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Surinamkirsche (Eugenia uniflora)

Systematik Dreifurchenpollen- Klasse: Zweikeimblättrige (Rosopsida) Unterklasse: Rosenähnliche (Rosidae) Ordnung: Myrtenartige (Myrtales) Familie: Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae) Gattung: Kirschmyrten (Eugenia) Art: Surinamkirsche

Wissenschaftlicher Name Eugenia uniflora

L. Die Surinamkirsche (Eugenia uniflora), auch Pitanga oder Kirschmyrte, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kirschmyrten (Eugenia) in der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Das Artepitheton uniflora bedeutet einblütig, weil die Blüten oft einzeln in den Blattachseln stehen.

Beschreibung [Bearbeiten]

Die Surinamkirsche wächst als immergrüner Strauch oder kleiner Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von etwa 5 bis 7 m. Die Rinde der jungen Zweige ist rötlich und behaart. Die Rinde von älteren Zweigen und Ästen ist grau-braun. Die gegenständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind einfach und gestielt. Der Blattstiel weist eine Länge von etwa 1,5 mm auf. Die glänzend dunkel-grüne und eiförmige bis elliptische Blattspreite endet spitz, weist eine Länge von 3,2 bis 4,2 cm und eine Breite 2,3 bis 3 cm auf. Es sind etwa fünf Sekundärnerven auf jeder Seite des Hauptnerves vorhanden die jeweils von dort in einem 45° Winkel abzweigen. Die Blätter des Neuaustriebs sind kupfer- bis bronzefarben. Das Laub enthält ätherische Öle, welche beim Brechen der Blätter frei werden.

Blühende Surinamkirsche.

Fruchtende Surinamkirsche.

Laub mit Neuaustrieb

Die im Sommer erscheinenden Blüten stehen einzeln oder zu bis zu vier in den Blattachseln. Die vierzähligen, zwittrigen Blüten duften leicht. Der Blütenbecher (Hypanthium) ist kurz. Die vier lang-elliptischen Kelchblätter sind zurückgebogen. Die vier Kronblätter sind weiß. Die 50 bis 60 Staubblätter besitzen lange weiße Staubfäden und hellgelbe Staubbeutel.

Von der Bestäubung bis zur Frucht dauert es 5 bis 7 Wochen. Die reifen Früchte sind orangerot bis dunkelpurpur gefärbt, bis 5 cm groß und sieben- bis achtfach gerippt. Sie enthalten meistens einen Samen, der kugelförmig und 7 bis 12 mm groß ist; es können auch bis zu drei Samen gebildet werden, die dann kleiner und an den Grenzflächen abgeplattet sind. Die für Myrtengewächse relativ großen, harzhaltigen grau-braunen Samen sind nicht lange nach Entnahme aus der Frucht keimfähig, insbesondere Austrocknung führt zum Verlust der Keimfähigkeit. Die Keimung erfolgt hypogäisch.

Vorkommen [Bearbeiten]

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Surinamkirsche ist das östliche Südamerika von Surinam bis Uruguay. Sie wird heute jedoch in weiten Teilen der Tropen bzw. Subtropen angepflanzt. In einigen Regionen wird sie allerdings auch als invasiver Neophyt eingestuft [1] [2].

Die Surinamkirsche stellt keine hohen Ansprüche an den Boden, wenn er nicht zu salzhaltig ist. Selbst zeitweise Vernässung übersteht sie. Sie ist mäßig frosttolerant; Jungpflanzen bis etwa -2 °C (28 °F), etablierte Pflanzen bis etwa -5,5 °C (22 °F). Selbst wenn sie bis auf den „Wurzelstock“ zurückfriert, kann sie wieder austreiben. Dadurch ist es ihr möglich, auch subtropische oder hochgelegene Habitate mit gelegentlichem Frost zu besiedeln. In Guatemala z.B. kann sie als Neophyt in Höhenlagen bis zu 1800 m vordringen.

Auch Buschbrände übersteht die Surinamkirsche durch ihre Fähigkeit, aus dem „Wurzelstock“ wieder auszutreiben zu können, relativ gut.

Verwendung [Bearbeiten]

Die Surinamkirsche wird wegen ihrer Robustheit und ihres ansprechenden Laubes gern als Hecke angepflanzt. Die Früchte können direkt vom Baum gegessen oder zu Säften, Gelees und Fruchtwein verarbeitet werden. Wegen ihrer geringen Haltbarkeit spielt die Surinamkirsche keine Rolle als Exportfrucht. Die Früchte weisen einen Vitamin C Gehalt von 25 mg je 100 g auf. [3]

Quellen [Bearbeiten]

Julia F. Morton: Fruits of warm climates, Florida, 1987: Surinam Cherry, S. 386–388 bei Online von Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA. (engl.) Jie Chen & Lyn A. Craven: Myrtaceae in der Flora of China, Volume 13, S. 331: Eugenia uniflora - Online.

Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten]

1. ↑ Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk auf www.hear.org (PIER). (en.) 2. ↑ Global Invasive Species Database auf www.issg.org (en.) 3. ↑ Nährwerte Surinamkirsche

Literatur [Bearbeiten]

Andreas Bärtels: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen, E. Ulmer, Stuttgart, 1989, ISBN 3-8001- 3448-9

Weblinks [Bearbeiten]

Commons: Surinamkirsche – Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien Eugenia uniflora bei Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) (engl.)

Von „http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamkirsche“ Kategorien: Myrtengewächse | Obst | Baum

Surinam-Kirsche

Hier finden Sie u.a. Angaben über Nährwerte, Kalorien, Vitamine, Mineralstoffe, Spurenelemente und Fettsäuren zu Surinam-Kirsche.

Nährwerte pro 100g

Kilokalorien 47 kcal

Kilojoule 198 kJ

Protein 0,8 g

Fett 0,4 g

Kohlenhydrate 10 g davon Zucker 6,8 g

Ballaststoffe 1,8 g

Fettsäuren pro 100g

Gesättigte Fettsäuren 0,1 g

Einfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren 0,1 g

Mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäuren 0,1 g

Cholesterin 0 g

Vitamine pro 100g

Vitamin A 0,1 mg

Vitamin C 25,1 mg

Vitamin D 0 mg

Vitamin E 0,5 mg Vitamin K 0 mg

Vitamin B1 0 mg

Vitamin B2 0 mg

Vitamin B5 0,3 mg

Vitamin B6 0 mg

Vitamin B12 0 mg

Biotin 0 mg

Folsäure 0 mg

Niacin 0,3 mg

Panthotensäure 0,3 mg

Mineralstoffe pro 100g

Calcium [Ca] 9 mg

Chlor [Cl] 10 mg

Kalium [K] 95 mg

Magnesium [Mg] 13 mg

Natrium [Na] 3 mg

Phosphor [P] 11 mg

Schwefel [S] 8 mg

Spurenelemente pro 100g

Kupfer [Cu] 81 µg

Eisen [Fe] 198 µg

Fluor [F] 18 µg

Mangan [Mn] 55 µg

Jod [J] 1 µg

Zink [Zn] 98 µg Aminosäuren pro 100g

Alanin 38 mg

Arginin 29 mg

Aspargin 123 mg

Asparginsäure 76 mg

Cystein 4 mg

Glutamin 129 mg

Glutaminsäure 80 mg

Glycerin 31 mg

Histidin 12 mg

Isoleucin 24 mg weitere Aminosäuren

Leucin 42 mg

Lysin 40 mg

Methionin 8 mg

Phenylalanin 19 mg

Prolin 29 mg

Serin 35 mg

Threonin 23 mg

Tryptophan 8 mg

Tyrosin 16 mg

Valin 26 mg

Obige Angaben erheben keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit und Richtigkeit. http://www.lexolino.de/c,kultur_alltagskultur_gesundheit_ern%E4hrung_n%E4hrwerttabellen_s,suri nam-kirsche Eugenia uniflora

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Surinam Cherry

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids

Order: Myrtales

Family: Myrtaceae

Genus: Eugenia

Species: E. uniflora

Binomial name

Eugenia uniflora L.

The Surinam Cherry, Brazilian Cherry, or Cayenne Cherry (Eugenia uniflora) is a plant in the family Myrtaceae, native to tropical America. Known as Pitanga throughout Brazil, it is a large shrub or small tree with a conical form, growing slowly to 8 meters in height. The leaves are glossy green, up to 4 cm long, and new leaves are copper-colored. Fragrant white flowers mature into reddish fruits up to 2 cm in diameter. The taste ranges from sweet to sour, depending on the cultivar and level of ripeness (the darker red to black range is quite sweet, while the green to orange range is strikingly tart). The Surinam Cherry is often used in gardens as a hedge or screen. The fruit is high in Vitamin C, and its predominant food use is as a flavoring and base for jams and jellies. The tree was introduced to Bermuda for ornamental purposes but has gotten out of control and is now listed as invasive in Bermuda.

For Brazilian Cherry also see Jatobá.

Eugenia uniflora Eugenia uniflora Eugenia uniflora [edit] External links

Purdue University New Crop Resource Online Program

This Myrtaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_uniflora"

Categories: Myrtaceae stubs | Fruit tree stubs | Eugenia | Trees of Brazil | Fruit | Hawaiian cuisine

Familio Myrtaceae fr : cerisier de Cayenne

Pitanga, el Brazilo Surinam cherry at the ripen fruit ripen fruit Botanische Tuin TU Delft (Réunion island) (Réunion island)

Eugenia uniflora - Surinam-Kirsche ab 24.00EUR

[inkl. 7% MwSt zzgl. Versandkosten]

Surinamkirschen (Eugenia uniflora), auch Pitanga genannt, sind in aller Welt nicht nur wegen ihrer Früchte beliebt, sondern wegen ihres kompakten Wuchses und der hohen Schnittverträglichkeit. Sie bilden immergrüne, dichte Sträucher mit glänzenden, ganzrandigen Blättern, die eine Höhe von 2 m auch ausgepflanzt nicht überschreiten. Die jungen Blätter sind im Austrieb bronzefarben, das ältere Laub im Herbst rot, was den Sträuchern zusätzlichen Schmuckwert verleiht. Bricht man das Laub, werden die ätherischen Öle frei, die nach einer Mischung aus Myrte und Kampfer mit einem Schuss Zitrone duften und als Fliegen-Repellent verwendet werden. Die cremeweißen, kleinen, leicht duftenden Blüten erscheinen im Sommer. Sie entwickeln sich innerhalb von 5 bis 7 Wochen zu kirschgroßen, leuchtend roten Früchten, die im Ganzen gegessen werden und bis zu 45 mg Vitamin-C pro 100 g Fruchtfleisch enthalten! Sie sind wie ein Heißluftballon mit mehreren "Rippen" geformt. Das saftige Fruchtfleisch schmeckt sehr aromatisch mit einem leicht säuerlichen und bitteren Unterton. In ihren Anbauländern werden Pitangas zu Marmeladen, Fruchtsäften, Eis oder Soßen verarbeitet, ebenso zu Essig und Likör.

Qualität: exotische Früchte aus eigener Ernte, die man

nirgendwo kaufen kann; duftende Blüten & aromatische Blätter; kleinwüchsig & kompakt & schnittverträglich & mit rotem Austrieb & roter Herbstfärbung Verwendung: von Mai bis September draußen im Garten an geschützten Plätzen (Balkon, Terrasse, Garten); ganzjährig in beheizbaren Wintergärten oder lichtreichen Wohnräumen

--> Pflegehinweise

Familie: Myrtaceae Blüte: Sommer, weiß, duftend Herkunft: Indien, Süd-Amerika Früchte: rotschalig, kirschgroß Zone: 10-12 Wuchsform: Strauch Temperaturminimum: 0 °C Höhe: 1-2 m Überwinterung: 15 (±5)°C, hell Standort: sonnig bis halbschattig

Pitanga

PITANGA oder SURINAMKIRSCHE. Eugenia uniflora, Pitanga oder Surinam-Kirsche, ist ein in Brasilien ( auch in SURINAM = niederländisch Guiana, ... personales.mundivia.es/schrader_gomera/pitanga.htm - 6k - Im Cache - Ähnliche Seiten

Definition: Surinamkirsche - Meyers Lexikon online

Erfahren sie mehr über Surinamkirsche in Meyers Lexikon online. lexikon.meyers.de/meyers/Surinamkirsche - 18k - Im Cache - Ähnliche Seiten

Surinamkirsche - Brockhaus

Erfahren sie mehr über Surinamkirsche in der Brockhaus-Suche. www.brockhaus.de/wissen/surinamkirsche.html -

Früchte, exotische (Tropenfrüchte)

... Surinamkirsche; Süße Granadilla; Süße Limette; Süße Mährische Eberesche; Süße Passionsfrucht ... Kochbücher / Rezepte, Online-Bestellmöglichkeit ... www.50plus.at/fruechte/frueexot.htm - 84k

Surinam Cherry Eugenia uniflora L.

Eugenia Michelii Lam.

Stenocalyx Michelii Berg

Description Origin and Distribution Varieties Climate Soil Propagation Culture Season and Harvesting Yield Pests and Diseases Food Uses Toxicity Other Uses

The most widely known of the edible-fruited Eugenia species, because of its great adaptability, the Surinam cherry, E. uniflora L. (syns. E. Michelii Lam.; Stenocalyx Michelii Berg; Plinia rubra Vell.), is also called Brazil or Brazilian cherry, Cayenne cherry, pitanga, and, unfortunately, Florida cherry. In Spanish it is generally cereza de cayena; but pendanga in Venezuela; guinda in El Salvador; ñanga- piré in Argentina; cereza quadrada in Colombia. In Guadeloupe and Martinique it is called cerese à côtes or cerises-cotes; in French Guiana, cerise de Cayenne, cerise de pays, or cerise carée; in Surinam, Surinaamsche kersh, zoete kers, or monkie monkie kersie.

Fig. 104: The Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora) is primarily grown as a hedge, the showy fruits being Description eaten mainly by children.

The shrub or tree, to 25 ft (7.5 m) high, has slender, spreading branches and resinously aromatic foliage. The opposite leaves, bronze when young, are deep-green and glossy when mature; turn red in cold, dry winter weather. They are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, blunt- to sharp-pointed, 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 in (4-6.25 cm) long. Long-stalked flowers, borne singly or as many as 4 together in the leaf axils, have 4 delicate, recurved, white petals and a tuft of 50 to 60 prominent white stamens with pale-yellow anthers. The 7- to 8-ribbed fruit, oblate, 3/4 to 1 1/2 in (2-4 cm) wide, turns from green to orange as it develops and, when mature, bright-red to deep-scarlet or dark, purplish maroon ("black") when fully ripe. The skin is thin, the flesh orange-red, melting and very juicy; acid to sweet, with a touch of resin and slight bitterness. There may be 1 fairly large, round seed or 2 or 3 smaller seeds each with a flattened side, more or less attached to the flesh by a few slender fibers.

Origin and Distribution

The plant is native from Surinam, Guyana and French Guiana to southern Brazil (especially the states of Rio de Janeiro, Paraña, Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul), and to northern, eastern and central Uruguay. It grows wild in thickets on the banks of the Pilcomayo River in Paraguay. It was first described botanically from a plant growing in a garden at Pisa, Italy, which is believed to have been introduced from Goa, India. Portuguese voyagers are said to have carried the seed from Brazil to India, as they did the cashew. It is cultivated and naturalized in Argentina, Venezuela and Colombia; also along the Atlantic coast of Central America; and in some islands of the West Indies–the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and in the Bahamas and Bermuda. In 1918, Britton wrote, in the Flora of Bermuda, that ". . as it harbors the fruit fly, the tree has been largely cut out in recent years." It is frequently grown in Hawaii, Samoa, India and Ceylon as an ornamental plant and occasionally in tropical Africa, southern China and in the Philippines where it first fruited in 1911. It was long ago planted on the Mediterranean coast of Africa and the European Riviera. The first Surinam cherry was introduced into coastal Israel in 1922 and aroused considerable interest because it produced fruit in May when other fruits are scarce, and it requires so little care; but over 10 years of observation, the yields recorded were disappointingly small.

In Florida, the Surinam cherry is one of the most common hedge plants throughout the central and southern parts of the state and the Florida Keys. The fruits are today mostly eaten by children. In the past, many people allowed the tree to grow naturally and harvested the fruits for culinary use. For a while, small quantities were sold in Miami markets. In temperate zones, the plant is grown in pots for its attractive foliage and bright fruits.

Varieties

There are 2 distinct types: the common bright-red and the rarer dark-crimson to nearly black, which tends to be sweeter and less resinous.

Climate

The Surinam cherry is adapted to tropical and subtropical regions. In the Philippines, it thrives from sea-level to 3,300 ft (1,000 m); in Guatemala, up to 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Young plants are damaged by temperatures below 28º F (-2.22º C), but well-established plants have suffered only superficial injury at 22º F (-5.56º C). The plant revels in full sun. It requires only moderate rainfall and, being deep-rooted, can stand a long dry season.

Soil

The Surinam cherry grows in almost any type of soil–sand, sandy loam, stiff clay, soft limestone–and can even stand waterlogging for a time, but it is intolerant of salt.

Propagation

Seeds are the usual means of propagation. They remain viable for not much longer than a month and germinate in 3 to 4 weeks. Volunteer seedlings can be taken up and successfully transplanted. Layering has been successful in India. The seedlings can be topworked to superior selections by side- or cleft-grafting but they tend to sucker below the graft.

Culture

Surinam cherry seedlings grow slowly; some begin to fruit when 2 years old; some may delay fruiting for 5 or 6 years, or even 10 if in unfavorable situations. They are most productive if unpruned, but still produce a great many fruits when close-clipped in hedges. Quarterly feeding with a complete fertilizer formula promotes fruiting. The plant responds quickly to irrigation, the fruit rapidly becoming larger and sweeter in flavor after a good watering.

Season and Harvesting

The fruits develop and ripen quickly, only 3 weeks after the flowers open. In Brazil, the plants bloom in September and fruits ripen in October; they bloom again in December and January. In Florida and the Bahamas, there is a spring crop, March or April through May or June; and a second crop, September through November, coinciding with the spring and fall rains.

The fruits should be picked only when they are so ripe as to fall into the hand at the lightest touch, otherwise they will be undesirably resinous. Gathering must be done daily or even twice a day.

Yield

In India, pruned bushes yield an average of 6 to 8 lbs (2.7-3.6 kg) per plant. The highest yield obtained in Israel was 2,700 fruits weighing about 24 lbs (11 kg) from one untrimmed plant.

Pests and Diseases

Surinam cherries are highly attractive to Caribbean and Mediterranean fruit flies, but the incidence of infestation was found to vary greatly in Israel from location to location, some plants being unmolested.

The foliage is occasionally attacked by scale insects and caterpillars. A large, extensive hedge along a canal in Dade County blew down in September 1982. Examination showed that the roots had been chewed off and there were about a dozen white grubs up to 2 in (5 cm) long under each plant. These were identified as the larvae of a sugar cane pest that is common in Haiti. Among diseases encountered in Florida are leaf spot caused by Cercospora eugeniae, Helminthosporium sp., and Phyllostica eugeniae; thread blight from infection by Corticium stevensii; anthracnose from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; twig dieback and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani; and mushroom root rot, Armillariella (Clitocybe) tabescens.

Food Uses

Children enjoy the ripe fruits out-of-hand. For table use, they are best slit vertically on one side, spread open to release the seed(s), and kept chilled for 2 or 3 hours to dispel most of their resinously aromatic character. If seeded and sprinkled with sugar before placing in the refrigerator, they will become mild and sweet and will exude much juice and serve very well instead of strawberries on shortcake and topped with whipped cream. They are an excellent addition to fruit cups, salads and custard pudding; also ice cream; and can be made into pie or sauce or preserved whole in sirup. They are often made into jam, jelly, relish or pickles. Brazilians ferment the juice into vinegar or wine, and sometimes prepare a distilled liquor.

Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*

Calories 43-51 g

Moisture 85.4-90.70 g

Protein 0.84-1.01 g

Fat 0.4-0.88 g

Carbohydrates 7.93-12.5 g

Fiber 0.34-0.6g

Ash 0.34-0.5 g

Calcium 9 mg

Phosphorus 11 mg

Iron 0.2 mg

Carotene (Vitamin A) 1,200-2,000 I.U.

Thiamine 0.03 mg

Riboflavin 0.04 mg

Niacin 0.03 mg

Ascorbic Acid** 20-30 mg *A composite of analyses made in Hawaii, Africa, Florida.

**Dr. Margaret Mustard found 33.9-43.9 mg in ripe red fruits; 25.3 in the "black" type.

Toxicity

The seeds are extremely resinous and should not be eaten. Diarrhea has occurred in dogs that have been fed the whole fruits by children. The strong, spicy emanation from bushes being pruned irritates the respiratory passages of sensitive persons.

Other Uses

The leaves have been spread over the floors of Brazilian homes. When walked upon, they release their pungent oil which repels flies. The bark contains 20 to 28.5% tannin and can be used for treating leather. The flowers are a rich source of pollen for honeybees but yield little or no nectar.

Medicinal Uses: In Brazil the leaf infusion is taken as a stomachic, febrifuge and astringent. In Surinam, the leaf decoction is drunk as a cold remedy and, in combination with lemongrass, as a febrifuge. The leaves yield essential oil containing citronellal, geranyl acetate, geraniol, cineole, terpinene, sesquiterpenes and polyterpenes.

Last updated: 3/25/99 by ch http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/surinam_cherry.html

Eugenia uniflora (tree, shrub)

Management Impact References Ecology Distribution Contacts

Info Info and Links

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=983&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN

Taxonomic name: Eugenia uniflora L. Synonyms: Eugenia brasiliana (L.) Aubl., Eugenia michelii Lam., Myrtus brasiliana L. , Myrtus brasiliana L. var. normalis Kuntze , Plinia pedunculata L.f. , Plinia rubra L. , Stenocalyx michelii O. Berg , Stenocalyx uniflorus (L.) Kausel Common names: Barbados cherry, Brazilian cherry, cayenne cherry, Cayennekirsche (German), cerese à côtes (Guadeloupe), cereza quadrada (Colombia), cerezo de Cayena (Spanish), cerise carée (French Guiana), cerise créole (French-Reunion (La Réunion)), cerise de Cayenne (French Guiana), cerise de pays (French Guiana), cerises-cotes (Guadeloupe), cerisier carré (French), cerisier de Cayenne (French), Florida cherry, French cherry, guinda (El Salvador), kafika, kafika palangi, kafika papalangi, menemene, monkie monkie kersie (Surinam), nagapiry (Spanish), ñanga-piré (Argentina), pendanga (Venezuela), pitanga (Spanish), pitanga-da-praia (Portuguese), red Brazil cherry, Surinaamsche kersh (Surinam), Surinam cherry, Surinamkirsche (German), venevene, zoete kers (Surinam) Organism type: tree, shrub

Eugenia uniflora is an evergreen shrub that can reach tree like proportions. It is a hardy species that can thrive in a variety of habitats, both in its native and introduced range. Eugenia uniflora can quickly reach thick densities which affect understorey light levels, subsequently changing micro-environments. It is also known to host recognised pests and pathogens.

Description Eugenia uniflora is an evergreen, multi-branched shrub (sometimes classified as a small tree) with slender, spreading branches and resinously aromatic foliage. It can reach heights of 10 m. Young stems are often covered with red hairs and dark red new foliage. The leaves of this species are opposite, simple, short petioled, oval to lance shaped, 2.5-8cm long, shiny and dark green above while paler below and with margins entire. The opposite leaves are bronze when young; turn deep-green and glossy when mature; and turn red in cold, dry winter weather. Long-stalked flowers are borne singly or as many as 4 together in the leaf axils and have 4 delicate, recurved, white petals and a tuft of 50 to 60 prominent white stamens with pale-yellow anthers. The flowers are fragrant and about 13mm across. E. uniflora fruit are fleshy, juicy, orange-red berries 4cm wide and are depressed-globose, conspicuously 8- ribbed, and contain 1-3 seeds. The fruit turns from green to orange as it develops and, when mature, bright red to deep-scarlet or dark, and purplish maroon ("black") when fully ripe. The skin is thin, the flesh orange-red, melting and very juicy. (FLEPPC, 2005; and Morton, 1987).

Similar Species Eugenia spp. More

Occurs in: natural forests, planted forests, range/grasslands, scrub/shrublands

Habitat description Eugenia uniflora is endemic to Brazil, occurring in areas of medium and large levels of rainfall. It can also be found in different vegetation types and ecosystems, including forests, restingas (The restingas ecoregion along the Brazilian Atlantic coast are characterized by sandy dunes with shrubs and low forests further inland), arid and semiarid environments in the Brazilian north-east. E. uniflora is, in general, a hardy species that is adaptable to all soil conditions that are not subject to flooding and is found in tropical and subtropical regions (FLEPPC, 2005; Morton, 1987; and Salgueiro et al. 2004).

Young plants are damaged by temperatures below -2.22º C, but well-established plants have suffered only superficial injury at -5.56º C. The plant revels in full sun. It requires only moderate rainfall and, being deep-rooted, can stand a long dry season. E. uniflora grows in almost any type of soil-sand, sandy loam, stiff clay, soft limestone- and can even stand water logging for a time, but it is intolerant of salt (Morton, 1987). General impacts Because of its hardy nature E. uniflora can invade a wide variety of habitats and can achieve such thick densities that it affects light levels and can change the microenvironment of an invaded habitat. This species is also known to host recognized pests and pathogens and is therefore an undesirable species to allow in native habitats where it has invaded (Forbes, 2006; and PIER, 2005).

Uses Eugenia uniflora is ecologically important in its endemic range as a pioneer species in the restinga ecosystem. Thus, the species has been used to recover and manage disturbed and fragmented areas. Initial steps to understand the genetic diversity of E. uniflora are now being undertaken, due to its ecological versatility and wide economic application (Salgueiro et al. 2004).

Ripe fruits can be eaten out-of-hand and can be made into pie or sauce or preserved whole in syrup. They are often made into jam, jelly, relish or pickles. Brazilians ferment the juice into vinegar or wine, and sometimes prepare distilled liquor. Seeds are extremely resinous and should not be eaten. The strong, spicy emanation from bushes being pruned irritates the respiratory passages of sensitive persons. The leaves have been spread over the floors of Brazilian homes. When walked upon, they release their pungent oil, which repels flies. The bark contains 20 to 28.5% tannin and can be used for treating leather.

Medicinal Uses: In Brazil the leaf infusion is taken as a stomachic, febrifuge and astringent. In Surinam, the leaf decoction is drunk as a cold remedy and, in combination with lemongrass, as a febrifuge (Morton, 1987).

Notes There are 2 distinct E. uniflora types: the common bright-red and the rarer dark-crimson to nearly black, which tends to be sweeter and less resinous (Morton, 1987).

Geographical range Native range: Endemic to Brazil, E. uniflora has become naturalized through much of South America (Salgueiro et al. 2004). Known introduced range: Asia, Australasia-Pacific Region, Europe, and North America (GBIF, 2006; and Morton, 1987).

Introduction pathways to new locations For ornamental purposes: E. uniflora was introduced for ornament and edible fruit before 1931(FLEPPC, 2005). Landscape/fauna "improvement": E. uniflora is widely planted in central and south Florida, especially for hedges (FLEPPC, 2005).

Local dispersal methods Garden escape/garden waste: E. uniflora is noted as escaping cultivation and invading hammocks in south-central and south Florida (FLEPPC, 2005).

Management information Preventative measures: A Risk Assessment of Eugenia uniflora for Hawaii and other Pacific islands was prepared by Dr. Curtis Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service. The alien plant screening system is derived from Pheloung et al. (1999) with minor modifications for use in Pacific islands (Daehler et al. 2004. The result is a score of 12 and a recommendation of: "Likely to cause significant ecological or economic harm in Hawaii and on other Pacific Islands as determined by a high WRA score, which is based on published sources describing species biology and behaviour in Hawaii and/or other parts of the world."

Chemical: Kline and Duquesnel (1996) report that using the Cut Surface method of chemical application with Garlon 3A at 50% concentration or a 10% concentration of Garlon 4 achieved a rating of "Good" control. Basal bark application of Garlon 4 at 10% concentration only received a rating of "Moderate" control.

Biological: Research into the biological control of E. uniflora has not been conducted, but certain invertebrates and diseases are known to attack this species. E. uniflora are highly attractive to Caribbean and Mediterranean fruit flies, but the incidence of infestation was found to vary greatly from location to location, with some plants being unmolested. Scale insects and caterpillars occasionally attack the foliage. Diseases encountered in its invasive range in Florida are leaf spot caused by Cercospora eugeniae, Helminthosporium sp., and Phyllostica eugeniae; thread blight from infection by Corticium stevensii; anthracnose from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; twig dieback and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani; and mushroom root rot, Armillariella (Clitocybe) tabescens (Morton, 1987).

Reproduction Eugenia uniflora is hermaphrodite with white flowers pollinated by insects. The flowers are small having four petals and lots of yellow stamens. Flowering happens twice a year, in January and September, and fruit ripening occurs in February and October, approximately five to six weeks after flowering. Seeds remain viable for not much longer than a month and germinate in 3 to 4 weeks. Eugenia uniflora seedlings grow slowly; some begin to fruit when 2 years old; some may delay fruiting for 5 or 6 years, or even 10 if in unfavourable situations. The fruits develop and ripen quickly, only 3 weeks after the flowers open (Morton, 1987; and Salgueiro et al. 2004).

Principal sources: Salgueiro et al. 2004. Even population differentiation for maternal and biparental gene markers in Eugenia uniflora , a widely distributed species from the Brazilian coastal Atlantic rain forest Morton, 1987 E. uniflora

Compiled by: National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) & IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)

To contribute information, please contact Shyama Pagad.

Last Modified: Friday, 21 April 2006

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

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Click on Eugenia an image for links uniflora to BIGGER

L., Myrtaceae PICTURES

Present on Pacific Islands? yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations? no

Risk assessment results: High risk, score: 12 (Go to the risk assessment)

Common name(s): [more details]

Chamorro: pitanga English: Barbados cherry, French cherry, pitanga, red Brazil cherry, Surinam cherry French: cerise côtelée, cerise créole, cerise de Cayenne, cerisier carré, cerisier de Cayenne, roussaille Maori (Cook Islands): menemene, menemene, venevene Niuean: kafika, kafika palangi, kafika papalangi Portuguese: pitanga Spanish: cerezo de Cayena, nagapiry, pitanga

Habit: shrub/tree

Description: "Small tree or shrub, young leaves coppery-pink; mature leaves opposite, ovate or narrowly ovate, subglossy, paler beneath, 3-7 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, lateral nerves about 7-9 pairs, margins often slightly and irregularly wavy, or entire; petioles 1-3 mm long; flowers commonly axillary, solitary or fascicled, peduncles slender, 1.5-3 cm long, with small bracts; calyx 4-lobed, lobes 3-4 mm long; petals 4, white, thin, fugacious, nearly 1 cm long, obovate; stamens many (about 50), 8 mm long; ovary slightly ridged; fruit a succulent berry with usually 8 deep longitudinal grooves and as many ridges, 1.5 cm long, 2 cm wide, red or very dark red when ripe 1-2-seeded, crowned by calyx-limb, juicy, edible, acid." (Stone, 1970; p. 452).

"Arbuste à petit arbre de 2 à 7 m de hauteur, reconnaissable à ses petites feuilles ovales, un peu coriaces, ses fleurs solitaires blanches, ses petits fruits charnus globuleux avec 8 côtes saillantes, de couleur jaune devenant rouge vif à maturité" (Meyer, 2008; p. 36).

Habitat/ecology: Prefers fertile, moist soils and partial shade (Bodkin, 1986, cited in Csurhes and Edwards, 1998; p. 108). In Hawai‘i, "very sparingly naturalized in low elevation mesic sites, especially valley floors, 30-730 m" (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 961). Propagation: Seed, probably spread by birds.

Native range: South America, now pantropical.

Presence:

Pacific

Country/Terr./St. & Location Cited Reference & Island group status & Comments Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?

American Samoa Tutuila Island introduced Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 35) Tutuila Islands invasive

Australia (Pacific Lord Howe introduced Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9) offshore islands) Island "It has been collected on Lord Howe Is., but Lord Howe Island without information as to its spontaneity". Voucher cited: A.C. Beauglehole 5852 (MEL)

Australia (Pacific Norfolk Island introduced Orchard, Anthony E., ed. (1994) (p. 9) offshore islands) invasive "Cultivated, escaped and now self-sown in at least Norfolk Islands one locality". W.R. Sykes NI 528 (CHR)

Chile (Rapa Nui Rapa Nui introduced Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 36, 42) Island) (Easter) cultivated Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Island Pasqua)

Cook Islands Manihiki Atoll McCormack, Gerald (2008) Northern Cook Islands

Cook Islands Aitutaki Atoll introduced Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7) Southern Cook invasive Islands

Cook Islands Aitutaki Atoll Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: Southern Cook BISH 81939) Islands Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L. Cook Islands ‘Atiu Island McCormack, Gerald (2008) Southern Cook Islands

Cook Islands ‘Atiu Island introduced Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7) Southern Cook invasive Reported to be present by the Cook Islands Islands Natural Heritage Project.

Cook Islands Mangaia McCormack, Gerald (2008) Southern Cook Island Islands

Cook Islands Mangaia introduced Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7) Southern Cook Island invasive Islands

Cook Islands Ma‘uke McCormack, Gerald (2008) Southern Cook Island Islands

Cook Islands Ma‘uke introduced Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7) Southern Cook Island invasive Islands

Cook Islands Miti‘aro McCormack, Gerald (2008) Southern Cook Island Islands

Cook Islands Miti‘aro introduced Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7) Southern Cook Island invasive Islands

Cook Islands Palmerston McCormack, Gerald (2008) Southern Cook (Avarau) Islands Island

Cook Islands Rarotonga introduced Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 89) Southern Cook Island "Potential invader" Islands

Cook Islands Rarotonga McCormack, Gerald (2008) Southern Cook Island Islands

Cook Islands Rarotonga introduced Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 7) Southern Cook Islands Island invasive

Cook Islands Rarotonga Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: Southern Cook Island BISH 164819) Islands Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

Federated States of Pohnpei Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim (1998) (p. 25) Micronesia Island Pohnpei Islands

Fiji Viti Levu introduced Smith, Albert C. (1985) (p. 373) Fiji Islands Island invasive Perhaps sparingly naturalized. cultivated

French Polynesia Fatu Hiva introduced Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Marquesas Islands Island invasive

French Polynesia Fatu Hiva Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: Marquesas Islands Island BISH 601841) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Hiva Oa introduced Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Marquesas Islands Island invasive

French Polynesia Hiva Oa Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1988) (voucher ID: Marquesas Islands Island BISH 601908) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Marquesas introduced Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 197) Marquesas Islands Islands cultivated

French Polynesia Nuku Hiva introduced Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Marquesas Islands (Nukahiva) invasive Island

French Polynesia Nuku Hiva Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: Marquesas Islands (Nukahiva) BISH 555146) Island Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Nuku Hiva Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: Marquesas Islands (Nukahiva) BISH 558061) Island Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Tahuata introduced Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Marquesas Islands (Tuhuata) invasive Island

French Polynesia Ua Huka introduced Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2008) Marquesas Islands (Huahuna, invasive Uahuka) Island

French Polynesia Maupiti introduced Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. (1987) (p. 53) Society Islands (Maurua) invasive Voucher cited: Fosberg 64947 (US) Island cultivated Possibly naturalized.

French Polynesia Maupiti Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1985) (voucher ID: Society Islands (Maurua) BISH 614455) Island Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Moorea Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 81) Society Islands Island

French Polynesia Moorea Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1967) (voucher ID: Society Islands Island BISH 164833) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Moorea Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: Society Islands Island BISH 492711) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Raiatea introduced Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 197) Society Islands (Havai) Island cultivated Voucher cited: BRY 26566

French Polynesia Tahiti Island introduced Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 197) Society Islands cultivated

French Polynesia Tahiti Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: Society Islands BISH 492783) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Tahiti Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: Society Islands BISH 607490) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Takapoto introduced Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 31) Tuamotu Atoll cultivated Voucher cited: Sachet 2078 (US) Archipelago

French Polynesia Rurutu Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: Tubuai (Austral) BISH 551111) Islands Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

French Polynesia Tubuai Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: Tubuai (Austral) (Tupuai) BISH 644219) Islands Island Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

Guam Guam Island introduced Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 452) Guam Island cultivated

Guam Guam Island introduced Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce Guam Island (1979) (p. 190)

Guam Guam Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1964) (voucher ID: Guam Island BISH 164933) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

Guam Guam Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (year unknown) Guam Island (voucher ID: BISH 164934) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

State of Hawaii Hawai‘i (Big) introduced Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. Hawaiian Islands Island invasive H. (1999) (p. 961) cultivated

State of Hawaii Kaua‘i Island introduced Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. Hawaiian Islands invasive H. (1999) (p. 961) cultivated

State of Hawaii Lāna‘i Island introduced Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. Hawaiian Islands invasive H. (1999) (p. 961) cultivated

State of Hawaii Maui Island introduced Oppenheimer, Hank L. (2003) (p. 16) Hawaiian Islands invasive Vouchers cited: Oppenheimer H30103 (BISH, cultivated PTBG), Oppenheimer H100114 (BISH), Starr & Martz 011025-2 (BISH)

State of Hawaii Moloka‘i introduced Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. Hawaiian Islands Island invasive H. (1999) (p. 961) cultivated

State of Hawaii O‘ahu Island introduced Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. Hawaiian Islands invasive H. (1999) (p. 961) cultivated Marshall Islands Kwajalein introduced Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 101) Ralik Chain (Kuwajleen) cultivated Atoll

New Caledonia Île Lifou introduced MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 106) Îles Loyauté cultivated Voucher cited: MacKee 5277 (Loyalte Islands)

New Caledonia Île Maré introduced MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 106) Îles Loyauté cultivated Voucher cited: Baumann 14532 (Loyalte Islands)

New Caledonia Îles Ouvéa introduced MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 106) Îles Loyauté (Ouvea Atoll) cultivated Vouchers cited: Däniker 1967 (Z), Schmid 2337 (Loyalte Islands) (NOU), Blanchon 1556 (NOU)

New Caledonia Île Grande introduced MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 106) New Caledonia Terre cultivated Vouchers cited: MacKee 5502, MacKee 21048, Archipelago MacKee 40702

Niue Niue Island introduced Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 130) Niue Mostly cultivated. Voucher cited: CHR 170464

Niue Niue Island introduced Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 23) Niue cultivated

Niue Niue Island introduced Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 91) Niue invasive Vouchers cited: Yuncker 9572 (BISH), Yuncker cultivated 9982 (BISH) "Occasional about dwellings and in theicckets near villages".

Niue Niue Island introduced Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara Niue cultivated M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 14)

Palau Koror Island introduced Miles, Joel (year unknown) Palau (main island cultivated group)

Papua New Guinea Papua New Waterhouse, Barbara (year unknown) Papua New Guinea Guinea (eastern New (eastern New Guinea Island) Guinea Island)

Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn introduced Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 103) Pitcairn Islands Island invasive "Gardens". cultivated

Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn introduced St. John, H. (1987) (p. 44) Pitcairn Islands Island cultivated Vouchers cited: Ross 7, Fosberg & B. Christian 11176

Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn introduced Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Pitcairn Islands Island Royce (1989) (p. 14) Voucher cited: Paulay, Spencer & Schuster 687 (US)

Samoa Savai‘i Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: Western Samoa BISH 164865) Islands Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

Samoa Upolu Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: Western Samoa BISH 164862) Islands Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

Samoa Upolu Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: Western Samoa BISH 164863) Islands Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

Samoa Upolu Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: Western Samoa BISH 403813) Islands Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

Samoa Upolu Island Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1973) (voucher ID: Western Samoa BISH 417643) Islands Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia uniflora L.

Tonga Tongatapu introduced Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2001) (p. 53) Tongatapu Group Island cultivated

United States Midway Atoll introduced Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. (other Pacific invasive H. (1999) (p. 961) offshore islands) cultivated Midway Atoll

Pacific Rim

Country/Terr./St. & Location Cited Reference & Island group status & Comments Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?

Australia Australia introduced Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 108) Australia (continental) invasive (continental)

Indian Ocean

Country/Terr./St. & Location Cited Reference & Island group status & Comments Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?

Australia (Indian Christmas introduced Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 113) Ocean offshore Island cultivated islands) Christmas Island Group

La Réunion (France) La Réunion introduced Lavergne, Christophe (2006) La Réunion Island Island invasive "Cultivé/Naturalisé/Subspontané?" cultivated

Mauritius Mauritius introduced Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. (2004) (pp. 7, 8) Mautitius Islands Island invasive (Mauritius and Rodrigues)

Also reported from

Country/Terr./St. & Location Cited Reference & Island group status & Comments Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?

United States USA (Florida) introduced U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2009) (continental except west coast and Florida) United States (other states)

Comments: Spreading on Mangaia, Cook Islands (Space & Flynn, 2002).

Control:

Physical: Hand pull or dig out seedlings and young trees.

Chemical: Cut larger trees and treat the stumps with herbicide.

Additional information: Photos and additional information at University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Information from the Purdue University NewCROP web site. Photo at the University of Guam "Plants of Guam" web site. Information from the World Agroforestry Centre's AgroForestryTree Database. Information from the Global Invasive Species Database. Information from the book "Identification and biology of non-native plants in Florida's natural areas" (PDF format).

Additional online information about Eugenia uniflora is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).

Information about Eugenia uniflora as a weed (worldwide references) may be available from the Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW).

Taxonomic information about Eugenia uniflora may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

References:

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 0. Voucher specimen #BISH 164934 (Thompson, J.B. 441).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 164819 (Wilder, G.P. 1019).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 164862 (Christophersen, E. 426).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1929. Voucher specimen #BISH 164863 (Christophersen, E. 516).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 164865 (Christophersen, E. 2549).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1931. Voucher specimen #BISH 403813 (Christophersen, E. 1836).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1964. Voucher specimen #BISH 164933 (Stone, B.C.M. 5057).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1967. Voucher specimen #BISH 164833 (Smith, H.M. 156).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1969. Voucher specimen #BISH 81939 (Stoddart, D.R. 2309).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1973. Voucher specimen #BISH 417643 (Whistler, W.A. W 721).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 492783 (Florence, J. 3659b).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 555146 (Florence, J. 4240).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 558061 (Florence, J. 4165).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1982. Voucher specimen #BISH 607490 (Fosberg, F.R. 63754).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 492711 (Florence, J. 4950).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1983. Voucher specimen #BISH 551111 (Florence, J. 6169).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1985. Voucher specimen #BISH 614455 (Fosberg, F.R. 64947).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 601841 (J.Florence 9555).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1988. Voucher specimen #BISH 601908 (J.Florence 9613).

Bishop Museum (Honolulu). 1992. Voucher specimen #BISH 644219 (Florence 11124).

Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. 1998. Potential environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Australia. Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. 208 pp.

Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.

Fosberg, F. R. 1997. Preliminary checklist of the flowering plants and ferns of the Society Islands. Ed. by David R. Stoddart. U. Cal. Berkeley.

Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce. 1989. New collections and notes on the plants of Henderson, Pitcairn, Oeno, and Ducie Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 329. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 18 pp.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, M.-H. 1987. Flora of Maupiti, Society Islands. The Smithsonian Institution. Atoll Research Bulletin 294:1-70.

Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.

Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. 2004. Case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the western Indian Ocean. 3. Mauritius (islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Forestry Department, Forest Resources Division, Forest Resources Development Service, Working Paper FBS/4-3E. 35 pp.

Langeland, K. A./Burks, K. Craddock. eds. 1998. Identification and biology of non-native plants in Florida's natural areas. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida. 165 pp.

Lavergne, Christophe. 2006. List des especes exotiques envahissantes a La Reunion. Unpublished manuscript (Excel file). .

Lorence, David H./Flynn, Tim. 1998. Checklist of the plants of Pohnpei. Unpublished checklist. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawai‘i. 21 pp.

Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. 2008. Flora of the Marquesas Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden and the Smithsonian Institution. Online database.

MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.

McCormack, Gerald. 2008. Cook Islands Biodiversity Database, Version 2007.2. Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust, Rarotonga.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2000. Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). In: Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp.

Meyer, Jean-Yves. 2008. Rapport de mission d'expertise a Rapa Nui du 02 au 11 Juin 2008: Plan d'action strategique pour lutter contre les plantes introduites envahissantes sur Rapa Nui (Île de pâques) [Strategic action plan to control invasive alien plants on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) [unpublished report]. Délégation à la Recherche, Ministère de l'Education, l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche, B.P. 20981 Papeete, Tahiti, Polynésie française. 62 pp. .

Miles, Joel. 0. Joel Miles, pers. com.

Oppenheimer, Hank L. 2003. New plant records from Maui and Hawai‘i Counties. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2001-2002. Part 1: Articles. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 73:3-30.

Orchard, Anthony E., ed. 1994. Flora of Australia. Vol. 49, Oceanic islands 1. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

Sachet, M-H. 1983. Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: terrestrial vegetation and flora. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 277. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 41 pp. + photos.

Smith, Albert C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 3. 758 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Observations on invasive plant species in American Samoa. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 51 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2000. Report to the Government of Niue on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 34 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2001. Report to the Kingdom of Tonga on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 78 pp.

Space, James C./Flynn, Tim. 2002. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.

Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.

St. John, H. 1987. An account of the flora of Pitcairn Island with new Pandanus species. Honolulu, 65 pp.

Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. 101 pp. plus appendix.

Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2009. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.

U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. 2009. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

Waterhouse, Barbara. 0. Barbara Waterhouse, pers. com.

Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.

Whistler, W. A. 1990. Ethnobotany of the Cook Islands: The plants, their Maori names, and their uses. Allertonia 5(4):347-424.

Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. 1999. Botanical survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands. Prepared for Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and the U. S. Army Environmental Center. 111 pp.

Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp. http://www.hear.org/pier/species/eugenia_uniflora.htm