Distance Passenger Trains Within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow

186 DOI: https://doi .org/10 30932/1992-3252-2020-18-172-197.

On the Issue of Assigning Additional Stops for Long-Distance Passenger Trains within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow

Oleg N. POKUSAEV Alexander E. CHEKMAREV Victor S. EVSEEV

Pokusaev, Oleg N., Russian University of Transport, Moscow, Russia. Chekmarev, Alexander E., Russian University of Transport, Moscow, Russia. Evseev, Victor S., Russian University of Transport, Moscow, Russia*.

ABSTRACT research suggests certain solutions regarding Moscow In many world’s most populous cities, railways are railway hub. To organize comfortable environment for an integral part of urban transport systems. Commuter passengers of all categories of trains, it is advisable to and intraurban passenger railway traffic is often and develop a balanced technology of train traffic within widely considered in this context. On the other hand, the Moscow junction, excluding overloading of individual elements of the transport system the constant growth in passenger traffic of long- (in particular, of rail stations in the city center). distance trains, traditionally gravitating towards The objective of the article is to analyze global

ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, railway stations and adjacent urban transport hubs, experience in organizing traffic of long-distance including metro stations through which arriving passenger trains within the boundaries of large passengers pass towards their final destinations in agglomerations and to develop proposals to organize the city, requires search for new solutions to improve additional stopping points for long-distance trains in comfort of the trip for passengers, and to remove the various districts of Moscow, which will help reduce the excess load from the urban transit system. load on central transport and interchange hubs, Considering the experience and features of improve quality of transportation services for organization of long-distance passenger railway traffic passengers, and develop the districts of Moscow and in various countries, the authors based on previous Moscow region adjacent to the new TIHs.

Keywords: railway, passenger transportation, Moscow railway junction, long-distance trains, stations, stopping points, quality of transportation services.

*Information about the authors: Pokusaev, Oleg N. – Ph.D. (Eng), Director of the Research and Training Center for Digital High-Speed Transport Systems of Russian University of Transport, Moscow, Russia, [email protected]. Chekmarev, Alexander E. – Deputy Director of the Research and Training Center for Digital High-Speed Transport Systems, Moscow, Russia, [email protected]. Evseev, Victor S. – Ph.D. student at the Department of High-Speed Transport Systems of Russian University of Transport, Moscow, Russia, [email protected].

Article received 16.01.2020, revised 12.03.2020, accepted 29.04.2020.

For the original Russian text of the article please see р. 172

• WORLD OF TRANSPORT AND TRANSPORTATION, Vol. 18, Iss. 2, pp. 172–197 (2020) Background. stations 1 . Studies often focus on the positioning Urban agglomerations, especially of railway stations in integrated transport megalopolises, are characterized by complex systems of national and regional levels [12] . transport infrastructure, require a systematic Among the options allowing to achieve approach to organization of passenger flows, better efficiency of the transport model of large complex solutions that would optimize the use cities, taking into account the role of railway of various modes of transport, as well as transport and particularly of long-distance integrate various types of transportation into (intercity) trains, along with the improvement the urban transport system (urban and intercity of the relevant infrastructure, we can refer to bus routes, intracity, suburban, long-distance the development of the issues of rational passenger railway traffic) . location of stopping points for redistribution of A special role in the context of that passenger flows . problem can be assigned to railways . With The organizational basis for possible constant development and modernization of implementation of such steps in Moscow Moscow railway junction, an increase in the agglomeration is provided by several provisions number of arriving passengers and an of the Transport Strategy of the Russian increase in attractiveness of passenger Federation for the period up to 2030 . It transportation by rail, the problem of particularly notes the need to modernize overloading the railway stations in Moscow Moscow railway junction . So, in terms of and the corresponding stations of Moscow organizing passenger transportation, it is metro has become aggravated . In particular, planned to implement measures providing for: the majority of long-distance train passengers 1 . Strengthening head sections of main arriving at Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and railways . Kazansky railway stations, during peak 2 . Development of commuter and periods, create a colossal load on interregional passenger transportation in trains Komsomolskaya metro station, which is of improved comfort on all radial directions currently the busiest in Moscow metro, where linking Moscow with district centers of 125 thousand people pass through turnstiles Moscow region and neighboring constituent daily, and the maximum passenger traffic entities of the Russian Federation . during morning rush hours attain 27 thousand 3 . Organization of passenger traffic along people . Passengers of other Moscow railway the Moscow Central Circle 2 providing for stations are also forced to find themselves in interchange points to radial railway lines and some of the busiest transport hubs in the city metro stations 3 . center (metro stations Kievskaya, Kurskaya, The objective of the article is to develop Belorusskaya) and, often moving with large proposals for development of the existing luggage, create additional obstacles to scheme of traffic of long-distance passenger movement of a dense flow of passengers of trains within Moscow railway junction . Moscow metro . Methods of statistical and content analysis, as Traditionally, great attention is paid to well as modelling of passenger flows were used . development of railways in order to increase connectivity of regions and agglomerations, to 1 Please see, e, g ., Rail passenger numbers and crowding achieve integration of intracity and suburban statistics: 2017 report . [Electronic resource]: https:// assets .publishing .service .gov .uk/government/uploads/ railway traffic . In particular, works [1–2], system/uploads/attachment_data/file/728526/ numerous publications in periodicals [3–4] are rail-passengers-crowding‑2017 .pdf . Last accessed devoted to a comprehensive consideration of 01 .03 2020. . 2 Small Moscow Rail Ring of Moscow Railway and this problem . More general issues and specific Moscow Central Circle have the same configuration proposals, including, e .g ., those with respect but technically they are different, and not all the tracks to cargo traffic in a district of the city of of Small Moscow Rail Ring belong to Moscow Central Circle, but both will be called Moscow Central Circle Szczecin [5], in Gdansk [6] are also studied . further on in the text Definitions and other aspects of operation of 3 Transport strategy of the Russian Federation for the 187 rail stations [e .g ., 7], their integration into period up to 2030 (appr . by the order of the Government urban transport systems [8–11] are considered of the Russian Federation dated November 22, 2008 No .1734-r) . [Electronic resource]: https://www .garant . by many researchers . Particular attention is ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/94460/ . Last accessed paid to the analysis of passenger flows at rail 01 .02 2020. .

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Pokusaev, Oleg N., Chekmarev, Alexander E., Evseev, Victor S. On the Issue of Assigning Additional Stops for Long-Distance Passenger Trains within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow 188

Pic: 1. The existing scheme of long-distance passenger trains traffic within Moscow railway junction (compiled by the authors). Features of Moscow Railway Junction of ensuring transport security, not to mention Long-distance passenger trains arrive from the banal comfort of passengers . all directions of Moscow railway junction at 8 Moscow railway stations . More than 60 million Hypothetic solution: Redistribution of passengers travel yearly with those long- Passenger Flows to Additional Stations distance trains [13] . The existing traffic scheme The above problem of overloading of central of long-distance passenger trains is shown in transport hubs (railway stations) can have Pic . 1 . several solutions, but the most optimal, It can be seen from this scheme that all according to the authors of this article, is stations are in the central part of the city, while distribution of passenger flows across several there are currently no alternative stops for most stations of Moscow railway junction by long-distance passenger trains in the territory assigning additional stops to long-distance of Moscow and in the nearest Moscow region . passenger trains within the city . This often creates paradoxical situations when The experience of European countries passengers living in Moscow region near a tells us about widespread use of such solutions radial direction of a main railway are forced to within the boundaries of large agglomerations . travel to the center of Moscow to board a long- So, for example, the scheme of long-distance distance train at a railway station, spending trains’ traffic through railway stations in additional time for the trip and inadvertently Berlin (Germany), shown in Pic . 2, provides creating an extra load on the city’s transport for at least 2 stops within the city for any infrastructure (in particular, on metro and/or category of long-distance trains . Berlin train commuter railway) . stations are used by long-distance trains of For example, long-distance train passengers various categories: high-speed trains (ICE), arriving at Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky or speed trains (IC/EC), night trains (NJ), Kazansky railway stations use Moscow metro international night trains (EN) and low-cost to move around the capital . Komsomolskaya trains (FLX) . station is the busiest metro station in Moscow, All long-distance passenger trains pass so presence of passengers with luggage through 2 or more Berlin railway stations, and (suitcases, trolleys and large bags) during peak international transit trains pass through 3 or hours creates a serious problem for metro more railway stations . The parking time of functioning, as well as from the point of view trains for embarking and disembarking

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Pokusaev, Oleg N., Chekmarev, Alexander E., Evseev, Victor S. On the Issue of Assigning Additional Stops for Long-Distance Passenger Trains within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow Pic: 2. Scheme of organization of long-distance train traffic at railway stations in Berlin. Source: Germania-online information portal. [Electronic resource]: https://germania-online.diplo. de/ru-dz-ru. Last accessed 01.03.2020.

passengers at all stations within the city limits, Conditions and Requirements for Creation except for the Central one, is only 2 minutes . of Additional Stopping Points A prerequisite is that long-distance trains from Based on the domestic regulatory framework all directions pass through Berlin Central and modern trends in design of transport Station (Berlin Hauptbahnhof) . In addition, interchange hubs, it is possible to identify the passengers always have an opportunity to use basic requirements for additional stopping stops located in the suburbs of Berlin to board points for long-distance passenger trains of the train at a significantly lower cost than when various categories, shown in Pic . 3 . Let’s leaving the center of Berlin on the same train . consider these requirements in more detail . Besides, there are low-cost trains with a low General requirements for stopping points, ticket price (FLX) in Germany . Such trains mandatory for long-distance trains of all depart from a non-main station to various cities categories: of the country twice a day 4 . 1 . High passenger platforms (at least 1 island Despite the fact that not all railway stations or 2 side platforms) . of Moscow railway junction are dead-ends, a 2 . Awnings over passenger platforms along basic scheme of traffic of long-distance their entire length . passenger trains in Berlin can be proposed for 3 . Elevators providing vertical movement of implementation in Moscow region . A huge people with limited mobility . number of long-distance trains of various 4 . Escalators to move passengers between categories (daily express trains, speed and high- platforms, concourse or pedestrian crossing . speed trains, branded trains, non-branded 5 . Stops of ground urban passenger trains and international trains) arrive in transport, located no further than 100 m from Moscow every day, which indicates the need to the entrance to the transport interchange hub . distribute passenger flows and optimize the load 6 . Metro stations, Moscow Central Circle on central transport hubs . or Moscow Central Diameters stations, located 189 in the immediate vicinity of the planned 4 Information portal Germania-online . [Electronic stopping point, or connected to in compliance resource]: https://germania-online .diplo de/ru-dz-ru/. . Last accessed 01 03. .2020 . with «dry feet» transfer principle .

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High passenger platforms Interregional express Daytime express

Awnings over platforms Stopping time- no more than 2 minutes Stopping time- no more than 2 minutes

Elevators for people with limited mobility Passenger infrastructure Passenger infrastructure

Transport infrastructure Transport infrastructure Escalators for movement of passengers Platform 257 m Platform 257 m Stops of ground transport 100 m away from the entrance

Speed and high-speed Night branded and non-branded Stations of metro, Moscow Central Circle or Moscow Central Diameters in vicinity of a stopping point Stopping time – no more than 2 minutes Stopping time- 5 minutes Taxi waiting area Passenger infrastructure Passenger infrastructure

Parking for personal transport Transport infrastructure Transport infrastructure

Platform 450 m long Platform 450 m long

Free receiving-departure track

Pic. 3. Basic requirements for additional stopping points for long-distance passenger trains of various Pic. 3. Basic requirements for additional stoppingcategories points for (compiled long-distance by passenger the authors). trains of various categories ( compiled by the authors). 7 . Taxi waiting areas . The main infrastructure requirements for 8 . Parking for personal vehicles [14] . daytime express trains are: Besides the above general requirements, 1 . Stopping time: no more than 2 minutes . different categories of trains have their own 2 . Transport infrastructure: transfers to specific requirements for stopping points within ground and underground urban passenger the city, due to the different structure of transport, convenient access for taxis and passenger traffic . Thus, passengers of «daytime private cars, parking for carsharing cars, express trains» (for example, train No . 741A bicycles and scooters . Belgorod–Moscow-Kurskay a), most often, 3 . Passenger infrastructure: cash desks and travel without large luggage, unlike passengers ticket-printing machines, restrooms, inspection of non-branded night trains (for example, train area, vending machines . No . 246U Chelyabinsk–Moscow-Yaroslav 4 . Track with a high platform for embarking skaya), which can sometimes travel with several or disembarking passengers 257 m long . large suitcases . In addition, passengers of night The main requirements for speed and high- trains will not be able to board and disembark speed trains are: from the coach in 2 minutes due to presence of 1 . Stopping time: no more than 2 minutes . luggage, unlike passengers of high-speed trains 2 . Transport infrastructure: transfers to Sapsan and Lastochka, therefore, stopping time ground and underground urban passenger at such stopping points for trains of various transport, convenient access for taxis and categories is also different . private cars, parking for carsharing cars, The main requirements for inter-regional bicycles and scooters . express trains are: 3 . Passenger infrastructure: cash desks and 1 . Stopping time: no more than 2 minutes . ticket-printing machines, inspection area, 2 . Transport infrastructure: transfers to restrooms, trade and catering facilities, waiting ground and underground urban passenger room . transport, convenient access for taxis and 4 .Track with a high platform for embarkation private cars, parking for carsharing cars, (disembarkation) of passengers 450 m long . bicycles and scooters . The main requirements for night branded 3 . Passenger infrastructure: cash desks and and non-branded trains are: ticket-printing machines, restrooms, vending 1 . Stopping time: 5 minutes . machines . 2 . Transport infrastructure: transfers to 4 . Track with a high platform for embarking ground and underground urban passenger or disembarking passengers 257 m long . transport, convenient access for taxis and

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Pokusaev, Oleg N., Chekmarev, Alexander E., Evseev, Victor S. On the Issue of Assigning Additional Stops for Long-Distance Passenger Trains within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow Pic. 4. Proposals for organization of additional stops for long-distance trains within the city of Moscow (authors’ drawing). private cars, parking for carsharing cars, existing railway platform Kosino, of Kazan line bicycles and scooters . (direction) . The main function of the planned 3 . Passenger infrastructure: cash desks and transport hub is the possibility of embarking ticket-printing machines, inspection area, and disembarking on/from long-distance trains restrooms, trade and catering facilities, waiting of Kazan and Ryazan lines to unload Kazansky room . railway station, the busiest station with long- 4 .Track with a high platform for embarkation distance passenger trains, and reduce travel (disembarkation) of passengers 450 m long . time for passengers living in the eastern and 5 . Free receiving and departure track for the southeastern districts of Moscow and the possibility of overtaking (stopping point must eastern districts of Moscow region . have track development) . The proposed Kosino transport interchange hub may consist of a station with four main, A model of problem solution two receiving and departing tracks and four Considering these requirements and variety passenger platforms . At the same time, one of categories of long-distance trains arriving in platform will be dedicated to trains of Moscow Moscow, it is proposed to organize additional Central Diameters (route D3 Zelenograd– stops for them within the city of Moscow to Ramenskoye), another one will serve long- reduce the load on central rail stations and distance commuter trains and express trains, metro stations . In total, in Moscow region, it and two others will be dedicated to long- is proposed to designate seven additional distance passenger trains . stopping points for long-distance trains based Good transport accessibility of this area will on the existing suburban stopping points of be provided by Kosino metro stations of Kievsky, Smolensky, Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, Nekrasovskaya line and Lermontovsky prospect Gorkovsky, Kazansky and Kursky radial rail of Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line, Kosino lines (directions), as well as the Moscow railway platform and a network of motor roads Central Circle (Pic . 4) . with ground urban public transport routes . Let’s consider some proposals in more Therefore, connection between ground urban 191 detail . One of the additional stops for long- and off-street rail transport will be provided . distance passenger trains, in our opinion, According to preliminary data, organization should be Kosino transport hub, which, as of an additional stop for long-distance passenger shown in Pic . 5, is developed based on the trains on the territory of Kosino transport

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Pokusaev, Oleg N., Chekmarev, Alexander E., Evseev, Victor S. On the Issue of Assigning Additional Stops for Long-Distance Passenger Trains within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow 192

Pic. 5. The proposed configuration of Kosino transport interchange hub (authors’ drawing). interchange hub will relieve the passenger Currently, Ostafyevo transport interchange infrastructure of Kazansky railway station by at hub is a modern concourse, railway platforms least 15 % . The appearance of the projected are equipped with a full-length canopy, Kosino transport hub is shown in Pic . 6 . benches, energy-efficient lighting and In addition to Kosino transport interchange navigation steles . Transport accessibility is hub, another additional stopping point for long- provided by parking for private cars and an distance trains is Ostafyevo, located at Kursk organized bus service . line . The new stopping point was organized due At the first stage, for organization of stops to construction of new promising residential for interregional express trains connecting complexes between the existing stopping point Moscow-Kurskaya and Tula, as well as for Silikatnaya and Podolsk station . The «daytime express trains» running along the appointment of an additional stop for long- routes Moscow-Kurskaya–Kursk, Moscow- distance passenger trains at this transport Kurskaya–Oryol and Moscow-Kurskaya– interchange hub will relieve the load on Kursky Belgorod, served by electric trains Lastochka, railway station and reduce travel time for the existing passenger platform with a length passengers of Troitsky and Novomoskovsky of 275 m is quite sufficient . In the future, if administrative districts and the south of Moscow stops are assigned to the daily express passenger region . Taking into account the plans for trains served by all-metal locomotive-hauled development of the territory of New Moscow, it cars, it is possible to lengthen the passenger is expected that in the future the share of platform along III–IV main tracks up to passengers of trains stopping there may reach 400 m . 20 % of the total passenger traffic in Moscow . Another stopping point for long-distance Stopping point Ostafyevo (Pic . 7) consists passenger trains will be Petrovsko- of two island passenger platforms . At the same Razumovskaya transport interchange hub, time, a platform is dedicated to trains of which is developed (Pic . 8) on the basis of Moscow Central Diameters (route D2 Petrovsko-Razumov skaya platform of Nakhabino–Podolsk), and the other two are Leningradsky line which is now under for suburban trains of distant zones and express construction . The appointment of an additional trains . stop for high-speed trains of Leningradsky line

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Pokusaev, Oleg N., Chekmarev, Alexander E., Evseev, Victor S. On the Issue of Assigning Additional Stops for Long-Distance Passenger Trains within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow Pic. 6. Exterior view of future Kosino transport interchange hub. Source: Complex of urban planning policy and construction of the city of Moscow. [Electronic resource]: https://stroi.mos.ru/. Last accessed 01.03.2020.

at this stopping point will unload Leningradsky will be intended for trains of Moscow Central railway station and reduce travel time for Diameters (route D4 Aprelevka–Zhelezno passengers of Northern, North-Eastern and dorozhnaya), and the third platform will serve Zelenogradsky administrative districts of long-distance commuter trains, express trains Moscow . and long-distance trains . The transport hub includes two platforms Karacharovo transport interchange hub for trains of Moscow Central Diameters (route includes a stopping point of Gorkovsky line, D3 Zelenograd–Ramenskoye), an island Moscow Central Circle station Nizhegorodskaya, platform for commuter trains of distant zones, Nizhegorodskaya station of Nekrasovskaya and express and long-distance trains of Leningradsky Big circle metro lines (Pic . 9) . line . There is the possibility of transferring to Also, one of the most important transport the stopping point of the same name at interchange hubs located at the intersection Savelovsky line (route D1 Odintsovo–Lobnya), with Moscow Central Circle is Severyanin metro stations Petrovsko-Razumov skaya of stopping point of Yaroslavl line (Pic . 10) . Serpukhovsko-Timiry azevskaya and Assigning an additional stop to some long- Lyublinsko-Dmitrov skaya lines, parking and distance trains at this stopping point will help stops for ground urban passenger transport . relieve Yaroslavsky railway station and reduce At Petrovsko-Razumov skaya transport hub, travel time for passengers in North-Eastern it is proposed to assign stops to high-speed Administrative District of Moscow and Sapsan trains Moscow-Oktyabrska ya–St . northeastern districts of Moscow region . The Petersburg and Lastochka electric train No . transport interchange hub will include 725/726 following the route Moscow- Severyanin stopping point of Yaroslavl line Oktyabrskaya–St . Petersburg . The presence of (trains of Moscow central diameters of D5 a stop for Sapsan trains will make the schedule route, suburban trains of distant zones, express more parallel with respect to commuter trains, and long-distance trains), as well as the and this will also make a positive effect on Rostokino station of Moscow Central Circle . transit capacity of the head section of In view of the start of a large-scale renewal Leningradsky line . of Moscow-Passazhirskaya-Kurska ya– On the Gorkovsky line, for long-distance Moscow-Kalanchevska ya section with the aim passenger trains, it is planned to organize of building an additional pair of main tracks, it Karacharovo transport interchange hub, was decided to send long-distance transit developed on the basis of the existing (latitudinal) trains currently circulating on this Karacharovo station . Karacharovo transport section to the third main track of the Moscow interchange hub consists of a stopping point Central Circle, where currently only cargo traffic 193 with three passenger platforms, four main is carried out . In the future, transit trains now tracks and two receiving and departure tracks . going from Leningradsky and Yaroslavl lines to At the same time, two platforms in the future Kazan line through Mitkovskaya connecting

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Pokusaev, Oleg N., Chekmarev, Alexander E., Evseev, Victor S. On the Issue of Assigning Additional Stops for Long-Distance Passenger Trains within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow 194

Pic. 7. Stopping point Ostafyevo. Source: Complex of urban planning policy and construction of the city of Moscow. [Electronic resource]: https://stroi.mos.ru/. Last accessed 01.03.2020.

Pic. 8. The proposed configuration of Petrovsko-Razumovskaya transport interchange hub (authors’ drawing).

branch can be transferred to the Moscow Central a passenger building and platforms for Circle: the new connecting route will allow such embarking and disembarking passengers of trains to be assigned a tariff stop in Moscow . long-distance trains, will be provided by To enable all the conditions required for Cherkizovo metro station, Lokomotiv station organization of a transport interchange hub, a of the MCC, parking for personal vehicles and project was developed for construction of waiting areas for public transport . The location Cherkizovo passenger terminal located between of this terminal is shown in Pic . 11 . the stations Lokomotiv and Bulvar The set of station buildings at Cherkizovo Rokossovskogo of MCC . Transport accessibility station is a center of the transport interchange of the terminal, in addition to the presence of hub, which includes:

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1 . Three-story passenger building . required area of the city with minimal loss of 2 . An overhead pedestrian crossing time . (concourse), made in monolithic reinforced concrete structures, with warm ground glazed Conclusions. pavilions made of light metal structures for The critical loading on some elements of access to platforms and the station through Moscow transport system (in particular, metro) stairs, escalators and passenger elevators with has led to the need to resolve the issue of insulated lift shafts and arrangement of assigning additional stops for long-distance insulated lift halls on the platforms . passenger trains to distribute passenger traffic 3 . Two high island passenger platforms, even before the long-distance train arrives at 500 m long, equipped with canopies made of the station in the city center . Thanks to this light metal structures . solution, passengers will be able to board, 4 . Station square with two checkpoints, disembark and transfer to another mode of equipped with parking for buses and cars, transport in more comfortable conditions with including parking spaces for cars of people with the possibility of building a more convenient limited mobility . route depending on the place of residence or Thus, emergence of additional stopping stay . points for long-distance passenger trains will The main advantages of making additional be an effective step in reducing the load on the stops are: busiest elements of Moscow transport system . 1 . Reducing the load on Moscow railway Choosing modernized transport hubs as a stations . starting or ending point for a trip, a long- 2 . Decrease in passenger traffic at large distance passenger not only seamlessly transfers, transport hubs with a critical load . avoiding the flow of passengers traveling to their 3 . Development of transport accessibility of 195 job, but also spends less time getting to the Moscow districts . destination, because the main task of passenger 4 . Rational distribution of the load on the transportation is to deliver passenger to the transport infrastructure of the city .

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Pokusaev, Oleg N., Chekmarev, Alexander E., Evseev, Victor S. On the Issue of Assigning Additional Stops for Long-Distance Passenger Trains within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow 196

Pic. 10. The proposed configuration of transport interchange hub Severyanin (authors’ drawing).

Pic. 11. Location of the promising passenger terminal Cherkizovo (authors’ drawing).

5 . Creation of a more flexible opportunity long-distance passenger trains pass through 2 to choose the place of departure or arrival in or more railway stations within the metropolitan Moscow for passengers living in different areas . area of Berlin, it was decided to develop 6 . Modernization of the existing transport transport hubs with the possibility of stopping infrastructure . long-distance trains not only at central stations, Based on the experience of European but also in other areas of Moscow . Such countries at the example of Germany, where additional stopping points for long-distance

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors express their gratitude to the colleagues who took part in the research, the results of which were used 197 while preparing the article, as week as for sharing the materials: Anastasiya Volkova, expert of the Research and Training Center for Digital High-Speed Transport Systems of Russian University of Transport; Kseniya Kozhemyakinа, expert of the Research and Training Center for Digital High-Speed Transport Systems of Russian University of Transport; Ilya Potapov, Deputy Director of the Research and Training Center for Digital High-Speed Transport Systems of Russian University of Transport.

• WORLD OF TRANSPORT AND TRANSPORTATION, Vol. 18, Iss. 2, pp. 172–197 (2020)

Pokusaev, Oleg N., Chekmarev, Alexander E., Evseev, Victor S. On the Issue of Assigning Additional Stops for Long-Distance Passenger Trains within the Boundaries of the City of Moscow