Eur. J. Entomol. 112(1): 180–186, 2015 doi: 10.14411/eje.2015.018 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online)

$]DOHDVDZÀ\ lipovskyi +\PHQRSWHUD7HQWKUHGLQLGDH  DQHZLQYDVLYHVSHFLHVLQ(XURSH

JAN MACEK௘1 and PETR ŠÍPEK௘2

1௘'HSDUWPHQWRI(QWRPRORJ\1DWLRQDO0XVHXP.XQUDWLFH&=3UDKD&]HFK5HSXEOLFHPDLO[email protected] 2௘'HSDUWPHQWRI=RRORJ\)DFXOW\RI6FLHQFH&KDUOHV8QLYHUVLW\LQ3UDJXH&=3UDKD&]HFK5HSXEOLF e-mail: [email protected]

.H\ZRUGVHymenoptera, , Nematus lipovskyi, Czech Republic, Europe, molle, R. luteum, invasive , morphology, bionomics, dispersal, pest species, horticulture

$EVWUDFW$QHZQRQQDWLYHVSHFLHVRIVDZÀ\Nematus lipovskyi Smith, 1974, previously known only in the USA, has heavily infested the ornamental , Rhododendron molle, in the Czech Republic since at least 2010. The data on this species in the USA is EULHÀ\VXPPDUL]HG7KHODUYDDQGKLWKHUWRXQNQRZQPDOHDUHQHZO\GHVFULEHGDQGLOOXVWUDWHG7KHOLIHF\FOHLVGHVFULEHGEDVHGRQ ¿HOGREVHUYDWLRQVDQGWKHUHDULQJRIODUYDHFROOHFWHGLQ&KDUOHV8QLYHUVLW\%RWDQLF*DUGHQLQ3UDJXH7KHKRVWSODQWVDUHOLVWHGDQG LQFOXGHWKH¿UVWUHFRUGRID(XURSHDQVSHFLHVRID]DOHD Rhododendron luteum). The current distribution of Nematus lipovskyi in the Czech Republic based on the results of a preliminary monitoring project carried out by Charles University in Prague and the State Phytosanitary Administration is presented. The pathways of its introduction and spread, potential phytosanitary measures and its effect RQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDUHEULHÀ\GLVFXVVHG

INTRODUCTION bama, Maryland, Maine, New Hampshire and Virginia. Ac- cording to some references (Johnson & Lyon, 1991; Boggs The recent increase in the number of non-native species et al., 2000; Cranshaw, 2004) it is apparent that N. lipov skyi of being introduced into Europe and their spread, is widely distributed in the eastern part of the USA, where caused by worldwide human travel and trade, has result- it is a familiar pest of ornamental deciduous species of Rho- ed in serious problems throughout Europe, including the dodendron (Azalea), both native (such as R. calendulace- Czech Republic. The most well-known examples of in- um and R. viscosum) and introduced (R. molle from China vasive species include Cameraria ohridella Deschka & and Japan). In addition to Nematus lipovskyi, there are two Dimic, 1986 (: Gracillariidae) and Harmonia RWKHUVSHFLHVRIVDZÀ\LQWKH86$DVVRFLDWHGZLWKD]DOHD axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), which : Amauronematus azaleae Marlatt, 1896 (Tenthredi- have had a negative effect on horse chestnut trees and the nidae, ) and Arge azaleae Smith, 1989. Outside diversity of local ladybird beetle faunas in the countries in- WKH86$WKHUHLVRQO\DSDVVLQJUHIHUHQFHWRDQXQVSHFL¿HG vaded, respectively (Percival et al., 2011; Vilcinskas et al., UKRGRGHQGURQVDZÀ\EHORQJLQJWRWKHIDPLO\$UJLGDHLQ  5HFHQWO\WKH(DVW$VLDQVDZÀ\Aproceros leucopo- Quanzhou City in China (Zheng & Chen, 2011), possibly da (Takeuchi, 1939) was introduced into Europe, which re- Arge similis (Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1860) (D. Smith, sulted in outbreaks of this species and extensive defoliation pers. comm.). In the Czech Republic, Nematus lipovskyi of elms in some parts of South and Central Europe (Blank ZDV¿UVWUHFRUGHGLQEDVHGRQODUYDHH[WHQVLYHO\GH- et al., 2010; Zandigiacomo et al., 2011; Seljak, 2012). Here foliating Rhododendron molle in Charles University Bo- ZH UHSRUW DQRWKHU QRQQDWLYH VSHFLHV RI VDZÀ\ WKDW KDV tanic Garden in Prague. Due to a failure to rear the species, DSSHDUHGLQ(XURSHWKH$]DOHDVDZÀ\Nematus lipovskyi LWZDVQRWUHOLDEO\LGHQWL¿HGXQWLOZKHQIHPDOHVZHUH Smith, 1974, which locally has become a pest of the orna- collected directly from rhododendron . In spite of mental azalea, Rhododendron molle, planted in parks and the larvae being relatively well-known, they have not pre- gardens in certain locations in the Czech Republic. viously been described and the males are unknown. There- Nematus lipovskyi is a member of the subfamily Nemati- fore, both larvae and males are described here. In addition, QDH 7HQWKUHGLQLGDH DJURXSRIVDZÀLHVZLWKRYHU the current status of this species’ occurrence in the Czech species worldwide, of which about 550 occur in Europe Republic based on the preliminary results of a preliminary (Taeger et al., 2010; Taeger & Blank, 2011). The mostly monitoring project carried out by the Charles University free-feeding larvae are usually monophagous or oligopha- Faculty of Science and the State Phytosanitary Administra- gous on various trees, herbaceous plants and grasses. tion (hereafter abbreviated as SPA) (Kapitola & Pekárko- Nematus lipovskyi was described by Smith (1974) from vá, 2013), is also presented. Furthermore, an account of the females reared from swamp azalea (Rhododendron molle). bionomics of the local population of N. lipovskyi in Charles The type series consists of specimens from the following 8QLYHUVLW\%RWDQLF*DUGHQEDVHGRQ¿HOGREVHUYDWLRQVLV US states: Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ala- also presented.

180 Fig. 1. Nematus lipovskyi Smith, 1974, adult: a – female; b – male; c – ovipositor (lateral view); d – female abdomen (apical part, dorsal view); e – lancet; f – penis valva. Scales: a, b – 5 mm; c, e, f – 0.3 mm; d – 12 mm.

0$7(5,$/$1'0(7+2'6 VSHFLHVZDVLGHQWL¿HGEDVHGRQ6PLWK¶V  RULJLQDOGHVFULS- tion. Field observations on the occurrence, oviposition behaviour Samples of both adults and larvae (approx. 200 adults and 300 and level of damage caused by N. lipovskyi in Charles University larvae) were collected from Charles University Botanic Garden Botanic Garden were carried out by P. Šípek, who also took pho- by one of the authors (PŠ), other samples of larvae were collected tographs of living specimens and the damage to the host plants. at various locations throughout the Czech Republic by SPA in- Voucher specimens of both larvae and adults are deposited in the spectors (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013). All material was submit- collection at the Department of Entomology, National Mu- WHGIRULGHQWL¿FDWLRQWRWKH(QWRPRORJLFDO'HSDUWPHQWRIWKH1D- seum, Prague; photographs are kept in Charles University Fac- tional Museum in Prague. Distribution records are supplemented ulty of Science photograph gallery archive. The distribution map with the respective faunistic grid number of the grid mapping sys- (Fig. 4) was prepared from a draft map produced by SPA and tem of Central Europe (Ehrendorfer & Hamann, 1965; Pruner & vector maps were downloaded from http://www.vecteezy.com/. Míka, 1996). Taxonomic analysis was carried out using standard For light microscopy of the collected material (Figs 1–2) a series entomological procedures for morphological diagnostics. This 181 deep punctures; metascutellum smooth, shiny; legs with metatarsus a little shorter than metatibia, metabasitarsus as long as three following tarsomeres combined; inner tibial spur of metatibia a little shorter than half of metabasitarsus, claws with small inner tooth. Abdomen. Cylindrical with apex rounded posteriorly, WHUJD¿QHO\DOXWDFHRXVVWHUQDVKLQ\ZLWKVFDWWHUHGSXQFWD- tion; genitalia as in Fig. 1. 9DULDELOLW\ 1R VLJQL¿FDQW YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH PDWHULDO available. /DVWLQVWDU IHHGLQJ ODUYD (Figs 2, 3c). Body length 9–10 mm. Head greyish-green; entire head covered with VFDWWHUHG¿QHKRPRJHQHRXVSXEHVFHQFHFO\SHXVZLWKIRXU setae, labrum with four setae; mandibles with one seta, stipes without setae, palpifer with three setae; second seg- ment of maxillary palps with one small seta; prementum with two very short setae, second segment of labial palp Fig. 2. Nematus lipovskyi Smith, 1974, last feeding larval in- with one short seta; body in upper part green, in lower part star preserved in alcohol (discolored): a – habitus (lateral view); paler; cuticle smooth and shiny, spiracles narrow; all tho- b – head + thorax (lateral view); c – head + thorax (dorsal view); d – anal segment with caudal protuberances (dorsal view). Scales: racic segments with a pair of large dorsal lobes with long a – 5 mm; b, c – 4 mm; d – 1 mm. setae, trochanter shorter than femur, with scattered long hair-like setae, tibia longer than tarsus with ten hair-like se- of digital photographs was taken with an OLYMPUS DP camera tae; abdominal segments with six annulets, annulets three, attached to an OLYMPUS SZX microscope. Composite images ¿YHDQGVL[YHU\QDUURZVWULSOLNHWLJKWO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWK with an extended depth of focus were created using the software SUHFHGLQJ DQQXOHW ¿UVW VHFRQG DQG IRXUWK DQQXOL ODUJH CombineZP and subsequently processed using other graphic pro- convex dorsally; subspiracular, second postspiracular and grammes. The other images were taken with various standard surpedal lobes prominent with ring-like spots surrounding cameras. Morphological terminology used in the descriptions fol- setal bases; second annulet with six, fourth annulet with lows that of Viitasaari (2002). HLJKWORQJKDLUOLNHVHWDH¿UVWSRVWVSLUDFXODUOREHZLWKRQH 5(68/76 second postspiracular lobe with two long cylindrical setae, ninth abdominal segment with two short conical protuber- Nematus lipovskyi 6PLWK ances, suranal and subanal lobes with long hair-like setae, 'HVFULSWLRQ $GXOW. Female (Fig. 1) was described by basal parts of prolegs with black spots, covered with scat- Smith (1974) who also provided illustrations of the ovi- tered long hair-like setae.* positor sheath and lancet. %LRQRPLFV This species is univoltine. Adults were Male (Fig. 1): Length: 4.5–5 mm. Yellow-orange with observed from the end of April to the beginning of May DQWHQQDH ODUJH VSRW RQ IURQWDO ¿HOG H[WHQGLQJ DV IDU DV 2013, with a peak between 22–24 April. However the frontal pit and antennal socket), mesonotum and metano- ÀLJKWSHULRGPLJKWEHLQÀXHQFHGE\WHPSHUDWXUHDQGPD\ tum, dorsal and ventral part of mesopleuron, metapleuron, be prolonged from mid-April to mid-May. The tempera- proximal half of metacoxa, all terga except narrow stripes WXUHV GXULQJ SHDN ÀLJKW GD\V ZHUH DV IROORZV PLQLPXP on posterior margins and laterotergites, black. temperature 5°C, maximum day temperature 22°C, mean Head. Alutaceous, with short, dense, pale pubescence; WHPSHUDWXUHƒ& $QRQ\PRXV 7KHPDLQÀLJKW in dorsal view transverse with temples parallel and round- SHULRGFRLQFLGHGZLWKWKHEXUVWLQJRIWKHÀRUDOEXGVRIWKH ed posteriorly; postocellar area slightly convex, twice as KRVWSODQWV'XULQJWKHÀLJKWSHULRGPDVVVZDUPLQJZDV wide as long, lateral postocellar furrows short, slightly REVHUYHGZLWKVHYHUDOKXQGUHGVRIIHPDOHVÀ\LQJDURXQG depressed, parallel; OOL : OOC : POL = 1 : 1 : 0.9; fron- WKHEXVKHV7KHÀ\LQJLQGLYLGXDOVZHUHQRWDWWUDFWHGWR\HO- WDO¿HOGÀDWZLWKLQGLVWLQFWIURQWDOULGJHIURQWDOSLWGHHS low pitfall traps (on the ground) or yellow sticky plates in QDUURZO\WULDQJXODUFO\SHXVÀDWVKLQ\ZLWKGHHSO\HPDU- WKHEUDQFKHV6XUSULVLQJO\QRPDOHVZHUHFDXJKWLQÀLJKW ginate anterior margin; malar space as long as diameter of but some 10 male individuals were collected attached to anterior ocellus; antenna distinctly longer than head and the sticky covers of R. obtusum buds a few days later. Dur- WKRUD[ FRPELQHG UHODWLYH OHQJWKV RI ÀDJHOORPHUHV ± LQJWKHÀLJKWSHULRGIHPDOHVZHUHREVHUYHGOD\LQJHJJV about 0.95 : 1 : 1 : 0.75 : 0.70 : 0.63 : 0.63. in the central vein of young leaves in bursting buds (Fig. Thorax. Median mesoscutal lobe shiny in middle with 3). Oviposition was preceded by thorough inspection of shallow scattered punctures, alutaceous anteriorly; median the bud. Young larvae hatched within 7–10 days of ovi- mesoscutellar groove arc-shaped and narrow; lateral meso- scutal lobes covered with dense shallow punctures with  7KHKDELWXVRIWKHODVWIHHGLQJODUYDOLQVWDUGLIIHUVVLJQL¿FDQWO\ alutaceous interspaces; mesoscutellum slightly convex, from the preceding instars, which are characterized by the presen- VKLQ\ZLWK¿QHVSDUVHSXQFWXUHVPHVRSOHXURQZLWKGHQVH ce of prominent black setiferous pinnacles on the dorsal parts of ¿QH SXQFWXUHV PHVRVFXWHOODU DSSHQGDJH ZLWK GLVWLQFW thorax and abdomen. 182 Fig. 3. Nematus lipovskyi Smith, 1974: a – ovipositing female; b – damage to R. luteum; c – alive larvae feeding on R. luteum (lateral view). position. The feeding tracks on the leaves have a charac- in Table 1. Larvae fed on both the leaves and blossoms of teristic appearance. Larvae of the last feeding instar were R. molle and R. luteum. 2QO\WKHÀRZHUVRIR. obtusum recorded from mid-May to the end of May. Larvae start were consumed, suggesting that R. obtusum may only be feeding on the leaf margin and subsequently completely an accidental host plant. consume the whole leaf except for the thick central vein. 'LVWULEXWLRQ7KLVVSHFLHVZDV¿UVWFROOHFWHGLQLQ 7KH¿UVWYLVLEOHGDPDJHRFFXUVDSSUR[LPDWHO\WZRZHHNV Massachusetts, USA, but it was not until 1974 that it was after oviposition and if there is a severe infestation the host formally described by Smith (1974). The USA is so far the plants are completely defoliated within two to three weeks only country in which N. lipovskyi naturally occurs and is RIODUYDOHPHUJHQFH )LJ 7KH¿QDOQRQIHHGLQJODUYDO distributed there in the eastern states from Maine in the instar (eonymph) descends and burrows into the soil where QRUWKWR$ODEDPDLQWKHVRXWKXQYHUL¿HGUHFRUGVH[LVWIRU LWKLEHUQDWHVDVDSUHSXSDLQVLGHD¿UPFRFRRQ3XSDWLRQ Wisconsin (Fig. 4) (D. Smith, pers. comm.). In Europe, it occurs after hibernation and depending on the temperature ZDV¿UVWUHFRUGHGLQLQWKH&KDUOHV8QLYHUVLW\%RWDQ- adults emerge between mid-April and mid-May. ic Garden, Prague (Czech Republic) based on larvae feed- In the USA, Smith (1974) listed Rhododendron viscosum ing on Rhododendron molle and R. luteum. Flying adults and R. molle as food plants; Johnson & Lyon (1991) added were not recorded there until 2013. Additional data were R. calendulaceum. In the Czech Republic, in addition to R. obtained either by inspectors of the SPA and other pub- molle two other species of Rhododendron were recorded as lic services during 2013 (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013) or host plants for N. lipovskyi, the European R. luteum Sweet came from various gardening enthusiasts (Fig. 4). Reports and the R. obtusum hybrid “Ledikanense” from Japan. from private gardening enthusiasts were only taken into Host plants, their origin and the parts consumed are listed DFFRXQWLIWKH\ZHUHVXI¿FLHQWO\UHOLDEOH HJZLWKDSKR- 183 Fig. 4. Distribution of N. lipovskyi in the United States and the Czech Republic. Asterisk – records since 2010; full circles – records since 2011; open circles – records since 2012; grey circles – records since 2013; grey triangles – records since 2013 (SPA data). tograph), but did provide feedback on how long the spe- %ĜH]tPDVO2SSORYiSHUVFRP  %RKHPLDFHQWU cies had been causing visible damage in a particular local- 'REĜLFKRYLFHPDVO5XQGRYiSHUVFRP  %RKH- LW\$OOUHFRUGVZHUHFRQ¿QHGWR%RKHPLDPRVWZHUHIRU PLDFHQWU2NURXKOR=DKRĜDQ\YLOODJHPDVO/LãNDSHUV Central Bohemia (34) and Prague (18), but the species was FRP  %RKHPLDFHQWU0XNDĜRYPDVO+UDGHFNi SHUV FRP   %RKHPLD FHQWU 0QtãHN SRG %UG\  P DOVRUHFRUGHGLQWKHUHJLRQVRI+UDGHF.UiORYp  3O]HĖ DVO+DQþLORYiSHUVFRP  %RKHPLDFHQWUâWČFKRYLFH (2), Pardubice (1), Liberec (1), Ústí (1) and South Bohemia PDVO-HĜiENRYiSHUVFRP   5HFRUGVVLQFH (2). Except for the above mentioned records of adults in %RKHPLDERU'ČþtQPDVO .DSLWROD 3HNiUNRYi  the Botanic Garden, all records are based exclusively on  %RKHPLDERUýHVNi/tSDPDVO .DSLWR- ¿QGLQJODUYDHDQGIHHGLQJWUDFNVRQIRRGSODQWV7KLVVSH- OD  3HNiUNRYi     %RKHPLD RU -LþtQ  P DVO cies appears to disperse relatively slowly; with only two .DSLWROD 3HNiUNRYi   %RKHPLDFHQWU0ČOQtN records of N. lipovskyi in 2010, an additional two in 2011 215 m a.s.l. (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013) (5652, 5653); Bohe- and nine new localities in 2012. Currently the species is mia or., Kopidlno, 219 m a.s.l. (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013) recorded in at least 60 localities. (5657); Bohemia centr., Dolany u Prahy, 192 m a.s.l. (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013) (5752); Bohemia centr., Statenice, 258 'LVWULEXWLRQUHFRUGV m a.s.l. (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013) (5851); Bohemia centr., 5HFRUGVVLQFH Bohemia centr., Praha, Botanic Garden 6YUN\QČPDVO .DSLWROD 3HNiUNRYi   %R- of the Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague. KHPLDFHQWU3UDKDPDVO-XUiãNRYiSHUVFRP   190 m a.s.l. Pavlata J., Macek P. & Šípek lgt. (5952); Bohemia %RKHPLD FHQWU 5R]WRN\ X 3UDK\  P DVO 9OþNRYi SHUV FHQWU.RĜHQLFHQHDU.ROtQPDVO+REORYiSHUVFRPP com. (5852); Bohemia centr., Zdiby u Prahy, 295 m a.s.l., Seidl, (6059); 5HFRUGV VLQFH  Bohemia centr., Vrané nad Vlta- SHUVFRP  %RKHPLDFHQWU+XVLQHFXěHåHPDVO vou, 196 m a.s.l., Tejnická, pers. com. (6052); Bohemia centr., (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013) (5852); Bohemia centr., Praha 7 Senohraby, 363 m a.s.l., Tóbiková, pers. com. (6164). 5HFRUGV ±6WURPRYNDPDVO9RGYiĜNDSHUVFRP   VLQFH %RKHPLDFHQWU3UDKDĆiEOLFHPDVO0DOi %RKHPLDFHQWU3UDKD±9LQRĜPDVOěHKiNRYiSHUVFRP pers. com. (5852); Bohemia centr., Újezd nad Lesy, 255 m a.s.l.,   %RKHPLD FHQWU 3UDKD 9\VRþDQ\  P DVO .UiO &DUYDQRYi SHUV FRP   %RKHPLD FHQWU 3UĤKRQLFH  pers. com. (5853, 5952, 5953); Bohemia centr., Káraný, 173 m m a.s.l., Gabrielová, pers. com. (5953, 6053); Bohemia centr., a.s.l., Lohrová, pers. com. (5854); Bohemia centr., Velký Osek

TABLE 1. Host plants of N. lipovskyi. Country of origin of host plant / Host plant species Consumed parts Source observation of infestation Rhododendron molle (Blume) G. Don China, Japan / USA, Czech Rep. /HDYHVÀRZHUV Smith, 1974; pers. observ. and hybrids Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. USA / USA /HDYHVÀRZHUV " Johnson & Lyon (1991) Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. USA / USA /HDYHVÀRZHUV " Smith, 1974 East and Central Europe, Rhododendron luteum Sweet /HDYHVÀRZHUV Pers. observ. West Asia / Czech Rep. Rhododendron × obtusum “Ledikanense” Japan / Czech Rep. Flowers Pers. observ.

 ± 2VHþHN  P DVO .RXERYi SHUV FRP   %RKHPLD rope it occurs in neighbouring countries such as Poland centr., Praha 4, Bráník, 199 m a.s.l., Votýpka, pers. com. (5952); and Austria south through the Balkans and east to southern %RKHPLDFHQWU3UDKD%ĜHYQRYPDVO6YRERGDSHUV Russia (Anisko & Czekalski, 1993; Resner, 2005; Ren- FRP  %RKHPLDFHQWU3UDKD6WĜHãRYLFHPDVO cová, 2013). In Britain, as an invasive plant species, it has %XULiQHNSHUVFRP  %RKHPLDFHQWU3UDKD5X]\QČ colonised many wet peatlands and bogs (Pilkington, 2011), 274 m a.s.l., Vinkler, pers. com. (5952); Bohemia centr., Praha 5, Smíchov, 196 m a.s.l., Havová, pers. com. (5952); Bohemia cen- whereas the Austrian and Polish populations are protected WU3UDKD.UþPDVO1ČPFRYiSHUVFRP  %RKH- (Rencová, 2013). Whether N. lipovskyi presents a poten- PLDFHQWU3UDKDâWČUERKRO\PDVO)ROWêQSHUVFRP tial risk to the native population of soft-leaved deciduous  %RKHPLDFHQWU3UDKD3RþHUQLFHPDVO9HEHU , or whether it can be used to control this SHUVFRP  %RKHPLDFHQWU3UDKD8KĜtQČYHVPDVO species is unknown and needs to be tested. However, our $QGHUORYiSHUVFRP  %RKHPLDFHQWU3UDKD.ĜHVOLFH observations suggest that a mass occurrence of azalea saw- 282 m a.s.l., Fiala, pers. com. (5953); Bohemia centr., Pacov u ÀLHVFDQOHDGWRFRPSOHWHGHIROLDWLRQZKLFKSUHYHQWVWKH ětþDQPDVO9RMiþNRYiSHUVFRP  %RKHPLDRU plant from reproducing. Moreover, after 3 successive years &KRFHĖPDVO3DYFRSHUVFRP   GRXEWIXO of defoliation plants are visibly weaker and partial dieback UHFRUG %RKHPLDFHQWU7ĜHERWRYPDVO%DãWDSHUVFRP  %RKHPLDFHQWU3UDKD5DGRWtQPDVOýHUQêSHUV occurrs. In the USA, no large outbreaks followed by con- FRP  %RKHPLDFHQWUětþDQ\PDVO0DFKiþNRYi tinuous defoliation of azalea plants are reported (D. Smith, pers. com. (6053, 6054); Bohemia centr., Kamenice, 368 m a.s.l., unpubl. data; Johnson & Lyon, 1991). Šefrna. pers. com. (6053, 6153); Bohemia centr., Jevany, 380 The present results based mostly on feeding tracks and m a.s.l., (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013) (6054); Bohemia centr., larval samples suggest Prague and its eastern outskirts to be ýDNRYLFHPDVO .DSLWROD 3HNiUNRYi   %R- the very epicentre of this invasive species as the majority hemia centr., Samechov, 383 m a.s.l., Vávrová, pers. com. (6155); of samples are recorded from this region. The most remote %RKHPLDRFF3O]HĖPDVO .DSLWROD 3HNiUNRYi  UHFRUGVDUHIURP'ČþtQ 1RUWK%RKHPLD DQG3O]HĖ :HVW    %RKHPLD FHQWU /KRWND X 'REĜtãH  P DVO Bohemia). N. lipovskyiLVXQLYROWLQHZLWKDOLPLWHGÀLJKW .DSLWROD 3HNiUNRYi   %RKHPLDFHQWU%HQHãRY u Prahy, 360 m a.s.l., (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013) (6254); Bo- period, therefore we consider the dispersal potential of KHPLDRFFâĢiKODY\PDVO .DSLWROD 3HNiUNRYi  adults to be rather low or local. It is presumed that the pri-    %RKHPLD FHQWU 5RåPLWiO SRG 7ĜHPãtQHP  mary agents of spread of this species might be young plants m a.s.l., (Kapitola & Pekárková, 2013) (6349); Bohemia centr., carrying eggs and soil containing cocoons. On the other .DPêNQDG9OWDYRXPDVO9HþHĜRYiSHUVFRP   hand a congeneric -feeding species N. oligospilus Bohemia mer., Blatná, 440 m a.s.l., Šípek lgt. (6549); Bohemia (Förster, 1854) dispersed remarkably quickly when intro- PHU2OHãQiPDVODQRQ\PRXVSHUVFRP   XQYHUL- duced into the southern hemisphere (Urban & Eardley, ¿HGUHFRUG  1995; Koch & Smith, 2000; Caron et al., 2013), therefore ',6&866,21 the dispersal and distribution of this species across Europe should be monitored. Based on the known distribution of N. lipovskyi it would be easy to assume that the species was introduced into the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We are grateful to D. Smith (USA) Czech Republic from the USA with ornamental azalea for providing general information on the distribution and biology plants used in horticulture. However this assumption may RIWKHD]DOHDVDZÀ\LQWKH86$DQGIRUYDOXDEOHFRPPHQWVRQ QRW EH MXVWL¿HG DV WKH IDFW WKDW N. lipovskyi was origi- the manuscript. C. Carrington (Prague, Czech Republic) kindly nally detected in the USA may not mean that the species proofread the English. We would also like to thank L. Pavlata originated from there. In fact, there are several species of (Charles University Botanic Garden in Prague) for his help with WKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQ75ĤåLþNDDQG3.DSLWRODERWKPHPEHUVRI VDZÀ\GHVFULEHGIURPWKHLUVHFRQGDU\SRSXODWLRQVRXWVLGH the State Phytosanitary Administration (which is currently a sec- their native ranges. For example, Nematus tibialis New- tion of the Central Institute for Supervision and Testing in Agri- man, 1837 feeding on false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia culture), kindly provided the data on the distribution of N. lipo- Linnaeus, 1753), which is native to North America, was vskyiFROOHFWHGE\WKH63$7KLVZRUNZDV¿QDQFLDOO\VXSSRUWHG described from Europe (Smith, 1979); another example by Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (DKRVO 2014/12, is angulata Lindqvist, 1974 described from National Museum, 00023272). Scandinavia. The larvae of this species are known to de- velop on a non-native Spiraea species, indicating that the 5()(5(1&(6 species must have originated elsewhere (Lindqvist, 1974). ANISKO T. & CZEKALSKI M. 1993: Pontic azalea in Poland. — J. Revealing the origin of N. lipovskyi would involve inten- Am. Rhododendron Soc. : 189–191. VLYH ¿HOG UHVHDUFK LQ DOO DUHDV ZKHUH VRIWOHDYHG D]DOHDV ANONYMOUS 2014: Weather Records for Prague. Available: http:// occur, as well as revising all the known species of Nematus SRFDVLGLYRFKF]SUDKDSKS"IG . Accessed on 22 to eliminate possible synonymies. January 2014. The newly established population of N. lipovskyi in the BLANK S.M., HARA H., MIKULÁS J., CSÓKA G., CIORNEI C., CONSTANTINEANU R., CONSTANTINEANU I., ROLLER L., ALTENHO- Botanical Garden in Prague consumed not only R. molle, FER E., HUFLEJT T. & VÉTEK G. 2010: Aproceros leucopoda but also caused considerable damage to R. luteum and in- (: Argidae): An East Asian pest of elms (Ulmus ÀRUHVFHQFHVRIR. obtusum. Rhododendron luteum, there- spp.) invading Europe. — Eur. J. Entomol. : 357–367. fore, is a new food plant for Nematus lipovskyi. R. luteum BOGGS J.F., YOUNG C.E., SHETLAR D.J., DRAPER E.A., GAO G.Y., is native to southeast Europe and southwest Asia. In Eu- CHATFIELD J.A., MARTIN J.C. & BENNETT P.J. 2000: Insect and 185 Mite Activity Noted in Ohio Nurseries and Landscapes: Orna- RENCOVÁ E. 2013: Rhododendron luteum Sweet. Botany.cz, mentals Plants Annual Reports and Research Reviews 2000. 2007–2012. Available at: http://botany.cz/cs/rhododendron- Special Circular 177-01. Ohio Agricultural Research and De- luteum. Accessed 3 December 2013 [in Czech]. velopment Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, pp. RESNER V. 2005: The Rhododendron species of Europe. — äLYD 29–40. 2005(4): 157–158 [in Czech]. CARON V., EDE F., SUNNUCKS P. & O’D OWD D.J. 2014: Distribution SELJAK G. 2012: Six new alien phytophagous insect species re- DQGUDSLGUDQJHH[SDQVLRQRIWKHLQWURGXFHGZLOORZVDZÀ\Ne- corded in Slovenia in 2011. — Acta Entomol. Slovenica 20: matus oligospilus Förster in Australasia. — Austral. Entomol. 31–44. 53: 175–182. SMITH D.R. 1974: AzaleaVDZÀLHVDQGDQHZVSHFLHVRINema- CRANSHAW W. 2004: Garden Insects of North America: The Ul- tus Panzer (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). — Proc. Entomol. Soc. timate Guide to Backyard Bugs. Princeton University Press, Wash. : 204–207. Princeton, NJ, 672 pp. SMITH D.R. 1979: Suborder Symphyta. In Krombein K.V., Hurd EHRENDORFER F. & HAMANN U.9RUVFKOlJH]XUHLQHUÀRUL- P.D. Jr., Smith D.R. & Burks B.D. (eds): Catalog of Hymeno- stischen Kartierung von Mitteleuropa. — Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. ptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1, Symphyta and Apo- : 35–50. crita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington JOHNSON W.T. & L YON H.H. 1991: Insects that Feed on Trees and D.C., pp. 3–137. Shrubs. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 560 pp. TAEGER A. & BLANK S.M. 2011: ECatSym – Electronic World KAPITOLA P. & P EKÁRKOVÁ J.  6DZÀ\ Nematus lipovskyi Catalog of Symphyta (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Program ver- (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinididae). Pest Risk Analysis, version sion 3.9, data version 38 (07.12.2011). Digital Entomological 1, December 2013. 16 pp. Available: http://eagri.cz/public/ Information, Müncheberg. Available at: http://www.sdei.de/ web/ukzuz/portal/skodlive-organismy/an-rizik/analyzy-rizik- ecatsym/ecatsym.php. Accessed on 3 December 2013. v-cr/. Accessed 28 February 2014 [in Czech]. TAEGER A., BLANK S.M. & LISTON A.D. 2010: World catalog of KOCH F. & SMITH D.R. 2000: Förster (Hy- Symphyta (Hymenoptera). — Zootaxa 2580: 1–1064. PHQRSWHUD 7HQWKUHGLQLGDH  DQ LQWURGXFHG ZLOORZ VDZÀ\ LQ URBAN A.J. & EARDLEY C.D.$UHFHQWO\LQWURGXFHGVDZÀ\ the Southern Hemisphere. — Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 102: Nematus oligospilus Forster (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), 292–300. that defoliates in southern Africa. — Afr. Entomol. 3: LINDQVIST E. 1974: Taxonomische Bemerkungen über einige 23–27. Blattwespen II (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). — Notulae Ento- VIITASAARI M. 2002: The suborder Symphyta of the Hymeno- mol. : 17–22. ptera. In Viitasaari M. (ed.): 6DZÀLHV, Tremex Press, Helsinki, PERCIVAL G.C., BARROW I., NOVISSA K., KEARY I. & PENNINGTON pp. 11–149. P. 2011: The impact of horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria VILCINSKAS A., STOECKER K., SCHMIDTBERG H., RÖHRICH C.R. & ohridella'HVFKNDDQG'LPLü RQYLWDOLW\JURZWKDQGUHSUR- VOGEL H. 2013: Invasive harlequin ladybird carries biological duction of Aesculus hippocastanum L. — Urban Forest. Urban weapons against native competitors. — Science : 862–863. Green. 10: 11–17. ZANDIGIACOMO P., CARGNUS E. & VILLANI A. 2011: First record PILKINGTON S. 2011: Rhododendron luteum. GB Non-natives RIWKHLQYDVLYHVDZÀ\Aproceros leucopoda infesting elms in Factsheet Editor. Available at: http://www.brc.ac.uk/gbnn_ad- Italy. — Bull. Insectol. : 145–149. PLQLQGH[SKS"T QRGH. Accessed 3 December 2013. ZHENG Y. & C HEN D. 2011: Occurrence investigation and control PRUNER L. & MÍKA P. 1996: List of settlements in the Czech Re- measures of Rhododendron pests in Quanzhou city. — Fujian SXEOLFZLWKDVVRFLDWHGPDS¿HOGFRGHVIRUIDXQLVWLFJULGPDS- Agric. Sci. Tech. 2011(4): 65–67 [in Chinese, English abstr.] ping system. — Klapalekiana (Suppl.) 32: 175 pp. [in Czech]. Received August 15, 2014; revised and accepted October 1, 2014 Prepublished online November 11, 2014

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