Articles 1992:36), travelling peoples Aboriginal to the The Gummingurru stone arrangement site complex onthe Abstract (NSW) would come(NSW) to in to Gummingurru participate theJarowair(Figure 1). of country site The isinthetraditional The Gummingurru Gummingurru The stone siteAboriginal complex arrangement 62 4 3 2 1  Anne Ross A community archaeology knowledge journey Gummin and educationaloutputsthathaveevolvedoverthelifeof and fromGummingurruhavechanged.Althoughknowledge an initiation site attended by Aboriginal people from many emphasising thecommunity/researcher/studentnetworks review thepositivelessonslearnedbyallparticipantsin route tothetriennialintergroupgatheringsinnearby cultural landscape. making, tradeandexchange.Inrecenttimesthejourneysto parts ofsoutheastQldandnortheastNewSouthWales en of the journey to theBunya thejourney of festivals. ensure thatyoung men were able to take inadult activities part Introduction social frameworkwithinwhichGummingurruissituated, sharing andalliance-makingcontinue,therearenewaspects with theBunyawith Mountains Ngummin) asBoobarran (alsoknown Bowdler [2005:132], called ‘man-making ceremonies’) to Petrie 1904; Rowlings-Jensen 2004; Sullivan 1977). initiation ceremoniesinitiation (i.e. Sutton what [1985], ascited in important knowledge for theirimportant futures, in including instruction not only the admission of young men not only into via theadmission of adulthood natural resourcesnatural management, education regarding advanced from New southeastern Qldandnortheastern South Wales Bunya Mountainsincludedknowledgesharing,alliance- Bunya Mountains.TheactivitiesatGummingurruandthe as Maidenwell, Kogan and Challawong, were aspart alsovisited theBunyaassociated with feasts. Other sites intheregion, such feasts andceremoniesand the(usually) triennial there held in pre- contact andearly (Jerome times 2002; Morwood 1986, 1987; people, themany are who one of groupsAboriginal associated Darling DownsofQueensland(Qld),Australia,wasoriginally township of Meringandan,township of ininlandsouthern (Qld) , of north Downs lies on theDarling close to the law for lived, group thesocial inwhich they andthepromotion the knowledgejourneysassociatedwithsiteandits this community-basedcollaborativeresearchprojectand to thejourneys.Inthispaperweoutlinecontemporary body modification. also Initiation provided with young men   The UniversityofQueensland,StLucia Qld4072,Australia School ofGeography, PlanningandEnvironmentalManagement, 4072, Australia School ofSocialScience,TheUniversity ofQueensland,StLuciaQld Gowrie JunctionQld 4352,Australia Gummingurru Aboriginal Corporation, Lot 2 Old Homebush Road, Cairns Qld4870,Australia of Arts and Social Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Department of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology, School In Aboriginal Australia, ceremonies initiation involved Before European thearea in 1877 (Gilbert settlement of 1,2 , Ulm Sean g 3 and Brian Tobane andBrian urru – urru Number 76,June 2013 4 The GummingurruStoneArrangement Figure 1Locationofplacesmentionedintext. 2010) that contains the physical remains of memories of a range 2010) thatcontains arange thephysical of memories remains of 2008). Consequently, places like were Gummingurru central Jarowair were people removed from entirely, Downs the Darling O’Brien al. et 2010), places thatheritage argued incorporate the Site Complex others are who actors landscape. on thecontemporary forevidence many past journeys. (1996) Casey and Ingold (1993), events important linked toof the Gummingurru site and the campsites, sites, art trees scarred andatleastone ochre quarry. that, landscape cultural according to custodiansAboriginal and alliances andsocial (Bowdler political vital 1999,of 2005; Ross of and about the people who animated landscape. who andabout thepeople thecultural of It is also part of a much wider cultural a much cultural wider of It isalsopart ‘memoryscape’ (Lavers we outline past and present that have journeys involved education landscape,In cultural theGummingurru theevents many of In used being thelate wasstill Gummingurru nineteenth century Bunya Mountains inthepast. contains landscape cultural This removed to town camps inDalby. In the1950sand1960s, most for ceremony 1992), (Gilbert andmaleinitiation but by theearly and also between traditional custodians (pastandpresent)and alsobetween traditional and custodians, knowledge—amongst traditional of and thesharing journeys, andinthispaper were of initiation associated with part activities, associated performances with andmemories cultural among others (e.g. andNugent Byrne 2011; 2004; Gorring and other settlementsAboriginal throughout Qld. Consequently, and were sent to reserves and missions at Cherbourg, Palm Island past performers, stories and remembered in the form of histories places. Such ‘taskscapes’ (Ingold 1993)retain theknowledge of local residents,local includes men’s and women’s ceremonial places, asociety.the education of to knowledge such andjourneys sites were of locales essential in there islittlespecific remembered knowledge about the site held custodians been had the traditional most of twentieth century by today. peoples Aboriginal The Gummingurru stone arrangement is part of a local of GummingurruThe stone is part arrangement ‘for weeks’ to ceremony perform of andundertake arange Aboriginal Corporation (GAC) Corporation Aboriginal in2008. the purchase The of landhas traditional ownership of whose peoples Aboriginal Area’ (DLA) under theCultural Record Queensland (Landscapes 1992; Figure see 2), for thesite’s andthen campaigned formal 1890—the last time Gummingurru is thought to have isthought Gummingurru 1890—the lasttime used been (Bunda) had journeyed with hisfamily to acampsite with (Bunda) journeyed close had to (according to his death certificate in 1883),born Bunda was he Preservation Act1967 Preservation and Queensland Estate) and Queensland Act 1987(Qld). Gilbert. Revival of cultural knowledge cultural aboutthisplaceGilbert. isatthe Revival of Gummingurru, andthathisfather anduncles disappeared had evenGummingurru others when were removed to Cherbourg Gilbert (1992).Gilbert Until hisdeath in2009, wasregarded Gilbert Gummingurru comes its motifs and interpretations from of Jinks, thelandon which in1871settled Gummingurru who Henry Darlow),Henry aJarowair of remained manwho inthevicinity opportunity to care place inaccordanceopportunity for thisimportant close friendship with with close friendship ‘Bunda’ asJohn (alsoknown Darlow or of initiation—itself) and a carpet snake. andacarpet initiation—itself) of thesite. themosteasily interpretedof from motifs Some of this ILC. returned to landwasformally The theGummingurru Indigenous (ILC—a LandCorporation organisation national when they were they when removed from their lands, back to life. their traditions, by asrememberedwith Ben on their behalf waterhole features, acircle ring—place to thebora be (thought Brian TobaneBrian renting thehomestead from on theproperty the in the 1970s,early he told Tobane that, about seven as a boy of is located. Jinks’ great-great-grandson, Ben Gilbert, took up members this cultural revival revival members thiscultural ‘resurrection’: bringing of anact thesite) grandmother’smanager of brother. Before Bunda died funded by the Australian Commonwealth to buy landfor forefront management decisions thesite. about of GAC term for initiation (Thompson 2004). for (Thompson initiation arrangement complexarrangement islocated waspurchased by the associated activities atthismen’sassociated activities site. waspossibly This around and Palm Island. Bunda Tobane’s wasBrian (thecurrent Jarowair as being the knowledge custodian of the site because of his thesite of because theknowledgeas being custodian of and explanations current Jarowair thatunderpin understandings (i.e. atthattime visible thatsurvive arrangements themotifs protection, first asan ‘Aboriginal Site’ under theAboriginal Relics the site include of an emu,part a turtle, a bunya nut, several his people. Nevertheless, thetraditional heclearly knew some of the past cultural ways of their ancestors, waysthe pastcultural of but which all died to GAC, have provided the custodians the traditional with land by theILC, Gummingurru andthesubsequent return of custodians returned to thatthetraditional thesite,time with the property in1948. the property theknowledge Most theuseof about of the QldMuseum andBreeden (Bartholomai 1961; Gilbert today thesite); atthewestern itistheseinterpretations end of thosestone theinterpretationtold andmeaningof Gilbert therefore never for educated adulthood formally intheways of knowledge of this important place. thisimportant knowledge In of the1960sBunda been extinguishedbeen by freehold landacquisition). It wasatthis by many, including thecurrent Jarowair custodians, traditional The firstThe European in settler the area was Benjamin James In September on which thestone 2003theproperty In for the site 1960, to arranged recorded be Gilbert by Bunda was never initiated at himself,Gummingurru and was (Qld) andlater asa Landscape ‘Designated Number 76,June 2013 Journeys oftheMotifs According to Bunda, are atGummingurru themotifs mostof (Moreton andRoss 2011; Ross 2008). Tobane the therocks rearranged of ‘Initiation Ring’. Having been The first step of this journey was the recognition of thestone wasthe recognition thisjourney of firstThe step of Gummingurru areGummingurru animals(turtle, emu, snake,etc.). fish Some University thesite, Queensland (UQ)hasmapped of adding Jarowair custodians have interpreted discovered thenewly motifs Despite their fixed location on thesite overtime, the some of years since reoccupying thesite by grass, clearing prodding the occupied itscurrent ever position since construction. itsinitial snake. has thecarpet snakeof suggests This motif thatthecarpet waslearned. snake motif carpet A large stone resting on bedrock snake,carpet where rocks are deeply inthesoil and buried distorted for over the grazing, 100years of through theimpacts 9368rocks haveof plotted been andnumerous new motifs (Ross motifs mapped andUlm 2010).original In all, atotal theplace.of of the motifs represent themotifs animals fromof environments other than More recently, Tobane Brian hasbrought unique hisown style was located directly underneath one of therockswas located inthebackbone directly one underneath of Initiates arethe yurees educated in the habits and habitats of Resurrecting KnowledgeatGummingurru resurrected after deeply beneaththeground havingburied been given to Gilbert, and understandings and their expectations own Bunda with assistanceBunda with from and Breeden Bartholomai (1961). haveResurrection activities involved local of theintegration representations of ‘yurees’ (totems) to initiates assigned atthe identified (Figure at 3). Gummingurru investigation, archival research documentation. history andoral materials were found, the about information some important thestone arrangements.maintain some of In August 2009 map of the site recordedmap of andBreeden by Bartholomai (1961), motifs couldmotifs regarded taskscape. be journey their own asforming features (Cook and Armstrong those at 1998), of the majority arefor which they to responsible their be lives for therest of single, fixedposition on thesite. may themotifs havesuggests thatmostof always occupied a clearly still surface, identifiable onceraised, the motif with under (such stable motifs soils asthe buried atlocating aimed and exit pathways (Figure 4). now circle, an form obvious stones in this motif clear entry with soil to locate stones inthesoil andvegetation, buried andthen arrangements. In the1960sthiswasdone and by Gilbert Ben to recover samplesfor analysis. dating no datable Although therefore have moved notbeen for some considerable time), revealedthe newly images to BatholomaiandBreeden’s (1961) that have resulted usingBunda’s from thisactivity knowledge stones theseburied ontolifting thesurface (Ross 2008, 2010). traditional custodians—particularly Tobane—have custodians—particularly traditional the spent to rediscovering loststone arrangements. Using theoriginal time of their initiation (Gaiarbau in (Gaiarbau their initiation Winterbotham of time 1959). knowledge and scientific enquiry through archaeologicalknowledge andscientific enquiry Another part of thearchaeological project involved of Another part excavation Although yureesAlthough may plants, be animalsor even landscape The fact thatother motifs, thecatfish, fact The particularly havebeen Tobane thesite thismostrecent hasused to mapping of Since 2009 a team of archaeologistsSince andstudents from 2009ateam The of Anne Ross,SeanUlmandBrianTobane 63

Articles Articles 64 2010 (RossandUlm2010). Figure 3 Figure 2OriginalrecordingoftheGummingurrusitebyBartholmaiandBreeden(1961). Gummingurru –Acommunityarchaeologyknowledgejourney The turtle,The for example, a large is situated some 50 m east of Gummingurru en route to the Bunya Mountains. thestone So epitomised by site. theGummingurru coastal yurees) and almost certainly represent the yurees waterhole (from snake which thecarpet emerges). Between arrangements themselves are part of the knowledge themselves arrangements journey of are part to initiatesassigned from saltwater Country, to journeyed who the waterhole and the turtle therethe waterhole are and the turtle fivewhich,rocks piles of the (the turtle and fish are (the turtle most Downs the Darling probably Some of the motifs inthemselves themotifs contain elements.Some of journey The full recording of the Gummingurru site, completed in Number 76,June 2013 Another resurrection endeavour at Gummingurru is the According to thecurrent custodians, on andbased thememories Visitors’ resources, Centre contains of arange including copies Current EducationJourneysatGummingurru culture below). (see generally collected from thesite area. andthelocal School groups come archival documents,of andactivities, games educational emu isanother ‘moving’ figure, with head down, grazing situated would sit in the belly until called towould called until emerge sitinthebelly from thesnake to waterhole ring. andtheinitiation snake The hasalarge belly. redevelopment of the site as a place of education and education thesiteredevelopment asaplace of of made its way out of thewaterhole made itsway anduptheslope to itsassigned out of journey into adulthood in the initiation ring (Figure into ring 5). intheinitiation adulthood journey The south usingfundsprovided by theCondamine Alliance (the according to Bunda, asit theturtle represent of thefootprints and responsibilities asadults (Bowdler 2005; Gaiarbau thesite.around thewestern edge of people werepeople educated their culture about andtheir rights by to Bunda,passed Gilbert Ben initiates would be ‘swallowed’ place on thesite. snake issituated carpet The between the turtle’s historical images, andhundreds artefactsAboriginal of through the site and into understanding about Aboriginal to the Visitors’ Centre to commence their education journey resources natural local management catchment group). The andinthe the site itself Visitors’ Centre, constructed to the knowledge sharing. Today, education takes place on both by the snake (symbolising the death of their childhood),by thesnake thedeath of and (symbolising Bora grounds wereBora regularly asplaces used where young • • • • rocks aftertheyweremovedaspartoftherepairtocircleundertakenin2009. Figure 4Therearrangedstonecircle.rocksingreenrepresentthearrangementbeforemaintenance,whilethoseredshowlocationof Figure 5TheGummingurruyureemotifs. opportunity for cultural learning today learning for cultural isentirelyopportunity inkeeping with theceremonial theplace (Rosswith 2008). useof difference The is thattoday atGummingurru opportunities theeducational in Winterbotham 1959), sothesite’s role inproviding an activities include: activities are to not restricted young men, as would have the case been traditionally, but instead are available to all Australians. Learning A journey through the site with a traditional custodian, atraditional through thesite with A journey Grinding ochre on large grinding stones; ochreGrinding on large grinding viewing the original motifs as well as those as well that have motifs the original viewing Opportunities to view and handle stone found in andhandle to artefacts view Opportunities Making ground edgeaxes; and, the vicinity of thestone arrangements; of the vicinity resurrected;been Number 76,June 2013 contact times. about journeys tothe Gummingurru stone arrangement site inpre- Figure 6Aneducationalboardgamedesigned toteachschoolchildren Anne Ross,SeanUlmandBrianTobane 65

Articles Articles • Aboriginal people on the Darling Downs. on people theDarling Aboriginal Gummingurru asaSiteofReconciliation These learning activities are activities seen by These learning GAC as significant The traditional journey to involved Gummingurru journey traditional The travel 66 Figure 7AgameusingmathsskillstodiscoverknowledgeaboutGummingurru. Gummingurru –Acommunityarchaeologyknowledgejourney Gummingurru is education, at a variety of levels. iseducation,Gummingurru of atavariety Gummingurru from the coast, staying for initiation and other and Education very little was known about littlewasknown thesite.very Ten years later, following variety of purposes. travellers These of include researchers—mainlyvariety of social, backgrounds, andethnic cultural of andcome for a continuing on to theBunya Mountains. travellers The were all , astrong had andall connection to the reconciliation between opportunities Aboriginal and non- Bunya Mountains landscapes. andtheir associated cultural about cultureAboriginal andGummingurru’s generally cultural are children or their teachers come who to share knowledge and visitors keen to more learn about the site. Many travellers about thesite inthepastandpresent; government officials archaeologists to andanthropologists—desiring more learn like andknowledge sharing, trade activities andthensocial theBunyaassociated with festivals, travelling people to with providing funding opportunities or seeking acquittal of grants; grants; providing or acquittal seeking fundingopportunities of history specifically.history to the journey modern The emphasis of Today, thosetravelling to come Gummingurru from avariety comprehend (Figures 6and7). children are can who growing upinthetwenty-first century In 2000, Jarowair when first people to returned Gummingurru, Playing specially designed games thatcommunicate games designed Playing specially important information about information thesite inwaysimportant thatyoung Number 76,June 2013 • • (). materials haveAll been History CurriculumHistory (Australian Government 2009)have also Environment (SOSE)Syllabus issued by Education Qld education materials are linked to the Studies of Society andeducation materials are Society linked to theStudies of for setting the place) landscape cultural have the formed inEducation Qld. input fromcustodians andwith staff developed inclose consultation Jarowair with traditional education, creation. alliance andidentity formation Background information on various aspects of the site of Background aspects information on various investigation, documentation, history oral archival research materials, suitable for thedifferent age groups targeted ineach kit. All school (ages 12to 15years)secondary kits education have to memories place landscapes, andcultural and thelinkingof discovery involving of a shared journey archaeological html>), andseveral packages linked to the Australian National living heritage; the notion of significance of place; andthe significance of heritage; thenotion of living there thattheplace aboutGummingurru known can isenough been developed.been materials andactivities of arange thedevelopment of basis of developedbeen andare hosted on website theGummingurru interpreted.be cultural Once isaplace Gummingurru again of Teachers’ packages information thatprovide additional Education kits comprise a range of educationalEducation kits comprise of a range Eight middle primary (ages 8to 12years) and lower primary middle Eight PowerPoint presentations the site that introduce of the aspect information about thesite,information demonstrate the connection to being presented;being including: • website . Figure 8Screencaptureof thehomepageofGummingurru The Gummingurru website Gummingurru The alsocontains abackground Toowoomba intheeast, to Dalby inthewest, to andnorth Gummingurru haveGummingurru recently expanded been by the Gummingurru, undertaken in2008. At Tobane this time on how to to get thesite (Figure 8). theschool Designing children from fleeing their ceremonial place afterbeing chased Gummingurru.ca 3kmto of thesoutheast of memories Settler oral histories of stories and actions of creator from beings of stories andactions histories of oral life generally,Aboriginal Downs onof theDarling and wider cultural landscape, cultural wider anddeveloping theeducational custodians over thetraditional with many years, learning resources. In thisway theknowledge about Gummingurru included thepresence awomen’s of ceremonial site on ahilltop including recollections of historical events,including recollections of archival accounts afield, farther other memories of arange of incorporation management processes more generally. journey. Cultural students heritage from UQhave worked about the key events Gummingurru associatedand its with knowledge itsown hasbeen activities, andgames sheets fact school visits, for sheets other visitors, fact games, maps, associated with Gummingurru.associated with Bunda’s memories, corroborated away from thehilltop to hide inthevegetation by thecreek. across the Qld high country (Laversacross country theQldhigh 2010). memories These photographs andacademicphotographs papers, instructions along with has been passed from passed custodianshas been to traditional children using thesite, andteachers’ of activities learning history kitsfor have been plotted from onto a journey the landscapevia learning, thesite about heritage both cultural andabout the sametime, theUQstudents have developed their own knowledge-sharing techniques century twenty-first and, at this site include stories of conflict,this site include stories of and womenof and Aboriginal the Bunya Mountains. this In undertaking theprocess of UQ students through aled team the landscapefrom of by memories of the descendants of early European early thedescendants of by settlers, of memories A number of suggested activities,A number and educational games of These memories of theimmediate of landscape of memories These criteria, and overview the activities studentscriteria, will theactivities andoverview educational documents, such andcurriculum assyllabus More recently there have other knowledge been journeys undertake; study materials for useby students. and, Number 76,June 2013 This is indeed what Casey (1996) meant by his analysis of place (1996)meantby Casey what isindeed This hisanalysis of The GummingurruThe stone is a site arrangement complex that Conclusion Centre atthesite. Knowledge school isalsoinforming student of Gummingurru is being narrated inthepresent narrated isbeing Gummingurru (Andrews and of andmemories on thesite—the motifs ongoing resurrection of on andpassed knowledge gained hehad pastactivities of education, creation. alliance and identity formation even lost. Since returning to the site, in the landscape journeys became landscape on Gummingurru cultural this vast of events were recalled, the complexity the impact and extent of with thesite. with which were not, atfirst, relevant obviously to Gummingurru. reinforced by archival research, largely based on birth, death Buggey 2008); the site is an integral part of theJarowair of 2008);Buggey part thesitefuture. isanintegral resurrection of knowledge about thesiteresurrection inthepresent. of But astheday progressed, places and andmore of memories is where things ‘happen’ (Smith 2006)andwhere people ‘perform’ updates inknowledge to incorporated be into theknowledge memoryscape, through and inthe thewider in thejourney involvementuniversity via studentopportunities learning inthe more (Lavers obvious 2010). Tobane told Creation stories from archival research and from his conversations Bunda with journey. cultural Once Gummingurru is aplace again of from thesite and, asaconsequence, knowledge and wasdulled journey, Tobane historical events, of recalled arange many of as ‘event’, Ingold andwhat the (1993)called ‘taskscape’. Heritage certificates,and marriage and accounts and photographs of strong. recounted memories The have on thisjourney been and more recent events throughout remain this landscape and Ben Gilbert. for evidence little tangible very Although activities will further enhance associated further the education journey will activities students have developed the teachers’ kits and education packages aresearchsubsequent production of thesis(Lavers 2010). Other archaeological mapping andexcavation thesite, of participation and theconstant shared theheritage knowledge journeys—that are mutually constituted inthissite anditsassociated cultural place landscape, Downs intheDarling anditsoriginal arrangement and more historical events, recent talesof identified locales and discovery it. for visits each who individual Jarowair people present andplaces.people have the thatfill and on-site games activities designed Visitors’ have which, memories triggered inturn, have the supported has been, learning and continues of a journey to be, of part this cultural landscape survives, the memories of ancient survives, landscape this cultural of thememories learning, teachers’ andtheprovision of kitsandschool learning that have incorporated been into website theGummingurru and to anancient yetlandscape anoverall form understanding of 2011).their culture (Gorring Tangible heritage andintangible thestone hasgreatly enhancedlandscape ourunderstanding of travelled to thesite inthepastto acquire adult andtransmit knowledge. In were they historical times forced away to journey but hasalsoassisted GAC intheir knowledge own resurrection. The triggering of memories from memories cultural theGummingurru of triggering The The resurrectedThe knowledge about thesite hasinformed Documenting thesiteDocumenting on theinternet allows for regular .place It isthrough theiterative the work dimensions of Anne Ross,SeanUlmandBrianTobane 67

Articles Articles Acknowledgements Australian Government 2009 Australian National History Curriculum. study_of_indigenous_ceremonial_(Bora)_sites_in_eastern_Australia> and Communities Conference, Southern Cross University, Lismore.

pp.178–191. Oceania Monograph 48. Number 76,June 2013 Winterbotham, L.P. 1982[1959]The Gaiarbau story as recorded by Winterbotham Thompson, B. 2004 Gummingurru Stone Arrangement Cultural Heritage Jerome, P. Ngummin: The 2002Boobarran Bunya Mountains. Review Queensland O’Brien, S., S. Ulm, D. Trigger and M. Williams 2010Berajondo and Point: Mill Sullivan, H. 1977 Aboriginal Gatherings Southeast in Queensland. Unpublished Smith, L. 2006Uses Heritage of . New York: Routledge. Morwood, M. 1987The archaeology complexity social of southeast in Queensland. Morwood, M. 1986The archaeology art: Excavations of at Gatton and Maidenwell Moreton, D. and A. Ross 2011 Gorenpul-Dandrabin knowledge Moreton of Bay. In Ingold, T. 1993The temporality the landscape of . World Archaeology Petrie, C.C. 1904Tom Petrie’s Reminiscences Early of Queensland.Brisbane: Watson, Rowlings-Jensen, E. 2004Nuts, Mountains and Islands: A Cultural Landscapes Ross, A. and S. Ulm 2010Understanding Indigenous Knowledge Traditions at Ross A. 2010Definingcultural heritage at Gummingurru, Queensland, Australia. Ross, A. 2008 Managing meaning at an ancient site the in 21st century: The Lavers, J. 2010 Landscapes Memory: of Living Heritage and the Gummingurru 9(2):1–5. Gummingurru – Stage II: Recording and Excavation. Unpublished report Queensland. Oceania Gummingurru Aboriginal stone arrangement on the Darling Downs, southern Cultural Landscape, Southeast Queensland. Unpublished BA(Hons) thesis, Studies, Canberra. prepared for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Museum. Management Plan. Unpublished report prepared for The Trust. Gummingurru Ferguson and Co. Science,School Social of The University Queensland, of St Lucia. thesis, Science, School Social of The University Queensland, of St Lucia. In H. andAllen C. Phillips (eds), Bridging the Divide: Indigenous Communities Press. landscape. place and Remembering Queensland Rockshelters, S.E. Queensland.Research Archaeological Queensland P. Davie (ed.), Moreton to Bay Wild Guide BA(Hons) thesis, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Faculties, 78(1):91–108. 53:337–350. , pp.58–67. Brisbane: Queensland

Historical Atlas2009/2010. 25(2):152–174. 3:88–132.