Markus Bayer, Oliver Schwarz, Toralf Stark (eds.) Democratic Citizenship in Flux Political Science | Volume 85 Markus Bayer (Dr.) works as a senior researcher at the Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC). He holds a Ph. D. in Political Science from the University of Duisburg-Essen. He is specialised in the fields of resistance studies, democratic transitions, peace and conflict studies, arms control and militarization. Oliver Schwarz (Dr.) is a lecturer and researcher at the Institute of Political Sci- ence at the University of Duisburg-Essen. His research interests include the Euro- pean integration and its effects on the member states, the EU enlargement and the external relations of the European Union. Toralf Stark (Dr.) works as a researcher at the professorship for Comparative Po- litics at the Institute of Political Science at the University of Duisburg-Essen. His research focuses on the following areas: political culture and political attitudes, understanding of democracy and political participation. Markus Bayer, Oliver Schwarz, Toralf Stark (eds.) Democratic Citizenship in Flux Conceptions of Citizenship in the Light of Political and Social Fragmentation Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National- bibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http:// dnb.d-nb.de This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDeri- vatives 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) which means that the text may be used for non-commercial pur- poses, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ To create an adaptation, translation, or derivative of the original work and for commercial use, further permission is required and can be obtained by contacting rights@transcript- publishing.com Creative Commons license terms for re-use do not apply to any content (such as graphs, figures, photos, excerpts, etc.) not original to the Open Access publication and further permission may be required from the rights holder. The obligation to research and clear permission lies solely with the party re-using the material. © 2021 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Cover layout: Maria Arndt, Bielefeld Printed by Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-4949-9 PDF-ISBN 978-3-8394-4949-3 https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839449493 Printed on permanent acid-free text paper. Contents Citizenship in ðux: Introductionǂandǂaǂconceptualǂapproach Markus Bayer, Oliver Schwarz and Toralf Stark ....................................... 7 Exclusive citizenship as basis forǂchauvinisticǂnationalism Aǂhistorical institutionalist perspective on theǂrulingǂrationalesǂ ofǂliberal regimes Christian Tischmeyer............................................................... 23 Public perception of European Union citizenship atǂtheǂlocalǂlevel Oliver Schwarz ..................................................................... 43 Political contestation and domestic politics inǂEUǂïnancial regulation Aukje van Loon..................................................................... 63 Formal citizenship in European constitutions Kathrin Behrens.................................................................... 83 Citizenship regimes and diaspora politics: Theǂcase of politically involved Turkish migrants inǂGermany Feyza Yildirim-Sungur and Oliver Schwarz .......................................... 101 Borders of Citizenship? Biopolitics and differential inclusion inǂlocal ïelds of labor and asylum Thorsten Schlee....................................................................127 Activist citizens beyond dichotomies: Migrantǂrights activism inǂHamburg Lea Rzadtki ....................................................................... 153 Who belongs to ›the people‹? Theǂsocietalǂboundaries ofǂnationalǂand European notions ofǂcitizenship Carsten Wegscheider and Roula Nezi .............................................. 173 Can nationalists be democratic citizens in the age of global migration? Boundaries of political community and their impact on liberal orientation in EU societies Merve Schmitz-Vardar............................................................. 193 About the authors............................................................ 219 Citizenship in ðux: Introductionǂandǂaǂconceptualǂapproach Markus Bayer, Oliver Schwarz and Toralf Stark 1. Introduction e history of this edited volume is probably diferent from those of others. It dates back to 2012 when some early career researchers at the University of Duisburg-Essen dared the endeavour to bring together the expertise of Po- litical Science and Sociology to study the foundations and consequences of the erosion of traditional models of legitimacy.1 Such forms of collaboration between diferent disciplines of social sciences are still rare – even or espe- cially at bigger faculties like ours in Duisburg. For most of the authors and editors that have been involved, this project was an important milestone for their career and an inspiring academic experience. e outcome, the edited volume »Legitimitätspraxis« (Practices of legitimacy) published by Springer VS in 2016, has been downloaded over 11.000. (Aug. 2020) times and can be regarded as an important contribution to the scientific debate on the concept of legitimacy (Lemke et al. 2016). Some four years later, we decided that it is time for a revival. In times of Brexit, increasing worldwide migration movements and rising nationalism (not only) in Europe, we decided to deal with the important topic of »demo- cratic citizenship« as the current debates on this concept are obviously »in lux«. However, we opted for some changes in the concept of this edited volu- me: First, we deemed it beyond argument that visibility is of great importance to young academics, the main target group of our call. us, we decided to publish an English edited volume in Open Access (OA). OA is not only a possi- bility to increase visibility and readership but also a form of publication that provides open access to knowledge to everyone beyond academic paywalls. 1 For more information, see: https://www.uni-due.de/legitimitaet/ 8 Markus Bayer, Oliver Schwarz and Toralf Stark In other words, it contributes to the democratisation of our knowledge and findings. e next innovation concerned the publishing procedure: A double- blind peer review, meaning that every contribution is evaluated independent- ly and anonymously by two peer reviewers, currently represents the state of the art in terms of academic quality control and is therefore widely used in the academic community. Furthermore, publishing double-blind reviewed ar- ticles represents major achievements for young scholars. However, as such a procedure is not very common for edited volumes, this volume here is one of the few that implements such a rigorous form of quality control. Finally, we decided to extend the circle of contributors beyond researchers at the Univer- sity of Duisburg-Essen with the aim to stimulate academic cooperation and the exchange between young researchers from diferent universities. 2. Citizenship and democracy Given its historical origin, the connection between citizenship and democracy is not surprising. e term citizenship was first used in ancient Greece. Since then, the meaning of citizenship was essentially contested and is in constant lux till today (Isin 2009). When Aristotle was confronted with the task of de- fining »citizen« at the beginning of Book III of his Politics, he described it as »a man who shares in the administration of judiciary and in the holding of ofice« (cf. Johnson 1984: 74). According to this, citizens must actively partici- pate in judiciary and government. erefore, it is not enough to simply enjoy the right to seek ofice, but citizens must actually hold it. Still, this is a very narrow conception of citizenship. Moreover, it is not an accurate description of democratic involvement in today’s modern societies. Today, the possibili- ties for participation range from elections, participation in political parties or citizens’ initiatives to joining demonstrations and political protest. While political afiliation in the form of citizenship in ancient Greece was the exception and limited to the city-state and the able-bodied free men, no- wadays it represents the norm and describes a relationship between the ci- tizen and a nation state »in which the two are bound together by recipro- cal rights and obligations« (Heywood 1994: 155). In that sense, the Aristoteli- an view on citizenship gives us a baseline to start from: to understand citi- zenship as a form of social relationship. However, as Bellamy (2008: 2) argues, citizenship is a special form of a social relationship, namely one between an individual and a state or a society. Firstly, it difers from everyday social rela- Citizenship in ðux: Introductionǂandǂaǂconceptualǂapproach 9 tionships like friendships and family ties in as far as it is genuinely political. Beyond this, it also diverges from other forms of political afiliation, such as subjecthood in monarchies or dictatorships since it consists of civil and poli- tical rights – especially participation in the political process – which are not guaranteed in non-democracies. According to Marshall, citizenship thereby represents a »status bestowed on those who are full members of a communi- ty« with all bearers of the status being »equal with respect to the rights and duties