Population and

 The Dynamics of  World  The Urban Transition  Urban Ecology The Dynamics of Demography Demography is the scientific study of population.  Sociologists study population because it affects social structure, especially in crowded areas.  The collection of population data is very important because of its use by government and industry.  Sociologists look for patterns that will help them understand and predict how groups of people will behave. How do sociologists define population? A population is a group of people living in a particular place at a specified time.  To study population, demographers look at many factors, including size, distribution, composition, and structure.  Demographers analyze three processes: birth, death, and migration. Fertility  Fertility measures the number of children born to a woman or a population of women.  Fecundity is the potential number of children that could be born if every woman reproduced as often as biology allowed. How is fertility measured? Fertility is measured in several ways.  The crude is the annual number of live births per one thousand members of a population.  The fertility rate is the annual number of live births per one thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four.  The is the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. Mortality Mortality refers to the number of deaths within a population.  Sociologists analyze mortality by examining life span and life expectancy.  Sociologists measure mortality by analyzing the crude death rate and the infant . Migration Migration refers to the movement of people.  It can occur within a country or between countries.  Sociologists measure migration using the gross migration rate or net migration rate. True or False

Developing countries tend to have many cities, but they are generally smaller than cities in the U.S. and Western .

False

In the U.S. today, fecundity rates are much lower than fertility rates.

False

World Population growth exhibits certain patterns.  Countries measure the number of people in a population by taking a census.  The world’s population continues to grow at a rapid rate, since the doubling time is getting shorter. True or False

Population growth is exponential, which means that the amount of increase in each generation grows, even if the rate remains the same.

True

While many developing countries have high birth rates, they also have high death rates, so their population sizes tend to be stable.

False

Today more people live in cities than in rural areas.

True Malthus and In 1798, Thomas Robert Malthus, an English minister and economist, published An Essay on the Principle of Population. He described relationships between population growth and .  Population, if left unchecked, will exceed the food supply.  Checks on population can be positive (increase mortality) or preventative (decrease fertility).  For the poor, any improvement in income is eaten up in additional births.  The wealthy and well-educated already exercise preventive checks. According to Thomas Robert Malthus, which of the following would be a positive check on population? a. a widespread famine c. later marriage b. easy availability of d. sexual abstinence The The demographic transition theory states that population growth is a function of the level of economic development in a country.  This theory takes into account agricultural productivity and reliable methods of birth control.  Demographic transition theory describes four stages of population growth.

(T or F) Starting in the 1700s, people began moving to the cities to work in factories.

True Future World Population Growth World population growth has reached a turning point. After more than two hundred years of increase, the annual population growth rate is declining. Despite this decline, world population will continue to grow.  will occur when deaths are balanced by births so that the population does not increase.  Population momentum is the inability to stop population growth immediately due to a previous high rate of growth.  The replacement level is the rate at which people replace themselves without adding to the population. An increasing number of young professional couples are buying older homes in the inner city and fixing them up. This process is called a. suburbanization. c. overurbanization. b. gentrification. d. concentric zone theory. C when people deliberately attempt to limit the number of children born to them Match each item with E an example would be all the people living in the correct statement. Thailand today a. doubling time b. zero population F the number of people who are too young or growth too old to be employed as compared to the c. population control number who are in the age range that d. demography typically is employed e. population f. dependency ratio A the number of years it takes for a population to increase by 100%

B the point at which births are balanced by deaths

D the scientific study of a population Population Control Population control is the conscious attempt to regulate population size through national birth control programs.  By 1990, most countries had in place formal programs to reduce birth rates.  The voluntary use of population control methods is generally known as , and it has a mixed success rate.  Compulsory methods of family planning have been instituted by some governments and achieved high success rates. The Joneja family were farmers on a small plot of land in rural India. Because they were barely growing enough food to feed the family, they decided to move to a large city in search of work. However, once they got there, they discovered that the city was filled with poor people without work and the only housing they found was a tiny apartment they shared with another family. This is an example of a. suburbanization. c. overurbanization. b. gentrification. d. population momentum. Over the last 20 years, the size of a southwestern city has decreased by 100,000, but the population of the area immediately surrounding it has grown by 175,000. This is an example of a. gentrification. c. population momentum. b. overurbanization. d. suburbanization. Population Pyramids Population pyramids are a graphic depiction of the age and sex composition of a population.  Age and sex are key indexes of fertility and mortality rates.  Population pyramids illustrate the dependency ratio that relates the number of dependent persons and economically active persons. Which of the following figures is the world’s population most likely to reach before it stops growing? a. four billion b. eight billion c. eleven billion d. twenty-five billion Which of the following characteristics must a group of people have to be considered a population? a. They must be in a specific place at a specific time. b. They must all be of similar economic and social status. c. They must all live in a city. d. They must all be part of the same generation. The Urban Transition  The first preindustrial cities developed in fertile areas where surplus food could be grown.  With the Industrial Revolution came a major increase in the rate of urbanization.  The development of factories was an especially important influence on the location of cities.  Urbanization in developed and developing nations has occurred at different speeds.  The United States is now primarily a suburban nation. Which of the following is a problem in determining how many people live in the U.S.? a. People move in and out of the U.S. so quickly that it is hard to keep track of them. b. The death rate is dropping more rapidly than expected. c. There are a sizable number of illegal aliens living in the U.S., but it is impossible to accurately determine their numbers. d. A large number of births are never recorded by the government.

Chapter Summary  Demography is the scientific study of population.  Demographers use three population processes to account for population change: fertility, mortality, and migration.  The theory of Thomas Malthus predicted that population size would ultimately outstrip the food supply, resulting in mass starvation and death.  The theory of demographic transition looks at economic development to predict population patterns. Chapter Summary  With the Industrial Revolution came a major increase in the rate of urbanization.  Urban ecologists have developed four major theories of growth: concentric zone theory, sector theory, multiple nuclei theory, and peripheral theory.