorado County Sheriff's Department at the building's entrance advising people to gets to know all of the rangers, and their Lake Tahoe, she and her current dog, come out or a dog will enter; if that fails, protective service is provided to all of Hobo II, continue to be an asset to the Chuckie goes in with Roger, generally off- them and can be extended to visitors as Service in their capacity as an on-call lead except in unknown terrain, and will well." search team. corner and hold any person he finds Sandy is still quite involved with ("holding" means "containment" unless Sandy's interest in dogs began in WOOF, and say that she and her dogs the person tries to flee, in which case the Switzerland, where she worked with have participated in "close to 50" sear­ dog will physically hold the subject with avalanche dogs in 1975. Realizing a need ches in the parks over the years, thereby teeth). for a SAR dog unit in California, she providing invaluable assistance both in worked with the RCMP and a SAR dog The dogs also are quite useful in crowd finds and in time and money saved on control situations. At a marijuana team in Washington on her return to the searches. States, then established Wilderness "smoke-in" in 1982, for example, it became necessary to clear a boisterous Finders (WOOF, for short), a five-team Roger Johnson and Chuckie SAR dog unit. The team received disaster crowd that had obtained a park permit search training at Tahoe, and area search under false pretenses. Operating off a Ever since 1974, Independence has been long lead, Chuckie swept back and forth training at Golden Gate with the Park Ser­ using dogs for securing buildings, crowd vice's assistance. WOOF now has 20 while moving forward under positive com­ control, dignitary and VIP protection, mand. The technique was quite suc­ qualified teams and its own three-man and special events. rescue training and certification team. cessful. "People move more readily for a Supervisory Park Ranger Roger G. dog than a human," says Roger. Police service trainers provide that aspect Johnson and his partner, 9-year-old Ger­ of training, which requires four hours or A third use for the dogs is the securing man Shepherd Chuckie, are part of that of areas that have been cleared prior to so of work three times a week for two operation, along with Lead Park Ranger months. VIP visits. The Secret Service, in fact, considers a dog's presence in such an area reliable evidence that it is totally secure. Independence's dogs are trained in a 14-week course at Philadelphia Police Academy, and receive twice-annual, 24-hour in-service training at the Academy or at the University of Delaware. They also receive continuous on-the-job training. At present, Chuckie and Ajax are train­ ed principally to search and protect, but future dogs will also be trained in bomb detection.

Sandy Bryson Sandy Bryson and Thunder, her current dog's predecessor.

9 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

power required and improve safety. One possiblity that has yet to be investigated Further Reading reason for this is that the canine team can but may be of help in minimizing costs is The following is a general but by no do the work of many as 30 men with near the acquisition of a grant-type donation to means all-inclusive bibliography of 100% accuracy. Humans can only provide the park specifically for the establishment materials available on police service and 30-40% accuracy, unless special, expen­ and operation of a ranger service dog pro­ rescue dogs. If you have any additions, sive equipment is utilized. Bombs can be gram. please contact the Newsletter. disquised as telephones, museum pieces, The valuable asset that a canine team books, and a multitude of other objects, can be to any public safety agency can be Books but will still be detected by the bomb dog. seen everyday across the country. We in Bryson, Sandy. Search Dog Training. One such example occurred at a local the Park Service are responsible for serv­ Pacific Grove, California: The Box­ high school in an area in which Buford ing the public and providing safety in the wood Press, 1983. $12.50. and I were working. The school received a national parks, but in some cases, we are Available from The Boxwood bomb threat, indicating the type of ex­ not fully equipped to do so. A ranger ser­ Press, 183 Ocean View Boulevard, plosive used and the time set for detona­ vice dog program can help to fill the Pacific Grove, California 93950. tion. Twenty police officers and fire voids. Low cost, effective, trained service Setnicka, Tim. Wilderness Search and fighters searched the school for 3 hours is available. A park area willing to spon­ Rescue. Boston, Massachusetts: and located nothing. One cautious school sor a pilot program could show other Appalachian Mountain Club, 1980. official called us in because he wasn't parks what an asset ranger service dogs $12.95. Available from NASAR satisfied with the all-clear from local of­ could be to their operations. Guidelines Training Committee, 9035 Golden ficials. We started our search in the public such as NPS 9 could incorporate direc­ Given Road, Tacoma, Washington areas and, 20 minutes later, we were sear­ tives on training and program operations 98445. ching the gym. Buford stopped and to insure compatability and conformity alerted to an air duct. After investigation, among all park areas. Papers a bomb was found, set for 2:00 pm. A The bond between a dog master and Bryson, Sandy. "Police Service Dog school assembly was to be held in the gym dog is tighter than any person could ex­ Team Training Standards", 1981. at 1:30 pm. Although most bomb threats pect between himself and a human part­ Cade, William. "Legal Aspects of are just hoaxes, some are not. Buford and ner. The dog works only to please the Canine Patrol: A Presentation to I conducted over 300 bomb searches and handler and receives only love and praise United States Police Canine found approximately 12-14 bombs, all for a job well done. And no truer test of a Association, May 18, 1981, Univer­ quite real. team can be found than when one half sity of Maine - Orono." Buford's abilities in this area aren't uni­ gives his or her life for the other. Doran, Jeff. "The ABC's of Dogs in que. "Frequently a 50-yard corridor filled In August of 1978,1 received a call for a Search and Rescue", 1977. $2.00. with lockers can be searched by a trained bomb threat from the janitor of a local Available from NASAR Training canine in less than two minutes due to the school. Upon my arrival, I approached Committee, 9035 Golden Given fact that the dog is capable of making the front entrance with Buford. He was Road, Tacoma, Washington 98445. seldom leashed, because he was so well swift decisions based on his olfactory Newsletters sense," T. Patrick Cahill has written in trained. As we came up to the front doors the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. "The of the school, my peripheral vision caught American Rescue Dog, the newsletter detection reliability of these dogs is well in what I thought to be a person standing at of The American Rescue Dog excess of 95 percent. This high perfor­ the corner of the building, about 10 feet Association. Available in return for mance factor, combined with its rapid away. As I turned toward him, the person contributions. Send to Alice rate of search, makes the trained dog an raised his hand. He had a gun. I drew my Stanley, Route 1, Box 161-K, excellent first choice in checking out gun and ordered Buford to stay, but, for Woodford, Virginia 22580. bomb scares." the first time since he was six months old, SAR Dog Alert, a newsletter published Before entering into training, you Buford disobeyed and lunged for the gun every six weeks by the SAR Dog should determine your park's needs, then hand. A shot was fired, and Buford lay Division of the National Associa­ select the appropriate specialty area. It is bleeding in front of me. Dogs are taught tion for Search and Rescue. $6.50 not advisable to cross train a dog in always to come back to you except when per year. Write NASAR, SAR Dog specialties, because it may lead to confu­ your life is threatened with a firearm, and Alert, PO Box 39, Somerset, sion in reading a dog's alert signals. that's why he disobeyed this one time. I California 95684. can't begin to express the feelings that ran The training, upkeep and equipment WOOFNEWS, the monthly newsletter through me. My partner and close friend costs of a canine unit are minimal. Initial of Wilderness Finders (WOOF) lay dead, giving up his life for mine. training is usually provided free to public Search Dog Unit. Available in safety agencies, but the handler's salary During his two-year career, Buford had return for contributions. Send to will of course have to be paid. The a near-perfect find rate in searching for WOOF Search Dog, c/o Marin average daily upkeep of a dog is about lost persons, escaped felons, burglars in County Sheriff's Department, Civic $1.00 per day, including food and water. buildings, and hidden bombs. Although Center, San Rafael, California Medical costs are also relatively low. One his career is ended, others can still emulate 94903. area of some expense that should be con­ the model he set for canine ability. sidered however, is the transport vehicle. By establishing a ranger service dog Because most people don't want to ride in program based on proper training and a car that smells like a dog, a vehicle may guidelines, the National Park Service can need to be provided for exclusive use by enchance the protection of parks and park the handler. There is no perfect vehicle, visitors with cost-effective, highly effi­ just one that fits your needs. Since the cient, multi-talented and publicly- team is on 24-hour call, the equipment for accepted dog and ranger teams. the dog and handler can be stored inside where it will be readily available. One

10 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

ed alcohol abuse. The figures represent regulations which prohibit alcohol con­ Impact of Visitor total values for all parks combined. sumption entirely. Cuyahoga Valley, for Although there is some variability in the example, has had such a regulation since Alcohol Abuse in the proportions of incidents involving alcohol 1981, and their problems have been great­ from park to park, the proportions for the ly reduced. Other areas, such as Chat­ National Parks: total sample seem to generally reflect what tahoochee River, have closed portions of was occuring at the individual park level. their parks to alcohol consumption, with Some Preliminary In general, it appears that alcohol is not a similar results. Of course, even the pro­ Findings significant factor in climbing deaths and hibition of alcohol consumption in park injuries; those that did involve alcohol areas, a step taken by many Eastern state David Atkins, Chattahoochee were primarily in non-technical climbing park systems, would not totally eliminate and situations. For motor vehicle and boating the problem, if for no other reason than Bill Dwyer, Acadia deaths and injuries, however, alcohol that some people who drink to excess off abuse seems to be playing a much larger park jurisdiction would still enter park It is clear from the changes in the new role. About two-thirds of all motor vehi­ roads and waters in intoxicated condi­ Code of Federal Regulations that a cle accident deaths and boating deaths tions. Also, it does not appear to be the response has been made to a perceived and injuries involve alcohol abuse. Our intent of the new CFR regulations that the need within the national park system to sample indicated that about a quarter of Service deprive visitors of their right to more effectively manage the abuse of vehicle accident injuries involve drunk consume alcohol within National Park alcohol by park visitors. The new section, drivers, a figure which jumps to 36% Service areas. 2.35 (a)(2)(ii), prohibits open containers when one park, with its 574 reported auto From our initial survey results, of alcoholic beverages from being carried accidents, is removed from the sample. however, it appears that the abuse of within the passenger compartments of alcohol is, indeed, a major problem; it is motor vehicles on park roads and in park­ Aside from deaths and injuries, visitor alcohol abuse appears to be very costly in costing hundreds of lives and injuries and ing areas. Another new section, 2.35 thousands of man hours each year. The (a)(3), gives park superintendents the terms of manpower and money which must be allocated to managing people question is: What should be done about authority to close certain areas of the park it? More enforcement, road blocks, to the consumption of alcohol. The ex­ under the influence. Table 2 presents some statistics on arrests which occured in regulations, visitor education, nothing? istence of these new regulations must in­ Does Cuyahoga have the answer? At the dicate some heightened awareness of the 25 of the 31 parks responding to our survey. Of a total of 2,644 arrests, 2,014 very least, we need to begin keeping problem of alcohol abuse within the park thorough statistics on the problem. system; the purpose of our survey was to or 77% involved visitors under the in­ sample the magnitude of this problem fluence of alcohol and arrested for one of across the Service and provide a partial the four categories of DUI, disorderly data base for administrators who may be conduct, public intoxication or assaults. considering changes in their policies regar­ Even at only five man hours per arrest, ding the use of alcohol by park visitors. that's a lot of time, and the figures Ser- vicewide must be tremendous. In June we sent out a short survey to 75 Our sample of 31 parks reports 84 Park Service units around the country, deaths, 652 injuries and 2,014 arrests over representing a cross section of parks, a four-year period, for which alcohol monuments and recreation areas. Among abuse was a factor. It is certainly not an other things, the survey asked for infor­ insignificant problem. Some park areas mation during the time period 1980-83 on have tried to deal with it through special such incidents as the number of deaths and injuries resulting from motor vehicle, climbing and boating accidents and how many of these involved the abuse of alcohol. We also asked for statistics on ar­ Table 1: Survey results of park accidents and alcohol abuse for the period 1980-1983. rests involving alcohol abuse in the four categories of driving under the influence, tt Areas reporting tt Cases tt Involving alcohol % Involving alcohol disorderly conduct, public intoxication Overall deaths 21 381 — — and assaults. Realizing that these data MVA deaths 10 64 42 66% may not be readily available in all areas, we asked the respondents to be as accurate MVA injuries 24 1309 341 26% as possible. Climbing deaths 5 58 7 12% To date we have received completed Climbing injuries 8 157 22 14% surveys from 31 park areas. These initial Boating deaths 7 56 35 63% findings are presented in the two adjacent tables. Table 1 summarizes the number of Boating injuries 10 419 289 69% deaths and injuries for motor vehicle ac­ cidents, climbing and boating accidents, and the proportion of these which involv- Table 2: Survey results of park arrests and alcohol abuse for the periods 1980-1983. (25 areas)

David A. Atkins is a seasonal ranger at tt Arrests tt Involving alcohol DUI Disorderly Public intox Assaults Chattahoochee. Dr. William Dwyer is Total arrests 2644 2014 758 375 758 123 head of the park ranger training program Percent of total — 76% 29% 14% 29% 5% at Memphis State University and a alcohol-related seasonal at Acadia. 11 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

stimulated an interest in visitors and pro­ With these four premises in mind, this Interpretation: voked them to explore further. From their article will examine each of Foley and persepctive, a recreational/inspirational Keith's four categories and illustrate their To What End? experience was the answer to the question relationship to interpretation as a whole. "interpretation—to what end?" Bob Peart I agree with Foley and Keith's conclu­ Interpretation as a Tool for Attitude While people have for many years at­ sion that interpretation is essentially a Change tended programs in museums, parks or recreational/inspirational experience. Foley and Keith questioned the ap­ historic .sites which generally relate to in­ This article will not attempt to retrace propriateness of government civil servants terpretation, the concept of interpretation their steps but instead expand their changing taxpapers attitudes when it is the is relatively new. Consequently, the thoughts and apply their conclusions to taxpayers' money which support our pro­ philosophical base is still evolving and the entire field of interpretation, not just grams. In other words, should civil ser­ there is considerable discussion on the to Canadian national parks and related vants be doing thing "for people" or "to nature and role of interpretation. federal reserves. Foley & Keith's original people"? They concluded that civil ser­ One of the most important papers on paper, although I support it, is too narrow vants can more directly serve the public by this subject is by J.P. Foley and J.A. in its application. I hope, by applying providing them with proper information Keith: Interpretation in Canadian Na­ their thoughts to the entire field, that any about their heritage and by assisting them tional Parks and Related Reserves—To person interested in interpretation, will in experiencing this heritge firsthand. The What End? (1978). It, however, has better understand the philosophy that in­ citizen is then in the position to make his received little attention by interpreters. terpretation is a recreational/inspirational own intelligent decision. The authors For the purpose of discussion, they experience and be able to apply this viewed attitude change as a spin-off grouped the items that people would like philosophy to their own program. benefit of interpretation but not as the to accomplish through interpretation in Before beginning a detailed discussion, crux or philosophical base. national parks and reserves into four the premises used to lay the foundation Foley & Keith's conclusion is ap­ categories: for the broadening out of Foley & Keith's propriate, especially for government sup­ paper should be outlined. 1. Interpretation as a tool for attitude ported interpretation programs. I agree change; The first premise is that most inter­ that the primary role of interpretation is pretation programs, at least in Canada, 2. Interpretation as a management to serve the public and not manipulate are government sponsored. Data collected tool; them to perform certain behaviors or in 1976 (Peart) indicated that 94% of in­ 3. Interpretation as an educational think certain thoughts. (However, we terpretation programs are funded by tooljand must remember that there are a few government agencies and 6% by private 4. Interpretation as a recreation­ private agency supported interpretation agencies. It is very clear that interpreta­ al/inspirational experience. programs. If the trend of present govern­ tion programs are funded by the taxpayer. ment financial restraint continues, the Foley and Keith concluded that the in­ This fact means the public, the taxpayers, number of these programs may increase in terpretation programs of Canadian are the ones who should benefit most the future. Those private agencies who federal parks and related federal reserves directly from our programs. choose to support interpretation pro­ did not exist for any one of the above four The second premise relates to the rela­ grams would likely have more definite reasons alone. Rather, these four should tionship between interpretation objectives reasons for becoming involved in addition be viewed as threads which, when woven and the objectives of other activities to public benefit. Therefore, it may be together, formed a pattern which would within an organization. These objectives justifiable for a privately supported pro­ be unique for any given program. must demonstrate that interpretation is an gram to have an attitude change goal as However, they felt that in discussing inter­ equal partner in an organization's their primary means for existence, unlike pretation in national parks and related framework. Interpretation must not be government.) federal reserves, the pattern of these looked on (as it usually is now) as a sup­ Attitude change is not suitable as the woven threads was clear cut. They con­ port function, or as a tool to assist foundation for government sponsored in­ cluded that federal resource management another section in accomplishing their terpretation programs Interpretation as a agencies must provide opportunities for goals. Interpretation must develop a plat­ tool for attitude change should therefore Canadians to experience, understand, and form that will show our role as equals in not be selected as the primary basis for in­ enjoy their natural heritage, and to an organization on a long-term, not a terpretation. develop an awareness of man's place in short-term basis. nature. They felt this could best be done The third premise is that interpretation through an essentially recrea­ necessitates the presence of real objects Interpretation as a Management Tool tional/inspirational program which (Cherem 1977, Peart 1978, 1983). Inter­ Foley and Keith recognized that a pretation, as described by Interpretation resource management element is a most Canada's constitution, includes the important spin-off benefit of interpreta­ Bob Peart is manager of Informal Lear­ phrase "through first-hand involvement tion. However, they questioned whether ning Environments (ILE) Consulting with an object, artifact, landscape or the current scale of financial resources be­ Services in Victoria, British Columbia. site." The object being interpreted must ing used for interpretation is justifiable if This article is reprinted with permission be present. the principal aim is park or resource from- the Summer, 1984, issue of the The fourth premise is that any management. They cited examples of how Interpreter, The Western Interpreters philosophical basis for interpretation interpretation could be valuable "to stop Association Journal For Environmental must lay a foundation for the total the stripping of birch bark off trees," "to Communicators. Although originally discipline and not just for a part of it. The reduce public criticism of major manage­ directed to a Canadian audience, it is basis for interpretation must be suitable ment policies" and "to gain public accep­ reprinted here because of its relevance to for historic sites, museums, zoos, ac- tance for resource management techni­ the continuing discussion of the future quaria, private and provincial (state) ques such as controlled forest fire burns." direction and focus of interpretation in agencies, as well as for federal parks and However, in terms of how interpretation the National Park Service. reserves. contributed to society, they argued that 12 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER even if the promotion and care of parks is besides imparting knowledge. tion, rather than just to national parks a social benefit, the most direct benefac­ Interpretation and education are closely and related reserves. Interpretation re­ tor is the resource manager not the tax- related. However, they do not have the quires a more definite long-term paying public. same knowledge based goal, nor is a for­ framework that can establish us as equal While recognizing the benefit of mal setting appropriate. These concerns partners within an organzation and that resource management directed interpreta­ should cause us to hesitate in adopting will utilize the public's money in a manner tion, for a variety of reasons this category education as the philosophical base for in­ that will more directly benefit them. Foley should not serve as the philosophical base terpretation. and Keith's paper shows the way to ac­ for the entire field. To begin with, the Interpretation as a Recreational/ complish this end. concept of interpretation as a resource Inspirational Experience 1. Interpretation as a tool for attitude management tool may apply as a benefit change; Foley and Keith point out that "there of park related interpretation programs, 2. Interpretation as a management but what about the remaining 40% (Peart are relatively few people in our society who must hunt for their livelihood. tool; 1976) of interpretation programs that are 3. Interpretation as an educational not focused on a resource or park based However, there are growing numbers of people who desire and demand that we tool; message? Historic sites and museums 4. Interpretation as a recreation- would find it awkward to use a resource preserve natural areas so that they can broaden their experiences and maintain al/inspriational experience. management argument to support their Interpretation does not exist for any programs. How useful would this their psychological balance through con­ tact with the primitive world." With one of the above four categories alone, philosophy be to an interpreter splitting rather these four should be viewed as wood at Fort Langley National Historic growing urbanization, many of these peo­ ple cannot understand the special threads which weave together forming a Site or a docent at the British Columbia unique pattern for any given program. Provincial Museum? language of nature which, therefore, has to be interpreted to them. The demand is However, a recreational/inspirational ex­ It can also be questioned whether great and interpretation programs must perience objective should be dominant. resource or park information related to exist to provide the opportunity to The other three categories for reasons of policies, park information, or safety, is establish and maintain a link between the less direct advantages to the public, ques­ even interpretation. Is a TV spot or slide hearts of men and their natural heritage. tionable messages considering our au­ show informing the public about the Without this opportunity to relate emo­ dience, lack of presence of the object be­ policies of an organization, interpreta­ tionally with the natural environment, the ing interpreted, secondary level rather tion? Remember interpretation public would be deprived of a widely felt than primary goal development, and lack necessitates the presence of a suitable ob­ need to devlop as individuals in the full of application for the total profession ject (Cherem, 1977, Peart, 1978, 1983). context of their nature environment. were deemed less suitable as the What is tangible or can be experienced Foley and Keith feel it is on this basis, that philosophical foundation upon which to about a policy? Would not resource or interpretation should exist—to provide an base programs. park management related programs be opportunity to relate emotionally with the Interpretation must provide oppor­ solely information? natural environment. tunities for the public to experience, Would it not be more beneficial to Examining this category from the understand and enjoy their cultural and justify interpretation programs based on a broader outlook of the entire field, it natural heritage, and to develop an long-term goal that defines it as an equal seems to be the most legitimate category awareness of man's place in this heritage. within the organization? Interpretation upon which to base all our programs. This This objective can best be accomplished should not become a support program to recreational/inspirational experience of­ through interpretation programs which accomplish another division's or section's fers the most direct advantage to the are essentially recreational/inspirational goals! Being a support program, and not public. In turn, it places interpretation in in nature. • one that stands on its own, leaves inter­ its rightful position within the organiza­ References pretation more vulnerable to cutbacks and tion, i.e., on equal footing as equal part­ Cherem, G.J. The Professional Inter­ restraints. If it is not considered an equal ners. This category also serves as a preter: Agent for an Awakening within the organization, it will be con­ suitable basis for programs whether of Giant. Journal of Interpretation, sidered a frill. historical, natural or museological orien­ 1977, 2(1), 3-16. For these reasons interpretation as a tation. Interpretation should therefore be Foley, J.P. and J.A. Keith. Interpreta­ resource management tool should not be primarliy designed for audiences who tion in Canadian National Parks the basis of our profession. volunteer their time to enjoy the oppor­ and Related Resources—To What Interpretation as an Educational Tool tunity of experiencing and better acquain­ End? (in) J. Nelson, R. Needham, ting themselves with their natural and S. Nelson, and R. Scace (eds.) The There is no question that interpretation cultural heritage. Canadian National Parks Today and education are closely linked. and Tomorrow Conference II However, the appropriateness of educa­ Conclusion (Volume I & II) University of tion as the philosophical basis for The purpose of this article was Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario. interpretation should be questioned. threefold. The first was to provide more 1979. Education is "the process of training and exposure to the ideas expressed in Foley Peart, B. The definition of interpreta­ developing knowledge, mind and and Keith's article Interpretation in tion: The debate continues. Paper character by formal schooling" Canadian National Parks and Related in preparation, 1983. (Webster's Dictionary). Considering' that Reserves—To What End? The second was Peart, B. The Definition of Interpreta­ our audiences are "essentially volunteers to express support for the conclusion that tion. Interpretation Canada. 1976, on a vacation or a day outing, and do not Foley and Keith reached. But the third, 3(1), 29-32. want or expect a formalized overstruc- and most important reason for preparing tured situation" (Cherem 1977), inter­ this paper, was to apply Foley and Keith's Tilden, F. Interpreting Our Heritage. pretation must by necessity be informal. conclusion that interpretation should be Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The In turn Tilden (1957) describes interpreta­ essentially a recreational/inspirational University of North Carolina Press, tion as having many other functions experience to the entire field of interpreta­ 1957. 13 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

given to an officer upon entrance into the or in-service training programs. Role-play The Performing Art profession; they may be necessary for the training should involve more than just job but, alone, they certainly aren't suffi­ building searches, shoot-don't-shoot of Park Law cient, and if overused they can lead to real scenarios and other similar situations. trouble. Furthermore, they generally aren't These may provide valuable training but Enforcement: very useful for gaining compliance in most they do not require interaction between Implications for park settings on a day-to-day basis. the trainee and "violators", "victims" or On the other hand, the effective law en­ others. Role-play training should include Training forcement ranger must also have a well- situations which demand that the trainee developed capability with informal talk to people, calm them down, and motivate them to comply. William Dwyer, Acadia power—the ability to interact, talk, per­ and suade, cajole and motivate. This type of Our ten years of experience with role- Jan Graham, Yosemite power is, in fact, the basis of all police play training has proved to us that the work, especially for what we call "low development of such programs is not dif­ During the last fifteen years the role of key" law enforcement. Unfortunately, ficult. Contrary to some opinion, it is not the National Park Service as a people- most traditional training programs em­ necessary to hire professional actors and management agency has certainly matured phasize the formal power aspects of law write detailed scripts. All that's really re­ into a major endeavor. With its 320 million enforcement to the relative exclusion of quired is some creativity and a willingness annual visits, the system's traditional in­ these performing art skills. Thus, the new to have a good time, traits that can cer­ volvement in "visitor protection and officer is often left to develop his own tainly be found in any group of rangers. resources management" is clearly undergo­ skills in the use of informal power which To maximize the value of the role-play ing a metamorphosis to "visitor manage­ must serve as the foundation for the for­ training experience we recommend the ment and resources protection." A review mal power his commission gives him. following guidelines: of National Park Service activities in the Because the development of informal arena of law enforcement and visitor 1. The trainers should prepare for the law enforcement power is critical to the management since 1970 reveals an in­ scenerios in advance by "talking job, it would appear that more attention teresting array of edicts, policy statements, through" a few situations and should be paid to developing these commissions, debates over guns, pro­ developing some notions of what qualities during the training process, posals, counter-proposals, training pro­ each scene should be like. rather than leaving them to chance. The grams, and several trips back to the draw­ 2. The scenes should be made relative­ practical question is: how are such skills ing board. Nonetheless, out of this patch­ ly short. Don't let them drag on for trained? If law enforcement is basically a work has emerged a fairly coherent more than five minutes. performing art, and we believe it is, the philosophy toward visitor management and 3. The scenes should be typical situa­ answer to this question may lie in the a force of trained rangers who are able to tions which the trainees are likely to observation that people in the traditional effectively interpret that philosophy. At the face. performing arts are all trained in the same foundation of this philosophy, of course, is 4. Reassure the trainees that everyone way—by performing. They are required the concept of "low key" law enforce­ will probably make mistakes and, in to act in controlled setting in front of their ment. fact, there is a great deal to learn by teachers and fellow students, their perfor­ In the past this concept has had several making mistakes. mance is critiqued, then they are required 5. At least at first, the trainers, interpretations, including such things as to act again. two-inch gun barrels, contract policing, themselves, should play the role of In law enforcement this type of training patrol vehicles without emergency lights, the violator/victim, while the translates into role-play activities which, bans on weapons during daylight hours, trainees play the roles of responding in our judgment, should form a major and handcuffs in the trousers pocket. officer or backup. component of law enforcement training Those days, however, seem to be over, and "low key" has taken on a new meaning, one which places more emphasis on how patrol rangers behave in their role as agents of authority. We have written elsewhere (Parks and Recreation Resources, March, 1983) on the observation that law enforcement is actual­ ly a performing art and that the quality of the officer's performance is critical to the degree of compliance he or she can expect from the public. It may also determine the amount of physical force he or she ends up using. The tools available to the law en­ forcement ranger to conduct this perfor­ mance fall in two general categories. On the one hand, there is the formal power—guns, baton, handcuffs, and powers of search and arrest. These are

Dr. William Dwyer is the head of the park ranger law enforcement training pro­ gram at Memphis State University. Jan Bill Dwyer Graham is a seasonal at Yosemite. Student handling an "accident scene" involving extreme emotions and serious injury. 14 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

6. The trainees should initially ap­ but the weather again turned bad, prevent­ proach the situations by themselves Field Reports ing any further aircraft operations. (i.e., one person cars) to develop Search and Rescue A base of operations was established at some self-reliance and verbal the Talkeetna Ranger Station, and West abilities. District Ranger Bryan Swift, Superinten­ Denali's Search for Uemura 7. Set up the scenes so they provide an dent Bob Cunningham and Chief Ranger opportunity to assess three aspects On February first, Naomi Uemura, a Tom Griffiths went there to assist Gerhard of the trainee's behavior: famous Japanese mountaineer and adven­ in the search mission. Paul Hartel, (a) knowlege of law, regulations turer, began an attempt to become the first superintendent of Lake Clark, also joined and procedures. person to successfully climb Mt. McKinley this effort. The search generated a great (b) knowledge of mechanics and alone in winter. He seemed ideally suited deal of media attention throughout the techniques. for the challenge. In 1960 he was part of a United States, Canada, and Japan; at one (c) ability to interact with the team of climbers from Japan who spent a time there were five different Japanese violator/victim and to maintain night camped near the summit of television networks represented in Talkeet­ control of the situation. McKinley, and in 1970 he made the first na, as well as many other journalists. Sev­ 8. Critique each scenario immediately successful solo climb of the mountain. eral hundred phone calls from the media after its conclusion. During the same year, he was a member of and people offering assistance were also 9. During the critique, provide feed­ the first Japanese team to successfully received. back on good aspects of the reach the summit of Mt. Everest, the The weather broke on February 27, and trainee's performance first. highest mountain in the world. He had also Wickwire and Ohtani immediately re­ 10. Involve the rest of the class (the reached the highest summits of Europe, quested to be brought off the mountain. spectators) in the critiquing process. Africa, and South America, each time go­ They had searched to the point last seen at 11. In establishing the parameters of ing alone. He had rafted 3,700 miles down 16,200', and had found no sign of the role-play training, make sure the Amazon River, walked the length of Uemura. They speculated that the climber that the trainees understand that Japan, traveled 7,500 miles by dogsled had slipped on the steep ice between each scenario will stop immediately from Greenland to Kotzebue, and was the 14,300' and 16,200', and had either gone when the trainer says "Stop". first man to reach the North Pole alone by into a crevasse or had been covered by 12. Try to keep the size of the training trekking across the frozen Arctic by dogsl­ snow. Ohtani and Wickwire had suffered class to fifteen or less. Divide up ed. He had numerous narrow escapes dur­ from mild frostbite and were getting low larger classes into more than one ing these adventures, but had always seem­ on food. They felt that there was no chance group. ed almost indestructible. that Uemura was still alive, so the Park Ser­ vice suspended further active searching. This winter he had planned a 1,200-mile The search for Uemura's body will be car­ Aside from the obvious advantages to solo dogsled trip across the South Pole, but incorporating role-play experiences into ried out during routine ranger patrols on turned instead to a winter climb of Denali the mountain this summer. training curricula, we have discovered as training for that trip, which had to be several other benefits to this technique. delayed. Uemura planned to make a very Four experienced Japanese climbers Group members involved in role play rapid ascent, relying on snow caves instead from Uemura's university climbing club quickly develop an environment of sup­ of a tent, taking only essential equipment, flew into the Kahiltna Glacier on February port and cohesiveness which greatly and depending on raw caribou, seal oil and 27 to continue the search. On March 8 they facilitates the learning process. It also some dried fruit for food. On February 13, reported that they had reached 17,300' and develops self-confidence, thus decreasing pilot Lowell Thomas and Eiho Ohtani, a had found some evidence in a snow cave dependence on formal power and the in­ friend of Uemura's, flew over the moun­ which indicated that Uemura had been appropriate use of aggression. In addi­ tain. The climber told them by radio that there, but they found no trace of his body. tion, students also find this type of train­ he had reached the summit the day before, It has been said that Uemura was a hero ing to be a very enjoyable experience, and that he wished to be picked up at his in Japan, and that school children study which increases their motivation to par­ base camp, located at 7,500' on the about him and his accomplishments. In ticipate and learn. The trainees also Kahiltna Glacier, two days hence. The this country he has been compared become familiar with each other's skills weather turned bad on February 14, favorably with people like Charles Lind­ and develop realistic expectations of how though, and by the following day, Uemura bergh, the NASA astronauts and John their colleagues will function in law en­ still had not reached base. Wayne. Our sympathy is extended to his forcement situations. Finally, role-play family and the Japanese people. An air search was begun by his pilot, but training gives supervisors an excellent op­ It should be noted that there has been a portunity to observe the relative strengths he could not locate Uemura along the in­ tended descent route. On February 16, fatality in three of the four winter ascents and weaknesses of their subordinates, of Denali, and that there was a very narrow thus assisting them in determining work Uemura was spotted waving from a snow cave at 16,200', but no radio contact was escape in the fourth. Even during the May- assignments, partner combinations, or July climbing season, the fatality rate is needs for further training. made. The weather turned worse, and fur­ ther searching was not possible until one per hundred climbers in all but the last All law enforcement, but especially that February 20. Ranger Bob Gerhard, two years. Although not as high as many which takes place in park settings, makes piloting a Bell 212 helicopter from An­ other mountains in the world, any attempt significant interpersonal demands on chorage, searched the climbing route to climb it should not be taken lightly. those who are charged with carrying it extensively, but could find no sign of the Tom Griffiths out. To do the job they certainly need the climber. Gerhard got out at 17,300' and at Denali mantle of formal police powers which 16,200' and searched snow caves in the comes with role. But it is clear that they vicinity without luck. Two fixed-wing air­ Protection must also be experts in the use of informal craft were also used in the search. Ohtoni Weapons on Airlines power—they must first be able to per­ and Jim Wickwire, a well-known Seattle form. It is the essence of effective low key climber, began aground search at 14,300 ', As the result of the problems several law enforcement. rangers traveling to a recent special event had with varying airline policies concern- 15 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER ing weapons transportation, the News­ • Delta - Written declaration required The owner of the dogs, which were shot letter was asked to determine what the for checked baggage. Commission in 1977 on opening day of bear season, appropriate regulations and policies are alone acceptable for on-board had filed suit against the government on such transport. carriage. following the judge's ruling that the NPS-9 states simply that "when (a) • Eastern - On-board carriage allow­ ranger had exercised due care and was not revolver is transported on sheduled com­ ed only with specific orders. Writ­ negligent. The appeals court agreed with mercial carriers, in conjunction with ten declaration required for check­ the judge and observed that the owner authorized enforcement operations, it will ed baggage, with one copy inside "was responsible for his dogs and the be placed unloaded in the employee's bag and one to airline agent. dogs were clearly in violation of Federal locked hard-sided suitcase and trans­ • United - No carrying of weapons on regulations." ported in the baggage compartment (ex­ board allowed. Oral or written The Supreme Court ruled on July 3 that cept in prisoner transport). In the case of declaration must be made at ticket police can question motorists during or­ commercial air travel, the ticket agent counter for checked bags. dinary traffic stops without first warning shall be notified of the fact that an • People's Express - Commission them against self-incrimination because unloaded weapon is being transported in alone is acceptable for either on­ such a stop does not constitute custody. locked baggage prior to checking the bag­ board or checked bag carriage. Lower courts had been divided on the ap­ gage with the airline." It also says that • USAir - Weapons may not be car­ plication of Miranda to misdemeanor "weapons will be worn when transporting ried aboard. Written declaration is traffic offenses. prisoners on commercial air carriers in ac­ required for checked bags. As reported in the New York Times, the cordance with applicable Federal Aviation • Northwest - Same as USAir. Supreme Court said that "the crucial Administration or other regulations." distinction, for purposes of the Miranda The references are paragraphs 4 and 11 • Piedmont - Airline must be advised of weapon to be carried aboard rule, was not between a traffic offense under Chapter 8's defensive equipment and more serious crimes but between guidelines. when reserving flight and one hour before departure. Weapons in bag­ 'custodial interrogation' and less formal The FAA's regulations (Airplane gage must be declared. police questioning." Operator Security, paragraph 108.11) are " 'Questioning incident to an ordinary more explicit but too long to reprint here. Court Rulings traffic stop is quite different from station- In summary, here is what they have to Early in May, the 4th U.S. Circuit house interrogation,' Justice Marshall say about on-board and checked baggage Court of Appeals affirmed a district said. Although a motorist is not free to carriage. judge's ruling that a Shenandoah ranger leave, he continued, the experience is You may carry a weapon aboard an was reasonably justified in shooting three 'comparatively non-threatening' and does airplane if you: hunting dogs that were chasing bear not constitute 'custody' for Miranda pur­ • are a Federal employee authorized within the park. poses." to have the weapon; • need to have the weapon accessible in connection with the performance of your duties; • notify the airline at least one hour SECOND CHANCE before departure (or as soon as practicable in case of emergency); and • identify yourself to the airline agent INVESTIGATOR with your commission. If you intend to leave your weapon in your checked baggage, you must: ^BALLISTIC JACKET • declare to the airline agent that the Second Chance 'street-proven' ballistics, firearm is unloaded "either orally reliability and comfort are now available to or in writing before checking the the everyday lawman who doesn't require baggage"; the minute-to-minute street-wise protection • place the weapon in a container that as do his fellow officers in uniform. the airline considers appropriate for The windbreaker style unit features full transportation; and front, side and back coverage in the • lock the baggage and have exclusive Second Chance ballistic protection control of the key. level you feel is right for you. A survey of eight airlines revealed that, at best, most ticket agents are quite hazy ^^^ Available in Small through about these regulations and uncertain in ^^. XX-large, in Navy, Black their interpretation of them. Each had a *^H ^L and Green. variation or two to add: • American - Specific agency authorization must be presented for on-board carriage, which may or may not be allowed. Checked weapons must be in a locked, hard sided or crushproof container, which they sell for $30 if yours doesn't meet requirements. A writ­ ten declaration is required.

16 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

the schedule of events for the October 19 Association Notes gathering,which will be as follows (Oc­ 9:00 a.m. NPS Housing Task Force tober 18th presentations are before the en­ Report— Rendezvous VIII Update tire group; October 19th's are separate Steve Lewis, Deputy RD, Rendezvous VIII will be held in Bar workshops): NARO Harbor, Maine, between Tuesday, October 16 Supervision: Nuts and October 16, and Saturday, October 20; if All day Registration Bolts you haven't yet made arrangements to at­ Afternoon Board Members' Jim Brady, Assistant tend, now is the time to do so. Business Meeting Superintendent, Zion The first thing you must do is renew Afternoon Social at the Seaview Tax Advice— your membership in the Association if it is Restaurant Merrill Lynch, Pierce, not current. There's a form on the inside Fenner & Smith October 17 back cover for that purpose. High-Tech Future Inter­ 9 a.m. Rendezvous VIII in You'll also find a registration form pretive Techniques— Session— Steve Gregory, President, there. Since all pre-registration was to Dick Martin, Association have been completed by September first, Edgeware Systems President 10:00 a.m. Supervision: Nuts and you will need to attend to this when you Welcome— arrive at Bar Harbor. If, however, you Bolts Ronald Wrye, Superinten­ won't be attending but still would like a High-Tech Interpretive dent, Acadia T-shirt, this form can be used for ordering Techniques Herb Cables, Regional one. Send the form and a check to Kathy Tax Advice Director, NARO Loux, PO Box 9, McKinley Park, Alaska What's in the Hopper: 99755. 10 a.m. Address— Current and Proposed Russ Dickenson, Director, All travel and lodging arrangements will Bills Affecting Resources National Park Service and You— be handled by Acadia Travel in Bar Har­ 11 a.m. Guest Speaker— bor. Lodging will be in four area motels, Randy Jones, Assistant Senator Gaylord Nelson, Superintendent, Olympia and prices will be in the $28-30 range for Chairman, Wilderness each. If you are making both travel and 11:10 a.m. High-Tech Interpretive Society Techniques lodging reservations, you can call the Noon Lunch travel agency collect; if you are only reser­ What's in the Hopper 1:30 p.m. General Session, Associa­ Tax Advice ving lodging, however, you must call tion Business Meeting direct. Contact either Kit or Lou at NPS Housing Task Force Evening Boat Trip Acadia Travel, Northeast Harbor, Maine Report 04662, 207-276-5106. (When making a October 18 Noon Lunch collect call, tell the operator that you're 9 a.m. Ranger Activities: Goals 1:30 General Session, Associa­ making arrangements for the Ranger and Directions— tion Business Meeting Rendezvous so that your call will be Dan Sholly, Chief of Elections accepted. Ranger Activities, WASO Evening Rendezvous Dance Although all air travel arrangements 9:45 a.m. Trends and Issues in Per­ should be made through Acadia travel so sonnel Management— Richard Powers, Assist. that organizers will know who is coming The Raffle on what flight and when, members should Director, Personnel/ Rob Arnberger of Saguaro, the overall know that Delta Air Lines is offering the Administration, Rendezvous raffle coordinator, is still ac­ Association a special meeting fare, WASO tively seeking contributions from MCF30, which affords at least a 30% dis­ 10:45 a.m. Break members and friends of the Association. count off Delta's round trip, undis- 11:15 a.m. Career Counseling— He is particularly interested in any "hand­ counted day coach fares. Departures to Bob Barbee, Superinten­ crafted or homespun" items, such as Bangor must be made for the period bet­ dent, Yellowstone home-brewed beer, preserves and hand­ ween October 13 and October 19, with a Noon Lunch made shirts, and is also asking that maximum permissible stay of 15 days. 1:30 p.m. Investment Strategy- rangers in the East give special attention Reservations must be made and tickets Merrill Lynch, Pierce, to the possibility of contributing purchased at least seven days before Fenner & Smith something this year. All items that are departure. If special fares which represent 2:45 p.m. Break mailed ahead of time should be sent to a savings greater than 30% are available, 3:00 p.m. Preparing for Manage­ Stan Robbins, Seawall Ranger Station, you will be confirmed at the lower rate, ment in the NPS— Manset, Maine 04656, with the words providing normal qualifications for that Herb Cables, Regional "Raffle Item" marked on the outside. If a fare have been met. Delta asks that your Director, NARO homemade contribution is not possible, travel agent — presumably Acadia Roger Contor, Regional any other worthwhile item will be ap­ Travel— place these reservations through Director, Alaska RO preciated. If you know of a company in­ a designated toll free number John Cook, Superinten­ terested in making a donation, contact (1-800-241-6760) to obtain these advan­ dent, Great Smokies Ken Morgan at Cumberland Island, as he tages for you. The same travel discount is Jim Tobin, Regional is handling that aspect of the raffle. available to those attending the search Director, PNWRO management course at the end of the 4:00 p.m. NPS Employee Survey Receipts for all donations will be pro­ Rendezvous. Results— vided at the Rendezvous this year instead Dr. Don Field, NPS- of by mail. This will give contributors the Agenda CPSU, Orgeon State necessary record for tax deduction pur­ Evening Fun Run poses well before the income tax filing Bob Cunningham of Denali, Rendez­ Bus tour, Acadia period. vous program coordinator, has finalized 17 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

The raffle made over $2,000 for the Association are open to competition. It is signifies that the motion should come Association last year, displayed the talents absolutely vital that we have new blood on before the assembly for discussion and of rangers throughout the Service and the board, and all members who want to does not imply agreement with the mo­ proved a great entertainment for all atten­ run for office should do so." tion. ding the Rendezvous. Rob stongly en­ Secondary motions—Although a main courages members to again submit dona­ Meeting Procedures motion on the floor must be acted upon tions so that this year's raffle will surpass before other business can be taken up, even last year's record-breaking effort. The Rendezvous has grown from a secondary motions are permissible for cer­ small gathering where informal discus­ Post-Rendezvous Course Offering tain purposes. "Points of order or infor­ sions took place over a beer keg to an mation" are allowed for clarification or As reported in the last issue, the Na­ august assembly replete with business correction of the main motion, and can tional Association for Search and Rescue meetings and seminars, while still retain­ even be made while someone is speaking will be offering their "Managing the ing the traditional keg. (courteously, of course) so that business Search Function" course between Oc­ Although the social nature of the may be expedited. A "motion to modify tober 20 and October 23 in Bar Harbor. Rendezvous hasn't changed, our business or amend a motion" may be made when a The course will be just over 30 hours long, meetings are more formal and fuller than member gains the floor; after it is second­ and will cost $125. In order to register, ever before. In a large assembly such as ed and discussed, it must be voted on you must contact the NASAR Training the Rendezvous, where most business is before further action is taken on the Committee, 434 Thatcher, Boise, Idaho conducted only once a year, several condi­ original motion. A "motion to close or 83702. Lodging will be at the Atlantic tions must prevail. First, business must be limit debate" may be made to either put a Oakes By-The-Sea, and the motel will of­ conducted expeditiously, otherwise little time limit on or end discussion; the latter fer the same rates that it is for the Rendez­ will be accomplished. Second, all views, is done by "calling the question", and vous. Stan Robbins should be called for especially those of the minority, should be must be seconded and approved by a 2/3 room reservations at 207-244-3030 (home) allowed to be expressed. Third, a system vote of the membership. A mover may or 207-288-3360 (work). of procedure defining how members con­ "withdraw a motion" at any time before duct themselves in business meetings final action is taken on a motion, pro­ Business Meeting Agenda should be in effect. viding no one objects; no second is In the past, in order to meet all three necessary, and a vote must be taken. An agenda has been prepared for the conditions, the officers of the Association Voting—Voting is conducted by voice, business meetings that will be held at the have largely followed the rules of Rendezvous so that members will have a except when a motion is made for closing parliamentary procedures, as have the or limiting debate. Members may better idea of what topics will be brought members who are knowledgeable in these to the floor and in what order. Some ad­ challenge the results of a voice vote by procedures. This year, in order that "calling for a division". A count by show justments are possible and topics may be everyone be effective and participatory carried over from the first session to the of hands must then be made. members, an information sheet on As noted before, a more detailed infor­ second session if necessary, but the essen­ parliamentary rules will be included in the tial order will be as follows: mation sheet on parliamentary procedures Rendezvous registration packet. Members will be available at Bar Harbor. These October 17: who attend should spend a little time rules are offered so that you may become President's message reading these rules so that the business a more effective participating member at Business manager's report meeting can proceed efficiently and ex­ the business meetings. By knowing how to Editor's report peditiously, thereby affording more time quickly dispense with the important Other officers' reports for attending to the social mission we've business of the Association, we can more Old business: all come to enjoy. quickly get to the equally important Constitutional revisions There are a few parliamentary pro­ socializing of the Rendezvous. Association objectives through 1989 cedures, however, that should be men­ Mary Kimmitt Publicity—Where do we stand? tioned ahead of time to reinforce their Independence Seasonal health insurance—Can the importance. These are as follows: proposal be revitalized? Obtaining the floor—A member must Association Objective - October 19: be recognized by the presiding officer in Some Thoughts Work group reports order to speak. This is particularly impor­ New business: tant to prevent undirected discussions, At the last board meeting, President Raffle fund allocations concurrent speaking, and a great deal of Dick Martin assigned some of us to look Sales and marketing confusion. Once you have been recog­ into the Association's purpose, directions Establishment of new work groups nized, you may speak; when you are for the next five years and other related Other new business from the finished, you yield the floor by sitting. topics—a rather large assignment. Copies membership Making a motion—Any member may of a draft were mailed to board members Rendezvous IX—Where and when? introduce a motion, which is a formal and others who had shown an interest in Nomination of officers: proposal that the group take certain ac­ the past. These comments have been in­ President tion, at any time when no other business is corporated into the following draft. Secretary before the assembly. Once before the We would appreciate your comments North Atlantic Regional Rep assembly, the motion must be adopted or on the following objectives for your National Capitol Regional Rep rejected by a vote, or the assembly must Association, many of which will be Midwest Regional Rep take action disposing of the question in discussed at the Rendezvous: some other way before any other business Rocky Mountain Regional Rep • Reinforce the Association's posi­ Alaska Regional Rep can be brought up. Only one motion may be considered at a time. The motion must tion as the "guiding light" of the President Dick Martin has emphasized be offered verbally, then in writing to the national park ranger profession by his desire to see competition for all offices presiding official. always setting the highest profes­ sional standards for all Association in these elections: "Board positions in the Seconding a motion—A second simply activities. 18 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

• Maintain emphasis on the four • Draft position papers and aspects of the park ranger profes­ statements that will further the pur­ Supervisory Appraisal sion: poses of the national park system as Essay Contest Interpretation set forth in the 1916 Act and other Natural and Cultural related legislation. Supervisors. We all have them. Some Resources Management • Develop and maintain a personal are the greatest thing since canned beer, Park Management relationship between the President but others. . . .well, they may take a little Visitor Protection and the Director and between the care and feeding from time to time. • Provide the most accessible forum Regional Representatives and their Whenever rangers get together around a for field rangers to address issues respective Regional Directors. meeting table or over a cold one, the affecting the profession. • Cooperate with all other organiza­ discussion sooner or later gets around to • Continue publication of a profes­ tions with similar goals and objec­ supervisors and/or supervision. If you can sional quarterly newsletter. tives. remember (sometimes through the haze) • Conduct an aggressive public rela­ • Maintain strict and complete any of those great, golden moments of tions campaign for the profession. autonomy with respect to the Na­ one-upmanship—i.e., "If you think that • Maintain credibility with field tional Park Service and all other was bad, why I used to have a supervisor rangers in all disciplines, at all levels organizations. who. . ."—then we want you! and in seasonal, permanent and • Provide educational benefits for The Association is sponsoring a con­ retiree ranks. members in such areas as personal test, complete with prizes, on supervision. • Maintain a Constitution and development, field skills, manage­ Actually, there are two contests involved, Bylaws that provide efficient yet ment and supervisory techniques each asking an essay response to a responsible management of the af­ through newsletter articles and separate topic. Number 1: "Why the best fairs of the Association. Rendezvous workshops, and con­ supervisor I have had in the Park Service • Expand input into Park Service task sider sponsoring specific training was so great." Number 2: "Why the forces in areas that affect park sessions or providing scholarships worst supervisor I have had in the Park rangers. to members. Service was so bad and how I/we dealt • Make committees and work groups • Plan and present an annual Ranger with the situation." responsible for producing Rendezvous that is a combination Now, we do not want names and serial results—both committees, dealing of stimulating workshops and numbers of these real life examples, with long-term Association business speakers and opportunities for however tempting that might prove to be. (Rendezvous, equal opportunity, fellowship. But we also do not want great flights of etc.), and work groups dealing with • Plan Rendezvous' well enough in fancy either, so please limit yourself to specific Association issues advance to afford sound opera­ real people who you have had as super­ (quarters, 025/026, etc.). tions. visors. The candidates need not be im­ • Fund the Rendezvous with money mediate supervisors; people one or two • Continue to offer frank, construc­ levels up are also appropriate choices. The tive criticism and assistance to Ser­ that is separate from the general membership dues or raffle pro­ purpose here is to collect real examples of vice management in matters concer­ each type from throughout the Park Ser­ ning the profession. ceeds, but maintain reasonable registration fees in order to make vice so that we may all learn from their the Rendezvous accessible to the positive or negative examples. Character Semi-Annual Operating Statement greatest number of members. assassination is not what we're looking January 1, 1984-June 30, 1984 • Establish Ranger Rendezvous sites for. A secondary purpose of the contest is to Beginning Balance — on a rotating basis in order to collect these real life examples for use as January 1, 1984 $19,216.49 assure reasonable accomodations and efficient management of the part of a training course in supervision Receipts $11,441.83 Rendezvous. which I have been working on and for the Accrued Interest $504.69 • Continue the movement toward use of other people with similar interests. Newsletter 235.00 making the business activities of the We will publish a breakdown of the Dues/Membership 7,578.75 Association more professional. characteristics of both types and how Rdzv. VII 3,123.39 • Maintain fiscal solvency through often they were mentioned in a future Rdzv.VIII — the development of a five-year issue of the Newsletter. This information Expenses $12,638.78 budget. should help us all do a better job at the sometimes frustrating but always impor­ Bank charges • Maintain strict control over ac­ — tant task of effective supervision. We Newsletter 7,899.06 tivities in order to protect IRS tax- Dues/Membership 1,135.47 exempt status. need to know from you what works and what doesn't work. Sales 223.45 • Refuse to become involved in Rdzv. VII 212.00 political arena that affects the Na­ Without too much arm twisting (actual­ Rdzv.VIII 1,381.66 tional Park Service, including but ly none, but we don't want you to think Legal Fees 151.00 not limited to lobbying elected of­ they were eager for the job as it might Travel 900.00 ficials and supporting or attacking spoil their images as overworked, hard- Mini-conferences 325.35 political appointees. charging professionals), we have lined up Postage 187.13 • Grow to 2,000 members by 1988. some familiar names to judge the contest. Telephone 4.83 Please send any comments to your They are all sincerely concerned with im­ Supplies 5.74 regional representative or any other of­ proving the quality of supervision in the Printing 108.09 ficer for discussion at Bar Harbor. Better Service, and this is your opportunity to Mail Service 105.00 yet, come yourself and discuss them in tell them how things actually are in the person. field now. The judges are Dan Sholly, Ending Balance — Doug Morris, Bill Wade and Jim Brady. June 30, 1984 $18,019.54 Jim Tuck Rocky Mountain RO Continued on page 22 19 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

Their job will be to share ANPR informa­ out—was to expire in October. Members Regional Reps tion, receive input and encourage from Midwest should be considering who membership. Mary will also be writing they want for their next representative, Report brief summaries of Association news and and contact those prospective candidates other items of interest for distribution to to determine their interest and commit­ North Atlantic members after each of her monthly ment. He would like to see at least three Representative Stan Robbins, Acadia. meetings with the regional director. good candidates nominated. Address: Seawall Ranger Station, Manset, Mary met with Regional Director Jim Tom needs to know how regional Maine 04656. Phone: 207-244-3030 Coleman and Deputy Regional Director members feel about any issues and con­ (home), 207-288-3360 (work). Don Castleberry in June. Their discussion cerns that they'd like voiced at the board Stan is working on getting Association focused almost exclusively on career op­ meeting at the Rendezvous. Please call or representation at the regional quarters portunities and a proposed management write him with any comments as soon as training session in November, and at development program for the region. possible. developing contacts with the regional Since the regional director was eager to director regarding housing issues. He's receive feedback on the proposal, he Rocky Mountain also working on a tri-regional mini- agreed to postpone making any decisions rendezvous with Mary Kimmitt and Rick on it until Mid-Atlantic members of the Representative Paul Broyles, Wind Erisman. Association could prepare a response. Cave. Address: Wind Cave National That response was to have been submitted Park, Hot Springs, South Dakota 57747. on July 25. Phone: 605-745-6413 (home), National Capital 605-745-4600 (work). Representative Rick Erisman, C & O Southeast Paul has been looking at ways of in­ Canal. Address: PO Box 31, Sharpsburg, creasing seasonal membership in the Maryland 21782. Phone: 301-432-2474 Representative Ken Hulick, Chat­ Association, and is also seeking "strongly (home), 301-739-6179 (work). tahoochee. Address: 1700 Old Rex Mor­ committed help" in the development of row Road, Morrow, Georgia 30260. Rick is looking forward to seeing as the seasonal insurance plan that has been Phone: 404-394-8324 (work), many of you as possible at the Rendez­ under discussion in the Association for 404-961-5349 (home). vous, which he will be attending from Oc­ some time now. As Mike Sutton and Sue tober 14 to October 21, and asks that each Ken reports that plans for the spring of Kylander have left the Service and Craig of you give serious thought to your 1985 mini-rendezvous in the Southeast McClure is currently too busy to give it his nomination for the office of regional region are still progressing. Speakers, full time, the Association very much needs representative from National Capital, as workshops, recreational activities, an an interested and energetic volunteer to his term expires this year. Although Rick evening out at a country and western work on the proposal. is willing to serve one more two-year term, dance hall with transportation provided by concessioner-operated buses—all this Paul would like regional members to he does not wish to run unopposed; there think about nominees for regional are other qualified candidates in the and more are in the works. The setting will be the beautiful Chattahoochee River, representative, or think about running region, particularly among park represen­ themselves. He'd like to see three strong tatives. just 20 minutes from downtown Atlanta. Camping and motels will be available. candidates running for the position, and During the summer, Rick was in touch asks that people call him so that it'll be with Dick Martin concerning goals and A rustic setting, a beautiful April, some good fellowship possible to determine who is going to Bar issues. He will be assisting Mary Kimmitt Harbor and can make and second the and Stan Robbins with coordinating a nominations. mini-rendezvous to be conducted during Midwest the winter of 1984-1985. Rick will also be Representative Tom Cherry, Southwest meeting with Regional Director Jack Fish Cuyahoga. Address: 731 W. Boston Mills before Bar Harbor, and will be in touch Road, Peninsula, Ohio 44264. Phone: Representative Cliff Chetwin, with many of you as well. 216-653-3116 (home), 216-650-4414 x243 Carlsbad. Address: Drawer T, Carlsbad, (work). New Mexico 88220. Phone: 505-785-2243 Mid-Atlantic Tom reports that the majority of his (home), 505-785-2251 (work). Representative Mary Kimmitt, In­ time and efforts have been directed West dependence. Address: 743 South Sheridan toward finding a site for Rendezvous IX, which will be held in the region next year. Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19147. Representative Dennis Burnett, Se­ Jim Webster,formerly of St. Croix, work­ Phone: 215-238-1249 (home), quoia/Kings. Address: Box 101, ed up a proposal for Telemark Lodge in 215-597-7121 (work). Lodgepole, Sequoia National Park, Wisconsin. Kurt Topham of Indiana Mary distributed 150 questionnaires to California 93262. Phone: 209-565-3341 Dunes is working on two potential sites in members in the region asking a number of x611 (work), 209-565-3479 (home). Minnesota. And Tom, with the assistance questions concerning the focus and direc­ Dennis hasn't heard from many of several members at Cuyahoga, is ex­ tion of the Association's regional ac­ members in the past few months, but has ploring two sites in Ohio—one in the tivities. Although only 23 responses were heard real concern expressed about our metro Cleveland area and the other at a received, there appeared to be priority in­ current transfer and promotion systems state park midway between Columbus and terest in addressing career development from those who have talked to him—in Cleveland. He hopes to have at least three and mobility concerns, so Mary will be particular the position trade proposal (see complete site proposals to present to working on those problems along with article in summer, 1984 Newsletter). Den­ members in Bar Harbor. Anyone wishing emphasizing communications and attemp­ nis would like to hear from Western to submit a site proposal for 1985 should ting to increase membership. She intends region members and get their opinions contact him immediately. to set up park representatives at each of about their transfer system. Does it work? the region's parks, and already has Tom would also like to remind people How can it be improved? Would members established such contacts in seven parks. that Sue Kylander's term as regional favor a return to the old BEE system with representative—which he is filling 20 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER improvements? Should ANPR be more Management Identifica­ Unlike agencies that have a high turn­ active in addressing this issue? over rate, the Service cannot expect attri­ Since this may be a topic for discussion tion and Development tion to solve this problem. Aggressive at the Rendezvous, members should pass training programs and detail assignments on their ideas to Dennis if they won't be Leader Maureen Finnerty, Everglades. will help alleviate this problem somewhat; attending so that he can represent their Address: 465 NW 17 Court, Homestead, however, the only long-term, permanent concerns there. Florida 33030. Phone: 303-247-6211 solution is an aggressive program of (work), 305-246-4474 (home). lateral transfer opportunities. Pacific Northwest Association President Dick Martin has We would like to see the Service written to the Director concerning one develop such a program. Possibly this Representative Noel Poe, North aspect of this work group's could be coupled with the Career Mobility Cascades. Address: Box 85, Stehekin, concern's—the Service's career mobility Program. Washington 98852. Phone: 509-682-4404 program. That letter follows in full: If we can be of further assistance, (work and home). "The Association of National Park please feel free to contact Maureen Fin­ Rangers has reviewed your March 30, nerty or myself on these matters." Alaska 1984 memorandum and offers the follow­ ing comments. ANPR supports the need Position Trades Representative Bryan Swift, Denali. for a career mobility program and, in fact, Address: Denali National Park, Box 9, has established a work group to look into Leader Andy Ferguson, Capitol Reef. McKinley Park, Alaska 99577. Phone: all phases of management development Address: Capitol Reef National Park, 907-683-2294 (work). and identification. This work group is Torrey, Utah 84775. Phone: 801-425-3534 Bryan reports that the regional Associa­ chaired by Maureen Finnerty of (home). tion gathering at the Gulkana Air Show Everglades National Park. Andy reports that "the response has was a good time. The weather was great The Association agrees that mobility is been underwhelming regarding the subject and the air show even better. There was a important to broaden experience, but lack at hand." So, prior to recommendations little business conducted around the beer of mobility should not always be viewed being consolidated into a proposal to be cooler, and a lot of socializing. He ex­ as a bar to reaching management posi­ put before the board and membership, the tends his thanks to Bill Palack and the tions. There should be opportunities in group would like to offer something of a Wrangell-St. Elias staff for their support. the Service for both—many good contest. Jim Seleznick of Lava Beds and As is the case in other regions, Bryan is employees, for valid reasons, cannot be others of the group wonder who in the up for reelection this fall. He will run if mobile. Service has received the greatest number nominated, but would like to see others Our initial thoughts on career develop­ of rejections for positions applied for? nominated for the position. Regional ment and progression are as follows: They also wonder how many hours members should either nominate someone 1) Many employees wish to be mobile members spend on the average SF- if attending, or arrange for the same and remain competitive for 171/KSA packet when an announcement through others who will be going. management jobs. beckons? The group would like to get 2) Many employees wish to be less some idea of the time and money expen­ mobile, but do not wish to be com­ ditures that present job application system Work Groups pletely eliminated from upward involves. "Entries" should be rushed to mobility. Andy along with any lingering thoughts on position trades. The winner will receive 3) The elements for success in manage­ Dual Careers a lovely hand-crafted plaque dedicated to ment include broad experience. But the most rejected person in the Service. Leader Mona Divine, Yellowstone. Ad­ equally important are such at­ As per the very first suggestion made dress: Old Faithful Ranger Station, PO tributes as successful performance back at Rendezvous VII in Las Vegas, Box 2272, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming in mid-management positions, peer there will be a trade board and cards at 82190. Phone: 307-344-7381 x 6005 respect, decisiveness, ability to Bar Harbor for those interested in making (work), 307-545-7305 (home). motivate subordinates, ability to their desires for job swaps known. Mona reports that several things have deal with outside interests, financial been developing regarding dual careers. responsibility, etc. Seasonal Interests Western region is working on a draft dual 4) Potential top level managers be identified based on success as mid- career policy for that region, which is Leader Mike Sutton, Virgin Islands. level field managers; coupled with generally positive and encouraging for Address: Box 710, Cruz Bay, St. John, central office or special detail those in dual career situations. She is also Virgin Islands 00830. Phone: assignments. contacting other regions and the 809-776-6201 (work), 809-776-6993 Washington office about the possibility of 5) Potential managers who decline re- (home). assignments for legitimate family, a Park Service policy on dual careers, and Mike has left the Park Service for a health, or education reasons could has found that the EEO offices and position in Fish and Wildlife as a special be allowed another opportunity at a Federal Womens Program coordinators agent. Anyone interested in assuming his later date. seem to represent the best contacts in former position as head of this work Finally, one of our major concerns those offices. group should contact Dick Martin at relates to the current shortage of mobility Mona has also received approximately Yosemite. For further information on opportunities at all levels in the National 40 replies to the dual career survey. If you what the job entails, wrue to Mike; the Park Service. This has resulted in would like a copy, please send a self- letter will be forwarded to his riew ad­ employees staying in one location, in one addressed stamped envelope to her. The dress. survey results will be compiled in time for job for longer and longer periods of time. the fall Rendezvous. As a result, increasing numbers of employees feel passed over, stagnant and that they could make a greater contribu­ tion to the Service. 21 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

Letters Editor: Corps of Engineers employees may have problems or concerns that are unique continued Wilson Greene's letter in the Summer 1984 issue hit close to home. I'm one of in relation to other resource management Editor: those who went through the "revolving agencies. Please respond in order to give us the widest possible idea as to the As we approach Rendezvous VIII, I historical unit door" to get permanent thoughts of Corps people. The success of think it is time to reflect upon all that the status some years ago. My door was Lin­ ANPR should serve to motivate Corps Association has accomplished in the last coln Home NHS in Springfield, Illinois. rangers and other resource personnel to seven years. From a small group of Mr. Greene is right about one thing: the get together. Please write or call me at: rangers gathered at Grand Tetons, ANPR historic areas deserve to get employees 403 Utah, Libby, Montana, 59923 (406) has grown to over a thousand members. who really want to work there. After three 293-5577. But, more importantly, through the con­ months at Lincoln Home I found myself certed efforts of a membership the fourth most senior permanent—after Thanks to ANPR for your time and ef­ thoroughly behind its leadership, we have three people who had worked there over fort. Keep up the good work and excellent been able to bring about a profound five years! Certainly that time at Lincoln Newsletter. change in NPS policy with the revision of Home was one of the unhappiest I've Michael J. Tibbs 025-026 standards. Unfortunately, the spent in the Service. I was ill-suited to the Corps of Engineers Office of Personnel Management has management style of the place, and Il­ stalled further progress on revising these linois was just not any kind of wilderness. and other standards governmentwide. But until the National Park Service is There are several lessons to be learned able to take in new permanents at other Supervisor's Essay here. First, it takes a unified and con­ parks in greater numbers, the problem continued certed effort by leadership firmly backed won't go away. Mr. Greene can be as by the membership to accomplish signifi­ selective as he wants, the Park Service can The essays will be judged as follows: cant change or action. Second, it does no invoke one-year stay requirements, but 50% on content, 25% on English usage good to tackle issues beyond the scope of people who want in badly enough will (spelling, punctuation and so forth), and the NPS to resolve. Third, the problem swallow their misgivings and play the 25% on style. There is no limit on length. must be significant to a broad majority of game. Entries should be postmarked before the membership. Fourth, we must be able I bailed out of Lincoln Home to the November 1, 1984. It will make things to propose a realistic solution to the pro­ BLM, where the promotional oppor­ easier if you do your manuscript on paper blem and be able to bargain with others to tunities can be infinitely better than in the without your name, then put a cover sheet achieve our goals. Fifth, achieving results Service. I'm back with the Park Service with name, address and other relevant in­ brings in committed members. And, final­ because I was able to find a position doing formation with it. Please send these to ly, it is important to focus on one or two what I want to do and working for who I Mike Hill, Route 3, Box 313, Elkton, issues so that effective work may be done. want to work for. But, I still view the NPS Virginia 22827. I will send just the Many of these are interrelated, so I think "Merit Promotion Plan" as a cruel joke. manuscripts with numbers on them to the that the appropriate action is clear. Until more people have a chance to judges. If you do not want you name Let's take intiative, as was done with become permanent in more different released to anyone else in connection with the 025-026 reclassification, for, if we kinds of parks, and until there is a chance your manuscript, just let me know. Please don't, we will see our effectiveness and for more people to advance beyond GS-5, note whether you will allow me or other our membership fade away. We can't people will do whatever they can to find people using the essay information to possibly solve all the problems facing pro­ work that satisfies them. Let's hear less make brief quotes from your narrative. fessional rangers today—some are govern­ about what "benefits the Service" and Please don't ask that the manuscript be mentwide issues, some affect only a few, more about what benefits people. When returned, as the cumulative postage costs some require Congressional action to people are taken care of, the Service will be prohibitive. benefits automatically. Hell, "the remedy, and so forth. However, if we First prize will be a Caribou "Gypsy" Service" is nothing but people! choose our issues carefully and work covertible pack, valued at $126. It's Jack de Golia together, we can, as before, make a smoke gray in color and is the kind that Yellowstone significant difference. 1 am confident that can be used as check-in luggage. the Association can recognize the ap­ Second prize will be an ANPR polo propriate issue(s) to undertake and can Editor: shirt. avoid trying to be all things for all Please allow me to take advantage of Third prize will be your choice of an rangers. your Newsletter by using it as a means to ANPR coffee cup or beer mug. The challenge is to find the issue which contact Corps of Engineers field and There will be two contests, each with reaches most of us and is manageable and resource people who are members of AN­ these prizes for the winners. If you've had solvable by the NPS. Consider the various PR. I would like a letter from all Corps the pleasure and pain of both kinds of work groups currently operating. Do the permanents or seasonals with some supervisors, do one of each kind of essay issues affect you? Do you feel strongly thoughts on the following subjects: and double your chances for the goodies. about them? Do they affect many others? 1) Should Corps people try to form a This contest should be a lot of fun and a Can the directorate change the situation? sub-group within ANPR (if ANPR learning experience for all of us. Please Rendezvous VIII is the place to discuss should agree) or should we form keep in mind that the Association stands these issues and take action. If you can't our own organization? for positive, constructive solutions to the get there, be sure that the people who do 2) If we were to do either of the above issues that most concern rangers. This attend carry the word for you. I am confi­ what would be your specific objec­ contest is a great opportunity for all of us dent that we can recognize the appropriate tives for the organization, and/or to learn from others' mistakes and suc­ course of action; the question is, will we what are your needs as a Corps cesses. So go for it! We're looking for­ take it? That's up to you! employee that such an organization ward to hearing from you. Fred Szarka could handle? Mike Hill Minute Man Shenandoah

22 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

Editor: protection) in the morning and write Finally we've got all those support I'm sure by now you've been deluged haiku (interpretation), participate in specialities (administration, historians, ar­ with some serious contenders for the flower arranging (museum exhibit design), chaeologists, real estate appraisers, EEO "bumper sticker contest." Due to the far and origami — decorative paper folding specialist, all Regional Office, WASO, reaching social implications of this ven­ (report writing)—in the afternoon. HFC, and DSC personnel, etc., etc., etc.) ture, I submit for review by the member­ Of course the Park Service Samurai is that are the play making guards, for ship my personal national park ranger definitely a member of a team whose without their work the team would soon philosophical slogan: Samurai Basketball. ultimate goal still is "to conserve the be slowing to a halt. Influenced by my studies in Asian history scenery and the natural and historic ob­ For the sake of brevity I have edited and the fact that this is indeed being writ­ jects and wildlife therein and to provide many comparisons that bring me to en­ ten "Live—from Fort Laramie, it's Satur­ for the enjoyment of same." Just as dorse "Samurai Basketball." I realize it day Night", this phrase has become my basketball game plans have become more doesn't have the instant message of six syllable slogan and inspirational role sophisticated through the decades, so "ANPR TODAY: Preserving Yesterday model. At this point I sense a few words have the complex strategies of our Na­ for Tomorrow." But, an inane phrase of explanation are required. tional Park Service team. But, the game is often has deeper meaning, as should AN­ Within the multi-cultural park en­ still essentially won (or lost) by the skills, PR. No matter what phrase we come up vironments that we now find ourselves enthusiasm, and endurance of it's players with, I'll try to continue to play Samurai functioning there is sometimes a tendency and organization. Our team is a strong Basketball. As for the winning award, I'll to lose direction of purpose. The Samurai one. At center we've got management, as cast my vote for a GS-13 at Ronald has no such problem, as their allegiance is a pivotal influence which signals the pace Reagan NHS, as I like the weather, honorably to the philosophical basis of and success of our game plan. Interpreta­ geography, and equine resources. Of the Organic Act and enabling legislations. tion and visitor protection are like for­ course I'd probably try to sneak a Haniwa They pay homage to tradition, but are wards, highly visible forces that defend pottery horse figure into the museum equipped to adjust and patiently effect the access lanes, clear the boards, and are collection. positive change. Samurai (rangers) are to capable of scoring many points of good Phil Young be well-rounded, schooled in the social will. Our high scoring guard is Fort Laramie graces (public relations). It is not uncom­ maintenance, for without their efforts the mon to engage in stressful combat (visitor game plan will always come up short.

Association of National Park Rangers Rendezvous VIII, PO Box 9, McKinley Park, AK 99755 TOURS If you are interested in taking a boat trip or a bus tour of the park, please cheek off RENDEZVOUS VIII PRE-REGISTRATION below and note the number in your party. Boat trip: Yes No Number Bus trip: Yes No Number Please Print REGISTRATION EEE Name(s) Three Day Package Address Park $22 members $ $30 non-members $ Zip _ II" spouse will accompany you and plans even minimal participation: Spouse Eee MAKE CHECKS PAYABLE TO ANPR $11 members $ PO Box 9 $15 non-members $ McKinley Park, AK 99755 T-SHIRTS quantity x $7 (each) = $ Pre-Rcgislralion DEADLINE Small Medium Large X-Large September I, 1984 (indicate number of each) Total $ Alter this date register at Rendezvous Association of National Park Rangers • New Membership Application • Renewal Date:

Name Title Address _ NPS Employees: Park (4 letter code, i.e., YELL) City/State Region (i.e., RMR)* Zip Code _ *(WASO use NCR) Type of Membership (Check one) New Renewal (1) Active—all NPS employees (permanent or seasonal) ( i $ 10.00 I $ 15.00 (2) Associate—individuals other than NPS employees • $ 10.00 LI $ 15.00 (3) Sustaining—individuals and organizations • $ 50.00 L; $ 50.00 (4) Life—open to all individuals* D $200.00 • $200.00 • $ 5.00 (5) Subscription to newsletter only •$ 5.00 Received $ *Life membership may be paid in four installments of $50.00 each within I 2 months. RETURN TO: ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS By P.O. Box 222 Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190 THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS NEWSLETTER

Although the popular ANPR baseball cap is now completely sold out, the Association is still offering the items pic­ tured for general sale to members. The new EMS patch is in a smaller, 2" size in order to make it suitable for ball caps; it still sells for $3.75. Also available are the stadium cup ($.55), beer mug ($9.00), cof­ fee cup ($6.00) and belt buckle ($23.00). Soon to come: a polo shirt with em­ broidered ANPR logo and beer/soda foam can coolers with logo. All items are post paid. Checks should be made out to ANP and sent to John Chew, Route 1, Box 365, Luray, Virginia 22835.

Association of BULK RATE National Park Rangers U.S. POSTAGE RFD tt2, 41 North Great Road PAID CONCORD, MA Lincoln, Massachusetts 01773 PERMIT NO. 231

ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED