231 ARCHAEOLOGY IN 2005

compiledbyEDWARD MARTIN, COLIN PENDLETON andJUDITH PLOUVIEZ objectdrawingsbyDONNA WREATHALL

THIS IS A selection of the new discoveries reported in 2005. Information on all these has been incorporated into the county's Sites and Monuments Record, which is maintained by the Archaeological Service of Suffolk County Council at Bury St. Edmunds; the Record number is quoted at the beginning of each entry A high proportion of the finds is now being recorded through the national Portable Antiquities Scheme, the Suffolk part of which is also based in the Archaeological Service of Suffolk County Council. Further details and images of many of the finds can be found on the Scheme's web-site (wwwfinds.org.uk) and for selected finds listed here the PA.S. reference number is included after the figure number. During 2005 the P.A.S. finds in Suffolk were recorded by Faye Minter, Jane Carr and Steven Plunkett. Following requests from metal detector users, we have removed all grid references from entries concerning finds reported by them. We continue to be grateful to all those who contribute information for this annual list.

Abbreviations: E.C.C. Essex County Council E.C.S. East Coast Searchers I.D.D.C. Ipswich and District Detector Club M.D.D.C. Mildenhall and District Detector Club M.d.f. Metal detector find N.M.S. Norfolk Museums Service P.A.S. Portable Antiquities Scheme (see above). The Suffolk contact for this national scheme is Faye Minter (tel. 01284 352449; e-mail [email protected]). S.C.C.A.S. Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service, Shire Hall, Bury St. Edmunds IP33 2AR (tel. 01284 352443; e-mail [email protected])

Pa Palaeolithic Ro Roman Me Mesolithic Sx Saxon Ne Neolithic Md Medieval BA Bronze Age PM Post-Medieval IA Iron Age Un Period unknown Pr Prehistoric

INDIVIDUAL FINDS AND DISCOVERIES

Aiwarton(TM/2233; ARW 062). Pa. Unifacial plano-convex handaxe made on a large flint flake, with no retouch on the bulbous face. Mottled brown with slightly rounded flake edges. Lower Palaeolithic. (SF-B8D7C6; Fig. 49, A). (L.Davey). Barrow(BRR 041). IA. Fragment of a decorated copper-alloy object, probably a lst-century AD harness mount with scribed curvilinear decoration and traces of red enamel (SF-742A37, Fig. 49, D). (M.D.D.C.). 232 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

Barrow (BRR 042). Sx. Fragment of a copper-alloyEarly Anglo-Saxoncruciform brooch. (SF- 671B68).(M.D.D.C). Barsham(BRS 014). Ro. Incomplete copper-alloycovered-loopterret, with circular ring for the reinsand a triangular skirtcoveringthe attachment loop.(NMS-978DC6). (PerN.M.S.). GreatBarton(BRG036) Ro. Further finds of 3rd- and 4th-century coins,bronze finger ring (SF- 92F963) and a fish brooch, originallyenamelled (turquoise),perhaps representing a salmon (SF- 7E0316;Fig.50, H). (I.D.D.C.). GreatBarton(BRG045) Sx. A bronze trefoilmount, and fragmentof another,both of Carolingian stylewithstylisedacanthusdesigns,gildingand silverfoildecoration.The near completeexamplehas three holesin the terminalof each lobeand singleholesin each corner of the central triangulararea. 8th century (SF-93D943,SF-94DBC;Fig.51, A).(I.D.D.C.). Bedfield(BED023).IA. Bronzetoggle,reel-shapedwitha swollencentralarea whichhad an integral loop, now missing.(SF-3326E3).(I.D.D.C.). Bedingrzeld(BDF012). BA. Butt end of a copper or bronze double-edgedblade, possiblyfrom a small'knife-dagger'of EarlyBronzeAgedate.(SF-738F84).Medievaland later fmdsincludea bronze shield-shapedharness pendant showinga central shieldsurrounded by eight birds (in relief)with an enamelled background of which no trace survives(blazon:an escutcheonwithin an orle of eight martlets(probablyargent/or); ?Erpinghamor Gene)').(SF-BOD3D1).(M.d.f.). Benacre(TM/5382; BNC 074). Ne. Damaged partly-polishedflint axehead found on the beach. (SF-91B673).(D.Soanes). Bramfield(TM/3871; BRF 012). Md. Pottery sherds from a HollesleyWare bowl and a bronze angelmount, probablyfroma crucifixterminal(SF-7CA072;Fig52,A),perhaps 15thcentury Found during renovationat Dew'sFarm. (T.Langton). Brandon(TL/7982; BRD 195). Un. Roughlycircularmound, c.20m in diameter with a slighttail on one sideand over 1.5mhigh;possiblya prehistoricround barrowor a post-medievalrabbit warren mound. Closeto BRD 196.(P McCreath, ForestryCommission). Brandon(TL/7982; BRD 196). Un. Longlowmound, c.40mx 14mand up to lm high,lowcurving bank running from one end; possiblya prehistoricround barrow or a post-medievalrabbit warren mound. Closeto BRD 195.(P McCreath, ForestryCommission). Brantham (BNT 040). BA. Very abraded Late Bronze Age pegged spearhead. (ESS-030CB5). (E.C.S.). Brockley(BKY018).Ro. Fragmentof a bronze flagonhandle with a human face(SF-452BA2;Fig. 50, B),foundwith a fewcoins.(M.d.f.). Bungay(BUN066).Sx. BronzeMiddleSaxonstrap end, relatedto Thomas classesC and D (NMS- B97EE1).(PerN.M.S.). BuresSt Mary (BSM047).IA. A bronzeterret, missingpart of the loop,with enamelledrectangular mouldingsat the sides(twored cellsflanking?white)(SF-A5E4E2).Roman bronze coins,stud, key and broochesand a probablyMiddle Saxonbiconical-headedpin (SF-A87B33).(M.d.f.). Chelmondiston(CHL055). Sx. Silvercoin,sceatSeriesE, VICO variant 1(SF-8ElAD2).(I.D.D.C.). Combs(COM 027). BA. Fragmentof a Late BronzeAgeswordhilt. (SF-B63C34).(M.d.f.). Combs(COM 028). Ro. Part of a bronze covered-loopterret, missingthe rein ring (SF-B66283). (M.d.f.). GreatCornard(COG 011). IA, Ro. Bronzecoin of Cunobelin (probably VanArsdell2109).Further, mainly4th-century,coinsand objectsincludea bronzehairpin (Coolgroup 21),a fragmentof a buckle (Hawkes& Dunning type IIA)and a damagedbronze strap-endwithtracesof incisedanimals,perhaps a deer or gazellewith itsyoung(SF-66A027;Fig.50, D). (M.d.f.). LittleCornard(COL 029). BA. A smallbronze socketedhammer of Middleor Late BronzeAgedate (SF-E8DB40).(M.d.f.). Corton(COR Misc). Md. Circular lead seal matrix, +SlOhISFIL'PETRI ('seal of John son of Peter')around a crude bust facingright within two interlacedfive-pointedstars (NMS-0412C2). (Per N.M.S.). 2005 2 33

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FIG. 49 —Prehistoric objects: (A) Palaeolithic handaxe from Arwarton; (B) Bronze Age hoard from Gedgrave (3 items); (C) bronze arrowhead from and (E) bronze bracelet from Poslingford; (D)Iron Age mount from Barrow 234 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

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FIG. 50 —Roman figurines from (A) Parham and (C) Holbrook, vessel mounts from (B) Brockley and (E) Long Melford, brooches from (F) lcklingham, (G) and (H) and a strap end (D) from Great Cornard. 2005 235

Covehilhe(COV 098). Md. Numerous pieces of medieval and later metalwork including coins, buckles, strap ends, mounts, keys, a silver gilt pinhead (SF-1A7112) and a circular bronze seal matrix with hare and ?hound inscribed +sohov sohov —a hunting cry (SF-25BBF5). (M.d.f.). Minkstone(DRK 022). Sx. Bronze Middle Saxon strap-end with traces of inlaid ?silver and possibly enamel (Thomastype A; SIF-DEB3A6).(I.D.D.C.). Easton(TM/2758; ETN 012). Ne. Transverse flint arrowhead with bifacial retouch. G.Adams). Elmsett(ETT 019). Ro. Bronze button-and-loop fastener with an enamelled rectangular head, the surviving traces of enamel being red (SF-7B08A0). (I.D.D.C.). Eye(TM/1574; EYE 078). Me. Leafed-shaped flint microlith with a retouched tip. (P Kemp). Eye(EYE 079). Md. Bronze mount in the form of a woman's head, probably from the edge of a bowl (SF-9A1617; Fig. 53, A). (M.d.f.). Eye(EYE 080). Md. Silver pennyy.type 1, of Stephen (1135-1154), and the first of this type to have the mint EIE; previously four type 1 pennies marked EI and a fragmentary type 6 with EIE had been suggested as from a mint in Eye at this time. The location of the find and the full legend strongly support this theory (SF-7A2FB3). (M.d.f.). Felsham(FHM 015, 021). BA. Several probably Late Bronze Age plano-convex ingot fragments (SF- CB0530) and a fragment from a socketed axe (SF-55F194). (M.d.f.). Axton (FLN 071) Ro, Sx. Bronze 1st- to 2nd-century brooches (Nauheim-derivative, Colchester- derivative, enamelled disc). Bronze hooked-tag type of dress fastener (NMS-7F93E8), 8th —1lth century. (PerN.M.S.). Freckenham(FRK 038). Sx, Md. Further finds from a 'productive site' include bronze strap-ends, silver coins including an unusual sceat,described as a Series Q/R mule (SF-413Fl 2), and a Series R5 sceat (SF411A04) and two very similar hooked-tag type dress fasteners with silver wire scroll decoration (SF-DC2294, DC3B75; Fig. 51, B). A bronze 14th-century rectangular heraldic banner (arms: or, a lion rampant gules; ?Bigot, earls of Norfolk) from an elaborate horse-harness fitting, (SF- D8EDA2). (M.D.D.C.). Freckenham(FRK 066). Sx, Md. Two bronze early Anglo-Saxon wrist clasps, a nearly identical pair (Hinesform B18e, often gilded as is one of these) probably derived from a ploughed-out inhurnation grave (SF-756682, SF-7501'12). Circular lead seal matrix, inscription S'ROBERT1 VARIN DE FR ('seal of Robert Varin or Warin of Fr', perhaps Freckenharn where two other Waryns are recorded in 1327). (M.D.D.C.). Freckenham(FRK 072). IA, Ro, Sx. Silver coin, British Lx unit, VanArsdell1552-1 (SF-E3ED96). A fragmentary bronze mount with millefiori enamelling, probably 2nd or 3rd century (SF-D17023). Silver coin, sceat,Series Bib (SF-A02090). (M.D.D.C.). Freckenham(TL/6671; FRK 086). PM. Intense scatter of platform-gunflint production waste along the south wall of a modern barn to the east of Hall Farm. Possibly waste reused as metalling for a trackway (C. Pendleton). Freckenham(FRK 087). BA. Bronze tanged arrowhead with midrib. (SF-FC9814; Fig. 49, C). (M.D.D.C.). Friston(FRS 046). Sx. Bronze wrist clasp (Hinesform B20; SF-B51996) and a knob from a cruciform brooch (SF-B2E5F4), both Early Anglo-Saxon, found with a few hand-made pottery sherds. (M.d.f.). Gedgrave(GED 065). BA. A small Late Bronze Age hoard consisting of a pegged spearhead, two joining sword blade fragments and a possible blade-end fragment from a small flat chisel (SF-B0613F7; Fig. 49, B). (I.D.D.C.). Gedgrave(GED 066). IA. Three silver coins, possibly a small dispersed hoard, all Icenian Pattern—Horse types (SF-27F093, SF-283A67, SF-286851). (1.D.D.C.). Gedgrane(GED 067). IA, Ro. A bronze button-and-loop fastener (Wildclass 1)with a solid double- boss head, the earliest of his types and usually late Iron Age (SF-E503E7). Bronze brooches (Colchester and Colchester-derivative types). (I.D.D.C.). 236 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

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FIG. 51 —Anglo-Saxon objects: (A) two mounts from Great Barton, (B) a pair of dress hooks from Freckenham, (C) harness pendant from Stuston, brooches from (D)Middleton, (E) Worlington, (F) , and (H) Long Melford and a strap end (G) from . 2005 237

Hawkedon(HWN021).Ro? Bronzebrooch in the form of a standingfigure,with the head in fuller relief than the body,probablyRoman (SF-E05DF4;Fig.50, G). (M.D.D.C.). Hessett(HTT 016).Sx, Md. Fragmentsof a 9th- or 10th-centuryleaddiscbrooch, nummulartype (SF-5095A6),withmedievalcoins,objectsand pottery of late 12thcentury onwards.(I.D.D.C.). Holbrook(HBK 036).Ro. Bronzefigurineof a three-horned bull, badly abraded limbsand horns, but with a central decorativeband whichMartin Henig identifiesasa dorsualeshowingan animalthat had been prepared for sacrifice,despitethe assumptionthat the depictionof three horns is usually taken to indicatea divineanimal (SF-DCB627;Fig.50, C). (I.D.D.C.). Hoxne(HXN 040) Sx, Md. Bronze Middle Saxon strap-end (Thomastype A) with traces of decorationand zoomorphicterminal (SF-581A74).Medievaland later coinsand objects.(M.d.f.). (IKL 153).Ro. Bronze brooch in the shape of a hippocamp, a mixed horse and fish creature, with traces of tinning on the surface; 1st-centuryand Continental in origin (SF-12EC61; Fig.50, F);found with mainly4th century coins.(M.D.D.C.). Icklingham(IKL 154).Ro, Sx. Circularbronzesealboxwithcirculardecoration(probablyoriginally enamelled)on the lid and four holesin the box base (SF-22D984),an ornate bronze terminal knob, perhaps from furniture (SF-1C9DD3),and coinsof 2nd to 4th century.A lead fragment, similarto Middle Saxon strap-ends,perhaps a pattern (SF-221F20).(M.D.D.C.). Icklingham(IKL 155). Md. The arm of a gildedbronze figurine,probably of Christ and of 13th- century date (SF-76E8A0).(M.D.D.C.). Ixworth(IXW 061). Ro, Sx, Md. Coins, includingtwo 3rd-century examplescorroded together suggestinga purse lossand a speculummirror fragment.A bronze strap-end, missingthe terminal (Thomastype E), a Carolingian-relatedtype, with spiral decoration and ring-and-dot stamps (SF- 42B5F6;Fig. 51, G); a bronze hooked tag type of dress fastener (SF-5DCC91)and Thetford-type Warepottery.Medievalcoinsfromlate 12thcentury,bronzetweezers(SF-F31625)andan ovalgilded harnesspendant. (M.d.f.). Lackford(LKD 052).Sx. Fragment of a large gilt bronze disc,probablyfrom a brooch, with high quality chip-carvedornament of zoomorphic and foliate type, late 8th or early 9th century (SF- BO7BBO;Fig.51, F). (M.D.D.C.). (LKH 245). PM. Scatter of platform-gunflintwaste at PashfordPoors' Fen, possiblya production site.(I.D.D.C.) Lakenheath(LKH 265) Md. Bronze pointed oval seal matrix, inscribed S'THOME LE BIGOD (The seal of Thomas le Bigod),around a quadruped, perhaps a leopard (SF-DBE9C4).Thomas is probably the man of that name who was Prior of Thetford 1304-8.(M.D.D.C.). Laxfield(LXD 049). Sx, Md. Bronze pin with facetted cuboid head (SF-FDIA65)and an ansate brooch (SF-FCE997),bothMiddle Saxon.An incompletebronze rivettedfitting,with a gildedchip- carved central square motif, probably of Saxon date (SF-FE8ODO).Coinsfrom the reign of John (c.1205-1207)onwards.(M.D.D.0.). Leiston(LCS 135). BA, Ro. Fragmentof a Late BronzeAge swordhilt (SF-BDBC86).2nd-to 4th- century coinsand a miniatureaxehead pierced,apparentlyfor suspension(SF-EBAIB6).(M.d.f.). Letheringham(TM/2857; LRM 017). Me. Smallflint microlithicpoint/arrowtip of sub-triangular form. (K. Logan). Levington(LVT061). Ro. A bronze crossbowbrooch, probably originallygildedand early to mid 4th century (SF-01BCE8)anda lead steelyardweight.(M.d.f.). LongMelford(LMD 159). BA, Sx. Blade fragment from a Late Bronze Age socketedaxe (SF- A66AD4).Bronzecruciformbrooch, 6th century (SF-87E551),anda silvercoin, a secondary sceatof MetcalfSeriesL type 18,8th century (SF-BF49A8).(M.D.D.C.). LongMelford(LMD 161).IA, Ro. Coins,includingoneprobablesilverIron Age staterof unidentified type and 4th-century bronzes. A bronze bull-head bucket escutcheon, probably 1st century (SF- 536544; Fig.50, E), a trumpet-variant brooch (SF-A6D641)and an incompletestrap fastener (SF- E36C93).(I.D.D.C.). LongMelford(LMD 162).Sx. Bronzetrefoilobject,possiblya broochbut lackingattachmentson the back,with simpleleaf and linear decoration,9th century (SF-C7C9B1;Fig.51, H). (M.D.D.C.). 238 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

Mendlesham(MDS 151). Ro. Incomplete bronze strap end of 4th-century type with ring-and-dot decoration (SF-4BFA40). (I.D.D.C.). Mendlesharn (MDS 152). Md. Circular lead seal matrix, inscribed S'HAGER'DE BORENHMFERIE with a possible small ID above the 'M' ('seal of Hager of Boren hm Ferie' or perhaps Terre') around a central flower (SF-0C6C55). (I.D.D.C.). Middleton(MDD 015) Sx. Bronze ansate brooch decorated with incised lines and small raised bosses (SF-EB5546; Fig. 51, D), found in a garden. (R.Painter). Mildenhall(MNL 560). BA. Damaged tip of a polished bone dagger, probably Bronze Age in date (SF-104216), comparable to other examples from Mildenhall and Worlington. (M.D.D.C.). Mildenhall(MNL 562). Ro. Bronze openwork mount in Tiompetenmusterstyle with rectangular loops for attachment to a strap, comparable to military fittings of 2nd- or 3rd-century date (SF-B3OEC5). (M.d.f.). Mildenhall(MNL 563). Ro, Md. A bronze duck-shaped handle (SF-DF4933), similar to those found on 1st-century spouted strainer vessels at Brandon and Santon, a round tinned bronze spoon with punched dot decoration on the back, (Sherlocktype C4; SF-E3C5B1), a miniature shafted axe (SF- DF8151) and coins of 2nd- to 4th-century date. A bronze mount in the form of a standing figure, probably a saint or apostle, perhaps from a book or a crucifix (SF-E018D1; Fig. 52, B), late medieval and early post-medieval coins and jettons. (M.D.D.C.). Monewden(MWN 011). Md. A bronze fitting of uncertain function and probably 12th-century date, in the shape of an animal with flat reverse and a raised tail section, decorated with lines and punched dots; it has holes through the tail terminal and through the centre of the body and may have had a loop at the head, and there are a pair of integral hooks on the back. (SF-8E6271; Fig. 53, C).

Nacton (NAC 096) Ro, Sx. Bronze 4th-century strap-end (SF-A03261). Fragment of an Early Anglo-Saxon cruciform brooch (SF-9E3EA7). Late Saxon buckle frame with animal head ornamentation (SF-9F02E3), a stirrup terminal (Sf-9ECDC3) and two stirrup-strap mounts (Williams Class A type 1; SF-9E8A35 and Class A type 13; SF-9E59I 2). (I.D.D.C.).

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5 cm

FIG.52 —Medieval religiousmounts from (A)Bramford and (B)Mildenhall. 2005 239

Otley(OTY 028). Md. Bronze harness mount which has a shield-shaped terminal with traces of gilding and enamelled design of a white animal and probable leaves above and branch below, which is suggested to be the arms of the Marmion family, an ape argent ringed and chained or, (previous similar design pendants have been suggested to be a lion rather than an ape). (SF-963393; Fig. 53, B). (I.D.D.C.). Oulton(TM/5279; OUL 009). Md. Large quantity of glazed and part-glazed pottery exposed in the roots of a fallen tree; possible kiln site, though no wasters or kiln debris identified. (P Durbidge, Lowestoft Archaeological and Local History Society). Palgrave(TM/1179; PAL 025. Md, PM. Large scatter of pottery (Mr and Mrs Prior). P4ave (PAL027). Ro, Sx. Bronze brooches of 1st and 2nd-century date (Colchester-derivative, T- shaped, and headstud types). Early Anglo-Saxon bronze brooches (small-long and cruciform types), a wrist clasp of Hines type B12 (SF-20A0D1) and a bronze sheet circular pendant with punched dot and sernicircles (SF-A0A4F1). (M.d.f.). Parham(PRH 025). Ro. Bronze seal box of pointed oval shape with four holes in the base (SF- 1A6211), Hod Hill and early plate brooches and mid-4th century coins. (I.D.D.C.). Parham(PRH 026) Ro, Sx. Bronze figurine of a goat, usually associated with the god Mercury (SIF- 832532; Fig. 50, A), brooches (Hod Hill and Colchester-derivative types) and 3rd and 4th-century coins. Part of an Early Anglo-Saxon cruciform brooch (Sf-21C034). Poslingford(PSG 006). Ro. Bronze brooch of unusual form, hinged head type with deep circular settings, the upper one containing traces of yellow paste (SF-61FC660)with 3rd- and 4th-century coins. (M.D.D.C.). Poslingford(PSG 017). BA/IA, Ro, Sx?. Fragment of a bronze ribbed bracelet with a flat terminal, Late Bronze Age or early Iron Age (SF-751104, Fig. 49, E). A centre-looped Roman bronze cosmetic mortar with a bovine head terminal and with turquoise and blue enamelled triangles (SF-665921), a narrow bronze strap end fragment, probably late Roman or Early Anglo-Saxon (SF-7AD622) and an incomplete object with suspension loop and ring and dot decoration which could be either a late Roman nail cleaner or an Early Anglo-Saxon girdle hanger (SF-7AFBD4). (M.D.D.C.). Raydon(RAY 022). Md. Circular lead seal matrix inscribed S'ROBII LO II I(G) (the seal of Robin Long') around a shield-shaped motif. (I.D.D.C.). Redisham(RSM 010). Sx, Md. 1lth-century bronze stirrup-strap mount, of unclassified form, closest to Williams type 16 but simplified and with perforations flanking a central animal head. Circular lead seal matrix inscribed S' GALFRID' ROBI (the seal of Geoffrey Rob)") around an octofoil. (per N.M.S.). RushbrookewithRougham(RGH 043 and 048). BA. Large scatters of worked flint, probably Middle Bronze Age. (I.D.D.C.). SlnnOling(SPL 027). Ro. Bronze brooches, including a "rabbit with young" type (SF-13BC11) and other 1st-century types, a box stud (SF-12AB23), bracelet fragment (SF-128FA2), tweezers (SF- 067CF8) and 3rd- and 4th-century coins. (M.D.D.C.).

South Elnzham St Mai)) otheiwiseHomersfield (SEY 017). IA, Ro. Iron Age coins - a stater of Freckenham type Nan Arsdell 620-7) and silver Icenian units of boar-horse, ANTED and ECEN types. Roman brooches and coins from the 1st century on. (M.d.f.). Stannineeld (BRC 012). IA, Ro. Bronze coin of Cunobelin minted at Camulodunum (VanArsdell 1979-1; SF-E46182). Bronze coins of 3rd and 4th centuries and a lock pin (SF-779221). (M.D.D.C.). Stuston(SUS 034). Sx. Gilded bronze small axe-shaped harness pendant with interlace pattern, of later 6th- or early 7th-century date (SF-A3C400; Fig. 51, C). (M.d.f.). Sudbourne(SUE 103). Sx. Silver coin, sceatof MetcaffSeries E variety G, AD 675-710 (SF-3B9F05).

Tostock(TCK 014). Md. Circular lead seal matrix, inscribed S'ROB'BEN(-- (seal of Rob(ert) Ben...') around a 5-petalled flower (SF- D10F65). (M.d.f.). Little Waldineeld (WFL 008). Md. Lead pointed oval seal matrix, inscribed SIGILL:ALIEIE DE HASTIGE (the seal of Alice of Hastige') around a bird walking right. (I..D.D.C.). 240 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

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FIG. 53 —Medieval vesselfragment (A)from Eye, (B)harness mount from Odey and (C) zoomorphic fitting from Monewden. 2005 241

Little Waldingfield(WFL020).Ro. Bronzestud in the formof a facingfemalehead (SF-7FEF62)and hairpin of CoolGroup 8 (SF-7FCB05).(I.D.D.C.). Walthingield(WLD054).BA. Fragmentsof an EarlyBronzeAgebutt, probablyfroma flataxehead (SF-3B1221)andof a Late BronzeAgeswordblade (SF-3B2771).(M.d.f.). Waldringfield(WLD061). Sx. EarlyAnglo-Saxonsmall-longbrooch (SF-58E386).(I.D.D.C.). Wattisham(WAM015). Sx, Md. Incomplete bronze bridle cheekpieceof Late Saxon type (SF- 7E9A05)and a triangular bucklewith animal head terminals,probably 11th or 12th century (SF- 823A85).(LD.D.C.). WestStow(TL/8172; WSW 066).Ne. Scatterof workedflint,includingleaf arrowhead,laure-leaf point, scarpers and three sherdsof pottery (D.Morgan). Weybread(WYB061).IA, Ro. Bronzecopyof a 'NorfolkWolf' typeof Iron Age stater(as VanArsdell 610-3;SF-A6CBB1).Romanbronze trumpet brooch, possiblespoon fragment and 1st-to mid 4th- century coins. (M.d.f.). Wherstead(WHR 065). Ro. Scattered hoard of over 900 late-3rd-century bronze coins (SF- 8CBA23).(I.D.D.C.). Wilby (WBY017).BA. Bronzetrident-pattern looped palstave,Middle BronzeAge,(SF-F16375). (M.d.f). Worlington(WGN 029). Sx. Probable brooch, an openworkbronze cross-shapewith traces of a possibleiron springin one of the recessedareas behind each arm terminal, suggestinga later Saxon date. (SF-ODDCE5;Fig.51, E). (M.D.D.C.).

ARCHAEOLOGICALSURVEYS

Freckenham(TL/67; FRK 038).Geophysical(magnetometry)anddetailedtopographicalsurveywas carried out as part of a training project in a 3ha. area known to produce prehistoric,Roman and Anglo-Saxonsurface finds. Potential archaeologicalfeatures identifiedincluded three ring-ditches, possiblyBronze Age round barrows and various linear anomalies including a possiblerectilinear enclosurecloseto the area of Roman and Anglo-Saxonfinds. (Departmentof Classics,Universityof Cambridgewith S.C.C.A.S).

Hitcham,Roman Villa Local Heritage InitiativeProject (TL/95; HTC 013). Geophysicalsurvey (magnetometryand resistance)hasdefinedpart of a rectilinearenclosure,possiblecurvilinearfeatures and probable building areas on fields where Roman material has been discovered previously Systematicmetal detecting and fieldwalkingsurvey showed good correlation with the geophysics results.Large quantitiesof Roman tile and a few tesseraeindicatethat the complexis likelyto be a villa.The date range of the findssuggestsactivityfromthe 1stto 4th centuries,but perhaps stopping in the middle of the 4th century Fieldworkwillcontinue in 2006 as part of a lottery funded Local Heritage Initiativeproject. (Geophysicsby GSB ProspectionLtd for Hitcham Parish Council; field surveyby S.C.C.A.S.and Hitcham L.H.I. projectparticipants).

ARCHAEOLOGICALEXCAVATIONS

Aldeburgh,Chapel Barn Farm (TM/4458; ADB 005 and 163).Monitoringrevealeda singlesherd of Roman pottery in a drain trench to the south of the farm buildings.To the south of the ruined churchof StMary,Hazlewood(ADB005)a sherdof medievalpotterywasrecoveredfromthe surface of the field. (JezzMeredith, S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr T. Haworth). 242 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

Alderton,land S.E.of StanleyHouse (TM/3441; ADT 065).Monitoringof the footprintfor a new houserevealedthat much of the area had been disturbedby an earlierbuilding.Where this wasnot the case,a layerof subsoilrich in pottery wasrevealed.This wasmostlymedievaland locallymade, but also included a few sherds of Roman and Middle Saxon wares. No pre-modern featureswere observed. (LinziEverett,S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr. C. Gingell;report no. 2005/136).

Barham,Barham Quarry (TM/1351; BRH 043).Workhas continuedon thislarge (c.9.5 ha)gravel quarry.The secondphase of excavationrevealeda large(7000m2)sub-rectangularRoman enclosure containinga number of dispersedpit groups and severalpost-builtstructuresincludinga substantial fourteen-postrectangularexample.The fragmentaryremainsof further ditchesmarkingout internal divisionswere also recorded within the main enclosure(Fig.54). The featureswere relativelywell preserveddespitesome quite heavyverticaltruncation. The most significantfindingof the Phase 2 excavationswasa Roman potterykilnand associatedquarry/clay extractionpits.These werecut into the eastern boundary ditch of the main enclosure.Preservationof the kilnfabricwassuchthat it was possibleto carry out archaeomagneticdating,which suggesteda date of either AD 175-215or 270- 300. In this casethe late lst/early 2nd century date ismost likelygiventhe formsand fabricsof the pottery foundwithin.The kilnwasusedfor the productionof localgreywares,presumablysupplying nearby Combretovium,as confirmedby the presenceof a number of wastersand other potsherds within the kiln.Further analysisof the kilnfabricand the 'raw material' from the nearby quarry pits has yet to be undertaken. Within the quarry pits a number of other more fragmentary fired-clay structures were recorded, and these are currently presumed to be contemporary bread or drying ovens.Beyondthe southern edgeof the Roman enclosurea number of late prehistoricfeatureswere recorded.These included numeroussmallpits containingwhat has been interpreted asthe truncated remains of whole pots, as well as other pits displayingunusual finds distribution—which may be interpreted as 'special'or 'structured' deposition.The materialfromthesepitshas yetto be dated, but a circulargroup of ten near-identicalpostholessuggestsa roundhouseof typicalearlyIron Agedate. (Rhodri Gardner, S.C.C.A.S.,for BrettsAggregates).

Barking,land Adjacentto East View,BarkingTye (TM/0652; BRK 108).The sitewasanticipated to be on the line of a Roman road, but no road surfaces,roadsideditchesor Roman artefactswere observedduring the monitoring.A feature,possiblypart of a S.W.-N.E.runningditch,wasrecognised in the extremeN.W corner of the site.This ditch could representa boundary of the medievalgreen beforethe encroachment of buildings, such as East View, in the 19th century. (JezzMeredith, S.C.C.A.S.,for SteveClarkeProjects;report no. 2005/119).

Barnham, Thetford Grid Substation (TL/8680; BNH 062). An evaluation and subsequent excavationon an area to the eastof the existingsubstationrevealeda seriesof archaeologicalfeatures. These includeda singleAnglo-Saxonsunkenfeaturedbuilding(SFB)measuring3.2mlong and 2.9m wide, with two central and internal main posts and four surviving external posts. Elsewhere a sequenceof at least two undated boundary ditcheswasidentifiedcuttinga through a buried topsoil. (JohnDuffy,S.C.C.A.S.,for EDF Energy)

Barnham, R.A.F Barnham Survey (TL/8580; BNH 061). A surveywas conducted ahead of a proposed development at Gorse Motors Ltd., Gorse Industrial Estate, Barnham. This area was formerlyan atomic bomb store and servicingfacilityknown as R.A.E Barnham. The site is one of only two of these purpose-builtstructuresand as such is a ScheduledAncientMonument (number 30608).The surveywas of a concrete surface,probably forming the base on which a fuel tank sat, betweenthe two standbygenerator buildingsfor the base. (JohnDuffy,S.C.C.A.S.,for Keith Eldred) 2005 243

• a •

• IV.• Quarry pits • .• \• -;1> • • .6 N,

Kiln

cer •

25 50

FIG. 54 —Barham Quarry, Barham (BRH 043). Plan of the excavated enclosure with prehistoric and Roman features. 244 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

Brandon,FengateDrove(TL/7887; BRD 189).An evaluationon land off FengateDroveidentified onlylimitedevidenceof post-medievalactivityprior to its use as a timber yard in the 19thand 20th centuries,indicatingthat the sitein the past has generallybeen undevelopedopen land. A substantial ditch was seen markingthe county boundary,together with two other ditchesrunning alongsidethe courseof FengateDroveand a largedump of flintwastefromthe local 19th/20th gunflintor building industries.An earlier but undated ditch, on a differentalignmentto the post-medievalfeatureswas alsoidentified. (JohnCraven, S.C.C.A.S.,for PfP Developments;report no. 2005/176).

Bury St. Edmunds, Greene and Greene,80 GuildhallStreet (TL/8564; BSE 224).The construction of a newbuildingand an extensionto the rear wasmonitored.The siteislocatedon the westernedge of the medievaltown,facingonto GuildhallStreet and backingonto the town defencesto the west. A previous evaluationhad identifiedarchaeologicalremains within the developmentarea, though terracinghad truncatedsomeof the remains.Severalpost-medievalfeatureswereidentifiedincluding three wells,two of which were brick lined, five pits and an east-westaligned wall. Post excavation analysisis ongoing. (JohnDuffy,S.C.C.A.S.,for Greene and Greene).

Bury St Edmunds, 3 Chequer Square (TL/8564; BSE 230). Monitoring of excavationsfor the construction of a garage exposed the remains of clay floors and flint-and-mortar walls from a medievalbuilding,beneath layersof pegtile,frontingonto BridewellLane. (AndrewTester,S.C.C.A.S.,for HardwickFarms;report no. 2005/92)

Bury St Edmunds, 1-7TayfenTerrace (TL/8564; BSE232).Monitoringof ground worksrevealeda seriesof large, undated pits; probably excavatedfor gravelextraction.A mass of furnace debris or more probablywastersfroma 19th-centurybrickkilnwasalsofound.There wasno indicationof the kilnon the siteand this material is thought to have been imported and used as hardcore to infillthe footingof a Victorianbuilding (DavidGill,S.C.C.A.S.,for ReesAssociatesand Elliston,Steadyand Hawes(Building)Ltd; report no. 2005/59).

Bury St Edmunds, NuffieldHospital,St Mary's Square (TL/8563; BSE 235).A large clay-linedpit, thought to be the chamber of a drying kiln for grain or legumesand medievalin date, was found during excavations for the construction of a storeroom. The pit was cone shaped with a flat base, the clay showedsignsof burning at mid height though it had not been subjectto intenseheat. The pit wasinfilledwith clayprobablyfromthe collapseddome.It wassimilarto onefoundduring a previous excavationon the site(seeArchaeologyin Suffolk1997':BSE 127)suggestingthat the area may have been dedicatedto processingcropsat a commercialscale.A group of rubbishpits,producing 13-14th century coarse-warepottery,and a narrow ditch were alsofound. (DavidGill, S.C.C.A.S.,for Godfreyand HicksBuildersLtd

Bury St Edmunds, land adjacent to 107 Northgate Street (TL/8565; BSE 236). An evaluation, followedbymonitoringof footingtrenches,wascarriedout,whichidentifiedninepits,three ditchesand oneposthole,allof latemedievaland post-medievaldate.Twopost-medievalwallsand a brick-linedwell werealsoidentified.Post-excavationworkisongoingand furtherevaluationworkwillbe done. (JohnDuffy,S.C.C.A.S.,for MothersoleBuilders).

Bury St Edmunds, St. Edmund's Church (TL/8563; BSE 245).Monitoringwasundertaken during the constructionof a wheelchairramp on the easternsideof the church.This revealeda wallrunning approximatelynorth-south, cutting into a clay layer under which two features,a pit and posthole, were identifiedand excavated.The alignmentof the wall is identicalto the property boundaries to 2005 245 the east, whichmay be medievalin origin. GohnDuffy,S.C.C.A.S.,for Roman CatholicDioceseof EastAnglia)

Bury St Edmunds, Old Makings Site, Thingoe Hill (TL/8565; BSE 246). An excavation was undertakenon an area of raisedground on the northern edgeof the town,outsidethe medievaltown core.The name Thingoemeans,in Old Norse,'meeting-placehill'and wasthe originalmeetingplace of the court of the Hundred of Thingoe. The excavationindicatedheavy disturbanceby terracing acrossthe sitefor the constructionof the 19th-centurymakings.No earlierfeaturessurvived. (JohnDuffy,S.C.C.A.S.,for Calmont (Weald)Ltd.).

BurySt Edmunds,64 Southgate Street (TL/8666; BSE 248).Evaluation trenching prior to house buildingexposeda wide and uneven disturbancetowardsthe east end of the sitewhich backsonto the Haberden (nowthe rugby ground).The disturbance had been infilledwith grey sand and was sealedby topsoil.This site lies on the edge of the terrace overlookingthe River Lark and the total absence of flint in the fill of the pits leads to the suggestionthat this was the result of medieval quarrying possiblyassociatedwith the Abbey. (AndrewTester,S.C.C.A.S.,for Richard Balham).

BuryStEdmunds,former Cattle Market (TL/8564; BSE 252).An evaluationdemonstratedthat the existingcar parks have been universallybuilt up over earlier depositsand there is little evidenceof truncationof the archaeologicallevels.The earliestfeatureswerea largerubbishpit, whichproduced 13th-15thcentury pottery and a possiblymedievalwell,but besidethis there was little indicationof occupation activityprior to the demolitionof the town defences(15m to the east and outside the developmentarea)at the time of the Dissolution.Evidenceof late 17th-early18thcenturiesbuildings were foundfrontingSt Andrew'sStreet,whichare probablythe remainsof thoseshownon Thomas Warren's map of 1741.Away from the street frontage the trenching suggestedthat much of the developmentarea waspastoral until the transfer of the cattle market fromthe centre of town. A paved surface of well-laidyellowbricks over a strata of rammed chalk topped with a gravel dressingcoincideswith the area of the animalpens, as shownon the 1880Ordnance Surveymap. (DavidGill,S.C.C.A.S.,for PCDM Ltd and CentrosMillerLtd; report no. 2005/129).

BurySt Edmunds,28 FriaryMeadow (TL/8566; BSE 261).Monitoringof footingstrenchesfor an extensionexposeda seriesof medievalflint and mortar walls.The property lieswithin the precinct of the Franciscanfriary at Babwelland preliminarypost excavationworksuggeststhesewerepart of the cloisterattachedto the friarychurch.Post-excavationworkiscontinuingand it ishoped to include a fullerentry next year. (AndrewTester,S.C.C.A.S.,for E. Keymer).

BuryStEdmunds,Brewer'sGarage,Honey Hill(TL/8563; BSE262).An excavationwascarried out on the corner of Honey Hill and SparhawkStreet in advanceof building.Much of the frontagewas disturbed by cellarsand buried oil tanks from the previoususe of the site as a garage. Behind the frontage at least 34 pits, a possiblemalting kiln and a second hearth were identified.The pits date from the Ilth to 18thcenturies,the majoritybeing medieval.Post-excavationworkis continuingand it is hoped to includea fullerentry next year (AndrewTester,S.C.C.A.S.,forMadebid Ltd).

Buxhall,Fenn Hall (TL/9958; BUX 026). The partial excavationof the moated platform was undertaken in advance of the constructionof a new house;an area of 1100sqm was opened —just overhalf of the total.A group of smallovens,probablyfor bakingbread, alongsidean area of pitting indicated that service activities occurred, suggesting that the platform may have been zoned accordingto activity.An extensivespread of flint cobblingwas interpreted as yards and paths were 246 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

alsofound,but no indicationof the hall buildingthat wasthought to haveoccupiedthe site.The cut- off date of the finds suggeststhat occupationof the moated platform ceasedduring the 15th-16th century and moved to a positionjust outside the eastern arm of the moat, where the recently demolishedFennHall and the remainsof a largemid-16th-centurybarn are sited.Sectionsexcavated acrosseach arm of the moat ditch showedthat it had been desiltedin the recent past removingany earlierarchaeologicaldeposits. (DavidGill,S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr and Mrs G Braithewaite).

CarltonColville,Household Waste and Recycling Centre, South Lowestoft Industrial Estate (TM/5289; CAC 035).A trial-trench evaluationin advance of worksrevealedscatteredprehistoric featurescomprisingpits,post-holesand ditchesto the south, east and centre of the plot, includinga probableNeolithicpit, Iron Age ditch and variousprehistoricditches. (Clare McLannahan, S.C.C.A.S., for Suffolk County Council Waste Management; report no. 2005/192).

Cavenham, Heath Quarry (TL/7671; CAM 043).Monitoring of topsoilstrippingwas carried out followingan evaluationthat indicatedthe presenceof prehistoricfeatures.Twomore pits containingIron Age pottery were identified.Togetherwith the featuresseen in the evaluation,they are an indicationof a lowlevelof activityon the sitein the Iron Ageperiod, dispersedovera broad area. (JohnCraven, S.C.C.A.S.,for AllenNewportLtd; report no. 2005/28).

Chevington,ChevingtonHall (TL/7860; CHV 021).Continuing monitoring of the refurbishment work recorded a wide flint and mortar wall, part of a substantial medieval building that had previouslyoccupiedthe site.An earlypost-medievalsurface,laid in brick, and the floor of a former servicerange in the existingbuildingwas alsofound. (DavidGill,S.C.C.A.S.,for Sir.G. Winter).

Chilton,Plot 8 Churchfield Road (TL/8842; CHT 018). Work in advance of an industrial developmentidentifieda scatterof pits,postholesand severalditchescontainingmedievalpottery and animalbone. There wasno signof the Iron Ageenclosure(CHT 009 and 015)whichliesto the west extendingin this direction.Post-excavationworkis stillcontinuing. (JohnCraven, S.C.C.A.S.,for Addisonand ByfordLtd).

Clare,The Old Bear and Crown, 20 Market Hill (TL/7745; CIA 045).Constructionworkfor a rear conservatoryindicated that the site had been subjectto considerabledisturbance but below it there was a possiblemedieval layer. No features were seen cutting the subsoilbut one sherd of medievalpottery wasrecoveredfrom the upcast spoil. (LinziEverett,S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr. P Gooderham;report no. 2005/144)

Covehithe,reservoirat Keen's Farm (COV 121;TM/5080). A trial-trench evaluationprior to the constructionof the reservoirin 2004wasfollowedby monitoringin 2005.A number of ditcheswere revealedin the evaluation,which were mostlyundated and were probably old field boundaries. A group of medievalquarry pits were also seen in one trench and another was uncoveredduring the monitoring phase. Two pits with abundant early Neolithic pottery were also recorded, indicating prehistoricactivityin the area. (ClareMcLannahan, S.C.C.A.S.,for the BenacreWater Company;report no. 2005/13).

Elveden,ElvedenEstate (ELV065, 2005 T434):Followingthe discoveryof a Roman bronze coin hoard by Mr Paul T. Flack, on arable land at ,a small excavationcentred on the findspot recovereda total of 627 coins,depositedduringor afterthe reignof Allectus(AD293-296).The coins 2005 247 had been placed in a pottery vessel,and buried upon the edgeof a ditch,with the sitepossiblybeing marked by a fewlarge flints. (JohnCraven, S.C.C.A.S.,for the PortableAntiquitiesScheme;report no. 2006/32).

Eriswell,New Dormitory,R.A.E Lakenheath (TL/7380; ERL 140).Excavationsin advance of a newdormitoryblockrevealedundated ditches.Unfortunatelymost of the sitehad been disturbedby a previousbuildingand only narrow strips,c.5-8mwide,survivedintact down the east and westsides of the site. (JoCaruth, S.C.C.A.S.,for the Ministryof Defence,DefenceEstates(USF)).

Eriswell, Thunderbird Way, R.A.E Lakenheath (TL/7280; ERL 142). Monitoring of topsOil stripping for the construction of carparking spacesidentifiedfour ditches and one pit of mid-late Roman date preservedbeneath a former soilhorizon. The finds included severalsherds of pottery and a large fragment of puddingstonequern. The featuresare clearlycontemporary with features found in previousmonitoringshere and help to demonstrate the presenceof a continuousband of Iron Age/Roman settlement,tracksand fieldsystems,extendingfor c.lkm along the fen edge. (JohnCraven, S.C.C.A.S.,for the Ministryof Defence,DefenceEstates(USF);report no. 2005/86).

Eriswell,LibertyVillage,Phase 1,R.A.E Lakenheath(TL7279;ERL 143, 147, 148).An evaluation in advance of housing reconstruction on the south side of Lord's Walk identified two areas of archaeologicalinterestthat were subsequentlyfullyexcavated. ERL 147:Approximately0.9ha wasexcavatedon the westsideof the Phase 1site.This revealed extensiveclustersof Iron Agepits containingmid to late Iron Agepottery and animalbone. None of these pits cut into each other suggestinga singlecontinuous sequenceof activity These probably relate to occupationassociatedwith an Iron Age coin hoard (ERL 048) found in the 1970sc.350m S.E.of the site.In addition,part of an earlyRoman fieldsystemconsistingof N.-S.and E.-W aligned ditchesand pits wasfound at the northern end of the site.This undoubtedlyrelatesto similaractivity identifiedon the north sideof Lord'sWalk(ERL089, 120and 129),whichhas been interpreted as a systemfor stockmanagement.Modern plough-linestruncatedthe site,but the factthat someof these

Projected line of outer edge of ring ditch - , ,- ..-

Ditch is) i

• Burial* Ring ditch •

'Pond barrow Cremation

15 30 m

FIG. 55 —LibertyVillage, RAF Lakenheath, Eriswell(ERL 148).Plan of the excavated Bronze Age ring-ditch and the possible pond barrow 248 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

were deeper than the early Roman ditches points to an earlier period of truncation or soil erosion in this area. ERL 148: An area of 0.2ha was stripped to expose the area over and around a Bronze Age ring- ditch and burial identified during evaluation work (Fig. 55). The ring-ditch lay in the N.E. corner of the excavation area in the SE corner of a crossroads with Lord's Walk and Norwich Road. As with ERL 147 the upper surface of the subsoil (almost entirely chalk) was truncated, probably by 20th- century ploughing. The ring-ditch enclosed an area 21.5m in diameter and the ditch itself was 4.6m wide and I.25m deep in its best-preserved section. Two distinctive periods of filling were observable: firstly, numerous lenses of chalk fragments and chalky silt, and, secondly, an homogeneous brown loam with chalk fragments. Although no former turf line was identifiable between these two phases, it is likely that the top of the chalk represents a period of stabilisation and that the brown loam was deposited at a significantly later date, possibly as a result of agriculture in the immediate area. Early Roman pottery was found within this upper fill and constitutes the earliest evidence for the phase of agricultural activity. The enclosed central area contained a single grave (0047) at its centre, a double butt-ended ditch concentric with the ring-ditch on the eastern side, some scattered features and some modern disturbance. In addition, and in contrast to the area beyond the ring-ditch, pre-modern soil deposits survived between the modern topsoil and natural chalk. Levels taken on the base of the modern plough-lines indicated that at the time of this phase of agriculture, some evidence for the presence of the mound survived as a slightly raised (c.20cm) area. The central grave contained the remains of four individuals. At the top were the semi-articulated feet, pelvis and lower back of an elderly woman, and a small deposit of cremated bone which appears to be that of ajuvenile pig.Under these was the inhumation of a baby accompanied by a small pot. The lower two burials were of a c.16-year-old female placed in a sitting crouched position, overlying another older female lying in a crouched position. No grave goods were found with these. All three intact burials were placed in separate cuts indicating a sequence of the burials within the same grave. This means that some effort must have been made to ensure that the exact location of the grave was known, and probably implies that a large mound was not constructed at the start of the burial sequence. South of the ring-ditch was a shallow circular depression, c.10m in diameter, in the centre of which was the unurned cremation of a mature male. This is assumed to be some kind of pond barrow but no dating evidence was recovered and a radiocarbon date will have to be obtained. (Jo Caruth, S.C.C.A.S., for the Ministry of Defence, Defence Estates (USF).

FlixtonPark Quarry (TM/3086; FLN 068 and 069).Twoseparateareasof the quarry were stripped of topsoil and archaeologically monitored. FLN 068 —part of School Wood (c.0.5ha).A series of pits and pit groups were recorded, in addition to the continuations of some undated and post-medieval ditches and the surfaceof the former(pre-1880s) Flixton-to-Homersfield Road. Also; two superimposed four-post structures were identified. A prehistoric date was confirmed for the pits by the presence of flint-gritted pottery and scrappy worked flint. FLN 069 — south of SchoolWood (1.5ha).In addition to continuationsof the undated and post- medievalditches and old road already noted under FLN068, significantarchaeologicaldepositsof prehistoric date, probably Early Bronze Age,were recorded. Two ring-ditcheswere identified(Fig 56).The firstwasc.12min diameterand enclosedan area with twopits:one containingtwobiconical urns and the other one biconicalurn. The invertedurns containedcrematedbone with someobjects (an unidentifiedcopper-alloyobject and twelvefaiencebeads).The central pit containingtwo urns was surrounded by a small square (c.2 metres by c.2 metres) ditched.enclosurewith an entrance towardsthe south-east.The secondring-ditchwasc.35metresin diameter,constructedfrom a series of almost straight ditch segments.A grave-likefeature was excavatedin the centre of the enclosed area, but no evidencefor a bodywaspresent and no artefactswere recovered. In addition, an isolated oval grave was recorded which contained a crushed, hut complete Early BronzeAgebeaker.A rectangularstain within the gravehas been interpreted as possiblybeing the 2005 249

0

0 5 10m / /

•

0 20 40m

FIG. 56 —Flixton Park Quarry, Flixton (FLN 069). Plan of the area excavated around two Bronze Age ring-ditches, with an inset showing the rectangular structure in the smaller ring-ditch. remains of a bier or hollowedout tree trunk into which the body would have been placed. Other featuresrecordedincludeda number of circularpits containingtracesof calcinedbone and one with a smallcompleteupturned pot placed centrallywithin its fill. (StuartBoulter,S.C.C.A.S.,for CemexLtd).

Glemsford,former Horse Hair Factory,Bell Lane (TL/83248; GFD 033).Monitoring of footing trenchesfor newresidentialunitsrecordedseveralbrickstructuresdatingfromthe 19thcenturywhich are thought to relate to the old horsehairfactory.Althoughthe site is closeto the church and within the medievalvillagecore there wasno evidenceof medievaloccupation. (DavidGill,S.C.C.A.S.,for EllisdaleBuildersLtd; report no. 2005/64).

Haughley,The Old Mill,Duke Street (TM/0262; HGH 032).An evaluationwascarried out prior to housebuildingwithin the outer baileyof HaughleyCastle.Whilstsignificantmodern disturbance was noted throughout the site,archaeologicaldepositssurvived,particularlyalong the road frontage where medievalditchesand a large pit were noted. Potteryfrom thesefeaturesdated from the 12th- 14th century and comprised mostly locallyproduced and Essexwares, with additions from more distantparts of the region.The findsalsoincludeda part of a Roman imbrex tile and two sherdsof earlymedievalpottery (LinziEverett,S.C.C.A.S.,.forMGPS DevelopmentsLtd.; report no. 2005/195).

Ipswich,ChristchurchPark(TM/1645; IPS 063).Evaluationtookplace in advanceof the proposed recreationof a pond, aspart of the restorationof the Park.The pond, firstshownon a map of 1735, may date to the middle of the 16th century. Documentary records show that in 1567 Edmund Withypollbuilt at least one newpond near his house,whilecartographic evidenceindicatesthat the earlierpond layfurther to the north than previouslyrealised.Althoughthe pond had not survived in situ,a largequantityof brickfragmentswasfoundand thesemayrelateto itsoriginalsouthern lining. 250 ARCHAEOLOGY TN SUFFOLK

The bricks are identical to those from the Mansion House that dates to at least 1550. Late 19th- and early 20th-century maps, when combined with the results of evaluation, show that the present terrace was created from landscaping works in this area of the park. (R. Atkins and D. Payne, Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit; report no. 787).

Ipswich,Land at Croft Street (TM/1643; IPS 468). A 4.6 ha area of former railway land to the south of Croft Street was evaluated in advance of a housing development. The primary aim to assess the survival of the Stoke Bone Bed, an important Pleistocene deposit rich in mammalian remains that was first identified when Stoke Tunnel was excavated c.1846 (Wymer 1985, 227-36). The excavation of sixteen test-pits and three larger boxes failed to identify the bone bed. Results suggest that the layer did originally extend at least some way into the survey area but had been truncated by major excavations in the mid 19th century associated with the construction of the railway tunnel and the first Ipswich Station. A few fragments of bone were recovered from the backfill of a large pit, this feature almost certainly the result of aggregate extraction associated with the railway construction works. Geological strata encountered in the test-excavations were recorded and sampled for future specialist study with a view to identifying the climatic conditions under which they were deposited and thereby linking them with the known geological sequence in the vicinity of the site. Results from two of the test-holes proved that while the majority of the site had suffered truncation during the railway excavations, there was on its south-east side an area which had been built up with a buried soil horizon preserved at a depth of c.0.8 metres. As a consequence, there is in this area a potential for incised archaeological features of later prehistoric to post-medieval date to be preserved. (Stuart Boulter, S.C.C.A.S., for Abbe)' New Homes; report no. 2005/1).

Ipswich,Duke Street (TM/1743; IPS 474). An area of land between Duke Street and Fore Hamlet was evaluated in advance of a residential development. No significant archaeological deposits or features relating to the Anglo-Saxon and medieval history of the town were identified although a small number of post-medieval pits and two undated ditch-type features were recorded as well as an industrial brick structure thought to relate to a former timber yard and dating from the early 20th century (Mark Sommers, S.C.C.A.S., for Fairview New Homes Ltd.; report no. 2005/79).

Ipswich,11-15Great Colman Street (TM/1644; IAS 1005, IPS 479). An evaluation was carried out in advance of a residential development. Evidence of nearby Middle and Late Saxon activity was found in the form of residually derived Ipswich Ware and Thetford-type Ware pottery. Sparse early medieval deposits were recorded but their exposure was too limited for detailed interpretation. A substantial dump deposit of redeposited sands and gravels was interpreted as being associated with the AD 1204 town ditch, but it remains untlear whether it was derived from the initial construction of the ditch and bank or during later maintenance or levelling. Documentary evidence dating from at least the mid 14th century indicates that grants were given for land abutting the defences that stipulated maintenance of the ditch. Two substantial 'garden soil' deposits of late medieval and 17th century date concur with the documentary evidence which suggests that the site Nvasthen under formal gardens until well into the 19th century Great Colman Street itself was laid out in 1821 and later features attest to 19th and 20th century occupation along its frontage. It is suggested that the site could have seen relatively little occupation other than being used as urban gardens from possibly as early as the Middle Saxon period until late in the 19th century (Rhodri Gardner, S.C.C.A.S., for Greencroft Properties Ltd., report no: 2005/111).

Ipswich,Ice House Project, St Joseph's College (formerly Birkfield Lodge) (TM/1543; IPS 481). Recent road improvements at the College revealed a subterranean structure believed to be an ice house. A first season of excavation of this feature was undertaken by Year 9 students from the College, Stoke High School and Beacon Hill Special School, funded by a grant from the Department for 2005 251

Education and Skills(DfES).Preliminary excavationrevealed a brick-builtstructure including an entrance shaft, a barrel-vaultedpassagewayand a domed ice-chamber,coveredwith a clay capping. The shaft and much of the passagehad been backfilledduring the 1950sor 60swith refusederived from the earlyestablishmentof BirkfieldLodgeas a school.This materialwassievedand all artefacts kept aspart of S.C.C.A.S.and WasteManagement'sGarbologyProject(theArchaeologyof Rubbish outreach scheme). Aftermakingaccessto the shaft,passagewayand chamber securefor youngpeopleto enter,small groups started excavatingwithin the chamber itself.A probe driven into the softdepositsunderfoot revealedat least lm of humic silts,probably mainlyderivedfrom a modern water run-off pipe that wasdischarginginto the passageway BirkfieldLodgedatesfrom 1799and the ice houseislikelyto be contemporaryor early 19thcentury in date, when imported ice from Scandinaviaand North America became more widelyavailable. Further workis planned for 2006. (JezzMeredith, S.C.C.A.S.,for StJoseph's Collegeand DIES).

Ipswich,Cranfield's Mill (TM/1644; IAS 6405). Followingon from the excavation of a late- medieval cellared building (see Archaeology in Suffolk 2004' and CBA East Anglia Region Newsletter,1, 2004)there was an opportunity to examine earlier river-edgedepositsand a buried stream channel that floweddown to the Orwellfrom the town. Excavationat the river edge yielded a 'boardwalk' type structureconstructedof a seriesof drivenpiles.Post-excavationworkis currently ongoing,sothishasyetto be accuratelydated,but preliminaryfindsevidenceshowsthat the structure was sealed by substantial reclamation deposits of 11th- to 13th-centurydate. Dendrochronology samplesare currently in the laboratory and it is hoped that the resultswillconfirm a Saxon date for the structure.Excavationof the buried provedit to be unexpectedlysubstantialat almost2m deep.A notable fillof this channel was a peat layer c.0.5m thick whichproduced finds of late 1st-to 2nd- centuryAD date.This immediatelyoverlaya high-energyriverdeposit,and tantalisinglysuggeststhe possibilityof Roman management of the stream. The lower lm of fillsbelow this peat layer are thereforethought to be of prehistoricdate, but produced no significantfindsduring thisphase of the excavation.Furtherworkwilltakeplacewhenthe existingbuildingson the sitehavebeen demolished. (RhodriGardner, S.C.C.A.S.,for WharfesideRegenerationLtd.).

Ipswich,Albion Wharf (TM/1644; IAS 6406).An evaluationwas carried out in the open yard occupyingpart of the site of the former Albion Maltings. Complex well-stratifiedmulti-period depositswere recorded in the westernpart of the site,beginningat c.2mAOD (just0.5m belowthe existingground surface).These includedtwopost-medievalwells,a fragmentof a late medieval/early post-medievalseptaria-builtwall and the remains of a possiblecobbled surface of I3th to 14th century date. A substantialamount of dumping and reclamationactivity(principallydating to the 13th/14th centuries)was also recorded in this part of the site. In the eastern part of the site a substantial (at least nineteen piles up to 1.5rn in length) wooden structure was recorded in unexpectedlydeep 'river mud' deposits.This has been interpreted as a probable pier or jetty-type structurewithin an inlet of some kind that waspreviouslyunknown.Its date was extremelydifficult to determine but the balance of evidencesuggeststhat it waslate medieval.An earlier peat deposit (0.75mthick)was also recorded, but could not be dated. Definitenatural subsoilwas not located in this eastern part of the site at —0.9mAOD, which was c.1.5m deeper than anticipated. All the archaeologicaldepositsencounteredwerewellpreserved,largelyuntruncated and quite shallow,lying immediatelybeneath the extant slab. (Rhodri Gardner, S.C.C.A.S., for Alan Baxter and Associates/Knight Developments;report no: 2005/20).

Lakenheath,Cargo BayDeploymentFacility,R.A.ELakenheath(TL/7381; LKH236).Monitoring of extensiveconstructionworksrevealed information about the ancient landscape of this area. It 252 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK showed a topography of wet hollows,indicated by layers of desiccated peat deposits and acid heathland, indicatedby survivinglayersof blackmineralisedsand overlyingbright yellowsand. This evidencesurvivedbecause levellingfor the airfieldin the 1940sled to this area being built-up with modern depositsup to 40cm deep sealingthe former ground surface.This adds to the growingbody of landscape evidence recovered from R.A.E Lakenheath to complement the archaeological evidence. (JoCaruth, S.C.C.A.S.,for the Ministryof Defence,DefenceEstates(USF)).

Lakenheath,New Consolidated CommunicationsBuilding,R.A.E Lakenheath (11/7380; LKH 238). An excavationin advanceof constructionidentifiedan unurned cremationand a smallgroup of Bronze Age pits. The cremated bone has been radiocarbon dated to 1380-1100BCat 95.4% probability(SUERC-9544:2990±35BP). (JoCaruth, S.C.C.A.S.,for the 'Ministryof Defence,DefenceEstates(USE)).

Langham,Langham Hall Estate(TL/9869; LGH 001 and 009).Workhas continuedfor the second year on a three-year project to excavate two sites near the isolated church at Langham. The foundationsof an 18th-centurydovecoteand the outline of an early buildingwith finds of Saxon pottery and artifacts have been found on the small moated site to the east of the church. On the second site, in an area of rough pasture lyingimmediatelysouth of the church, evidencehas been unearthed of a settlementdating from the 10thto the 14thcentury,with a later reoccupationof the siteby a rectoryfrom the mid-16thto the mid-18thcentury. (MelBirchfor the SuffolkDesertedMedievalSettlementsFieldTeam).

Lavenham,7 Water Street (TL/9149; LVM 046).Monitoringof floor-levelreduction and footing- trench excavationrevealedvariousungratified finds,mostlydating from the late medievalto post- medievalperiods,but includingglazedHedingham wareof 14th-15thcenturydate. The onlyfeature observedwas a burnt pit containingmetal-workingdebris and post-medievalpottery which is likely to be associatedwith a blacksmithwho isknownto have occupiedthe site. (LinziEverett, S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr. S. Turner and Ms. H. Bellingham;report no. 2005/18).

Lavenham,Prentice Street, (TL/9149; LVM 048).A smallexcavationwas undertaken prior to the construction of a house. Prentice Street is one of the early planned streets that extends from the market place;the charter for whichwas granted in the 13thcentury.The sitewaslocated in a break in the terrace of medieval and early post - medieval buildings that lined the street. A brick floor surface and the stubs of mortared-flintwalls were found from the early post-medievalbuilding that had occupiedthisgap, alongwith associatedrubbishpits and postholes.At the rear of the buildingwasa complexof adjoiningsmallovensconstructedwithin a unitary pad of clay.The ovenswere not all contemporary,somebeing added to the structure.A clay-linedpit or cisternrelated to the ovenswas also found. These features were possiblyfor the dying of cloth but the evidencefor this was not conclusive.Potteryfrom the site indicatedactivityon the sitefrom 13thcentury,contemporarywith the establishmentof the street. (DavidGill,S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr C Ash).

LongMelford,14 The Limes (TL/8645; LMD 160).Monitoring of footing trenches for a house uncovereda Roman burial, ditch and pits, as wellas post-medievalpits. The burial was of an adult female,with a smallbeaker (datedAD130-170)by her feet.Postexcavationworkis continuing. (AndrewTester,S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr and Mrs Murphy).

Mildenhall,College Heath Road gin175; MNL 556). Excavationsin advance of a proposed housingdevelopment revealed the site of a clay and chalk dwelling and associated out buildings (Fig. 57). The plan of the house suggestedthat it was a pair of semi-detachedcottages built around a 2005 25 3

Chalk lump and clay building

Six post building

0

00

Four post building 0 0%0

.

OD 0

00

Stake-line fence Area of burning

00.0

00 0° 0

0 5 10

FIG. 57 —CollegeHeath Road, Mildenhall (MINL556).Plan of the excavated 16th—17th century cottages and associatedstructures. 254 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK shared central chimney The halvesof the buildingwere symmetricaland mirrored, each consisting of two rooms;the combinedlengthwas 13mand the width 4.5m. Twoancillarybuildingsbasedon earthfastposts,one 6m x 2.5mbuiltaround sixposts,the other 2.5m square and built around four posts,were alsofound and the wholegroup of buildingswas enclosed by a possiblehurdle fence.Pottery,and bricksfrom the hearth, suggesta 16th-17thcentury date for the buildings. A buried soilhorizon produced a good assemblageof late Neolithic/earlyBronzeAgeflintwork. (DavidGill,S.C.C.A.S.,for CgMsand AbbeyNew Homes)

Nadon, Nacton Quarry (NAC052; TM/1940). Monitoringwascarried out during a newphase of works.Three previous phases had produced fairly negative results:phases one and two had been subjectedto considerablequarryingin the past and the third area revealedonlya fewditches,dated as prehistoricthrough to modern, and occasionalmodern fog lifters. Dating is stillongoingfor the forthphase but the archaeology1:vasrich in comparisonto earlierstages.A seriesof ditches,probably some form of prehistoric field system, were identified as well as occasionalpits with abundant prehistoricpottery,one seeminglycontaininga complete,but fragmentedpot. (ClareMcLannahan, S.C.C.A.S.,for CemexLtd; report no. 2005/138)

Nacton, Outfalldrain (NAC095;TM/2040). Monitoringof the excavationof an outfalldrain from Ransome's Europark, in the north, to the River Orwellin the south, revealedonly one definitesite. This was in a fieldsouth of Fox'sFarm Barn, where a smallpit, containinga sherd of BronzeAge beakerpottery and burnt material,wasseenjust at the edgeof the excavationarea. Other occasional smallfeatureswere revealedbut were undated. A large area of hill-washwas also seen through this area but no findswerefound withinit. (ClareMcLannahan, S.C.C.A.S.,for TA MillardEngineers;report no. 2005/8).

Pakenham,RedcastleFarm (TL/9069; PKM 053).Monitoring of groundworksfor a private road and a tenniscourt produced an assemblageof Roman pottery (late3rd-4th centuries),tileand metal finds.The concentrationof findssuggestedareas of possiblefeaturesassociatedwith the nearby villa but the soilstrip for the road wasjust abovethe levelwherearchaeologicalfeaturescould be seen.In the area of the tenniscourt a pit with Roman pottery and oystershellwasfound. (DavidGilland Cathy Teste; S.C.C.A.S.,for Mrs L Crane).

Pakrave, St Johns House Hospital, Lion Road (TM/0977; PAL 024). An evaluation for a developmenthere producedno evidenceof any activityrelatingto the medievalchapelof StJohn the Baptistthat is believedto lie on the site.This is a clear indicationthat the chapelwas not located at this specificspot within the larger site of StJohn's Hospital,and the probabilityremains that it lies beneath the current complexof buildings. Three other phases of activityon the site were identifiedhowever,consistingof a singleprehistoric pit and a prehistoricsubsoilsurface,a sequenceof Roman ditchesand a post-medievalfarm structure and buried topsoil. (JohnCraven, S.C.C.A.S.,for Care Perspectives;report no. 2006/26).

Rendlesham,farm reservoir off Ash Road (TM/3253; RLM 030 and 035). Two areas were investigatedprior to the construction of a reservoir in the vicinity of a suspected Anglo-Saxon cemetery.Iron Agepottery and an undated enclosurehavealsobeen recordednearby In the firstarea (RLM030)pitswererevealedof possibleRoman, medievaland post-medieval/moderndate. Several of the larger exampleswereprobably for the extractionof clay;these contained both medievaland Roman pottery,but thismaterialcouldbe residualin later features.Medievaland post-medievalfinds were found in two separate ditches;other ditcheswere undated. In the second area (Rim 035),pottery of prehistoric (Later Bronze Age /Iron Age),Roman and 2005 255 medievaldate was found in the deeply ploughed topsoil. Probable prehistoric ditches, a severely truncated Roman pit and other undated ditcheswerealsorecorded. GezzMeredith, S.C.C.A.S.,for Naunton Hall Farms;report nos. 2005/041 and 2006/03).

Rougharn,Site B, SuffolkBusinessPark(TL/8808 6402;RGH 044).An evaluationwas carried out in advanceof the constructionof a postalsortingand deliveryoffice.A buried prehistoricoccupation layer,sealingpostholesand a further soilspreadwasfound.This producedhand-madeflint-tempered pottery(themostdatablesherdsbeingfroman earlyNeolithiccarinatedbowl),togetherwithlaterpottery possiblyof an Iron Agedate.An undatedburnt-clay-linedpit,filledwithcharcoalwasalsofound. (DavidGill, S.C.C.A.S.,for PCDM Ltd and CentrosMillerLtd; report no. 2005/167).

All Saints South Elmham, Elms Barn, Capps Lane (TM/3382; SEN 058). Footingsfor a barn conversionrevealedno archaeologyTo the north of the house,a slightdip in the lawnadjacentto the drivewayappears to be a section of backfilledmoat, some of which survivesas a seriesof ponds surroundingthe house.The slightlyelevatedlocationof The Elms,an earlytimber framedbuilding, suggestsitoccupiesa raisedplatform,a featurecommonlyassociatedwithmedievalmoatedenclosures. (LinziEverett,S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr. D. Haddingham;report no. 2005/71).

StokeAsh(Tm/1170; SAS019).Excavationhas continuedcloseto the rivercrossing(asreported in 'ArchaeologyinSuffolk2004').Workon the underlyingdepositshas revealeda significantamount of early samian ware, includingsomepieces that had been repaired and severalwith unusual makers' stamps;also a quantity of Belgictype wares.The natural has stillnot been reached and effortsare being made to establishthe precisecourseof the riverin the Roman period,asthere ismuch evidence of water action affectingthe deposits. (MikeHardy for the Thornham ResearchGroup).

Stowmarket,Cedars Park (TM/0558 —TM/0658; SKT 036, 038, 040, 043). Work has continued in variousareas of a large developmentaround the Creeting Road which has previously included late Iron Age and Roman settlement. To the north of Creeting Road (developmentphase4a)a middleto lateIron Agesubsquareenclosure,withentrancesfacingup- and down-slope,contained one certain and one possible circular building. Groups of pits were also identified,one of whichformed a circle.OccasionalIron Agepits were found acrossa widearea. A ditched medievalsettlementwas examined adjacent to a route running north towards Stowupland; activitybegan in the 10thto 13thcenturiesand continueduntilaround the 15thcentury,withfeatures including cobbled areas, a rectangular building,a pond and a sequence of probable quarry pits. Further medievalactivitywas examined adjoining both the north and south sidesof the Creeting Road. On the north side (developmentphase 5b) a cobbled path was in use in the 11th to 13th centuries,replacedduring the 12thto 15thcenturiesby a seriesof ditchedrectangularplotsfronting the Creeting Road. One of these contained a post built structure associatedwith cobbling.Again settlementactivityhad ceasedbeforethe 16thcentury Further ditch systems,pitsand a limitedarea of cobblingwere found on the south sideof the road (developmentphase5c). (Interimreports byArchaeologicalSolutions,for PersimmonHomes (developmentphase5b)and for Crest Nicholson(Eastern)Ltd; report nos. 1855, 1869, 1954, 1957).

SudburA39WalnutTree Lane (TL/8641; SUY073).Worksfor a newbuildingthat cutsinto a steep slopedescendingto the River Stour exposeda sectionsome4m high. This revealeda seriesof large, inter-cuttingpits filledby a brown gravellyloam.The relativelylowdensityof findssuggeststhat the pits were quarry pits which had been quicklybackfilled,rather than rubbish pits opened for the disposalof waste. (LinziEverett,S.C.C.A.S.,for WaterstoneLand & New Homes Ltd.; report no. 2005/112). 256 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

Sudbuiy,102,CrossStreet,Sudbury(TL/8641; SUY073)Footingsfor an extensionrevealedlayers of overburdena depth of 1.2m.No featureswere visiblein the sections,howevermedievalpottery sherdswere recoveredfrom the lowestlayer,whichsealedthe natural subsoil. (LinziEverett, S.C.C.A.S.,for Mrs. D. Gilks;report no. 2005/200).

Sudbuzy, 17/17A, Market Hill (TL/8641; SUY 074). Monitoring of groundworks for a rear extensionrevealedvariouspits and layers of medievaland post-medievaldate. No structureswere observed, however glazed ridge tiles and ceramic tablewares suggest the proximity an affluent buildingof medievalto late-medievaldate. The earliestpottery was of 11th-12th century date but wasfrom a contextcontaininglater medievalfinds. (LinziEverett,S.C.C.A.S.,for A.F.Howland;report no. 2005/155)

ThorpeMorieux, Moat Farm (TL/9454; T1VIX018). Monitoring was carried out on the topsoil stripping for an extensionon the north side of a house within the remains of a medievalmoated enclosure(TMX 002).The earliestfeatureidentifiedwasa short length of a smallditch or gullywith steep sidesthat contained an abraded sherd of St Neots Ware (mid9th-12th century).Two similar sherds,togetherwitha possiblyintrusivelate medievalsherd,camefromone of a pair of similarsmall ditches (0.6-0.8mwide x 0.2m deep) that run parallel to each other about lm apart and roughly parallelto the survivingsectionof moat to the north. These earlyditcheswere cut by a north-southditch that probablyconnectedwith the moat. It had its southernbutt end in the excavatedarea and was2.5mwideand 1.1mdeepwithsteepslopingsides and a curved base. It had a basal fillof black organic clay,suggestiveof depositionin a wateraled environment, and contained one sherd of 12th-14th century pottery This appears to have been deliberatelybackfflledin the medievalperiod, but was cut by two smaller parallel post-medieval ditches(or one recut one)on the same alignmentthat continuedfurther southwardsin the direction of the existinghouse,with a probable drainage function. No medieval structures were identifiedwithin the excavated area, with only one small area of possibleyard or floor surface,containingLate Medievalceramicbuildingmaterial, on the southern margin of the site. (JohnCraven, S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr N Warnes;report no. 2005/69).

Little Waldingfzeld,The Priory (TL/9245; WFLO18).Monitoringwas carried out in advance of the constructionof a new pool room. Becauseof the name, the site has been recorded as a possible monasticsite,howevera documentary study established that the name is no older than the late 19th century and a site visit establishedthat the supposedlymedieval vaulted roof of the cellar was probably no earlier than thel6th century The documentary study showedthat the property was ownedby a wealthymerchant in the early 16th century and that he may have been responsiblefor the finebuildingwork.The fieldworkcovereda very smallarea (c.25msquare)at leasthalf of which was truncated. However Early Medieval features were found surviving in undisturbed areas, indicatingoccupationof the sitepre-dating any of the documentaryevidence. (JoCaruth, S.C.C.A.S.and A.M.Breenfor MrJ. and Lady Laura Paul).

West Stow, Anglo-Saxon Village (TL / 7971; WSW 060). Excavation of the remains of an experimentalreconstructionof an early Anglo-Saxonsunken-featuredbuilding(SFB),destroyedby firein 2005,wasundertakenwithfundingfromEnglishHeritage.The fire(resultingfromvandalism) gave a unique opportunity to assessthe data preservedfollowinga fire within a SFB with a raised floor.Using techniques of investigationgenerallyapplied in contemporary forensicfire scenes,an attempt is being made to understand the nature and dynamicsof the fire. In addition, it offeredan unparalleledopportunity to examineissuesof formation processesbecausewe know how,and with what materials,it had been constructed.The post-excavationanalysisis ongoing. (JessTipper,, S.C.C.A.S.) 2005 257

Wissett,Land at Mill Road (TM/3878; WSS 016). An evaluation in connection with proposed fishinglakesrevealeddepositsof peat, over2m deep in places,but no archaeologicalfeatures.A single medievalhorseshoewasrecoveredfrom a subsoillayeroverlyingpeat. (LinziEverett,S.C.C.A.S.,for B.E. Norman and Sons;report no. 2005/14).

Mrlington, Bay Farm (TL/6971; WGN 028). Monitoring of topsoil stripping in advance of quarrying revealeda smallnumber of pits containingBronzeAgepottery fragments. (MarkSommers,S.C.C.A.S.for M. DickersonLtd.; report no. 2004/147).

CHURCH AND CHAPEL RECORDING

Culpho,St Botolph'sChurch (TM/2149; CUP 003).The removalof an exteriorconcretedrainage gully,toalleviatedamp problemson the naveand chancelwalls,revealedthe baseof the existingwalls and the top of the underlying footing. Observations suggested that the nave and chancel were contemporaneousin their construction and dated to the first half of the 14th century.The walls stepped outwardsbelowground levelwhere they had been built off a trenched footingwith a fillof layeredor mixedclay,flint cobblesand unconsolidatedlime mortar. (StuartBoulter,S.C.C.A.S.,for Culpho ParochialParishCouncil;report no. 2005/114).

Friston,St. Mary's (TM/4160; FRS 007).Worksto alleviatedamp and salt crystallisationproblems on the interior wallsof the nave and, more particularly,the chancelinvolvedthe removalof a strip of external render from the north nave,north chancel and east chancelwalls.Differencesrecorded in the wall fabric confirmed that the main body of the nave was of Norman date, with its characteristichorizontalcoursing.The chancelwas later,either 13thor early 14th century and had subsequentlybeen shortened. Major works in the late 19th or early 20th century included the addition of brickbuttresses,the replacementof sectionsof naveand chancelwalls,the rebuildingof the towerand insertionof windowsin the naveand chancel. (StuartBoulter,S.C.C.A.S.,for FristonParochialParishCouncil;report no. 2005/141).

The GosnoldDM Project. In 2003 a grave was excavatedinJamestown, Virginia,U.S.A.,which is thoughtto be that of Capt. BartholomewGosnold(died1607),a 'prime mover'behind the expedition that foundedJamestown, the firstpermanent Englishsettlementin North America.To confirm the identity,the Associationfor the Preservationof VirginiaAntiquities(APVA)commissionedresearch in to find livingrelativesthat could providesuitableDNA samplesto compare with that of theJamestownskeleton.Only mitochondrialDNA,whichisinherited exclusivelythroughthe female line,was suitableand unfortunatelyno livingfemale-linerelativescould be traced. Further research was therefore undertaken to locate the burials of his knownfemale-linerelatives.This revealedthe probable burial placesof two relatives: ElizabethTilneynée Gosnold.Bartholomew'ssister.Buriedin AllSaints' Church, Shelleyin 1646. Katherine Blackerbynée Bowtell.Bartholomew'sniece.Buried in St Peter and St Mary's Church, Stowmarketin 1693. The APVAthen appliedto the church authoritiesfor permissionto undertakecontrolledexcavations at both churchesto recoversmallsamplesof bone for DNAanalysis.Permissionwasgranted (thefirst time that permissionhas been givenfor this type of investigation)andexcavationswerecarried out, as detailedbelow Shelky All Saints Church (TM 0338; SHY 004). The removal of wooden pews in the chancel revealedan earlier brick floor with a broken ledger stone, with an indent for a now-missingbrass inscription,close to the predicted location of the Tilney grave. Subsequent removal of this floor revealeda distinctgravecut which,on excavation,containedthe skeletonof a woman, the condition and character of which was consistentwith it being Elizabeth Tilney Samplesof bone were duly 258 ARCHAEOLOGY IN SUFFOLK

taken and the graverestoredto itsoriginalcondition.SubsequentDNA testsshowedthat thisskeleton and theJamestown one were unrelated.A radiocarbon test dated the Shelleyskeletonto 1690+ 50 (1640-1740). Stowinarket,St Peter and St Mary's Church (TM 0458; SKT 015). Trial excavationbeside the inscribedBlackerbyledgerstone in the chancelrevealedthe top of a brickbuilt vault in the location that was predicted from an earlier geophysicalsurvey Introducing a small camera through a hole drilled through the vault roof failedto provideany evidenceto confirm the presence or absence of burials.While the constructionstyleand materialsused in the vault itself lookedmore recent than could be expected for the originalBlackerbyburial, it was thought possiblethat they had been re- interred in a rebuilt vault during the substantialVictorian alterationsto the chancel.On that basis, full entry to the vault was considerednecessaryand was subsequentlygained through its west end. Removalof a slab over each of the two tombswithin the vault revealedcoffinsthat clearlydated to the early 19th century and have sincebeen attributed to John Bob),(d. 1817)and his wifeAnn (d. 1835)whoare commemoratedbya memorialplaqueon the southwallof the chancel.No furtherwork wasconsiderednecessaryand the tombs,vault and floorwererestoredto their originalcondition. (StuartBoulterand Rhodri Gardner,S.C.C.A.S.,forThe Associationfor the Preservationof Virginia Antiquities;report no: 2005/162).

Lackford, St. Lawrence'sChurch (TL/7970; LKD 033). Two carved stone heads were recorded during monitoring of roof repairs. The style of the figures dates them to the medieval period, probablyto the 13thcentury The headshad been builtinto the top of the chancelgablewallas part of its rubble core,probablyin 1869when the church underwent extensiverestoration.The evidence of a lowergable and eavesheight suggeststhat the navewallswere raised when the buildingwasre- roofedat this time. (David Gill, S.C.C.A.S.,for the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich, and English Heritage; report no. 2005/67).

Leiston,St. Margaret's Church (TM/4362; LCS 018).The insertionof a new underfloor heating systemin the body of this Victorianchurch involvedthe removalof c.0.4mfromthe existingground levels.No evidencefor in situ depositsrelating to the demolishedmedievalchurch on this site was recorded,althougha number of medievaland post-medievalgravemarkers,ledgerslabsand window masonryhad beenincorporatedwithinstructuresassociatedwith the redundant Victorianunderfloor heating system.Repeated visitsmade during the reduced levelstrip facilitatedthe production of a comprehensiveplan of the brick - built ducts, ventilation pipes, firebox pit and entrance tunnel that together formed the complexof structuresrelatingto the Victorianheatingsystem. (StuartBoulter,S.C.C.A.S.,for LeistonParochialParish Council;report no. 2005/166)

Lowestoft, All Saints' and St. Margaret's Church, Pakefield (TM/5390; LWT 030). An archaeologicalevaluation involvinga surveyof the north wall and the excavationof test-pitswas undertaken in advance of the constructionof an extensionto the north-westcorner of the church. The surveyof the north nave and chancelwallsrevealedthat the main body of the northern of the two adjoinedchurches(St.Margaret's)belongsto one constructionalphase,dating to the firsthalf of the 14thcentury Dating evidencewasprovidedby the Decorated reticulatedtracery of the eastern chancelwindowand the architecturalstyleof the north navedoorway The wallshad contemporary buttresses,now heavilyrepaired, and there was evidencefor a possibleexternal stair turret halfway down the nave. One of the varied fabricsof the wallincluded a significantquantity of brickwhich was thought to be contemporary with the structure and, therefore, of genuine medieval date. Recorded alterationsincluded the insertionof four rectangular Perpendicularwindowsof probable later 14th century or 15th century date and the replacement of wall fabric along its top, almost certainlyrelatingto the guttingof the buildingthat occurred during the SecondWorldWar. Resultsfrom the test-pitsfailedto identifystructuralevidencerelatingto earlierphasesof the church, but did record a number of burials,some closelyspaced,the shallowestof whichwere encountered at only0.9 metresbelowthe levelof the existingpath. (StuartBoulter,S.C.C.A.S.,for PakefieldParochialChurch Council;report no. 2005/10). 2005 259

StratfordSt.Andrew,St. Andrew'sChurch (TM/3560; SAA005).Monitoringof groundworksand a pardal buildingsurveywere carried out duringworkto convertthe church to residentialuse and the constructionof a newdwellinginthe churchyard.Recordingof the architecturaldetailsconfirmedthat the church had Norman originsand evidenceof a previouschanceland the originalfloorlevelswas found.Monitoringwithinthe churchyardrecordedthe positionsof over 140gravesand 22 skeletons that wouldhavebeen otherwisedisturbedby the developmentwererecordedand liftedfor reburial. (DavidGill, S.C.C.A.S.,for Dr Peter Wardle of The ArchaeologicalConsultancyand Diocese of Ipswichand St. Edmundsbury;report no. 2005/127).

Sudbwy, St Bartholomew'sChapel (TL/8742; SUY 002).A photographic surveywas undertaken prior to restoration.The chapelisa simplesingle-celledbuildingconstructedin the late 14thcentury and waspart of a smallpriolyfoundedearlyin the 12thcenturyThe buildingisgenerallyingoodrepair and apart frompatchingaround the openingsand the remodellingof the windowsislargelyunaltered. The changesto the windowswereprobablynecessitatedbya combinationof decayingsoftstonework and possiblythe needto createopeningsableto ventilatethe buildingwhenit becamea barn. (DavidGill,S.C.C.A.S.,for Mr and Mrs May; report no. 2005/30).

REFERENCE

Wymer,J., PalaeolithicSitesof East Anglia, Norwich 1985. 261

SUFFOLK INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY BUSINESS AND ACTIVITIES 2005 262

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL MEMBERS

2005-2006

President J.J.WYMER, M.A., HON.D.SC.,EB.A.,F.S.A.,M.I.EA. Vke-Presidents D.H.ALLEN, B.A.,PH.D.,ES.A., F.R.HIST.S. DR j.M. BLATCHLY, M.A.,HON.LITED.,ES.A. D.P DYMOND, M.A.,PH.D.,HON.LITIa, ES.A., ER.HISTS. DR. Pj. FISKE, J.P., BA E.A. MARTIN, B.A.,ES.A.,M.I.EA. P NORTHEAST, ES.A. NORMAN SCARFE, M.A., HON.LITT.D.,F.S.A. DR S.E. WEST, M.A., ES.A. Chairnzan E.A. MARTIN, BA,ES.A.,M.I.EA.

ElectedMembersof theCouncil P AITKENS CANONR. NORBURN,M.B.E.,M.A. MRS E. COCKAYNE MRS. M. PEREIRA T EASTON DR Sj. PLUNKETT,M.A., ES.A. S. MAEL,B.A. R. STEERWOOD,B.A. R. W MALSTER R.G. THOMAS,M.A. (exofficio) J. MEREDITH,B.A.,M.PHIL.,P.G.C.E. MRS. M. TRACY DR J. MIDDLETON-STEWART,M.A.,F.R.S.A. K.R. WADE,B.A.,ES.A. (exofficio)

lion. Secretaries GENERAL B.J. SEWARD, Roots, Church Lane, Playford, Ipswich, IP6 9DS ASSISTANT GENERAL J. FAIRCLOUGH, B.A.,DIP.ED.,A.M.A.,56 Orford Street, Ipswich, IP1 3PE FINANCIAL A.B. PARRY, 23 Vermont Crescent, Ipswich, 1P4 2ST EXCURSIONS C.R. PAINE, B.ED., 11 Sharp Road, Bury St Edmunds, IP33 2NB MEMBERSHIP DR J.0. MARTIN, B.A.,Oak Tree Farm, Hitcharn, Ipswich, IP7 7LS FIELD GROUP M.J. HARDY, 29 High Road, Wortwell, Harleston, IP20 OHG

Hon.Editor PROF. C. RICHMOND, B.A.,D.PHIL.,Flat 3, Sutton House, Quay Street, Woodbridge, IP12 1BX Hon.NewsletterEditor MRS. J. CARR, B.A.,116 Hardwick Lane, Bury St. Edmunds IP33 2LE IndependentExaminerof Accounts IZOD BASSETT, 105 High Street, Needham Market, IP6 8DQ 263 RULES OF THE SUFFOLK INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY

I. The Society shall be called the 'Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History'.

2. The objects of the Institute shall be for the advancement of the education of the public: To collect and publish information on the Archaeology and History of the County of Suffolk, To oppose and prevent, as far as may be practicable, any injuries with which ancient monuments of every description within the County of Suffolk may from time to time be threatened and to collect accurate drawings, plans and descriptions thereof. To promote interest in local Archaeological and Historical matters.

3. The Institute shall consist of Ordinary, Associate and Honorary Members.

4. The subscriptions to be paid by Ordinary Members, Associate Members and such other categories of membership of the Institute as may be prescribed by the Council shall be at the rates determined from time to time by the Council. Every Member shall be considered to belong to the Institute until he withdraws from it by notice to the Secretary in writing or is more than twelve months in arrears with his subscriptions, in which case he shall be deemed to have resigned.

5. Each Member shall be entitled to free admission to the General Meetings of the Institute; he shall also be entitled to receive a copy of the Proceedingsand Newsletters of the Institute. Members shall be entitled to attend Excursions and to bring not more than two friends; except where otherwise noitified, on payment of whatever fees may be decided by the Council from time to time.

6. Honorary Members shall pay no subscription and shall not be entitled to vote but they shall receive a copy of the Proceedingsand Newsletters of the Institute and shall be entitled to all other privileges of membership. Honorary Members shall be elected at the Annual General Meeting only Associate Members shall not be entitled to vote nor to receive a free copy of the Proceedingsand Piwsletters.

7. The Officers of the institute shall be a President, Vice-Presidents, a Chairman (who shall remain in office for a term of four years), a General Secretary, a Financial Secretary, such additional Secretaries as may from time to time be required, and an Editor, who shall, if necessary be assisted by an Editorial Committee made up of the Officers and any persons co-opted by them. The Officers, with the exception of the Chairman, shall be elected at the Annual General Meeting to serve for the ensuing year. Nommations of new candidates for office must reach the General Secretary at least two weeks before the date of the Annual General Meeting.

8. There shall be an independent examine]; elected at the Annual General Meeting to serve for the ensuing year.

9. The general management of the affairs and property of the Institute shall be vested in the Council, consisting of the Officers, two ex officio members representing the Suffolk Archaeological Service and the Suffolk Record Office, and twelve members elected from the general body of the Subscribers. The ordinary members of the Council to be elected to serve for four years, being then ineligible for re-election for a year. No Officer or Member who has been absent from all the Council Meetings during the previous year shall be eligible for re-election at the next Annual General Meeting, with the proviso that the Council may waive this where special circumstances have prevented an Officer's or Member's attendance.

10. The Council shall meet to transact the ordinary business of the Institute. They shall have power to oppoint Committees and Local Secretaries, recommend Hon. Members for election at the Annual General Meeting, supply vacancies which may occur during the year in their own body or among the Officers and to make arrangements for excursions and other Meetings. They shall also annually prepare a report and a statement of accounts for submission to the Annual General Meeting. At the Meeting of the Council six Members shall be a quorum.

11. The Annual General Meeting shall be held if possible before the end of April.

12. A Special General Meeting, apart from and in addition to Annual General Meeting; may be called at any time on the demand of the President, or of the Chairman, or of the Council, or of not less than five Ordinary Members of the Institute, who shall signify their demand to the Secretary in writing, At least one week's notice of such Meeting shall be given to all Members of the Institute, together with a statement of the proposed agenda.

13. At all Meetings, both of the Institute and of the Council, and of any Committee thereof the Chairman shall have a casting vote in addition to his own vote. 264

All papers accepted for publication in the Proceedingsshall thereby be considered its property and the decision of the Editorial Committee shall he final.

Should any dispute or difference arise concerning the interpretation of the foregoing rules the decision of the Chairman for the time being shall be final.

No alteration shall be made in these rules by way of addition, omission or otherwise except at aGeneral Meeting and after at least one %veek'sprevious noitice of such proposed alteration has been sent to every Member of the Institute. No such addition, omission or other change shall be made to any rule which would have the effect of causing the Institute to lose its status as a charitable institution.

27th April 2002