Diagrams of engine The labeled diagram of car engine shared here is one of the best free car engine diagrams you can find. This is because the engine shown in the diagram below is one of the most basic yet simple car engines ever built over the century. It is an Austin cc engine completed with all the important engine parts which make the engine runs. Most of the engine parts in this antique engine are still appearing in latest car although this engine does not come with a fuel injection system. Engine Cover: Most of the newer car engine has a beautiful engine cover, so does this Austin-Morris engine. Under the engine cover, there are pushrod, valve, cylinder, piston, crankshaft, camshaft, and other components which hide under the cylinder block. Alternator: Alternator works as a recharge station in a car engine. When the engine turns, it will spin the alternator with a fan belt labeled no 14 and it will generate electric. Alternator provides those electrical powers to the car as well as to the car battery to recharge it while the engine is running. Carburetor: Carburetor plays the role to mix the right amount of gasoline with air in order to allow the engine runs appropriately. Most of the newer car engine is now running with fuel injection system so they may not have a carburetor. It works together with thermostat labeled no 10 , water pump labeled no 17 , radiator cap labeled no 7 , radiator fan labeled no 6 , relay, water or coolant, and a few main hoses with the purpose to cool down the engine. Thermostat: This small metal plays a very significant role while the engine runs. Spark Plug or Sparking Plug: This device delivers electric from ignition system to the engine. It ignites the compressed fuel and air mixed by Carburetor by an electric spark and therefore the engine will start when the combustion happens. Water Pump: The water pump shown in the diagram above is driven by a belt labeled no 14 connected to the crankshaft. It circulates fluid whenever the engine is running. Distributor: A distributor routes high voltage from the ignition coil labeled no 20 to the spark plugs labeled no If the firing order is incorrect, the engine will not run smooth. Ignition Coil: The job for an ignition coil is to convert the battery voltage mostly is 12 V to high voltage in order to create electric spark to produce combustion. Oil Filter: This is the component that will be replaced every time the engine oil is changed. The job of an oil filter is to remove contaminants from the engine oil. It is a cheap component but an engine will never last for long without having an oil filter. This labeled diagram of car engine is a very basic and simple one. It is the most basic gasoline engine. There are many parts are still missing in the diagram above but it is easy to understand especially for dummies who know nothing about engine. Do check back Carsut. Your email:. Bowl: For fuel to travel into the carburetor. Radiator Fan 7. Radiator Cap 8. Wiper Motor 9. Manifold Brake Master Cylinder Clutch Master Cylinder Fan Belt Horn Brake Fluid Hose You may also like:. Super Exotic Sports Cars. The Fast and the Furious 6 cars. Muscle Car Artwork of Carsut. Walmart car battery prices. Traffic in Hanoi, Vietnam. Greatest horsepower cars of all time part 2. Have you ever opened the hood of your car and wondered what was going on in there? A car engine can look like a big confusing jumble of metal, tubes and wires to the uninitiated. You might want to know what's going on simply out of curiosity. Or perhaps you are buying a new car , and you hear things like "2. In this article, we'll discuss the basic idea behind an engine and then go into detail about how all the pieces fit together, what can go wrong and how to increase performance. The purpose of a gasoline car engine is to convert gasoline into motion so that your car can move. Currently the easiest way to create motion from gasoline is to burn the gasoline inside an engine. Therefore, a car engine is an internal combustion engine — combustion takes place internally. The principle behind any reciprocating internal combustion engine: If you put a tiny amount of high-energy-density fuel like gasoline in a small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of energy is released in the form of expanding gas. You can use that energy for interesting purposes. For example, if you can create a cycle that allows you to set off explosions like this hundreds of times per minute, and if you can harness that energy in a useful way, what you have is the core of a car engine. Almost every car with a gasoline engine uses a four-stroke combustion cycle to convert gasoline into motion. The four-stroke approach is also known as the Otto cycle , in honor of Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in The four strokes are illustrated in Figure 1. They are:. The piston is connected to the crankshaft by a connecting rod. As the crankshaft revolves, it has the effect of "resetting the cannon. In an engine, the linear motion of the pistons is converted into rotational motion by the crankshaft. The rotational motion is nice because we plan to turn rotate the car's wheels with it anyway. Now let's look at all the parts that work together to make this happen, starting with the cylinders. The core of the engine is the cylinder, with the piston moving up and down inside the cylinder. Single cylinder engines are typical of most lawn mowers, but usually cars have more than one cylinder four, six and eight cylinders are common. In a multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways: inline , V or flat also known as horizontally opposed or boxer , as shown in the figures to the left. So that inline four we mentioned at the beginning is an engine with four cylinders arranged in a line. Different configurations have different advantages and disadvantages in terms of smoothness, manufacturing cost and shape characteristics. These advantages and disadvantages make them more suitable for certain vehicles. The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly. The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out exhaust. Note that both valves are closed during compression and combustion so that the combustion chamber is sealed. Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The rings serve two purposes:. Most cars that "burn oil" and have to have a quart added every 1, miles are burning it because the engine is old and the rings no longer seal things properly. Many modern vehicles use more advance materials for piston rings. That's one of the reasons why engines last longer and can go longer between oil changes. The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates. The crankshaft turns the piston's up-and-down motion into circular motion just like a crank on a jack-in-the-box does. The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil , which collects in the bottom of the sump the oil pan. So you go out one morning and your engine will turn over but it won't start. What could be wrong? Now that you know how an engine works, you can understand the basic things that can keep an engine from running. Three fundamental things can happen: a bad fuel mix, lack of compression or lack of spark. Beyond that, thousands of minor things can create problems, but these are the "big three. Lack of compression: If the charge of air and fuel cannot be compressed properly, the combustion process will not work like it should. Lack of compression might occur for these reasons:. The most common "hole" in a cylinder occurs where the top of the cylinder holding the valves and spark plug and also known as the cylinder head attaches to the cylinder itself. Generally, the cylinder and the cylinder head bolt together with a thin gasket pressed between them to ensure a good seal. If the gasket breaks down, small holes develop between the cylinder and the cylinder head, and these holes cause leaks. In a properly running engine, all of these factors are working fine. Perfection is not required to make an engine run, but you'll probably notice when things are less than perfect. As you can see, an engine has a number of systems that help it do its job of converting fuel into motion. We'll look at the different subsystems used in engines in the next few sections. Most engine subsystems can be implemented using different technologies, and better technologies can improve the performance of the engine. Let's look at all of the different subsystems used in modern engines, beginning with the valve train. The valve train consists of the valves and a mechanism that opens and closes them. The opening and closing system is called a camshaft. The camshaft has lobes on it that move the valves up and down, as shown in Figure 5. Most modern engines have what are called overhead cams. This means that the camshaft is located above the valves, as shown in Figure 5. The cams on the shaft activate the valves directly or through a very short linkage. Older engines used a camshaft located in the sump near the crankshaft. A timing belt or timing chain links the crankshaft to the camshaft so that the valves are in sync with the pistons. The camshaft is geared to turn at one-half the rate of the crankshaft. Many high-performance engines have four valves per cylinder two for intake, two for exhaust , and this arrangement requires two camshafts per bank of cylinders, hence the phrase "dual overhead cams. The ignition system Figure 6 produces a high-voltage electrical charge and transmits it to the spark plugs via ignition wires. The charge first flows to a distributor , which you can easily find under the hood of most cars. The distributor has one wire going in the center and four, six or eight wires depending on the number of cylinders coming out of it. These ignition wires send the charge to each spark plug. The engine is timed so that only one cylinder receives a spark from the distributor at a time. This approach provides maximum smoothness. The cooling system in most cars consists of the radiator and water pump. Water circulates through passages around the cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it off. In a few cars most notably pre Volkswagen Beetles , as well as most motorcycles and lawn mowers, the engine is air-cooled instead You can tell an air-cooled engine by the fins adorning the outside of each cylinder to help dissipate heat. Air-cooling makes the engine lighter but hotter, generally decreasing engine life and overall performance. So now you know how and why your engine stays cool. But why is air circulation so important? Most cars are normally aspirated , which means that air flows through an air filter and directly into the cylinders. The amount of pressurization is called boost. A turbocharger uses a small turbine attached to the exhaust pipe to spin a compressing turbine in the incoming air stream. A supercharger is attached directly to the engine to spin the compressor. Since the turbocharger is reusing hot exhaust to spin the turbine and compress the air, it increases the power from smaller engines. So a fuel-sipping four-cylinder can see horsepower that you might expect a six-cylinder engine to put out while getting 10 to 30 percent better fuel economy. Increasing your engine's performance is great, but what exactly happens when you turn the key to start it? The starting system consists of an electric starter motor and a starter solenoid. When you turn the ignition key, the starter motor spins the engine a few revolutions so that the combustion process can start. It takes a powerful motor to spin a cold engine. The starter motor must overcome:. Because so much energy is needed and because a car uses a volt electrical system, hundreds of amps of electricity must flow into the starter motor. The starter solenoid is essentially a large electronic switch that can handle that much current. When you turn the ignition key, it activates the solenoid to power the motor. Next, we'll look at the engine subsystems that maintain what goes in oil and fuel and what comes out exhaust and emissions. When it comes to day-to-day car maintenance, your first concern is probably the amount of gas in your car. How does the gas that you put in power the cylinders? Fuel is delivered in modern vehicles in two common ways: port fuel injection and direct fuel injection. In a fuel-injected engine, the right amount of fuel is injected individually into each cylinder either right above the intake valve port fuel injection or directly into the cylinder direct fuel injection. Older vehicles were carbureted, where gas and air were mixed by a carburetor as the air flowed into the engine. Oil also plays an important part. The lubrication system makes sure that every moving part in the engine gets oil so that it can move easily. The two main parts needing oil are the pistons so they can slide easily in their cylinders and any bearings that allow things like the crankshaft and camshafts to rotate freely. In most cars, oil is sucked out of the oil pan by the oil pump, run through the oil filter to remove any grit, and then squirted under high pressure onto bearings and the cylinder walls. The oil then trickles down into the sump, where it is collected again and the cycle repeats. Now that you know about some of the stuff that you put in your car, let's look at some of the stuff that comes out of it. The exhaust system includes the exhaust pipe and the muffler. Without a muffler, what you would hear is the sound of thousands of small explosions coming out your tailpipe. A muffler dampens the sound. The emission control system in modern cars consists of a catalytic converter , a collection of sensors and actuators, and a computer to monitor and adjust everything. For example, the catalytic converter uses a catalyst and oxygen to burn off any unused fuel and certain other chemicals in the exhaust. An oxygen sensor in the exhaust stream makes sure there is enough oxygen available for the catalyst to work and adjusts things if necessary. Besides gas, what else powers your car? The electrical system consists of a battery and an alternator. The alternator is connected to the engine by a belt and generates electricity to recharge the battery. The battery makes volt power available to everything in the car needing electricity the ignition system, radio, headlights, windshield wipers , power windows and seats, computers , etc. Now that you know all about the main engine subsystems, let's look at ways that you can boost engine performance. Using all of this information, you can begin to see that there are lots of different ways to make an engine perform better. Increase displacement: More displacement means more power because you can burn more gas during each revolution of the engine. You can increase displacement by making the cylinders bigger or by adding more cylinders. Twelve cylinders seems to be the practical limit. Increase the compression ratio: Higher compression ratios produce more power, up to a point. Higher-octane gasolines prevent this sort of early combustion. That is why high-performance cars generally need high-octane gasoline — their engines are using higher compression ratios to get more power. Stuff more into each cylinder: If you can cram more air and therefore fuel into a cylinder of a given size, you can get more power from the cylinder in the same way that you would by increasing the size of the cylinder without increasing the fuel required for combustion. Turbochargers and superchargers pressurize the incoming air to effectively cram more air into a cylinder. Cool the incoming air: Compressing air raises its temperature. However, you would like to have the coolest air possible in the cylinder because the hotter the air is, the less it will expand when combustion takes place. Therefore, many turbocharged and supercharged cars have an intercooler. An intercooler is a special radiator through which the compressed air passes to cool it off before it enters the cylinder. Let air come in more easily: As a piston moves down in the intake stroke, air resistance can rob power from the engine. Air resistance can be lessened dramatically by putting two intake valves in each cylinder. Some newer cars are also using polished intake manifolds to eliminate air resistance there. Bigger air filters can also improve air flow. Let exhaust exit more easily: If air resistance makes it hard for exhaust to exit a cylinder, it robs the engine of power. Air resistance can be lessened by adding a second exhaust valve to each cylinder. A car with two intake and two exhaust valves has four valves per cylinder, which improves performance. When you hear a car ad tell you the car has four cylinders and 16 valves, what the ad is saying is that the engine has four valves per cylinder. If the exhaust pipe is too small or the muffler has a lot of air resistance, this can cause back-pressure, which has the same effect. High-performance exhaust systems use headers, big tail pipes and free-flowing mufflers to eliminate back-pressure in the exhaust system. When you hear that a car has "dual exhaust," the goal is to improve the flow of exhaust by having two exhaust pipes instead of one. Make everything lighter: Lightweight parts help the engine perform better. Each time a piston changes direction, it uses up energy to stop the travel in one direction and start it in another. The lighter the piston, the less energy it takes. This results in better fuel efficiency as well as better performance. Inject the fuel: Fuel injection allows very precise metering of fuel to each cylinder. This improves performance and fuel economy. The number of cylinders that an engine contains is an important factor in the overall performance of the engine. Each cylinder contains a piston that pumps inside of it and those pistons connect to and turn the crankshaft. The more pistons there are pumping, the more combustive events are taking place during any given moment. That means that more power can be generated in less time. Four-cylinder engines commonly come in "straight" or "inline" configurations while 6-cylinder engines are usually configured in the more compact "V" shape, and thus are referred to as V6 engines. V6 engines were the engine of choice for American automakers because they're powerful and quiet, but turbocharging technologies have made four-cylinder engines more powerful and attractive to buyers. Historically, American auto consumers turned their noses up at four-cylinder engines, believing them to be slow, weak, unbalanced and short on acceleration. However, when Japanese auto makers, such as Honda and Toyota, began installing highly efficient four-cylinder engines in their cars in the s and '90s, Americans found a new appreciation for the compact engine. Japanese models, such as the Toyota Camry, began quickly outselling comparable American models. Modern four-cylinder engines use lighter materials and turbocharging technology, like Ford's EcoBoost engine, to eke V-6 performance from more efficient four-cylinder engines. Advanced aerodynamics and technologies, such as those used by Mazda in its SKYACTIV designs , put less stress on these smaller turbocharged engines, further increasing their efficiency and performance. As for the future of the V6, in recent years the disparity between four-cylinder and V6 engines has lessened considerably. But V-6 engines still have their uses, and not only in performance cars. Trucks that are used to tow trailers or haul loads need the power of a V-6 to get those jobs done. Power in those cases is more important than efficiency. Mercedes AMG. There are different kinds of internal combustion engines. Diesel engines are one type and gas turbine engines are another. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. There is also the external combustion engine. The steam engine in old-fashioned trains and steam boats is the best example of an external combustion engine. The fuel coal, wood, oil in a steam engine burns outside the engine to create steam, and the steam creates motion inside the engine. Internal combustion is a lot more efficient than external combustion, plus an internal combustion engine is a lot smaller. Internal Combustion. Intake stroke Compression stroke Combustion stroke Exhaust stroke. This content is not compatible on this device. The piston starts at the top, the intake valve opens, and the piston moves down to let the engine take in a cylinder full of air and gasoline. This is the intake stroke. Only the tiniest drop of gasoline needs to be mixed into the air for this to work. Compression makes the explosion more powerful. Part 2 of the figure When the piston reaches the top of its stroke, the spark plug emits a spark to ignite the gasoline. The gasoline charge in the cylinder explodes , driving the piston down. Part 3 of the figure Once the piston hits the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust leaves the cylinder to go out the tailpipe. Part 4 of the figure. Basic Engine Parts. Figure 2. Inline: The cylinders are arranged in a line in a single bank. Figure 3. V: The cylinders are arranged in two banks set at an angle to one another. Figure 4. Flat: The cylinders are arranged in two banks on opposite sides of the engine. They keep oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost. Engine Problems. Car engines can have all sorts of problems, whether fuel related or battery related. You are out of gas , so the engine is getting air but no fuel. The air intake might be clogged, so there is fuel but not enough air. The fuel system might be supplying too much or too little fuel to the mix, meaning that combustion does not occur properly. There might be an impurity in the fuel like water in your gas tank that prevents the fuel from burning. The intake or exhaust valves are not sealing properly, again allowing a leak during compression. There is a hole in the cylinder. If your sparkplug or the wire leading to it is worn out, the spark will be weak. If the wire is cut or missing, or if the system that sends a spark down the wire is not working properly, there will be no spark. If the spark occurs either too early or too late in the cycle i. If the battery is dead, you cannot turn over the engine to start it. If the bearings that allow the crankshaft to turn freely are worn out, the crankshaft cannot turn so the engine cannot run. If the valves do not open and close at the right time or at all, air cannot get in and exhaust cannot get out, so the engine cannot run. If you run out of oil, the piston cannot move up and down freely in the cylinder, and the engine will seize. Engine Valve Train and Ignition Systems. Engine Cooling, Air-intake and Starting Systems. This diagram shows details of how a cooling system and the plumbing is connected. All of the internal friction caused by the piston rings The compression pressure of any cylinder s that happens to be in the compression stroke The energy needed to open and close valves with the camshaft All of the other things directly attached to the engine, like the water pump, oil pump, alternator, etc. The exhaust system of your car includes the exhaust pipe and the muffler. Producing More Engine Power. Adding a turbocharger to a car's engine can help increase it's overall power and performance. Engine Questions and Answers. Here is a set of engine-related questions from readers and their answers: What is the difference between a gasoline engine and a diesel engine? In a diesel engine, there is no spark plug. Instead, diesel fuel is injected into the cylinder, and the heat and pressure of the compression stroke cause the fuel to ignite. Diesel fuel has a higher energy density than gasoline, so a diesel engine gets better mileage. See How Diesel Engines Work for more information. What is the difference between a two-stroke and a four-stroke engine? Most chain saws and boat motors use two-stroke engines. A two-stroke engine has no moving valves, and the spark plug fires each time the piston hits the top of its cycle. A hole in the lower part of the cylinder wall lets in gas and air. As the piston moves up it is compressed, the spark plug ignites combustion, and exhaust exits through another hole in the cylinder. You have to mix oil into the gas in a two-stroke engine because the holes in the cylinder wall prevent the use of rings to seal the combustion chamber. Generally, a two-stroke engine produces a lot of power for its size because there are twice as many combustion cycles occurring per rotation. However, a two-stroke engine uses more gasoline and burns lots of oil, so it is far more polluting. See How Two-stroke Engines Work for more information. You mentioned steam engines in this article — are there any advantages to steam engines and other external combustion engines? The main advantage of a steam engine is that you can use anything that burns as the fuel. For example, a steam engine can use coal, newspaper or wood for the fuel, while an internal combustion engine needs pure, high-quality liquid or gaseous fuel. See How Steam Engines Work for more information. Why have eight cylinders in an engine? Why not have one big cylinder of the same displacement of the eight cylinders instead? There are a couple of reasons why a big 4. The main reason is smoothness. A V-8 engine is much smoother because it has eight evenly spaced explosions instead of one big explosion. Another reason is starting torque. When you start a V-8 engine, you are only driving two cylinders 1 liter through their compression strokes, but with one big cylinder you would have to compress 4 liters instead. How Are 4-cylinder and V6 Engines Different? The Fusion V6 Sport comes standard with a 2. A car engine is an internal combustion engine. What is the function of a car engine? What are the parts of a car engine? Other key parts include the spark plug, valves, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, crankshaft and sump. How does a car engine work, step by step? They are intake stroke, compression stroke, combustion stroke and exhaust stroke. Why won't my engine start? Lots More Information. Associated Press. Related Content " ". Inside Engines. How does engine placement affect handling? How much horsepower does a performance muffler add? Typical engine data sensor and control component locations on the GM 3. Click on numbers below image for component information. Fuel pressure regulator 2. Mass Airflow sensor MAF 4. Throttle Body 5. Fuel Injector 7. PCV Valve 8. Coolant Temp sensor ECT 9. Evap Purge Solenoid EGR Valve Question: where is the vehicle speed sensor. Answer: In most cars, the vehicle speed sensor is located in the tail shaft housing of the transmission. This is where the axle comes out on the passenger side of the trans. On front wheel drive cars. Best viewed from under the car. Where is the map sensor on this GM v6? The MAP sensor is located in position 7 on the picture above. The MAP sensor is on top with an electrical connector. The PCV valve is under the sensor. The sensor and the retainer unscrew from the manifold, and the PCV is inside. It is strictly for diesels. Where's the PCV valve located on a supercharged engine? On the supercharged, it is located under a square metal plate, in similar location as EGR valve on the non-supercharged. See Above. Where is the Ambient Air Temperature sensor located at? That ambient air temp sensor is located on the front core support, in front of the radiator. Left or right side depending on make, model, and year vehicle. On the V6, the camshaft position sensor is located behind the water pump pulley. If you were to look at the pulley straight on, it is at about the 9 o'clock position. Where is the crank sensor located at. Buick Lesabre v Temperature gauge needle laying down to the right past the H. Only moves,jumps a quarter of a inch when ignition is turned on. Bad temperature sensor? The temp sensor only gives a reading to the gauge with the key ON, so this is most likely an instrument panel cluster gauges problem. Ok I replaced that temperature sensor in the photo above, and the new one I got had just two terminals, while the old plug has three receptacles. Sounds like the parts guy gave you the wrong sensor. Some cars have 1 for the gauge or light, and another for the computer. Where are the air bag sensor location s? If you are referring to the front end discriminating sensor, that depends on which airbag sensor you are referring to, and what make, model and year. I have a series III 3. Hard suction when removing oil cap Replace PCV valve and seal and spring.. Problem still there.. If the PCV valve and O rings are not the problem, then the lower intake manifold gaskets probably are causing your problem. There are 2 other sensor where my MAF sensor is what are they? There would be a Intake Air Temperature sensor that is located in the rubber boot to the throttle body. And depending on the year of your vehicle, there could be an Idle Air Control Valve, that is just past the MAF sensor and on the throttle body. I have a Pontiac and it had a check engine light on that read TPS sensor low voltage. I cleared the code and the engine died and won't start anymore. Mine is 0. TPS voltage should be around. If you are showing 0, check each wire at the connector by pulling on them to see if one breaks. Q and A Main. How Things Work. Marking of Toyota Engines. B Two SU-carburettors after - indicates the use of ethanol as fuel E C I with centralized single-point fuel injection system with electronic control. G DOHC gas distribution mechanism with wide "productive" phases. H High compression ratio or high pressure boost. R Low compression ratio for fuels with an octane rating of 87 and below. U With catalytic converter according to Japanese standards. Z Supercharged supercharged with mechanical drive. Toyota Engine Repair Manuals. Toyota 1N Engine Repair Manual. Toyota 2F Engine Repair Manual. Toyota 3S Service Manual. Toyota 4Y Engine Repair Manual. Toyota 7M Engine Repair Manual. Toyota 7M Engine Service Manual. Toyota Automatic Transmission. Toyota Automatic Transmission Repair Manual. Toyota Automatic Transmission Service Manual. The first numeric characters indicate the engine block generation The following one or two letters indicate the engine family Suffixes through a dash determine engine features Next, after the letters indicate the ordinal seven-digit number of the engine in a given generation of the family. Examples of notation: 4A-GE 4 - generation engines of the fourth engine family A - engine family G - gas distribution mechanism DOHC with wide "productive" phases E - with electronic fuel injection;. Comments: 1. An internal combustion engine ICE is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer usually air in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high- temperature and high- pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons , turbine blades , rotor or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful work. This replaced the external combustion engine for applications where weight or size of the engine is important. The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent , such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines , jet engines and most rocket engines , each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. In contrast, in external combustion engines , such as steam or Stirling engines , energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids for external combustion engines include air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft and boats. ICEs are typically powered by fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline , diesel fuel or fuel oil. Renewable fuels like biodiesel are used in compression ignition CI engines and bioethanol or ETBE ethyl tert-butyl ether produced from bioethanol in spark ignition SI engines. Renewable fuels are commonly blended with fossil fuels. Hydrogen , which is rarely used, can be obtained from either fossil fuels or renewable energy. Various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of internal combustion engines. In , John Barber developed the gas turbine. In Thomas Mead patented a gas engine. Also in , Robert Street patented an internal combustion engine, which was also the first to use liquid fuel , and built an engine around that time. In , John Stevens built the first American internal combustion engine. In , De Rivaz fitted his invention to a primitive working vehicle — "the world's first internal combustion powered automobile". In , Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially. In , Nicolaus Otto patented the first atmospheric gas engine. In , American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine. In , Nicolaus Otto , working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach , patented the compressed charge, four-cycle engine. In , Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gasoline engine. Later, in , Benz began the first commercial production of motor vehicles with the internal combustion engine. In , Rudolf Diesel developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine. In , Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. In , the Heinkel He became the world's first jet aircraft. At one time, the word engine via Old French , from Latin ingenium , "ability" meant any piece of machinery —a sense that persists in expressions such as siege engine. A "motor" from Latin motor , "mover" is any machine that produces mechanical power. Traditionally, electric motors are not referred to as "engines"; however, combustion engines are often referred to as "motors". An electric engine refers to a locomotive operated by electricity. In boating, an internal combustion engine that is installed in the hull is referred to as an engine, but the engines that sit on the transom are referred to as motors. Reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land and water vehicles , including automobiles , motorcycles , ships and to a lesser extent, locomotives some are electrical but most use Diesel engines [11] [12]. Rotary engines of the Wankel design are used in some automobiles, aircraft and motorcycles. These are collectively known as internal-combustion-engine vehicles ICEV. Where high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines appear in the form of combustion turbines or Wankel engines. Powered aircraft typically uses an ICE which may be a reciprocating engine. Airplanes can instead use jet engines and helicopters can instead employ turboshafts ; both of which are types of turbines. In addition to providing propulsion, airliners may employ a separate ICE as an auxiliary power unit. Wankel engines are fitted to many unmanned aerial vehicles. ICEs drive large electric generators that power electrical grids. Combined cycle power plants use the high temperature exhaust to boil and superheat water steam to run a steam turbine. Thus, the efficiency is higher because more energy is extracted from the fuel than what could be extracted by the combustion engine alone. In a smaller scale, stationary engines like Gas engine or Diesel generators are used for backup or for providing electrical power to areas not connected to an electric grid. The base of a reciprocating internal combustion engine is the engine block , which is typically made of cast iron or aluminium. The engine block contains the cylinders. In engines with more than one cylinder they are usually arranged either in 1 row straight engine or 2 rows boxer engine or V engine ; 3 rows are occasionally used W engine in contemporary engines, and other engine configurations are possible and have been used. Single cylinder engines are common for motorcycles and in small engines of machinery. Water-cooled engines contain passages in the engine block where cooling fluid circulates the water jacket. Some small engines are air-cooled, and instead of having a water jacket the cylinder block has fins protruding away from it to cool by directly transferring heat to the air. The cylinder walls are usually finished by honing to obtain a cross hatch , which is better able to retain the oil. A too rough surface would quickly harm the engine by excessive wear on the piston. The pistons are short cylindrical parts which seal one end of the cylinder from the high pressure of the compressed air and combustion products and slide continuously within it while the engine is in operation. The top wall of the piston is termed its crown and is typically flat or concave. Some two-stroke engines use pistons with a deflector head. Pistons are open at the bottom and hollow except for an integral reinforcement structure the piston web. When an engine is working, the gas pressure in the combustion chamber exerts a force on the piston crown which is transferred through its web to a gudgeon pin. Each piston has rings fitted around its circumference that mostly prevent the gases from leaking into the crankcase or the oil into the combustion chamber. A ventilation system drives the small amount of gas that escapes past the pistons during normal operation the blow-by gases out of the crankcase so that it does not accumulate contaminating the oil and creating corrosion. In two-stroke gasoline engines the crankcase is part of the air—fuel path and due to the continuous flow of it they do not need a separate crankcase ventilation system. The cylinder head is attached to the engine block by numerous bolts or studs. It has several functions. The cylinder head seals the cylinders on the side opposite to the pistons; it contains short ducts the ports for intake and exhaust and the associated intake valves that open to let the cylinder be filled with fresh air and exhaust valves that open to allow the combustion gases to escape. However, 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines connect the gas ports directly to the cylinder wall without poppet valves; the piston controls their opening and occlusion instead. The cylinder head also holds the spark plug in the case of spark ignition engines and the injector for engines that use direct injection. All CI engines use fuel injection, usually direct injection but some engines instead use indirect injection. SI engines can use a carburetor or fuel injection as port injection or direct injection. Most SI engines have a single spark plug per cylinder but some have 2. A head gasket prevents the gas from leaking between the cylinder head and the engine block. The opening and closing of the valves is controlled by one or several camshafts and springs—or in some engines—a desmodromic mechanism that uses no springs. The camshaft may press directly the stem of the valve or may act upon a rocker arm , again, either directly or through a pushrod. The crankcase is sealed at the bottom with a sump that collects the falling oil during normal operation to be cycled again. The cavity created between the cylinder block and the sump houses a crankshaft that converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons to rotational motion. The crankshaft is held in place relative to the engine block by main bearings , which allow it to rotate. Bulkheads in the crankcase form a half of every main bearing; the other half is a detachable cap. In some cases a single main bearing deck is used rather than several smaller caps. A connecting rod is connected to offset sections of the crankshaft the crankpins in one end and to the piston in the other end through the gudgeon pin and thus transfers the force and translates the reciprocating motion of the pistons to the circular motion of the crankshaft. The end of the connecting rod attached to the gudgeon pin is called its small end, and the other end, where it is connected to the crankshaft, the big end. The big end has a detachable half to allow assembly around the crankshaft. It is kept together to the connecting rod by removable bolts. The cylinder head has an intake manifold and an exhaust manifold attached to the corresponding ports. The intake manifold connects to the air filter directly, or to a carburetor when one is present, which is then connected to the air filter. It distributes the air incoming from these devices to the individual cylinders. The exhaust manifold is the first component in the exhaust system. It collects the exhaust gases from the cylinders and drives it to the following component in the path. The exhaust system of an ICE may also include a catalytic converter and muffler. The final section in the path of the exhaust gases is the tailpipe. The top dead center TDC of a piston is the position where it is nearest to the valves; bottom dead center BDC is the opposite position where it is furthest from them. While an engine is in operation, the crankshaft rotates continuously at a nearly constant speed. In a 4-stroke ICE, each piston experiences 2 strokes per crankshaft revolution in the following order. Starting the description at TDC, these are: [16] [17]. The defining characteristic of this kind of engine is that each piston completes a cycle every crankshaft revolution. The 4 processes of intake, compression, power and exhaust take place in only 2 strokes so that it is not possible to dedicate a stroke exclusively for each of them. Starting at TDC the cycle consist of:. While a 4-stroke engine uses the piston as a positive displacement pump to accomplish scavenging taking 2 of the 4 strokes, a 2-stroke engine uses the last part of the power stroke and the first part of the compression stroke for combined intake and exhaust. The work required to displace the charge and exhaust gases comes from either the crankcase or a separate blower. For scavenging, expulsion of burned gas and entry of fresh mix, two main approaches are described: Loop scavenging, and Uniflow scavenging, SAE news published in the s that 'Loop Scavenging' is better under any circumstance than Uniflow Scavenging. Some SI engines are crankcase scavenged and do not use poppet valves. Instead, the crankcase and the part of the cylinder below the piston is used as a pump. The intake port is connected to the crankcase through a reed valve or a rotary disk valve driven by the engine. For each cylinder, a transfer port connects in one end to the crankcase and in the other end to the cylinder wall. The exhaust port is connected directly to the cylinder wall. The transfer and exhaust port are opened and closed by the piston. The reed valve opens when the crankcase pressure is slightly below intake pressure, to let it be filled with a new charge; this happens when the piston is moving upwards. When the piston is moving downwards the pressure in the crankcase increases and the reed valve closes promptly, then the charge in the crankcase is compressed. When the piston is moving upwards, it uncovers the exhaust port and the transfer port and the higher pressure of the charge in the crankcase makes it enter the cylinder through the transfer port, blowing the exhaust gases. Lubrication is accomplished by adding 2-stroke oil to the fuel in small ratios. Petroil refers to the mix of gasoline with the aforesaid oil. This kind of 2-stroke engines has a lower efficiency than comparable 4-strokes engines and release a more polluting exhaust gases for the following conditions:. The main advantage of 2-stroke engines of this type is mechanical simplicity and a higher power-to-weight ratio than their 4-stroke counterparts. Despite having twice as many power strokes per cycle, less than twice the power of a comparable 4-stroke engine is attainable in practice. In the US, 2-stroke engines were banned for road vehicles due to the pollution. Off-road only motorcycles are still often 2-stroke but are rarely road legal. However, many thousands of 2-stroke lawn maintenance engines are in use. Using a separate blower avoids many of the shortcomings of crankcase scavenging, at the expense of increased complexity which means a higher cost and an increase in maintenance requirement. An engine of this type uses ports or valves for intake and valves for exhaust, except opposed piston engines , which may also use ports for exhaust. The blower is usually of the Roots-type but other types have been used too. This design is commonplace in CI engines, and has been occasionally used in SI engines. CI engines that use a blower typically use uniflow scavenging. In this design the cylinder wall contains several intake ports placed uniformly spaced along the circumference just above the position that the piston crown reaches when at BDC. An exhaust valve or several like that of 4-stroke engines is used. The final part of the intake manifold is an air sleeve that feeds the intake ports. The intake ports are placed at a horizontal angle to the cylinder wall I. The largest reciprocating IC are low speed CI engines of this type; they are used for marine propulsion see marine diesel engine or electric power generation and achieve the highest thermal efficiencies among internal combustion engines of any kind. Some Diesel-electric locomotive engines operate on the 2-stroke cycle. The most powerful of them have a brake power of around 4. See the external links for an in-cylinder combustion video in a 2-stroke, optically accessible motorcycle engine. Dugald Clerk developed the first two-cycle engine in It used a separate cylinder which functioned as a pump in order to transfer the fuel mixture to the cylinder. In John Day simplified Clerk's design into the type of 2 cycle engine that is very widely used today. The crankcase and the part of the cylinder below the exhaust port is used as a pump. The carburetor then feeds the fuel mixture into the crankcase through a reed valve or a rotary disk valve driven by the engine. There are cast in ducts from the crankcase to the port in the cylinder to provide for intake and another from the exhaust port to the exhaust pipe. The height of the port in relationship to the length of the cylinder is called the "port timing". On the first upstroke of the engine there would be no fuel inducted into the cylinder as the crankcase was empty. On the downstroke, the piston now compresses the fuel mix, which has lubricated the piston in the cylinder and the bearings due to the fuel mix having oil added to it. As the piston moves downward is first uncovers the exhaust, but on the first stroke there is no burnt fuel to exhaust. As the piston moves downward further, it uncovers the intake port which has a duct that runs to the crankcase. Since the fuel mix in the crankcase is under pressure, the mix moves through the duct and into the cylinder. Because there is no obstruction in the cylinder of the fuel to move directly out of the exhaust port prior to the piston rising far enough to close the port, early engines used a high domed piston to slow down the flow of fuel. Later the fuel was "resonated" back into the cylinder using an expansion chamber design. When the piston rose close to TDC, a spark ignites the fuel. As the piston is driven downward with power, it first uncovers the exhaust port where the burned fuel is expelled under high pressure and then the intake port where the process has been completed and will keep repeating. Later engines used a type of porting devised by the Deutz company to improve performance. It was called the Schnurle Reverse Flow system. DKW licensed this design for all their motorcycles. Internal combustion engines require ignition of the mixture, either by spark ignition SI or compression ignition CI. Before the invention of reliable electrical methods, hot tube and flame methods were used. Experimental engines with laser ignition have been built. The spark-ignition engine was a refinement of the early engines which used Hot Tube ignition. When Bosch developed the magneto it became the primary system for producing electricity to energize a spark plug. Small engines are started by hand cranking using a recoil starter or hand crank. Prior to Charles F. Kettering of Delco's development of the automotive starter all gasoline engined automobiles used a hand crank. Larger engines typically power their starting motors and ignition systems using the electrical energy stored in a lead—acid battery. The battery's charged state is maintained by an automotive alternator or previously a generator which uses engine power to create electrical energy storage. The battery supplies electrical power for starting when the engine has a starting motor system, and supplies electrical power when the engine is off. The battery also supplies electrical power during rare run conditions where the alternator cannot maintain more than As alternator voltage falls below During virtually all running conditions, including normal idle conditions, the alternator supplies primary electrical power. Some systems disable alternator field rotor power during wide-open throttle conditions. Disabling the field reduces alternator pulley mechanical loading to nearly zero, maximizing crankshaft power. In this case, the battery supplies all primary electrical power. Gasoline engines take in a mixture of air and gasoline and compress it by the movement of the piston from bottom dead center to top dead center when the fuel is at maximum compression. The reduction in the size of the swept area of the cylinder and taking into account the volume of the combustion chamber is described by a ratio. Early engines had compression ratios of 6 to 1. As compression ratios were increased, the efficiency of the engine increased as well. With early induction and ignition systems the compression ratios had to be kept low. With advances in fuel technology and combustion management, high-performance engines can run reliably at ratio. With low octane fuel, a problem would occur as the compression ratio increased as the fuel was igniting due to the rise in temperature that resulted. Charles Kettering developed a lead additive which allowed higher compression ratios, which was progressively abandoned for automotive use from the s onward, partly due to lead poisoning concerns. The fuel mixture is ignited at difference progressions of the piston in the cylinder. At low rpm, the spark is timed to occur close to the piston achieving top dead center. In order to produce more power, as rpm rises the spark is advanced sooner during piston movement. The spark occurs while the fuel is still being compressed progressively more as rpm rises. The necessary high voltage, typically 10, volts, is supplied by an induction coil or transformer. The induction coil is a fly-back system, using interruption of electrical primary system current through some type of synchronized interrupter. The interrupter can be either contact points or a power transistor. The problem with this type of ignition is that as RPM increases the availability of electrical energy decreases. This is especially a problem, since the amount of energy needed to ignite a more dense fuel mixture is higher. The result was often a high RPM misfire. Capacitor discharge ignition was developed. It produces a rising voltage that is sent to the spark plug. CD system voltages can reach 60, volts. The step-up transformer uses energy stored in a capacitance to generate electric spark. With either system, a mechanical or electrical control system provides a carefully timed high-voltage to the proper cylinder. This spark, via the spark plug, ignites the air-fuel mixture in the engine's cylinders. While gasoline internal combustion engines are much easier to start in cold weather than diesel engines, they can still have cold weather starting problems under extreme conditions. For years, the solution was to park the car in heated areas. In some parts of the world, the oil was actually drained and heated overnight and returned to the engine for cold starts. In the early s, the gasoline Gasifier unit was developed, where, on cold weather starts, raw gasoline was diverted to the unit where part of the fuel was burned causing the other part to become a hot vapor sent directly to the intake valve manifold. This unit was quite popular until electric engine block heaters became standard on gasoline engines sold in cold climates. The compression level that occurs is usually twice or more than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, spray a small quantity of diesel fuel into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to instantly ignite. HCCI type engines take in both air and fuel, but continue to rely on an unaided auto-combustion process, due to higher pressures and heat. This is also why diesel and HCCI engines are more susceptible to cold-starting issues, although they run just as well in cold weather once started. Light duty diesel engines with indirect injection in automobiles and light trucks employ glowplugs or other pre-heating: see Cummins ISB 6BT that pre-heat the combustion chamber just before starting to reduce no-start conditions in cold weather. Most diesels also have a battery and charging system; nevertheless, this system is secondary and is added by manufacturers as a luxury for the ease of starting, turning fuel on and off which can also be done via a switch or mechanical apparatus , and for running auxiliary electrical components and accessories. Most new engines rely on electrical and electronic engine control units ECU that also adjust the combustion process to increase efficiency and reduce emissions. Surfaces in contact and relative motion to other surfaces require lubrication to reduce wear, noise and increase efficiency by reducing the power wasting in overcoming friction , or to make the mechanism work at all. Also, the lubricant used can reduce excess heat and provide additional cooling to components. At the very least, an engine requires lubrication in the following parts:. In 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines, the interior of the crankcase, and therefore the crankshaft, connecting rod and bottom of the pistons are sprayed by the 2-stroke oil in the air-fuel-oil mixture which is then burned along with the fuel. The valve train may be contained in a compartment flooded with lubricant so that no oil pump is required. In a splash lubrication system no oil pump is used. Instead the crankshaft dips into the oil in the sump and due to its high speed, it splashes the crankshaft, connecting rods and bottom of the pistons. The connecting rod big end caps may have an attached scoop to enhance this effect. The valve train may also be sealed in a flooded compartment, or open to the crankshaft in a way that it receives splashed oil and allows it to drain back to the sump. Splash lubrication is common for small 4-stroke engines. In a forced also called pressurized lubrication system , lubrication is accomplished in a closed-loop which carries motor oil to the surfaces serviced by the system and then returns the oil to a reservoir. The auxiliary equipment of an engine is typically not serviced by this loop; for instance, an alternator may use ball bearings sealed with their own lubricant. The reservoir for the oil is usually the sump, and when this is the case, it is called a wet sump system. When there is a different oil reservoir the crankcase still catches it, but it is continuously drained by a dedicated pump; this is called a dry sump system. On its bottom, the sump contains an oil intake covered by a mesh filter which is connected to an oil pump then to an oil filter outside the crankcase, from there it is diverted to the crankshaft main bearings and valve train. The crankcase contains at least one oil gallery a conduit inside a crankcase wall to which oil is introduced from the oil filter. The main bearings contain a groove through all or half its circumference; the oil enters these grooves from channels connected to the oil gallery. The crankshaft has drillings that take oil from these grooves and deliver it to the big end bearings. All big end bearings are lubricated this way. A single main bearing may provide oil for 0, 1 or 2 big end bearings. A similar system may be used to lubricate the piston, its gudgeon pin and the small end of its connecting rod; in this system, the connecting rod big end has a groove around the crankshaft and a drilling connected to the groove which distributes oil from there to the bottom of the piston and from then to the cylinder. Other systems are also used to lubricate the cylinder and piston. The connecting rod may have a nozzle to throw an oil jet to the cylinder and bottom of the piston. That nozzle is in movement relative to the cylinder it lubricates, but always pointed towards it or the corresponding piston. Typically a forced lubrication systems have a lubricant flow higher than what is required to lubricate satisfactorily, in order to assist with cooling. Specifically, the lubricant system helps to move heat from the hot engine parts to the cooling liquid in water-cooled engines or fins in air-cooled engines which then transfer it to the environment. The lubricant must be designed to be chemically stable and maintain suitable viscosities within the temperature range it encounters in the engine. Common cylinder configurations include the straight or inline configuration , the more compact V configuration , and the wider but smoother flat or boxer configuration. Aircraft engines can also adopt a radial configuration , which allows more effective cooling. More unusual configurations such as the H , U , X , and W have also been used. Multiple cylinder engines have their valve train and crankshaft configured so that pistons are at different parts of their cycle. It is desirable to have the pistons' cycles uniformly spaced this is called even firing especially in forced induction engines; this reduces torque pulsations [29] and makes inline engines with more than 3 cylinders statically balanced in its primary forces. However, some engine configurations require odd firing to achieve better balance than what is possible with even firing. With an even firing pattern, the pistons would move in unison and the associated forces would add. Multiple crankshaft configurations do not necessarily need a cylinder head at all because they can instead have a piston at each end of the cylinder called an opposed piston design. Because fuel inlets and outlets are positioned at opposed ends of the cylinder, one can achieve uniflow scavenging, which, as in the four-stroke engine is efficient over a wide range of engine speeds. Thermal efficiency is improved because of a lack of cylinder heads. This design was used in the Junkers Jumo diesel aircraft engine, using two crankshafts at either end of a single bank of cylinders, and most remarkably in the Napier Deltic diesel engines. These used three crankshafts to serve three banks of double-ended cylinders arranged in an equilateral triangle with the crankshafts at the corners. It was also used in single-bank locomotive engines , and is still used in marine propulsion engines and marine auxiliary generators. Most truck and automotive diesel engines use a cycle reminiscent of a four-stroke cycle, but with compression heating causing ignition, rather than needing a separate ignition system. This variation is called the diesel cycle. In the diesel cycle, diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder so that combustion occurs at constant pressure, as the piston moves. Otto cycle is the typical cycle for most of the cars internal combustion engines, that work using gasoline as a fuel. Otto cycle is exactly the same one that was described for the four-stroke engine. It consists of the same major steps: Intake, compression, ignition, expansion and exhaust. In , Nicolaus Otto manufactured and sold a double expansion engine the double and triple expansion principles had ample usage in steam engines , with two small cylinders at both sides of a low-pressure larger cylinder, where a second expansion of exhaust stroke gas took place; the owner returned it, alleging poor performance. In , the concept was incorporated in a car built by EHV Eisenhuth Horseless Vehicle Company ; [30] and in the 21st century Ilmor designed and successfully tested a 5-stroke double expansion internal combustion engine, with high power output and low SFC Specific Fuel Consumption. The six-stroke engine was invented in Four kinds of six-stroke use a regular piston in a regular cylinder Griffin six-stroke, Bajulaz six-stroke, Velozeta six-stroke and Crower six-stroke , firing every three crankshaft revolutions. These systems capture the wasted heat of the four-stroke Otto cycle with an injection of air or water. The Beare Head and "piston charger" engines operate as opposed-piston engines , two pistons in a single cylinder, firing every two revolutions rather more like a regular four-stroke. The very first internal combustion engines did not compress the mixture. The first part of the piston downstroke drew in a fuel-air mixture, then the inlet valve closed and, in the remainder of the down-stroke, the fuel-air mixture fired. The exhaust valve opened for the piston upstroke. These attempts at imitating the principle of a steam engine were very inefficient. There are a number of variations of these cycles, most notably the Atkinson and Miller cycles. The diesel cycle is somewhat different. Split-cycle engines separate the four strokes of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust into two separate but paired cylinders. The first cylinder is used for intake and compression. The compressed air is then transferred through a crossover passage from the compression cylinder into the second cylinder, where combustion and exhaust occur. A split-cycle engine is really an air compressor on one side with a combustion chamber on the other. Previous split-cycle engines have had two major problems—poor breathing volumetric efficiency and low thermal efficiency. However, new designs are being introduced that seek to address these problems. The Scuderi Engine addresses the breathing problem by reducing the clearance between the piston and the cylinder head through various turbo charging techniques. The Scuderi design requires the use of outwardly opening valves that enable the piston to move very close to the cylinder head without the interference of the valves. Scuderi addresses the low thermal efficiency via firing after top dead centre ATDC. Firing ATDC can be accomplished by using high-pressure air in the transfer passage to create sonic flow and high turbulence in the power cylinder. Jet engines use a number of rows of fan blades to compress air which then enters a combustor where it is mixed with fuel typically JP fuel and then ignited. The burning of the fuel raises the temperature of the air which is then exhausted out of the engine creating thrust. A gas turbine compresses air and uses it to turn a turbine. It is essentially a jet engine which directs its output to a shaft. There are three stages to a turbine: 1 air is drawn through a compressor where the temperature rises due to compression, 2 fuel is added in the combuster , and 3 hot air is exhausted through turbine blades which rotate a shaft connected to the compressor. A gas turbine is a rotary machine similar in principle to a steam turbine and it consists of three main components: a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine. The air, after being compressed in the compressor, is heated by burning fuel in it. The heated air and the products of combustion expand in a turbine, producing work output. Gas Turbines are among the most efficient internal combustion engines. A gas turbine is a rotary machine somewhat similar in principle to a steam turbine. It consists of three main components: compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air is compressed by the compressor where a temperature rise occurs. The compressed air is further heated by combustion of injected fuel in the combustion chamber which expands the air. This energy rotates the turbine which powers the compressor via a mechanical coupling. The hot gases are then exhausted to provide thrust. Gas turbine cycle engines employ a continuous combustion system where compression, combustion, and expansion occur simultaneously at different places in the engine—giving continuous power. Notably, the combustion takes place at constant pressure, rather than with the Otto cycle, constant volume. The Wankel engine rotary engine does not have piston strokes. It operates with the same separation of phases as the four-stroke engine with the phases taking place in separate locations in the engine. In thermodynamic terms it follows the Otto engine cycle, so may be thought of as a "four-phase" engine. While it is true that three power strokes typically occur per rotor revolution, due to the revolution ratio of the rotor to the eccentric shaft, only one power stroke per shaft revolution actually occurs. The drive eccentric shaft rotates once during every power stroke instead of twice crankshaft , as in the Otto cycle, giving it a greater power-to-weight ratio than piston engines. This type of engine was most notably used in the Mazda RX-8 , the earlier RX-7 , and other vehicle models. The engine is also used in unmanned aerial vehicles, where the small size and weight and the high power-to-weight ratio are advantageous. Forced induction is the process of delivering compressed air to the intake of an internal combustion engine. A forced induction engine uses a gas compressor to increase the pressure, temperature and density of the air. An engine without forced induction is considered a naturally aspirated engine. Forced induction is used in the automotive and aviation industry to increase engine power and efficiency. It particularly helps aviation engines, as they need to operate at high altitude. Forced induction is achieved by a supercharger , where the compressor is directly powered from the engine shaft or, in the turbocharger , from a turbine powered by the engine exhaust. All internal combustion engines depend on combustion of a chemical fuel , typically with oxygen from the air though it is possible to inject nitrous oxide to do more of the same thing and gain a power boost. The combustion process typically results in the production of a great quantity of heat, as well as the production of steam and carbon dioxide and other chemicals at very high temperature; the temperature reached is determined by the chemical make up of the fuel and oxidisers see stoichiometry , as well as by the compression and other factors. The most common modern fuels are made up of hydrocarbons and are derived mostly from fossil fuels petroleum. Fossil fuels include diesel fuel , gasoline and petroleum gas , and the rarer use of propane. Except for the fuel delivery components, most internal combustion engines that are designed for gasoline use can run on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases without major modifications. Large diesels can run with air mixed with gases and a pilot diesel fuel ignition injection. Liquid and gaseous biofuels , such as ethanol and biodiesel a form of diesel fuel that is produced from crops that yield triglycerides such as soybean oil , can also be used. Engines with appropriate modifications can also run on hydrogen gas, wood gas , or charcoal gas , as well as from so-called producer gas made from other convenient biomass. Experiments have also been conducted using powdered solid fuels, such as the magnesium injection cycle. Even fluidized metal powders and explosives have seen some use. Engines that use gases for fuel are called gas engines and those that use liquid hydrocarbons are called oil engines; however, gasoline engines are also often colloquially referred to as, "gas engines" " petrol engines " outside North America. The main limitations on fuels are that it must be easily transportable through the fuel system to the combustion chamber , and that the fuel releases sufficient energy in the form of heat upon combustion to make practical use of the engine. Diesel engines are generally heavier, noisier, and more powerful at lower speeds than gasoline engines. They are also more fuel-efficient in most circumstances and are used in heavy road vehicles, some automobiles increasingly so for their increased fuel efficiency over gasoline engines , ships, railway locomotives , and light aircraft. Gasoline engines are used in most other road vehicles including most cars, motorcycles , and mopeds. There are also engines that run on hydrogen , methanol , ethanol , liquefied petroleum gas LPG , biodiesel , paraffin and tractor vaporizing oil TVO. Hydrogen could eventually replace conventional fossil fuels in traditional internal combustion engines. Alternatively fuel cell technology may come to deliver its promise and the use of the internal combustion engines could even be phased out. Although there are multiple ways of producing free hydrogen, those methods require converting combustible molecules into hydrogen or consuming electric energy. Unless that electricity is produced from a renewable source—and is not required for other purposes—hydrogen does not solve any energy crisis. In many situations the disadvantage of hydrogen, relative to carbon fuels, is its storage. Liquid hydrogen has extremely low density 14 times lower than water and requires extensive insulation—whilst gaseous hydrogen requires heavy tankage. Even when liquefied, hydrogen has a higher specific energy but the volumetric energetic storage is still roughly five times lower than gasoline. However, the energy density of hydrogen is considerably higher than that of electric batteries, making it a serious contender as an energy carrier to replace fossil fuels. The 'Hydrogen on Demand' process see direct borohydride fuel cell creates hydrogen as needed, but has other issues, such as the high price of the sodium borohydride that is the raw material. Since air is plentiful at the surface of the earth, the oxidizer is typically atmospheric oxygen, which has the advantage of not being stored within the vehicle. This increases the power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios. Other materials are used for special purposes, often to increase power output or to allow operation under water or in space. Cooling is required to remove excessive heat—over heating can cause engine failure, usually from wear due to heat-induced failure of lubrication , cracking or warping. Two most common forms of engine cooling are air-cooled and water-cooled. Some engines air or water-cooled also have an oil cooler. In some engines, especially for turbine engine blade cooling and liquid rocket engine cooling , fuel is used as a coolant, as it is simultaneously preheated before injecting it into a combustion chamber. Internal combustion engines must have their cycles started. In reciprocating engines this is accomplished by turning the crankshaft Wankel Rotor Shaft which induces the cycles of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. The first engines were started with a turn of their flywheels, while the first vehicle the Daimler Reitwagen was started with a hand crank. All ICE engined automobiles were started with hand cranks until Charles Kettering developed the electric starter for automobiles. As diesel engines have become larger and their mechanisms heavier, air starters have come into use. Air starters work by pumping compressed air into the cylinders of an engine to start it turning. There are also starters where a spring is compressed by a crank motion and then used to start an engine. Some small engines use a pull-rope mechanism called "recoil starting", as the rope rewinds itself after it has been pulled out to start the engine. This method is commonly used in pushed lawn mowers and other settings where only a small amount of torque is needed to turn an engine over. Once ignited and burnt, the combustion products—hot gases—have more available thermal energy than the original compressed fuel-air mixture which had higher chemical energy. The available energy is manifested as high temperature and pressure that can be translated into work by the engine. In a reciprocating engine, the high-pressure gases inside the cylinders drive the engine's pistons. Once the available energy has been removed, the remaining hot gases are vented often by opening a valve or exposing the exhaust outlet and this allows the piston to return to its previous position top dead center, or TDC. The piston can then proceed to the next phase of its cycle, which varies between engines. Any heat that is not translated into work is normally considered a waste product and is removed from the engine either by an air or liquid cooling system. Internal combustion engines are heat engines , and as such their theoretical efficiency can be approximated by idealized thermodynamic cycles. The thermal efficiency of a theoretical cycle cannot exceed that of the Carnot cycle , whose efficiency is determined by the difference between the lower and upper operating temperatures of the engine. The upper operating temperature of an engine is limited by two main factors; the thermal operating limits of the materials, and the auto-ignition resistance of the fuel. All metals and alloys have a thermal operating limit, and there is significant research into ceramic materials that can be made with greater thermal stability and desirable structural properties. Higher thermal stability allows for a greater temperature difference between the lower ambient and upper operating temperatures, hence greater thermodynamic efficiency. Also, as the cylinder temperature rises, the engine becomes more prone to auto-ignition. This is caused when the cylinder temperature nears the flash point of the charge. At this point, ignition can spontaneously occur before the spark plug fires, causing excessive cylinder pressures. Auto-ignition can be mitigated by using fuels with high auto-ignition resistance octane rating , however it still puts an upper bound on the allowable peak cylinder temperature. The thermodynamic limits assume that the engine is operating under ideal conditions: a frictionless world, ideal gases, perfect insulators, and operation for infinite time. Real world applications introduce complexities that reduce efficiency. For example, a real engine runs best at a specific load, termed its power band. The engine in a car cruising on a highway is usually operating significantly below its ideal load, because it is designed for the higher loads required for rapid acceleration. Engine fuel economy is measured in miles per gallon or in liters per kilometres. The volume of hydrocarbon assumes a standard energy content. In general, practical engines are always compromised by trade-offs between different properties such as efficiency, weight, power, heat, response, exhaust emissions, or noise. Sometimes economy also plays a role in not only the cost of manufacturing the engine itself, but also manufacturing and distributing the fuel. Increasing the engine's efficiency brings better fuel economy but only if the fuel cost per energy content is the same. For stationary and shaft engines including propeller engines, fuel consumption is measured by calculating the brake specific fuel consumption , which measures the mass flow rate of fuel consumption divided by the power produced. For internal combustion engines in the form of jet engines, the power output varies drastically with airspeed and a less variable measure is used: thrust specific fuel consumption TSFC , which is the mass of propellant needed to generate impulses that is measured in either pound force-hour or the grams of propellant needed to generate an impulse that measures one kilonewton-second. For rockets, TSFC can be used, but typically other equivalent measures are traditionally used, such as specific impulse and effective exhaust velocity. Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines produce air pollution emissions, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. The main derivatives of the process are carbon dioxide CO 2 , water and some soot —also called particulate matter PM. The effects of inhaling particulate matter have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There are, however, some additional products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and some uncombusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio. Not all of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process. A small amount of fuel is present after combustion, and some of it reacts to form oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde , or hydrocarbons not originally present in the input fuel mixture. Incomplete combustion usually results from insufficient oxygen to achieve the perfect stoichiometric ratio. The flame is "quenched" by the relatively cool cylinder walls, leaving behind unreacted fuel that is expelled with the exhaust. When running at lower speeds, quenching is commonly observed in diesel compression ignition engines that run on natural gas. Quenching reduces efficiency and increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. Incomplete combustion also leads to the production of carbon monoxide CO. Further chemicals released are benzene and 1,3-butadiene that are also hazardous air pollutants. Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces emissions of incomplete combustion products, but also promotes reaction between oxygen and nitrogen in the air to produce nitrogen oxides NO x. NO x is hazardous to both plant and animal health, and leads to the production of ozone O 3. Ozone is not emitted directly; rather, it is a secondary air pollutant, produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of NO x and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Ground-level ozone is harmful to human health and the environment. Though the same chemical substance, ground-level ozone should not be confused with stratospheric ozone , or the ozone layer , which protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually produce sulfur monoxides SO and sulfur dioxide SO 2 in the exhaust, which promotes acid rain. In the United States, nitrogen oxides, PM, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and ozone, are regulated as criteria air pollutants under the Clean Air Act to levels where human health and welfare are protected. Other pollutants, such as benzene and 1,3-butadiene, are regulated as hazardous air pollutants whose emissions must be lowered as much as possible depending on technological and practical considerations. NO x , carbon monoxide and other pollutants are frequently controlled via exhaust gas recirculation which returns some of the exhaust back into the engine intake, and catalytic converters , which convert exhaust chemicals to harmless chemicals. The emission standards used by many countries have special requirements for non-road engines which are used by equipment and vehicles that are not operated on the public roadways. The standards are separated from the road vehicles. Significant contributions to noise pollution are made by internal combustion engines. Automobile and truck traffic operating on highways and street systems produce noise, as do aircraft flights due to jet noise, particularly supersonic-capable aircraft. Rocket engines create the most intense noise. Internal combustion engines continue to consume fuel and emit pollutants when idling so it is desirable to keep periods of idling to a minimum. Many bus companies now instruct drivers to switch off the engine when the bus is waiting at a terminal. This means that a driver can be ordered " by an authorised person Only a few local authorities have implemented the regulations, one of them being Oxford City Council. In many European countries, idling is, by default, disabled by stop-start systems. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the form of water ice, see Ice V. For the high speed train, see ICE V. Engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber. Main article: History of the internal combustion engine. For rotating-crankcase radial -cylindered engines, see Rotary engine. See also: Diesel engine and Gasoline engine. Main article: 4-stroke engine. Main article: 2-stroke engine. Main article: Spark-ignition engine. Main article: Diesel engine. Main article: Diesel cycle. Main article: Jet engine. Main article: Gas turbine. Main article: Brayton cycle. Main article: Wankel engine. Main article: Forced induction. Main article: Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle. Main article: Internal combustion engine cooling. Main article: Starter motor. Play media. See also: Air suction valve. Main article: Idle reduction. Energy portal. Retrieved Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine. Prentice Hall. The World History of the Automobile. Germany: Society of Automotive Engineers. Retrieved 21 September Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Physics of Energy. A spark of italian creativity" PDF. World Wide Words. Technology Today and Tomorrow. Extreme Machines on Land. DeLuchi First Hand Info. Archived from the original on Retrieved 26 June Archived from the original PDF on Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review. I Engine". The Old Motor. Automobile in American Life and Society. University of Michigan-Dearborn. Innovate Motorsports. Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. January The Romance of Engines. Ilmor Engineering. 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A wiring diagram is a streamlined conventional photographic representation of an electrical circuit. It reveals the parts of the circuit as simplified shapes, as well as the power as well as signal connections in between the tools. A wiring diagram normally provides info about the family member placement and also arrangement of devices and also terminals on the tools, in order to help in building or servicing the device. A photographic layout would certainly show extra information of the physical look, whereas a wiring diagram makes use of an extra symbolic symbols to stress affiliations over physical appearance. A wiring diagram is frequently utilized to troubleshoot troubles as well as making sure that the connections have actually been made as well as that everything is present. Click on the image to enlarge, and then save it to your computer by right clicking on the image. A wiring diagram is a simple visual representation of the physical connections and also physical design of an electric system or circuit. It demonstrates how the electrical wires are interconnected and can also reveal where components as well as parts might be attached to the system. Use circuitry diagrams to aid in building or manufacturing the circuit or electronic tool. They are also beneficial for making repairs. Do It Yourself lovers make use of circuitry layouts however they are additionally typical in residence structure and also car repair. A residence contractor will want to verify the physical place of electrical outlets as well as light components using a wiring diagram to prevent costly errors and developing code violations. A schematic reveals the strategy as well as feature for an electric circuit, however is not interested in the physical format of the cords. Electrical wiring representations demonstrate how the cables are linked as well as where they need to situated in the actual gadget, in addition to the physical connections between all the components. Unlike a photographic layout, a wiring diagram uses abstract or simplified forms as well as lines to show components. Pictorial diagrams are commonly pictures with tags or highly-detailed drawings of the physical elements. If a line touching another line has a black dot, it indicates the lines are connected. The majority of icons utilized on a wiring diagram look like abstract variations of the genuine things they stand for. A switch will certainly be a break in the line with a line at an angle to the cord, a lot like a light switch you could turn on and also off. Facebook 0 Tweet 0 Pin 0. Hi there! Sign in Create an account Buy images Sell images. Share Alamy images with your team and customers. Current lightbox. Live chat. Narrow your search:. Cut Outs. Page 1 of Next page. Recent searches:. Create a new lightbox Save. Create a lightbox Your Lightboxes will appear here when you have created some. Save to lightbox. Generic Car Engine Diagram, on a green page background, in the style of an car engine manual. Car manufacturing plant robot arm holds the detail of car. Labeled diagram of four stroke internal combustion engine. Checklist and car Car Diagnostics Icon Vector. Electrical part on a car. On a dark table is a caliper and a set of diesel injectors. Car service. Selective focus. A male hand draws a drawing on a table in a car workshop. Workings of a veteran car. Motor manual illustration from A ghosting or cross section of a car showing the engine, drive train and suspension. Generic Car Diagram. Machine-building industry. Instrument-making drawings. Blueprint, diagram, plan, sketch Corporate Identity. Artwork cross-section diagram of a car showing the engine, radiator, battery, carburettor, drive shaft, suspension, disc brake, exhaust system and fuel tank. In an attempt to reduce diesel exhaust pollutants, the concept of the Exhaust Gas Recirculation system. Open day at the automobile factory Plant for the production of cars. The components of a car and its engine shown here are as follows. Top row left to right : catalytic converter, a piston Car components, illustration. Set for printing. Vector illustration Drawn linear sports cars. Computer diagnostics of car systems with special programs. Car service in service center. Vector laptop checks that the vehicle is working properly. Mechanical engineering drawing. Blueprint, diagram plan Corporate Identity, backgrounds. Vehicle motor oil, air filter and gears bar graph or chart, car seat, wiper blades and mirror, e Car service, auto parts and accessories infographics. A Magnificent Palace Car. The Indicator Diagram of a Gas Engine. Large Grape Vines. Hybrid electric vehicle HEV is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle that combines a conventional internal combus Hybrid Electric vehicle. Brasier was a French Brasier car engine. Service in service center. Vector engineering illustration. Cover, flyer, banner, background. Technical il Blueprint. Mechanical engineering, industrial plan design, banner. Peugeot is a French au Peugeot car engine. Computer diagnostics of car operation, checking car battery charge level using a tester, digital multimeter. Set of vect Infographics, repair service. The main function of the spark plug is to conduct the electric current generated in the transformer to the combustion chamber, and turn i Spark plugs. A set of diesel injectors and a caliper lie nearby. Service and auto repair. Top v Auto mechanic draws up a drawing on a sheet of paper in a workshop. On diesel engines, it features a high-pressure. Common rail direct fuel injection is a direct fuel injection system for petrol and diesel engines. The Knight internal Knight car engine. Franklin Car Franklin. Date Issued: Place: Syracuse, N. Publisher: H. Franklin Manufacturing Company. Automobiles, Engine of Type H. Vector engineering drawings. Mechanical instrument making. Technical abstract backgrounds. Technical Blueprint. By: Marshall Brain. The following diagram shows the major components of a piston steam engine. This sort of engine would be typical in a steam locomotive. The engine shown is a double-acting steam engine because the valve allows high-pressure steam to act alternately on both faces of the piston. The following animation shows the engine in action. The control rod for the valve is usually hooked into a linkage attached to the cross-head , so that the motion of the cross-head slides the valve as well. On a steam locomotive, this linkage also allows the engineer to put the train into reverse. You can see in this diagram that the exhaust steam simply vents out i mitsubishi oem parts diagram nissan xterra spare tire removal 2011 kia sorento oil filter location nto the air. This fact explains two things about steam locomotives:. On a steam locomotive, the cross-head normally links to a drive rod , and from there to coupling rods that drive the locomotive's wheels. The arrangement often looks something like this:. In this diagram, the cross-head is connected to a drive rod that connects to one of three drive wheels for the train. The three wheels are connected via coupling rods so they turn in unison. Prev NEXT. It explains why they have to take on water at the station -- the water is constantly being lost through the steam exhaust. It explains where the "choo-choo" sound comes from. When the valve opens the cylinder to release its steam exhaust, the steam escapes under a great deal of pressure and makes a "choo! When the train is first starting, the piston is moving very slowly, but then as the train starts rolling the piston gains speed. The effect of this is the "Choo This content is not compatible on this device. Cite This! Print Citation.