Ireland’s First National Cycle Policy Framework
1 2 Xxxxxxxxxx – Xxxxxx xxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Contents
Foreword______5
00 Executive Summary______6
01 Introduction______10
02 Interventions: Infrastructure and the Physical Environment______14
03 Interventions: Communication and Education______32
04 Instruments: Financial Resources______38
05 Instruments: Legislation and Enforcement______40
06 Implementation: Human Resources and Coordination______44
07 Evaluation and Effects______50
Appendices 1 Bibliography______52
3 4 Foreword by the Minister for Transport Foreword by the Minister for Transport
Cyclists matter. A key lesson that we have learned in producing Ireland’s First National Cycle Policy Framework is that no single action will prompt people to cycle. That is Just like other road users they deserve a safer, why this policy framework outlines a comprehensive easier travelling experience and that’s what I propose package of interventions to make cycling not only to deliver with Ireland’s First National Cycle Policy easier but safer too. Framework. I firmly believe that with the actions set out in this document we can look forward to the prospect of a new culture of cycling in Ireland by I know that if we are to meet our ambitious target of 2020. I want to see 10% of all trips to work being 10% commuting by bike by 2020, it will be a major made by bike within the next twelve years. That will challenge for everyone involved. We will need to mean an extra 125,000 people commuting to work by innovate, adopt new ways of working together and bike. That’s a lot of people but by working together I radically change public attitudes towards cycling. am confident that it can be done.
Not only am I up for the challenge but I firmly believe Over recent years, despite various attempts to that we can do it. improve the lot of the cyclist, including limited investment in cycle lanes and facilities, the popularity of cycling has steadily declined. The numbers using the bike for commuting fell from 7% in 1986, to 4.2% in 1996 and to 2% in 2006. As we become increasingly aware of issues such as lengthening journey times, traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles on the one hand and the health benefits of pursuing more active lifestyles on the other, a return to the bike becomes a very Noel Dempsey T.D. sensible option. Minister for Transport
Foreword by the Minister for Transport 5 Executive Summary
This document sets out the National Cycle Policy Framework, 2009-2020. The backdrop to this policy is the Government’s new transport policy for Ireland 2009 - 2020 Smarter Travel - A Sustainable Transport Future.
Vision / Reasons to Promote Cycling Decline in Cycling Numbers
The mission is to create a strong cycling culture in Cycling has been in steep decline since the 1980’s. Ireland. The vision is that all cities, towns, villages In 1986 a total of 23,635 primary level pupils cycled and rural areas will be bicycle friendly. Cycling will be to school whereas in 2006, only 4,087 primary school a normal way to get about, especially for short trips. pupils cycled to school (a decline of 83%). Cycling contributes to improved quality of life and quality of the public realm, a stronger economy and business environment, and an enhanced environment. A culture of cycling will have developed in Ireland to the extent that 10% of all trips will be by bike by 2020.
6 Executive Summary Why a National Cycle Policy Interventions - Planning and Framework (NCPF)? Infrastructure (Chapter 2)
International experience indicates that having an At the highest level, all planning should consider NCPF can be a powerful tool to encourage cycling the needs of cyclists. This should be articulated in urban areas. Such a framework can provide in all National, Regional, Local and sub-local plans. a common, integrated basis for the long term Cycling friendly urban planning principles will cover development and implementation of cycling policies the need to keep distances between origin and among various sectors and levels of government. destination short, through making developments The preparation, and implementation, of an NCPF is permeable (i.e. easy for pedestrians and cyclists part of the contribution to a sustainable travel vision, to pass through without making long detours) and contributes to cultural development. and well connected.
Transportation infrastructural designs need to be Criteria for Success cycling friendly. Cycling-friendly means that routes taken by cyclists are safe, direct, coherent, attractive The most important factors in ensuring that and comfortable. It is acknowledged that the quality an NCPF is successful are as follows: of the dedicated cycling facilities designed and constructed to date in Ireland has been inadequate. • The participation of many stakeholders across In many cases, their provision has not, generally, several government departments, many agencies, led to an overall increase in cycling numbers. A all local authorities and other non-governmental organisations and institutions. new approach is required in which a “hierarchy of measures” is followed. The focus needs to be on: • Appropriate levels of, and timely, funding for the initiatives. • reducing volumes of through-traffic, especially HGVs, in city and town centres and especially • The knowledge and human resources available in the vicinity of schools and colleges; to implement the policies. • calming traffic / enforcing low traffic speeds • Legislation and Enforcement. in urban areas;
• making junctions safe for cyclists and removing Breadth of Interventions the cyclist-unfriendly multi-lane one-way street systems. There is no single action that will prompt people The other interventions include the following: to cycle. There needs to be a wide package of measures to reverse the decline in cycling numbers. • Schools will be a strong focus of the NCPF. These measures need to integrate with wider transportation policies as well as other policy fields • we will support the provision of dedicated signed rural cycling networks building on Fáilte such as land-use planning, road safety and health. Ireland’s Strategy to Develop Irish Cycling Tourism. The efforts of formulating and implementing all of This will cater for recreational cyclists as well the policies must be maintained over the long-term. as visitors. Broadly, the interventions can be grouped into: • we will ensure that all surfaces used by cyclists are • Planning and Infrastructure maintained to a high standard and are well lit. - Hard (Engineering Measures). • we will ensure that all cycling networks – both urban • Communication and Education and rural – are sign-posted to a high standard. (Soft Measures). • we will support the provision of secure Safety is covered by both of these headings. cycling parking at all destinations of importance to the cyclist. It is also covered in Legislation/Enforcement and Policy Evaluation.
Executive Summary 7 • we will pay special attention to integrating cycling Instruments - Financial Resources and public transport (PT). As commuting distances (Chapter 4) are lengthening, the importance of combining the bicycle with the bus, tram or train grows. We The fiscal benefits of cycling include the value to will provide state-of-the-art cycling parking at all the health service as a result of not having to treat appropriate PT interchanges and stops. We will illnesses which result from physical inactivity. There also ensure that intercity and suburban trains have are also gains in productivity arising from reduced proper provision for the carriage of bikes – either on all services or (in the case of sub-urban trains) on off absenteeism and having a fitter and more alert work peak (counter-peak) services. force. Increased cycling numbers means less urban congestion, thus benefiting businesses. • we will create municipal bike systems to complement the other elements of a radically Cost benefit analyses (CBA) attest to the fact that improved public transport system. investments in cycling outweigh the costs to a far greater extent than investment in other modes. Interventions - Communication and Education (Chapter 3) For example, Benefit / Cost ratios of 7.4 have been shown for cycling training programmes in the UK (SQW, May 2007). We will use marketing tools to improve the image of cycling and to promote its use to all of the main We will provide appropriate levels of, and timely, target groups. The marketing effort will concentrate funding towards implementing the NCPF. on countering cycling’s poor image and selling the benefits – the freedom and flexibility it offers, the health benefits, its speed in congested urban areas Instruments - Legislation and etc. We will organise a National Bike Week having Enforcement (Chapter 5) learnt from the experiences of similar events abroad. We will produce information and material to help We will review Irish road traffic legislation to improve promote cycling and address some of the myths, cyclist safety. We will improve enforcement of traffic such as that “It rains all of the time”. laws to enhance cyclist safety and respect for cyclists. We will pay special attention to speeding in urban areas. We will work to improve the standards of cycling and cycling behaviour. This we will do through developing and implementing a National curriculum on cycling Instruments - People (Chapter 6) training. Cycling training will also be available for We will develop the structures that are required to adults – both those returning to cycling and those coordinate the implementation of the NCPF across who have never cycled before. the many government departments (central and local) and agencies with a role. We will provide design We recognise the importance of changing driving professionals with suitable training and guidance behaviour so as to improve the safety of all vulnerable to develop and implement the policies of the NCPF. road users, especially cyclists. We will revise the We will support the deepening of knowledge of the Rules of the Road so that cyclists’ needs are better subject of cycling planning in all relevant bodies understood. We will work to improve driver instruction ranging from universities to professional institutes. standards. We will pay special attention to bus driver training and that of heavy goods vehicle drivers. Evaluation and Effects (Chapter 7) We will pursue the introduction of fiscal incentives to promote cycling. These will include measures to allow We will develop a monitoring framework and set of for the purchase of subsidised bikes. indicators to assess progress in implementing the NCPF. We will focus on measuring cycling numbers in urban and rural areas, and cycling accidents. We will use hospital records of cycle accidents to supplement Garda records. We will evaluate the success of the implementation of the NCPF on a regular basis.
8 Executive Summary Objectives In This NCPF
The objectives developed in this policy document total 19. They cover; Infrastructure (Chapter 2), Communication/Education (Chapter 3), Financial Resources (Chapter 4), Legislation and Enforcement (Chapter 5), Human Resources and Coordination (Chapter 6) and Evaluation and Effects (Chapter 7). They are listed as follows:
Objective 1: Support the planning, development and design of towns and cities in a cycling and pedestrian friendly way.
Objective 2: Ensure that the urban road infrastructure (with the exception of motorways) is designed / retrofitted so as to be cyclist-friendly and that traffic management measures are also cyclist friendly. Objective 13: Support the provision of fiscal Objective 3: Provide designated rural cycle networks incentives to cycle. especially for visitors and recreational cycling. Objective 14: Provide appropriate levels of, Objective 4: Provide cycling-friendly routes to all and timely, financial resources towards implementing schools, adequate cycling parking facilities within the NCPF. schools, and cycling training to all school pupils. Objective 15: Introduce changes to legislation Objective 5: Ensure that all of the surfaces used to improve cyclist safety. by cyclists are maintained to a high standard and are well lit. Objective 16: Improve enforcement of traffic laws to enhance cyclist safety and respect for cyclists. Objective 6: Ensure that all cycling networks - both urban and rural - are signposted to an Objective 17: Develop a structure that can co- agreed standard. ordinate the implementation of activities across the many Government Departments, Agencies Objective 7: Provide secure parking for bikes. and NGO’s.
Objective 8: Ensure proper integration between Objective 18: Provide design professionals with cycling and public transport. suitable training / guidance to develop and implement the policies of the NCPF. Support the deepening of Objective 9: Provide public bikes in cities. knowledge of the subject of planning for cyclists in Ireland. Objective 10: Improve the image of cycling and promote cycling using “soft interventions” such Objective 19: Evaluate the cycling policy and monitor as promotional campaigns, events etc. the success as the measures are implemented.
Objective 11: Improve cyclists’ cycling standards and behaviour on the roads.
Objective 12: Improve driver education and driving standards so that there is a greater appreciation for the safety needs of cyclists.
Executive Summary 9 Introduction
1.1 Background / Context: 1.2 The Vision
The Government is committed to developing cycling We have examined best practice in some of the most as one of the most desirable modes of travel, it cycling friendly cultures, and have considered the being good for your health, the economy and the views of many of the stakeholders at home. We have environment. This National Cycle Policy Framework identified the potential to grow cycling as a share of (NCPF) sets out objectives to the year 2020 to achieve overall commuting and have examined the mistakes its vision. made in the past by other countries. We have identified the measures that are required to make Irish towns and villages safe and attractive for cyclists of all ages and abilities. Based upon our analysis, we have developed the following vision for 2020.
10 Introduction Our vision is to create a strong cycling culture in Ireland...
Our vision is that all cities, towns, villages and rural areas will be bicycle friendly. Cycling will be a normal way to get about, especially for short trips. Next to walking, cycling will be the most popular means of getting to school, both for primary and secondary school. Our universities and colleges will be bustling with bicycles. Business men and women will see the bicycle as the best way to travel for part or all of their daily commute. Shopping by bike will be as normal as it is in many of the Northern European cycling friendly countries. The bicycle will be the transport mode of choice for all ages. We will have a healthier and happier population with consequent benefits on the health service. We will all gain economically as cycling helps in easing congestion and providing us with a fitter and more alert work force. they have a strong understanding of how to drive safely on the public roads and how to interact A culture of cycling will have developed in Ireland with cyclists. to the extent that by 2020, 10% of all trips will be by bike. A stronger Economy
Cyclists are almost completely immune to urban 1.3 Why Encourage Cycling? congestion. They also ease congestion as they use valuable road space very efficiently. The door-to- door journey times for trips by bicycle are predictable An Improved Quality of Life to within a few minutes. It is the quickest mode of The quality of everybody’s lives will improve as more transport in an urban environment for trips up to of us cycle more often. We will get the regular exercise 5-6km (European Commission, 1999), and for longer that helps keep our heart, lungs and muscles in good trips at peak hours. A cyclist is free from public working order. We will live longer and be happier transport timetables and can park his or her bicycle as our mental well-being is enhanced with regular very easily and very close to the destination. No time exercise. We will have stronger communities as there is wasted looking for parking spaces. The bicycle will be regular interaction between those out walking can increase the catchment area served by a public and cycling in our neighbourhoods and town centres. transport service around 9 fold (based on the rationale Our streets will become more sociable, convivial and that cycling speed is approximately three times that of vibrant as more of our population use the quiet, non- walking speed). Therefore, the investments in public polluting and non-threatening means of transport. transport supported by cycling promotion measures Those countries which have the highest use of the can bring combined benefits. In The Netherlands 33% bicycle have the lowest rates of cycle accidents. In of all train trips begin by bike (Ministerie van Verkeer these countries there is a wide variety in the ages of en Waterstaat, the Netherlands, 2007). cyclists - i.e. the young and the old cycle daily. Many drivers also cycle. The modern approach to mobility is about giving people more options. One is not just looking at Younger people have greater independence when they persuading more people to use bicycle for all of their can take more of their trips by bicycle. It gives them trips or for the full length of their trips; one is looking increased confidence as they can travel to and from at using bicycles for (at least part of) some of the trips. school on their own or with their friends, while it frees parents from the need to chauffeur their children to school. When these younger people begin to drive,
Introduction 11 Further economic benefits arise from the lower Cycling tourism is an important activity as it brings external costs of providing for cyclists compared to money directly into rural Ireland. This is especially those associated with a more car dependant society important in the context of the current trend in which – e.g. car accidents, policing the road network, road visitors are taking shorter breaks mainly to cities maintenance etc. There are also reduced public health (Fáilte Ireland, 2007). Finally cycling gives adults costs when a higher proportion of the population increased access to labour markets compared to cycle. Furthermore, cycling employees are healthier when the labour force uses (walking and) public with less absenteeism and are more alert than their transport only. non-cycling colleagues (Cycling England, 2007). At an individual level, one has greater disposable An Enhanced Environment income to spend on other goods & services. It takes very little energy and resources to construct bicycles and the bare minimum to use them. In a The business environment in towns and cities world where fossil fuels are increasingly expensive improves when there are more cyclists in the traffic and insecure, it makes sense for us to use the mix: there an is increased perception of security in bicycle for shorter trips. This will result in a significant a city where there is the ‘passive policing’ of streets reduction in CO2 emissions. by cyclists (as with increased pedestrian numbers) as against one in which cars dominate the streets If a car trip is replaced by a bicycle trip, then one (European Commission, 1999). There is also an saves, on average, approximately 150 grams per increased use of local services / decreased leakage kilometre. When one replaces 2000 km of car trips from local economies when people cycle to local by bicycle trips, then one saves 300 kg of CO . shops etc. 2
At a local level, the quality of air in our cities would improve if more people cycled.
12 Introduction 1.4 Why Is A National Cycle Policy 1.6 Criteria For Making NCPF Successful Framework Being Developed? Successful cycling policies must integrate with There is currently no NCPF in Ireland. International wider transportation and other policy fields (such experience indicates (ECMT, 2004) that having as planning, road safety, public health etc.) a national cycling policy can be a powerful tool to encourage cycling in urban areas and rural The most important factors in ensuring that a recreation. Such a framework can provide a common, national cycling policy is successful are as follows integrated basis for the long term development and (Pettinga, A., 2006) and (Crass, M., 2005): implementation of cycling policies among various • the participation of many stakeholders across sectors and levels of government. It can: several government departments, many agencies, • articulate common objectives, goals, and a set of all local authorities and other non-governmental specific, integrated, co-ordinated actions among the organisations and institutions; different departments and agencies (horizontally), as • funding for the initiatives; well as among national, regional and local authorities (vertically), and in partnership with industry, cycling • the knowledge and human resources associations and other stakeholders; available to implement the policies;
• demonstrate political will and commitment at the • legislation and Enforcement. national level, thereby pushing cycling policies higher on the policy agenda;
• raise awareness and “demarginalise” cycling as a sustainable mode of transport;
• provide a basis for the monitoring and evaluation of cycling policy implementation by national, regional and local authorities.
Furthermore, in the Irish context particularly, the NCPF:
• is part of the contribution to a sustainable travel vision,
• is part of a process of cultural development;
• is a tool to help leverage funding for schemes;
• can help set standards and develop quality criteria.
1.5 The Decline In Cycling In Ireland
Commuting cycling has been in marked decline since the 1980s both for adults as well as children. In 1986 a total of 23,635 primary level pupils cycled to school whereas in 2006, only 4,087 primary school pupils cycled to school (a decline of 83%). Of these only 1,044 were girls (25.5% of total). Census 2006 report on mode of travel (Question #17) revealed that only around 1.9% of adults used a bike to go to work.
If one is to reverse the trend, strong interventions are required.
Introduction 13 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment
The objectives presented in this chapter cover the interventions relating to our physical environment that need to be made in order to encourage cycling. The objectives are presented moving, broadly, from the largest scale (urban / regional planning) to a detailed level (provision of cycling parking etc.) and are not neces- sarily related to their priority. In promoting cycling, we need to have cycling-friendly urban planning and cycling-friendly road design / traffic management measures and integration with public transport and plentiful cycling parking and the other measures described in this document. It is a very broad package of measures that is required, not just single, specific interventions.
14 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment Objective 1 The reasons why many developments / town centres and extensions do not have these characteristics are Support the planning, development and design manifold but include the absence of an approach of towns and cities in a cycling and pedestrian of integrating land-use and transportation for most friendly way. towns / developments. There is still an over-emphasis on designing for the motorised vehicle rather than the Discussion more sustainable modes. Policies to respond to this must address both existing and future developments. The current development of towns and cities often takes place in a way that results in long distances It should be noted that the term cycling-friendly between the trip origin and destination, such as is used throughout this report. This has a between the home and school. While the distance broader meaning than just safe for cycling. It also “as the crow flies” may be quite short, the route encompasses the quality criteria of coherence of that walkers, cyclists and public transport users route, directness, comfort and attractiveness. take can involve long detours. What is required is These criteria also apply to walking. more compact, mixed-use developments which are permeable and well connected to existing developments for cyclists (and pedestrians). This ensures more direct routes for the more sustainable modes. What is also required is high quality civic spaces that are not dominated by moving or parked motorised vehicles.
No. Policy Implemented by
1.1 Planning Guidelines DoEHLG + LA’s
We will ensure that all planning guidelines and strategies support cycling promotion as a stated objective. This will be at the levels of National Spatial Strategy, Regional Planning Guidelines, Development Plans and Local Area Plans.
1.2 Additional Planning Guidelines and Instruments DoT + DoEHLG + LA’s
We will examine the success of additional planning guidelines and instruments such as the (non-statutory) Integrated Framework Plans for Land Use and Transportation (IFPLUTS), (statutory) Strategic Development Zones (STZ’s) and masterplanning as devices to facilitate producing cycling friendly (urban) planning. On the basis of this examination, we will ensure that the most successful tool is used more extensively so as to ensure that future developments are planned in a cycling-friendly way.
1.3 Policies concerning the locating of retail, commercial, schools DoEHLG + LA’s and colleges.
We will ensure that development plans favour the locating of retail outlets (and other important destinations) in areas that are serviceable by non-motorised modes.
Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment 15 No. Policy Implemented by
1.4 Urban Design DoEHLG
We will produce design guidance similar to the UK “Manual for Streets” (MfS) to assist planners, transportation consultants, architects and other design professionals in “the art of making places for people”. We recognise that national guidance documents should firmly situate the design of roads and streets within urban design. The MfS document emphasises the role of streets as social spaces, where people come first. The new Irish guidance that is required will cover not only the design of residential streets but town/city centres and mixed use areas.
1.5 Cycling Demonstration Towns DoT
We will develop “Cycling Demonstration Towns” showing best practice in cycling- friendly urban planning, urban design and traffic engineering. This will include the retrofitting of existing impermeable / poorly connected developments. Such schemes will take place following studies of the experiences of UK Cycling Demonstration towns and other European Cycling Cities (such as Odense, Denmark). The CDT’s developed can showcase all interventions positive for cycling, not just those at a “high level” (i.e. planning level).
16 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment No. Policy Implemented by
1.6 Existing Development Layouts DoEHLG + L.A.’s
We will develop a national programme of remedial works to enhance the layout of housing estates with a focus on creating a network of attractive back-street routes closed to motor traffic but available for use by child cyclists and less confident adult cyclists.
1.7 Development Plans, Local Area Plans DoEHLG + DoT and National Cycle Policy Framework
We will ensure that that all Development Plans are reviewed by DoEHLG so as to ensure that they are consistent with the objectives and policies of the NCPF. We will ensure that the development plans contain objectives to produce local cycling policies. The content of the policies should be informed by best international practice.
Such cycling policies would from part of Local Transport Plans (see 2.2)
We will produce specific guidance for Local Authorities for inclusion in Development Plans on effective means of enabling direct cycle routes / accessibility through new developments and enabling connectivity to shops, schools and other facilities such as public transport stations/stops.
1.8 Planning & Development Act 2000 DoEHLG
Schedule 1 to the Planning and Development Act 2000 lists the purposes for which objectives may be indicated in the Development Plan. Point 2 refers to the promotion of sustainable settlement and transport strategies in urban and rural areas. We will re-examine this point and, if necessary, to expand it to refer specifically to cycling.
Furthermore, we will emphasise cycling in an updated version of the publication “Development Plans, Guidelines for Planning Authorities”, DOEHLG June 2007. This will facilitate specific policies in Development Plans.
Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment 17 Objective 2 (3) Junction treatment and traffic management This includes: Ensure that the urban road infrastructure (with the • urban traffic control systems designed exception of motorways) is designed / retrofitted so to recognise cyclists and give them priority; as to be cyclist-friendly and that traffic management measures are also cyclist friendly. • contra-flow cycle lanes on one-way streets / making two-way streets for cyclists; Discussion • exemptions to cyclists from certain banned The current design of many urban roads is still turns and access restrictions; focused on motor powered vehicles, often at the • combined bus/cycle priority measures - expense of cyclists and pedestrians. Examples and building upon the successful examples already include multi-lane one-way streets, large complex developed in Irish cities (and learning from examples junctions - especially roundabouts, left-only slip-lanes of QBC/cycle designs in which the route is not and other free-flow arrangements. Many examples perceived to be cycle-friendly). of parts of the urban cycle networks that have been provided to date produce a loss of priority to cyclists • on-street parking restrictions; at junctions compared to what they would have • advanced stop lines for cyclists at traffic signals - if they remained on the main carriageway. Such as has already been done in some cities around designs reflect a bias towards providing for motor the country; powered vehicles. • by-passes for cyclists at traffic signals;
A new approach to the design of urban roads in which • signalising roundabouts, changing priorities the car does not dominate is required. There must at junctions so as to make cycle friendly; be a greater focus on the “Hierarchy of Solutions” • advanced transport telematics: designing (as was developed in The Netherlands originally new systems to benefit cyclists. and explained in the 1996 UK Cycling Friendly Infrastructure document). This is summarized as (4) Redistribution of the carriageway follows here: Can the carriageway be redistributed? Such as by (1) Traffic reduction marking wide kerb lanes or shared bus/cycle lanes?
Can traffic levels be reduced, particularly heavy goods (5) Cycle lanes and cycle tracks vehicles (HGVs)? Measures could include restricting the movements of HGVs from local roads, building In addition, having considered and, where possible, by-passes to divert through-traffic, and environmental implemented all of the above, what cycle tracks or road closures to discourage through-traffic. cycle lanes (if any) are necessary in order to make a route cycling-friendly? (2) Traffic calming (6) Cycleways (public roads for the Can speed be reduced and driver behaviour modified? exclusive use of cyclists and pedestrians) Here the emphasis must also be on enforcement (whether through increased use of speed cameras or What opportunities exist to create traffic-free routes other technologies). The concept of “traffic calming” linking, for example, residential areas to important should also be broadened to include physical destinations? These might include links between measures to revise the perceived design speeds of (previously unconnected) residential areas using roads, and other measures, such as the removal of parks, canal and river-side routes, e.g South Dublin one-way street systems. Multi-lane one-way street County Council plan for cycling in parks. systems require cyclists to take detours rather than direct routes. They can also be daunting for cyclists It can be seen from the above that in making provision since, if one intends to take a right hand turn at a for cyclists in the urban environment, it is often less junction, then one is required to weave across several about providing dedicated cycling facilities and more lanes of (often fast-moving) traffic. about wider traffic interventions that benefits all of the more vulnerable road users, not just cyclists. Should
18 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment any cycle networks be developed they must adhere and cycle-lanes - is not the solution to persuading to the five main requirements for cycling: safety; more people to cycle. The urban cycle network must coherence; directness; comfort; attractiveness. It must consist of a broad variety of measures including: be ensured that the design process used to produce traffic-reduced areas and public squares, train station schemes incorporates the use of Road Safety Audits, areas, school areas; cycle-friendly junctions (with, and other quality control measures to ensure the in some cases, cycle bridges and tunnels and cycle designs are of the highest quality with construction traffic lights), traffic-calmed streets; cycle-lanes standards to match. Many current designs require with visual segregation (painted tracks); physically cyclists to yield at secondary roads when they are separated cycle tracks, cycleways; street lighting, on primary roads, or require “the pedestrianisation of road signs etc. i.e. it requires the full tool-box of cyclists” in areas of difficulty. engineering solutions. The bicycle network in this case is part-and-parcel of the integrated approach to urban It must be understood that providing cycling networks traffic solutions. Urban cyclists need them and latent alone - if narrowly defined to only mean cycle-tracks cyclists are waiting for them before choosing to bike.
No. Policy Implemented by
2.1 Design Philosophy DoT and LA’s
We will ensure that when designing for cyclists (and other vulnerable road users), the design philosophy followed will be that as encapsulated in the “Hierarchy of Measures” as described above. This design philosophy must inform the development of any Local Transport Plans that are developed. See 2.2.
2.2 Local Transport Plans (LTP) DoT and DoEHLG
We will examine the merits of introducing “Local Transport Plans” (LTP’s) as instruments to ensure that more cycling-friendly policies and strategies are developed at the local level. Should any bicycle policy audits be carried out, these must inform the LTP.
2.3 Through Traffic DoT and LA’s
We will support local authorities in removing through-traffic from urban centres and school routes through, amongst other measures, the provision of a national programme of ring-roads and town / village by-passes. As these are built, other measures to make the town centre more bicycle friendly should be introduced: environmental traffic cells, bridge / road closures, removal of spare lanes at signalised junctions, dismantling of one-way street systems, removal / modifications of roundabouts etc.
2.4 HGV Strategies DoT and LA’s
We will require local authorities to develop Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) Management Strategies for every town in the country. We will consider a ban on the movement of HGVs on routes to schools / other specific routes with mixed traffic between 08.30-09.30 and 15.00-17.00.
Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment 19 No. Policy Implemented by
2.5 Audits of Existing Infrastructure DoT supporting LA’s
We will carry out audits of existing urban infrastructure to assess the quality of the cycling routes using an agreed set of criteria. This would include not only existing dedicated cycling facilities but all of the other elements of the roads infrastructure used by cyclists – roundabouts, one-way streets, road narrowings, narrow traffic lanes (in the context of the development of the Quality Bus Network etc).
2.6 Remedial Measures LA’s
We will carry out remedial measures on existing cyclist-unfriendly urban roads with a special focus on roundabouts, multi-lane one- way streets and road narrowing schemes. Without addressing the difficulties posed by high capacity, high speed roundabouts in urban locations – and particularly those between residential areas and schools - it will be very difficult to encourage more of the public to cycle.
2.7 Future Schemes DoT
We acknowledge that the designs of many of the roundabouts, one-way street systems and off-road cycle tracks that have been constructed over the last number of years are not cyclist friendly. We will ensure that new design guidance is in place before supporting local authorities in constructing future schemes.
2.8 Demand Management LA’s
We will use demand management measures to make cities and town centres relatively more attractive for cyclists (and public transport users). These will be included in Local Transport Plans.
2.9 Urban Cycle Networks DoT + LA’s
We will develop cycle-networks as part of wider cyclist-friendly local traffic plans / traffic management plans in all urban areas. The use of the concept of “cycle network” will not imply that the routes forming it will only consist of linked cycle-lanes and cycle tracks (as was the original interpretation of much of the network in Dublin). Instead the design philosophy will be based on the “hierarchy of measures” as described above with the focus being on the reduction of vehicular speeds, ensuring that all junctions are cycling friendly etc. We will ensure that designs are created with the principal aim of preserving cyclist momentum. We will also ensure that designs will provide for a safe passing distance of 1.5m between motorised vehicles and bicycles.
We will also underline the need for designers to cycle all routes for which they are producing designs.
20 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment No. Policy Implemented by
2.10 Sutton to Sandycove Scheme DoEHLG
We will complete the Sutton to Sandycove (S2S) cycleway / promenade.
This 22km continuous facility will act as a commuting route as well as a world class recreational and tourist route. It will be a flagship project for the capital.
2.11 Experiments DoT
We will provide support to carrying out “new experiments” in road design, traffic management and use of space in urban areas.
For example, we will examine the work of Hans Mondermans in the Netherlands and his experiments of creating shared spaces without the use of traffic signs and lines and traffic lights etc. - now also being carried out in Kensington High Street, London - or the work of David Engwicht from Brisbane and his street party approach to traffic calming. Such experiments would be carried out by multi- disciplinary Local Authority teams.
Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment 21 Objective 3 creating a cycling culture in Ireland and recreational routes in and around urban areas, which, in turn link Provide designated rural signed cycle networks to rural areas are very important. providing especially for visitors and recreational cycling The network identified will mainly use a mix of minor Discussion roads, and some greenways. The greenways are especially important for, typically, the first 10km along Ireland currently does not have a National Cycle the routes emanating from busy town centres which Network on the ground. However, Fáilte Ireland has are heavily trafficked and particularly unattractive for produced its Strategy for the Development of Irish inexperienced or very young cyclists. While the overall Cycle Tourism (Fáilte Ireland, 2007). This strategy framework of the tourism network has been identified, identified an approximately 3000km long network there is more work to be carried out to identify further running from Donegal along the West, South and routes, particularly in the Midlands and particularly South-east coasts and continuing along the East to use existing traffic free routes such as the canal coast as far as the Northern Ireland border. While the and river tow paths. There is also further work to main target market of the cycle tourism strategy is be carried out in identifying which sections of the visitors – both overseas and domestic – the secondary extensive network of disused rail-lines would be most target market is recreational cyclists. From the suitable to be converted to high quality, traffic-free perspective of the National Cycle Policy Framework, routes suitable for cyclists of all ages and abilities. encouraging recreational cycling is a key element of
No. Policy Implemented by
3.1 National Cycle Network (NCN) DoT, NRA, DAS&T, Fáilte Ireland + LA’s We will construct the National Cycle Network (NCN) as identified in the 2007 Strategy for the Development of Irish Cycle Tourism. We will ensure that the Regional Authorities will incorporate the appropriate policies into the Regional Planning Guideline so as to facilitate in the implementation of the National Cycling Network.
3.2 Expansion of NCN DoT and LA’s
We will carry out further research and surveying work in order to expand the network to include rural recreational routes around urban areas and to connect major urban areas. We will pay special attention to the opportunities of using both the extensive disused rail network and canal / river tow-path networks as cycling / walking routes. In expanding the network, we will examine the recent UK experiences of the construction of their networks.
3.3 Hard Shoulders and Contiguous Areas DoT and NRA
We will examine the idea of using the hard shoulders and the contiguous space of roads with an arterial character as part of the National Cycle Network. We will ensure that those hard shoulders have the same maintenance and drainage standards applied to them as to the rest of the carriageway.
3.4 Upgrading of National Roads DoT and NRA
In regard to the upgrading of national roads, we will ensure that any such proposals do not impact negatively on the safety and perceived safety of the roads for cyclists.
22 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment Objective 4 and attractive for cyclists. This objective will tie in closely with public health objectives relating to Provide Cycling-Friendly Routes To All Schools, reducing the incidence of obesity. Provide Adequate Cycling Parking Facilities Within Schools And Colleges, And Provide Cycling Training The provision of a safe infrastructure to schools is To All School Pupils. covered in objectives 1 and 2 above and, to a lesser extent, objective 3. The school grounds themselves Discussion should be cycling-friendly environments with well- located, safe and sheltered bicycle parking facilities The proportion of trips taken to school by bike has at each school. Cycling education and training should dropped dramatically over recent years. In recreating be part of the school curriculum at both primary and a cycling culture in Ireland, there must be a special secondary levels. (See also Objective 11) focus on making the trip to school and college safe
No. Policy Implemented by
4.1 Safe Cycling Routes DoT and LA’s
We will provide safe cycling routes to all primary and secondary schools and third level colleges by 2020. An audit will be carried out of every school / routes leading to the school from residential areas.
4.2 Low Speed School Environs DoT and LA’s
We will ensure that by 2020 the environment in the immediate vicinity of schools is a safe and attractive low speed (30kph) environment with speed limits strictly enforced, and drop-off by car within a given distance restricted.
Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment 23 No. Policy Implemented by
4.3 Green Schools Programme DoT + DoES
We will expand the Green Schools Programme to all schools in the State by 2020. We will encourage all Boards of Management of Schools to develop school travel plans that maximize the use of the bike, walking and public transport. Such plans would also include consideration for the phased opening times of schools, and a relaxation of the obligation for female school students to wear skirts.
4.4 Cycling Training DoT + DoES
We will monitor the success of the cycling training programmes already provided by some local authorities (such as Dublin City Council) and, if appropriate, expand these to all schools by 2020. (See also Objective 11.1)
Objective 5 to prompt detection and remediation of potholes – is of primary importance. Indicators must be Ensure that all of the surfaces used by cyclists are developed that roads authorities must use to assess maintained to a high standard and are well lit. the quality of the roads in their areas. Care must be taken to ensure that drainage is adequate and that Discussion drainage grates and gulleys are of a placing and type that does not endanger or discommode cyclists. Cyclists are more susceptible to being destabilised Special attention needs to be paid to the additional by poor road surfaces than other road users. Cyclists maintenance needs of any segregated cycling are simultaneously steering, balancing themselves facilities that may be created given that they and propelling the bike. The issue of general roads are not swept by the movement of other vehicles. maintenance – from simple and regular sweeping
No. Policy Implemented by
5.1 Indicators DoT
We will ensure that the indicators / standards for the quality of road surfaces, take into account the needs of cyclists.
5.2 Maintenance to Standards DoT
We will ensure that all road surfaces are maintained to the standards developed in 5.1 above.
5.3 Reinstatement by Contractors DoT
We will work with Local Authorities to assess the current consequences for contractors who do not reinstate the roads to an agreed standard. We will increase penalties, where necessary.
24 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment No. Policy Implemented by
5.4 Off-road Cycle Track Maintenance DoT and LA’s
We will encourage use by local authorities of special equipment to maintain / sweep off-road cycle tracks / cycleways. This could include the purchase of vehicles with in-built GPS systems which note the exact location of potholes etc. and which automatically relay this information back to the roads authority maintenance section (such as the system used in Odense, Denmark).
5.5 Pothole Hotlines DoT and LA’s
We will provide support for introduction of “emergency hotlines” in all LA’s to enable the (cycling) public to report potholes / inadequate reinstatement of roads, broken glass on the road etc.
5.6 Lighting of Cycleways DoT’s + LA’s
We will ensure that any dedicated cycling routes which are developed which are away from the main public carriageway are well lit where appropriate.
Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment 25 Objective 6 Discussion There is inadequate signposting of cycling friendly Ensure that all cycling networks - both urban routes and those routes forming parts of the cycling and rural - are signposted to an agreed standard network (Fáilte Ireland, 2007). This is of particular relevance for those routes used by recreational and visitor cyclists.
No. Policy Implemented by
6.1 Signposts DoT + LA’s + DAS&T, Fáilte Ireland We will ensure that as the urban and rural cycle networks develop, sign-posting is provided to the standards developed as part of the Strategy for the Development of Irish Cycle Tourism. The signs will include directional signs, warning signs as well as interpretation panels for routes.
6.2 Cycling Maps DoT + LA’s
We will support the production of cycling maps both for rural and urban contexts. Such maps can also include useful information such as details of local bicycle shops, guarded bicycle parking facilities (as they are provided) etc.
26 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment Objective 7
Provide secure parking for bikes
Discussion
The provision of well-located, plentiful, sheltered and secure parking facilities is as important to the cyclist as the provisions for moving cyclists described above. In recreating a cycling culture, it must be easy for cyclists to park their bikes as close as possible to their destination. The provision of cycling parking is also needed to tackle bicycle theft. At best, bicycle theft and vandalism deters users from buying quality bikes resulting in cyclists not benefiting from using faster, lighter, more comfortable and safer bicycles; at worst, they deter the public from buying bikes at all. Therefore it is important to understand how strategies from abroad have succeeded in tackling bicycle theft and how these may be adaptable to an Irish cultural context.
No. Policy Implemented by
7.1 National Guidance on Cycle Parking DoT + DoEHLG
We will develop national guidance on cycling parking provision. This will include details of the best types of facilities for different locations depending on security, space and cost requirements. It will also include guidance to all Local Authorities indicating what are suitable levels of cycling parking for different types of developments. This guidance must be incorporated into the revision of their next Development Plans.
7.2 Compliance with Planning Conditions on Cycle Parking DoEHLG + LA’s
We will ensure that Local Authorities check that developers comply with planning permission conditions regarding the provision of cycling parking facilities.
7.3 Existing Developments DoT + LA’s
We will encourage employers to provide cycling parking facilities at existing developments.
7.4 Guarded Bicycle Parks DoT + LA’s
We will create strategically located high-capacity guarded bicycle parking facilities in city centre locations so that commuters can leave bikes safely in the city. These could, potentially, be located on the ground floor of city centre multi-story car parks, some of which are located in the centre of environmental traffic cells.
Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment 27 No. Policy Implemented by
7.5 Bicycle Stations DoT + LA’s
We will examine schemes whereby customers could pay a modest fee to have their bikes kept safe and dry, and a parking attendant could park and fetch bikes (similar to leaving coats in a cloakroom). Ideally these buildings could evolve into bicycle stations with showers, lockers, changing rooms, and could sell basic equipment like lights, bells, reflective materials, bicycle baskets and pannier bags as well as cycling maps etc. See also objective 9 below. The best known example is Munster, Germany.
We will also consider a scheme where customers could also pay for the use of these facilities by an annual subscription which could, in turn, be subject to tax credits. The scheme could start in major urban areas and develop to include all towns and major shopping centres.
7.6 Mobile Cycle Parking Facilities LA’s
We will ensure that local authorities provide mobile guarded bicycle parking facilities to let for special events, e.g. football matches, open- air festivals, village fairs etc. (See example from World Cup final in Berlin in 2006 in which mobile bicycle parking facilities were used.) - Proceedings from Velo-city, Munich 2007.
7.7 Tackling Bicycle Theft and Vandalism DoT and other Stakeholders We will develop a national strategy to tackle bicycle theft in collaboration with stakeholders. This is likely to include cycling organizations, Local Authorities, An Garda Síochána, bicycle shops, lock manufacturers, insurance companies, producers of parking equipment etc. Such a strategy is likely to include recommendations on the need to develop a national register / database of bikes, publications aimed at cyclists advising them on how to / where to lock bikes, specific policies dealing with abandoned bicycles etc.
Objective 8 there needs to be high quality cycling parking at all PT stops and stations. It is noted that of all train Ensure Proper Integration Between Cycling And travellers in the Netherlands, 33% use the bicycle to Public Transport (PT) get between home and the station. (Ministerie van verkeer en Waterstaat, 2007). There also needs to be Discussion improved provision for the carriage of bikes on public transport vehicles. The main market here is not daily The reach of public transport is limited when PT users commuters who will generally leave their bikes at one are limited to walking to the PT stop or station. There (or both) end(s) of the PT trip but those recreational / is considerable scope for increasing the catchment tourist users who want to bring their own bikes to the area serviced by a particular PT corridor when bikes scenic destination. are combined with PT. As per objective 7 above,
28 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment No. Policy Implemented by
8.1 Safe Routes to Stations DoT with CIÉ, RPA and LA’s We will require Local Authorities to provide safe and attractive cycling routes to PT stations / stops in collaboration with the PT operator. This might include, for example, the creation of a new entrance or route across lands owned by the PT agency / provider.
8.2 Cycling Parking at all PT Stations DoT with CIÉ, RPA and LA’s We will audit every intercity, sub-urban rail, (future Metro), DART, LUAS and bus station to assess existing and potential cycling parking provision and will support the construction of suitable cycling parking facilities at each station. This will include cycle parking stations that may be guarded with staff, CCTV, swipe cards etc. and will be based upon best international practice.
We will ensure that at the planning design stage of all future PT projects, there is proper provision made for quality cycle parking facilities.
The cycling parking design guidance produced at 7.1 above will include all the necessary technical advice on the design of such facilities at train stations.
8.3 Bicycle Stations DoT + Iarnród Éireann
We will provide, as a pilot project to begin with, bicycle stations at rail station(s) or major public transport hubs.
Bicycle stations are guarded indoor bicycle parks with a capacity of from several hundreds up to several thousands. Mainly targeted at commuters with season tickets, they offer long opening times (before the arrival of the first train until after the last train), sales of new and second hand bikes, accessory sales, same day repair service and bike rental. Cf. Example in Munster, Germany.
8.4 Bicycles and Intercity Rail DoT + Iarnród Éireann
We will ensure that intercity trains have proper provision for the carriage of cycles over and above the currently proposed “maximum of 2 bikes per train”. This may require the retrofitting of rolling stock with flip-up seats. We will ensure that the specification of all rolling stock not yet ordered provides for the carriage of bikes.
8.5 Bicycles and Sub-Urban Rail DoT + Iarnród Éireann + RPA We will permit the carriage of bikes on DART and other suburban rail services at off-peak times and on counter peak services at peak hour, following a more detailed study which will recommend suitable devices / facilities for the proper restraining of bikes on the trains. This will include all future Metro plans in Dublin (or anywhere else they may be planned).
Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment 29 No. Policy Implemented by
8.6 Bicycles and LUAS DoT + RPA
We will provide for the carriage of bikes on LUAS when services are of a frequency and at a capacity that allows for it. i.e. when it is considered possible to carry bikes on carriages when they do not interfere with the capacity for pedestrians.
8.7 Bicycles and Intercity Buses DoT, Bus Éireann + private operators We will examine the existing conditions of carriage of bikes on intercity buses – both public and private – and develop specific policies to improve the service. This will include having operators provide clear information on the conditions of carriage of bikes.
8.8 Bicycles on Urban Bus Services DoT and Dublin Bus
We will support the development of a pilot project for the carriage of bikes on urban bus services comparable to what is currently used on buses in Canada and US
8.9 Bikes and Ferries / Ports DoT and LA’s and Port Companies We will carry out a study examining a range of issues under this heading. This could include: (i) Availability of / need for safe and well sign-posted routes to and from ports (both for employees in ports / cycling tourists); (ii) Facilities at ports (cycle parking etc.); (iii) Availability of / need for clear information on what ferry companies at each port take bikes, costs, conditions of carriage etc. Information to be available on-line and at port. (iv) Availability of / need for cycling maps etc. at ports showing visitors how to get to city centres / other local centres. (v) Encouraging ferry companies to facilitate the carriage of bikes
8.10 Bikes and Planes / Airports DoT and Airport Authorities
We will carry out a study examining a range of issues under this heading. This could include: (i) Availability of / need for safe and well sign-posted routes to and from airports (both for employees in airports / cycling tourists); (ii) Facilities at airports (cycle parking, areas for dismantling bikes, bike boxes etc.); (iii) Availability of / need for clear information on what airlines at each airport take bikes, costs, conditions of carriage etc. Information to be available on-line and at airport; (iv) Availability of / need for cycling maps etc. at airports showing visitors how to get to city centres / other local centres.
30 Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment Objective 9
Provide Public Bikes In Cities
Discussion
Public bikes are now being seen as another element of the public transport system. There are successful schemes up and running in many European cities. The main market here is “incidental trips” – i.e. not the daily commuting trips or recreational / tourist cycle trips. It has been shown to be important in cities in which bicycle culture is (re-) emerging such as in Paris, Barcelona and Lyon.
No. Policy Implemented by
9.1 Provide Public Bikes in Cities DoT + LA’s
We will provide municipally-run “public bike” facilities in all cities above 100,000 population such as the O-ve bike scheme in the Netherlands. We will examine and closely monitor the Public Bike System that is due to be launched in Dublin in 2009, as well as studying the systems from abroad before developing Irish versions.
Interventions – Infrastructure & The Physical Environment 31 Interventions – Communication & Education
Objective 10 the image of cycling aimed at - decision-makers, media, planners, developers, businesses, elected Improve the image of cycling and promote members, etc. These should include advertising cycling using “soft interventions” and marketing campaigns using all available media, for example TV, radio, bus shelter posters, billboards, Discussion together with events such as bike week or bicycle festivals. The frequently humourous TV adds shown Cycling currently has an image problem. If it is to be in the Netherlands celebrating cycling might be treated as a serious mode of transport, it needs to taken as a model. There must be a clear message be seen to be normal to be on a bike. Its poor image that cycling is a readily accessible form of transport, may be related to it being perceived by many as being not requiring unnecessary encumbrances such as unsafe or it may be related to the absence of role specialised cycling attire. models. National campaigns are needed to improve
32 Interventions – Communication & Education No. Policy Implemented by
10.1 Campaigns to change the image of cycling DoT and DH&C
We will examine best international practice in devising campaigns specifically to change the image of cycling. Since there are much fewer women than men cycling (especially during the teenage years) campaigns need to focus on this target group. We will develop a range of national and local campaigns aimed at countering the poor image of cycling. These will be carried out in collaboration with other partners etc.
We will develop a range of national and local promotional campaigns selling the wider benefits of cycling: freedom, the fastest way of getting around, sociability of cycling, lack of running costs, health benefits, ecological benefits. A national campaign could, perhaps, be fronted by a well-known public figure.
10.2 Bike Week DoT and LA’s
We will organise an annual National Bike Week. There may also be the possibilities of incorporating the Bike Week into the existing “Sustainable Energy Week” promoted by Sustainable Energy Ireland or “Mobility Week” promoted by European Commission. There is also an embryonic “Bike Week” being developed by the Mater and Temple Street hospitals.
The Bike Week could also encompass Bicycle Festivals, as have been organized on a voluntary basis in Dublin or more professionally abroad - e.g. The Cornwall Festival of Cycling, Bicycle Film Festival (which travelled around the world: San Francisco, London, Edinburgh etc.) plus a similar bicycle film festival in Tillburg, Netherlands.
10.3 Competitions DoT
We will organise competitions to raise awareness of the importance of cycling in special target groups – e.g. the most cyclist-friendly employer / school / college / PT station etc.
10.4 Information DoT We will produce useful information for cyclists / potential cyclists. This could incluce:
• cycling maps;
• online journey planners for the different cities;
• online weather information (linking it with Met sites for example)
• “How not to get your bicycle stolen” information leaflet;
We will investigate the idea of creating and running a “Cycling Portal”. This could be a one-stop-shop for anyone seeking information on cycling. Possible content could include news (about events, new legislation etc.), advice, bicycle registration, discussion boards, facility to enable cyclists to report potholes etc. to relevant Local Authority, classified section.
Interventions – Communication & Education 33 No. Policy Implemented by
10.5 Targeting Employers and Employees DoT
We will support companies / other organisations above a certain threshold to produce mobility management plans Guidance will have detailed reference to the range of interventions that can used to promote cycling.
This could build on the lessons learnt from the “One Small Step” campaign.
10.6 Targeting Third Level Students DoT / DoES + LA’s
We will develop special campaigns / initiatives aimed at the target group of third level students.
10.7 Targeting Shoppers DoT / DoEHLG + LA’s
We will develop special campaigns / initiatives aimed at the target group of shoppers.
10.8 Targeting Family / Recreational Cyclists DoT / Fáilte Ireland / LA’s
We will develop special targeted campaigns initiatives aimed at the target group of family / recreational cyclists.
10.9 Targeting Visitors DoT / Fáilte Ireland / LA’s
We will support Fáilte Ireland in developing and implementing its Strategy for the Development of Irish Cycle Tourism (See also Objective 3)
10.10 Sports Cycling DAS & T and Sports Council We will support the development of all aspects of sports cycling. This would include:
• Road cycling – leisure and racing;
• Mountain-biking – leisure and racing;
• Track racing;
• Bicycle Polo;
• Other aspects of the sport.
We will work closely with Cycling Ireland (CI) in the development of specific strategies.
34 Interventions – Communication & Education Objective 11 education proposals is to arrive at a situation where Ireland has a population of cyclists and motorists Improve cyclists’ cycling standards and who have a level of training that would be considered behaviour on the roads normal in the Netherlands or Germany.
Discussion There needs to be a mandatory national cycling proficiency programme for all school children in Irish Very few cyclists currently receive formal training. schools starting at primary level and continuing in a The standards of cycling and standards of adhering to graduated manner through to secondary level. This the rules of the road need to be improved. The current programme should prioritise practical on-road skills. poor behaviour of some cyclists impacts on the wider A similar approved national curriculum for adult image of cycling. Teaching students how to be safe cyclists could also be developed, based for on a bike teaches them road safety for driving motor example, on the UK “Bikeability” programme. powered vehicles later in life. The purpose of the
No. Policy Implemented by
11.1 National Cycling Training Programmes for School Pupils DoT / DoES, RSA
We will assess the experiences of those Irish Local Authorities that have run cycling training programmes and we will also examine the National Curriculum of the leading European countries in this area. This will inform and lead to the development of a national curriculum on cycling training for primary schools. Such a curriculum is likely to include desk-based (theory), school-yard based and graded road-based cycling training. (This would include cycling along quieter residential streets and busier roads in mixed traffic). This should emphasize issues such as correct road positioning for cyclists, an awareness of the blind spots on HGVs, etc. It should also include basic bicycle maintenance.
We will ensure that every child will receive cycling training using this new curriculum.
11.2 Training Instructors DoT + RSA
We will develop a curriculum for the training of cycling instructors and train the number of instructors that are required to oversee the curriculum.
11.3 Adult Cycling Training DoT + RSA
We will develop and organise a service to provide cycling training for adults returning to cycling and those who never cycled before.
11.4 Awareness Campaigns RSA We will organise campaigns on: (i) promoting greater courtesy by cyclists towards other road users; (ii) wearing of lights, reflective gear etc. on bikes.
Interventions – Communication & Education 35 Objective 12 to this is that the granting of learner driver permits should be made contingent on the applicant being in Improve driver education and driving standards so possession of a valid Irish schools cycling proficiency that there is a greater appreciation for the safety certificate or, for adult applicants, evidence of needs of cyclists attendance at and passing of an equivalent course of instruction. German learner drivers, in addition Discussion to having had cycling training in school must also undertake a formal 90 minute module on vulnerable In comparison with (Northern) continental European road users as part of their driver training. A similar countries, cyclists in Ireland are not treated with the requirement could be introduced for Irish same respect by drivers. One possible response learner drivers.
No. Policy Implemented by
12.1 Rules of the Road (ROTR) DoT / RSA
We will ensure that in the next revising of the ROTR, there will be a significant module of how to interact with cyclists - focusing on, for example, passing out cyclists and leaving adequate space, plus interactions between modes at junctions.
12.2 General Driver Instruction DoT / RSA
We will ensure that the curriculum developed for driving instructors/ students includes a greater emphasis on how to interact safely with cyclists. It will include promoting a greater awareness of not encroaching into cycle lanes and cycle boxes (advanced stop lines) etc.
12.3 Buses DoT / RSA, Bus Éireann, Dublin Bus and private We will pay special attention to the training needs of bus drivers operators since bicycles and buses both occupy bus lanes and interact closely with one another in this space. We will examine the training curriculum and course followed by bus drivers and ensure that it caters properly in helping trainee drivers understand how best to safely interact with cyclists. We will examine best international practice in the provision of training for bus drivers.
12.4 Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) DoT / RSA
We will review the training curriculum for driving heavy goods vehicles given the disproportionately high number of heavy goods vehicles involved in cyclist (and pedestrian) accidents.
12.5 Cyclops Mirrors on HGVs DoT
We will investigate the feasibility of providing incentives to encourage the retrofitting of Cyclops mirrors to the older vehicle fleet within a specified time period. This may be explored through the Insurance Industry Federation.
36 Interventions – Communication & Education No. Policy Implemented by
12.6 Awareness Campaigns RSA We will develop campaigns for all drivers - for example: (i) to explain why it is important to tackle urban speeding - e.g. If you speed, you are making it difficult for others to chose to cycle or walk thus exacerbating congestion; (ii) to promote greater courtesy by motorists towards cyclists; (iii) advising motorists of the legal requirement to yield to cyclists at roundabouts and at other locations;
Objective 13
Provide fiscal incentives to cycle
Discussion
While cycling is still cheap compared to using other modes of transport, there is an absence of dedicated fiscal policies to incentivise cycling over other modes. There is an opportunity here to use policy interventions tried with great success in other countries in Ireland.
No. Policy Implemented by
13.1 Subsidised Bike Purchase DoT We welcome the Budget 2009 initiative under which, from 1 January 2009, the provision of bicycles and associated safety equipment by employers to employees who agree to use the bicycles to cycle to work will be treated as a tax exempt benefit-in-kind. We will encourage employers to implement the scheme through salary sacrifice arrangements as is envisaged in the Budget 2009 provision and review progress to maximise take-up.
13.2 Cycle Mileage Allowances DoT + We will examine the existing scheme that allows for mileage allowances to be paid Department to cyclists for business related trips (in the public sector) and work to ensure that of Finance the rates paid to cyclists are the same as those paid to drivers. This has symbolic (DoF) importance as well as a true monetary incentivising value.
While it is not possible to direct private organisations to adopt a higher mileage allowance for cycling trips, we will encourage them to do so
13.3 Indirect Tax System DoF + Revenue We will investigate possible options of using the indirect tax system to reduce the Commissioners cost of bicycle purchase
Interventions – Communication & Education 37 Instruments: Financial Resources
Costs and Benefits of Investing in Cycling The extent of the benefits of cycling will vary depending on many factors. Discussion It depends on the profile of new cyclists as well There are many benefits to investing in cycling, as described in Chapter 1. The fiscal benefits include: as the amount of cycling. Cycling contributes to improvements in levels of physical activity offering (i) the value of lost lives - i.e. the deaths which protection against chronic disease and premature could have been prevented as a result of being death. The methods adopted produce higher values physically active through cycling; for older people who are encouraged to become (ii) savings to the Health Service Executive as a result active, than younger people. of not having to treat illnesses which result from physical inactivity; The contribution to abating congestion and pollution (iii) gains in productivity arising from reducing rests on the extent to which new cycle trips replace absenteeism which is preventable through car journeys, and the values associated with both increased activity; congestion and pollution which are much higher in urban areas than rural areas. (iv) reductions in (urban) congestion;
(v) reduced emissions.
38 Instruments: Finances: the Costs And Benefits Of Implementing The Ncpf Discussion A typical Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) for a road (or also strengthens the BCR. Even without any value public transport facility) will normally only consider for children’s health or accident prevention, Links the linear corridor itself. An investment in a cycling to Schools produces a positive result. network will have an impact on an entire geographical area. It will have an impact on road safety within that There are potentially significant costs in implementing area as well as a positive impact on the health of the the National Cycling Policy Framework in full. Based population using that network. It has an area-wide on international experience and research in the Irish positive impact, a societal effect, a living area effect. context, the Department of Transport considers that The methodology of a CBA for a road, as used by a benefit to cost ratio of 4:1 is achievable. the World Bank, cannot be applied to assessing a cycling network. It is even more challenging to carry In summary, the subject of quantifying the costs out a CBA of an entire cycling policy, such as this. and benefits of spending on cycling is complex International cycling (and walking) appraisal has only but all the indications are that benefits significantly been developing over the last three of four years. outweigh the costs.
The SQW report examined four examples of cycling intervention. Each was shown to produce positive returns to investment. The highest value was found for the cycling training investment. Training is less expensive than physical development and where it can demonstrate even modest increases in levels of cycling it is likely to produce high returns. The London Cycle Network + also produced a strong Benefit to Cost Ratio (BCR). Links to Schools and Bike It are both initiatives targeted at school children. Links to Schools provides improved infrastructure and, as a result, also benefits other residents. Because of the physical infrastructure element it also has value to those using the existing routes and this
No. Policy Implemented by
14.1 International CBA DoT
There is, in fact, compelling evidence that the benefits of investing in cycling significantly outweigh the costs.
We will carry out an assessment of the emerging international studies on valuing the benefits of cycling and apply these to an Irish context. This will include looking at spend per head on cycling provision in different countries.
14.2 Continuous Funding DoF + DoT
We acknowledge that there needs to be continuous funding of the NCPF over the short, medium and long term in order to achieve the broad aim of recreating cycling culture in Ireland.
We will provide appropriate levels of, and timely, funding towards the implementation of the NCPF.
Instruments: Finances: the Costs And Benefits Of Implementing The Ncpf Discussion 39 Instruments: Legislation And Enforcement
Objective 15 There is a case for adoption of the standard Northern European Hierarchy of speed limits with 30kph as the Introduce changes to legislation to improve standard limit in core urban areas and with reduced cyclist safety limits applied on residential streets (home zones) and at large junctions where there are vulnerable road Discussion users in the traffic mix.
Cyclists in Ireland are not given the same legal protection as they are in other jurisdictions. A broad objective is to explore more fully the range of legislative and regulatory changes that are required to improve the safety of cyclists.
40 Instruments: Legislation And Enforcement No. Policy Implemented by
15.1 Review of Legislation DoT
We will carry out a review of Irish road traffic legislation to change the balance in favour of the more sustainable modes such as walking and cycling.
Any revision of the legislation should also provide clarity on those aspects of the law relating to cycling, which are perceived to be ambiguous or uncertain. For example: (i) the use of “Flashing LED lights”; (ii) the issues surrounding making it legal for cyclists to overtake on the left; (iii) cycling along canal towpaths, riverbanks and through parks.
15.2 European Hierarchy of Speed Limits DoT + LA’s
We will consider the adoption of the standard Northern European hierarchy of speed limits with 30kph as the standard limit in core urban areas and with reduced limits applied on residential streets and at large junctions used by vulnerable road users.
15.3 Hierarchy of Care DoT
We will explore the concept of “Hierarchy of Care for Road Users” that is used in some Northern European countries to give more vulnerable road users additional legal protection on the roads, and advise on whether a similar system can and should be used in Ireland.
15.4 Mandatory Use Regulation DoT
We will revoke the Statutory Instrument that requires cyclists to use cycle tracks where they are provided - Road Traffic (Traffic and Parking) Amendment Regulations, S.I. No. 274 (1998). This regulation is unsatisfactory for a number of reasons: (i) it is clear that the cycling infrastructure that has been constructed to date is often of a poor standard and is poorly maintained, and cyclists are required to use it; (ii) it can force cyclists to be on cycle tracks and (when they are planning on continuing straight ahead) to be on the inside of left-turning vehicles, including Heavy Goods Vehicles; (iii) if a group of cyclists (on a weekend cycle for example) is using a road with an off-road cycle-track alongside it, then they are required to use it – which is not practicable.
15.5 Maximum Speed Display DoT
We will require HGVs (as well as buses and coaches) to display their maximum allowable speed as in most EU jurisdictions.
Instruments: Legislation And Enforcement 41 No. Policy Implemented by
15.6 On the Spot Fines DoT + DoJE & LR
We will extend on the spot fines to infringements by cyclists.
15.7 Further Legal Changes DoT + DoJE & LR
We will introduce / explore other ideas to facilitate cyclists, such as the following: (i) exempting cyclists from no-entry / one-way street restrictions in urban areas; (ii) “logo-only” routes / shared lane road markings such as the California style “shared lane road markings” or equivalent treatments that have been tried in Australia and Scotland and elsewhere. (iii) providing default exemptions of cyclists from restrictions in pedestrianised streets;
15.8 Selling Bicycles with Lights DoT
We will require retailers to sell bicycles fitted with legally compliant lights, with exemptions for particular types of bikes – e.g. specialist lightweight racing bikes or kiddies’ bikes.
42 Instruments: Legislation And Enforcement Objective 16 Discussion There is a need for better enforcement of many Improve enforcement of traffic laws to enhance traffic laws. For example, in 2005, it was shown cyclist safety and respect for cyclists that on urban arterial roads with a 50km/h speed limit, the observed free speeds of 91% of cars exceeded the limit.
No. Policy Implemented by
16.1 Urban Speed Enforcement DoT, Gardaí, DoJE&LR
We will give enforcement of urban speed limits greater priority. Should there be difficulties with the enforcement of lower speed limits, consideration will be given to alternative means to achieving this aim.
16.2 Enforcement of Other Traffic Laws DoT, RSA, Gardaí
We will examine and highlight the barriers preventing an effective enforcement regime for other traffic offences that affect cyclist safety. For example, (i) dangerous driving in (urban) areas; (ii) cyclists running red lights; (iii) illegal parking on cycle tracks; (iv) motor-bikes using bus-lanes etc. This study will link with the wider Road Safety Strategy 2007-2012.
16.3 Bicycle Mounted Gardaí Garda Síochána
We will increase the number of bicycle mounted Gardaí. Such an intervention re-inforces the notion that cyclists are an integral part of the city as well as having policing advantages. We will also develop a suitable cycling safety course to be given to all Garda Recruits.
16.4 Penalties DoT
We will explore – as part of a wider examination of traffic penalties (and legislative changes) – the scope for amending the penalties for motoring offences against cyclists.
Instruments: Legislation And Enforcement 43 Implementation: Human Resources And Coordination
Discussion (i) Government Departments, to include: • Transport I - The Need for Co-operation and Co-ordination • Environment, Heritage and Local Government
There will be many separate bodies that will have a • Education and Science role in implementing the NCPF. The policy will inform • Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs. and dove-tail with other policies and strategies. Experience from abroad indicates that implementation • Health and Children of policies to promote cycling must have a multi-level, • Arts, Sports and Tourism multi-stakeholder approach. It is, therefore, critically • Justice, Equality and Law Reform. important that there is good co-ordination and co- operation between all bodies, both horizontally and vertically. These include the following:
44 Implementation: Human Resources And Coordination (ii) Government Agencies, to include: takes time to set up a body, requiring legislation and
• Road Safety Authority institutional arrangements. A further disadvantage is that cycling may continue to be perceived as an • National Roads Authority activity and transportation mode separate from the • Railway Procurement Agency rest of the transportation system. Therefore it may • Quality Bus Network Project Office not succeed in one of the overarching aims of the NCPF, that is, to integrate cycling into the wider • Iarnód Éireann transportation and planning fields. • Bus Éireann
• Dublin Bus On the other hand a Cycle Office within an existing • Airport Authorities government department can be established quickly. The disadvantage is that the mandate could be lost • Dublin Transportation Office/the proposed Dublin Transport Authority to competing objectives and dedicated resourcing, and is more difficult to retain. • Fáilte Ireland
• Irish Sports Council A third model, might be to review and amend the remit • Health Service Executive of an existing government agency so that it has the power to oversee the recommendations in this report. (iii) Existing Interdepartmental / Interagency Committees All models need to be explored further to ascertain • National Trails Advisory Committee which will be best for an Irish cultural and institutional (for example) context and in light of the prevailing economic climate. The model developed needs to account for (iv) Local Authorities – both urban and rural. new agencies that are proposed (such as the Dublin • These are main “target groups” of the NCPF. Transport Authority) and the need for maximum efficiency in the organisation of public sector bodies. (v) Non-governmental Organisations Pending further exploration, and bearing in mind the need to progress measures under this policy, • Cycling Campaigns (Dublin, Galway, responsibility for overseeing the implementation Cork, Dundalk, Waterford) of the policy should be assigned to the Department • Cycling Ireland of Transport. • Sustrans
• Professional Bodies (EI, IPI, RTPI, IPH) III – Local (Authority) Level
• Academic Networks There is a strong need for every Local Authority in the country, especially urban Local Authorities, • Private Bus Operators, road hauliers and other stakeholders to have local policies, objectives and action plans that are consistent with the NCPF. These plans • The Bicycle Industry should be informed by best international practice and local knowledge, and they must be embedded II – Options for Co-ordination at a National Level in the Development Plan and Local Area Plans, as There are (at least) two distinct models for well as other plans / instruments such as Integrated coordinating the implementation of the NCPF– one Framework Plans (IFPLUTS), Strategic Development is to establish a new National Agency; another is to Zones (STZ’s) and masterplans. Such policies will be create a Cycle Office within a national department more robust if they have been created collaboratively organisation. Both models have been used abroad. by the officials/professional staff of the authority (including traffic engineers, planners, road safety The advantage of a separate national agency is that education officials etc.), the elected members a dedicated mandate is established and resourced (especially those with particular responsibility for at national level to oversee the delivery of the policy. transportation policy such as the Chairperson of the The disadvantage is that there is already a plethora Strategic Policy Committee) and the users. This latter of separate agencies in the public sector and it group could consist of representatives from the local
Implementation: Human Resources And Coordination 45 cycling advocacy organization as well as those from network should strengthen and evolve in order to the sports cycling group etc. This is the model that make cycling policy mainstreamed – i.e. incorporated has been used in the “bicycle policy audits” created into all wider policy fields. The networks developed in by South Dublin County Council, Dublin City Council, Ireland should communicate with and become part of Cork City Council and (most recently) Waterford wider networks – such as those in other countries. City Council. All in all, there needs to be a deepening of knowledge It would also be useful for every local authority to amongst transportation professionals of how to have a Cycling Forum. This is a structure that would promote cycling. One of the main roles of the facilitate the cycling community / representative cycling contacts within each organisation would be organisations in developing cycling policy and be to disseminate ideas and knowledge through that involved in the implementation of policy. A Cycling organisation as opposed to the knowledge staying Forum has recently been established in Dublin City with one person. Council. It brings together representatives from the cycling campaigning organizations, public health IV - Academia sector with engineers, the Gardaí and elected There are a significant number of students / members. Cycling Forums are established structures academics – at undergraduate, Masters, Doctorate in many Continental municipalities (and it is worth and Post-doctorate levels – who have carried out noting that the Cycle Forum in the City of Tillburg or are carrying out theses in subjects relating to in the Netherlands includes the City Manager). promoting cycling. These are taken in disciplines such as Transport Economics, Transport Planning, Traffic Within each Local Authority, there must be a figure Engineering, Road Safety / Mechanical Engineering, who will take responsibility for and oversee the Urban Design, Urban and Regional Planning, Public implementation of the cycling policy. Since the cycling Health, Environmental Science, Medical and Health policy cuts across all elements of transportation policy Sciences to name but a few. There is no systematic (and beyond), this must be a figure at an appropriate co-ordination of activities between these students senior level in the organisation. The appointment / researchers and the knowledge that is being of a “Cycling Officer” at too junior a level in the developed is not being disseminated or centralised. organisation may reinforce the idea that cycling is It is being lost. This needs to be addressed. a separate, more marginal, mode. This has been Any network of academics in this field needs the experience in some UK Local Authorities. to be part of the other network described above.
There currently is little formal or systematic contact between figures from separate Local Authorities who Objective 17 have responsibility for formulating and implementing cycling policy. There would appear to be a value in Develop a structure that can coordinate the creating a formal network of those figures from all implementation of activities across the many LA’s so as to disseminate knowledge and share local government departments, agencies and ngo’s experiences. There could be annual (or more regular) meetings of this network, ideally as part of wider Discussion gatherings of transportation professionals so as to forge the idea that cycling policy is an integral part Structures will need to be established at a national of wider transportation policy. The network could and local level. Seperate government departments also operate virtually, such as has happened in the will need to combine their energies and work closely UK with the Cycling Planning Groups e-Network. together. There also needs to be good co-operation The network should also mesh with or have a formal between national and local levels and good co- relationship with (or include) the network of figures in ordination between all stakeholders. Central Government Departments and Agencies that are involved in the development and implementation of cycling at a national level. Similarly it needs to incorporate the ideas and experiences of academics working in the area and the user groups. The overall
46 Implementation: Human Resources And Coordination No. Policy Implemented by
17.1 Oversight of Implementation of the NCPF DoT
We will ensure that the Department of Transport will oversee the implementation of the NCPF.
17.2 National Advisory Forum DoT
We will establish a National Advisory Forum of stakeholders to advise the Department on the delivery of the NCPF. This could evolve from the many organisations who contributed in the initial consultation phase of the policy research.
17.3 Local Authority Cycling Officers DEH&LG, DoT, LA’s
We will require each Local Authority to assign an officer at an appropriate senior level as a “Cycling Officer”. He or she will establish a Cycle Forum and be responsible for overseeing the formulation and delivery of the local cycling policy. This policy must be embedded within wider transportation policies and in the statutory plans. He or she will also be responsible for the upskilling of staff within the local authority so as to ensure that the competencies exist to fully implement the policies.
17.4 Networks of Cycling Experts DoT
We will facilitate in the creation of networks of cycling experts at all levels – Local Authority, central government / agencies, virtual networks, academic.
Implementation: Human Resources And Coordination 47 No. Policy Implemented by
17.5 Optimum Arrangements for Implementation DoT
After an initial period we will review progress, explore options and consider any necessary changes in the arrangements to ensure that the ambition in this policy continues to be realised.
17.6 Adapted Remit for Existing Agency DoT
We will explore how the NRA could have its remit developed so as to have responsibility for implementing certain elements of the NCPF relating to infrastructure.
Objective 18 Discussion Design professionals need to be aware of and Provide design professionals with suitable training / trained in the new tools that are required to bring guidance to develop and implement the policies of about a complete change in the way that towns are the ncpf. Support the deepening of knowledge of the planned so that the urban (and rural) environment is subject of planning for cyclists in ireland. transformed for pedestrians and cyclists.
No. Policy Implemented by
18.1 Third Level Education DoT / DoES
We will work to explore how Irish third level civil engineering / transport planning / urban design departments can offer undergraduates and post-graduates instruction on the safety issues involved in providing for vulnerable road users and, more generally, on planning for the more sustainable modes.
18.2 Centre of Knowledge DoT
We will support the development of a centre of knowledge in planning for cycling (perhaps in one of the universities or within a Research Department of the Road Safety Authority). We will examine examples from abroad in which such centres have been created. Such an Irish centre would concentrate the knowledge developed around the country and it could liaise closely with universities and research institutes abroad as well as the Department of Transport.
18.3 Training of Professionals DoT + LA’s
We will organise training workshops / sessions for all design professionals in understanding and using the new guidance produced.
We will also stipulate that all local authority roads engineers and any engineer wishing to tender for government road contracts should be required to have taken an approved cycling skills course, together with a course on cycling friendly infrastructure design.
48 Implementation: Human Resources And Coordination No. Policy Implemented by
18.4 New Cycle Guidelines Manual DTO / DoT
We will produce new Design Guidance to supersede the existing Cycle Guidelines Manual / Traffic Management Manual produced by the Dublin Transportation Office to reflect best international practice and latest thinking on creating a cycling friendly infrastructure.
We will ensure that the new guidance developed is consistent with new guidance on Urban Design Policy (Policy 1.4) and informs a revision of the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges and other relevant guidance and standards.
18.5 Annual Conference on Cycling Planning DoT
We will organise an annual conference on cycling planning / promotion that will bring together experts from the academic, private, public and voluntary sectors with the aim of sharing experiences and the latest research in providing for cyclists. It will also provide an opportunity to assess progress in implementing an NCPF.
18.6 International Collaboration DoT
We will provide support for the further training of relevant engineers / planners / policy measures through sending them to international conferences and training events / workshops such as the Velo-city Cycling Planning conference
18.7 Virtual Network of Experts DoT
We will examine the UK experiences of developing a “Cycling Planning” virtual network / group of cycling planning experts with a view to establishing a similar network in Ireland, or perhaps linking with that group. Again the purpose of this is to raise the level of understanding of cycling engineering / safety / planning issues.
18.8 Irish Best Practice Database DoT
We will support the creation of a “best practice” database of Irish examples of cycling friendly designs, schemes, initiatives etc. This database could link with and draw upon European best practice databases such as BYPAD and Velo-Info, ELTIS etc.
Implementation: Human Resources And Coordination 49 Evaluation and Effects
Objective 19 greatest impact on cycle safety and the attractiveness of a route rather than the longer stretches of links. Evaluate the national cycle policy framework Furthermore it is acknowledged that the quality of and monitor the success as the measures the facilities constructed (and maintained) to date are implemented. has been, in many cases, inadequate.
Discussion Another indicator which has both qualitative and quantitative dimensions, and which could be There is lack of quality data on cycling numbers considered for use, is the number / share of parents and cycling accidents in Ireland. While the census who transport their young children on the bike provides 5-yearly data on cycling numbers, there (and the number / share of (Primary) school pupils is a lack of accurate data on cycle use for particular cycling to school). These are good measurable routes in particular cities. While the numbers of and useful expressions of how safe the streets are cyclists, and number (and severity) of cycle casualities perceived to be by the public. Countries with high are the most important indicators, it is also important cycle use, such as Denmark and the Netherland to monitor the numbers of bikes sold and the spend have many children being ferried around by bike. on public infrastructure, provided it is designed to a desired standard. The use of an indicator measuring the number of kilometers of cycle-tracks / cycle-lanes constructed may not be a useful indicator. This is because it is the design of junctions which has the
50 Implementation: Human Resources And Coordination No. Policy Implemented by
19.1 Monitoring Framework DoT
We will develop a monitoring framework to measure progress in achieving specific 19 objectives and many policies .
The policy indicators will have a qualitative and quantitive dimension.
19.2 Indicators DoT
We note that the two important indicators are: (i) numbers of cyclists/modal share. (ii) numbers of cycle accidents of different severities.
We will develop systems to closely monitor trends in these two indicators in all urban and rural areas.
19.3 Accident Reporting DoT + LA’s + RSA
We recognise that there is an under-reporting of accidents to the Gardaí but that hospitals pick up on many accidents involving cyclists, We will develop and implement a system that correlates between the databases. This will feed into the work carried out by the RSA.
19.4 Study of Cycle Accidents DoT + RSA
We will commission and produce a detailed analysis of allfatal / serious cycle accidents over (an approximate) 10 year period 15.
19.5 User Satisfaction Surveys DoT
We will arrange other surveys that are deemed necessary such as user satisfaction surveys (every two years).
Implementation: Human Resources And Coordination 51 Appendix 1 - Bibliography
• Belgian Road Safety Institute (June 2006). Cycling • Department for Transport, UK (2007). Cycling Accidents in Urban Areas – Three Years (1998-2000) Infrastructure Design (Draft Consultation Document) Cycling Accidents and Casualities on Regional Roads of the Brussels Capital Region. • Department for Transport, UK (2002). Cycle to work schemes. • Census 2006 www.cso.ie • Dublin Transportation Office (September 2006). • City of Copenhagen (2007). Road safety and DTO Cycling Policy. Available on www.dto.ie perceived risk of cycle facilities in Copenhagen. • Dutch Cyclists’ Union - www.fietsersbond.nl • Cox, Peter (2007). The Politics of Pedalling: Visited on Monday 25th February 2008. Representation and Advocacy. Paper prepared for Velo-city Munich 2007. • Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management. The Dutch Bicycle Master Plan • Crass, M. (2005). National Policies to Promote - Description and Evaluation in an Historical Context. Cycling. Paper given at Velo-city Conference in Dublin in 2005. See www.velo-city2005.com • European Commission (1999). Cycling - The way ahead for towns and cities. EC DG XI - Environment, • CROW (1996) Design manual for bicycle traffic. Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection
• CROW (1997). Bicycle parking in the Netherlands. • European Conference of Ministers of Transport (2004). National Policies to Promote Cycling - • CROW (2007). Design manual for bicycle traffic. Implementing Sustainable Urban Travel Policies: Moving Ahead, OECD Publications Ltd. • Cycling England (2007). Cycling & Health. What’s the evidence? Research carried out by Nick Cavill • Fáilte Ireland (2007). A Strategy for the Development and Dr. Adrian Davis. of Irish Cycle Tourism - Conclusions Report.
• Cycling England (2008). A Sustainable Future • Fietsberaad (April 2007). Continuous and Integral: for Cycling. The cycling policies of Groningen and other European cycling cities. • Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (February 2008). Sustainable • Horton, D., Rosen, P. and Cox, P (2007). Residential Development in Urban Areas - Cycling and Society, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Consultation draft guidelines for planning authorities. • I-CE . The Economic Significance of Cycling • Department of the Environment Heritage and Local - A Study to illustrate the costs and benefits Government (February 2008). Urban Design Manual - of cycling policy. A best practice guide; a companion document to the Draft Planning Guidelines on Sustainable Residential • Institution of Highways & Transportation (1998). Development in Urban Areas; Guidelines for Cycle Audit and Cycle Review
52 Appendix 1 - Bibliography • Institute of Highways and Transportation / The • Transport for London (February 2004). Creating a Cyclists’ Touring Club (1996). Cycle-Friendly chain reaction - The London Cycling Action Plan Infrastructure. Guidelines for Planning and Design. • TRL (2000). Cycle track crossings of minor roads. • Mayor of London, Transport for London (2004). Prepared for Charging and Local Transport Division, Creating a chain reaction – The London Cycling Department of the Environment, Transport and the Action Plan. Regions. TRL Report TRL462.
• McClintock, H (2002). Planning for Cycling - • TRL (2004). Cycle facilities and engineering: Principles, practice and solutions for urban planners. Summary of TRL research. Prepared for Charging and Local Transport Division, Department for • McMullen, Rory, 2007. Cycling to Work - Transport. TRL Report TRL623. A Beginner’s Guide • TRL (2004). Cycling in bus lanes. Prepared for • Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, The Charging and Local Transport Division, Department Netherlands, 2007 - Cycling in the Netherlands for Transport. TRL Report TRL610.
• Ministry of Transport, Czech Republic (2005). • SQW (2007). Valuing the benefits of cycling. National Cycling Development Strategy of the A report to Cycling England. Czech Republic. • Austroads (2005). The Australian National • Ministry of Transport and Communications / Cycling Strategy 2005-2010. Directorate of the Republic of Slovenia for Roads ( 2000). National Cycling Network Development • SUSTRAN LAC (2007). Networking pro Bicycles Strategy in the Republic of Slovenia. in Latin America and the Caribbean. Paper from the Velo City conference. • Örebro Municipality (2007). Cycling: Inspiration Book. • Velo-Mondial in association with I-CE and OGM (December 2001). National Cycling Policy • Page, M. (2007). Estimating the demand and valuing Benchmarking Program NATCYP Stage 1. the benefits. Paper presented at Comhar Seminar on “The Role of Walking and Cycling in Irish Transport • WALCYNG, EC 4th Framework Programme Policy”, 21st June 2007. • Westmeath County Council (2007) Local Area • Pettinga, A. (2006). New Dimensions of Cycling - Plan for Ardmore Marlinstown, Mullingar Framework for cycling-inclusive assessment. Paper given at Velo-Mondial Cycling Planning • Wittink R. (Date?). Planning for cycling and walking Conference, Cape Town, South Africa. as a catalyst for a successful road safety policy for all users. Publication? • National Roads Authority ( 2005). 2005 Survey of Free Speeds (Urban and Rural). NRA Report RS470. • World Bank – Paul Guitink (August 1996). Strategic Planning for Non-Motorised Mobility. • Road Directorate, Denmark Ministry of Transport (1998). Best practice to promote cycling and • World Health Organisation (2004). World report walking. A research project of the EU transport on road traffic injury prevention: summary. RTD Programme European Commission, Directorate General of Transport. • Wramborg, Per (2003), Swedish National Road Administration, SE –78187 Borlänge, Sweden. • Road Directorate, Denmark Ministry of Transport The New Approach to Traffic Planning and Street (2000). Collection of Cycle Concepts. Design - Focusing Cycling. Paper given at Velo-city, Paris, 2003 • Tema Nord, Nordic Council of Ministers (2005). CBA of Cycling. Report 2005:556.
• TNO (2006). Bicyclist safety in bicycle to car accidents: an inventory study.
Appendix 1 - Bibliography 53 54 55 Transport House, 44 Kildare Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Tel: 353 1 670 7444 LoCall: 1890 44 33 11 Web: www.smartertravel.ie
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