Evolution of : limits, diversity, and phylogeny

Sarah Siqueira Oliveira Dalton de Souza Amorim

Depto. de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, BRAZIL Family Mycetophilidae • 135 extant genera;

• 4.100 species worldwide;

• seven subfamilies currently recognized—, , Mycomyiinae, Leiinae, Manotinae, Allactoneurinae, and .

Neoempheria sp.

Dziedzickia variabilis

Epicypta sp.

Cordyla sp.n. Paratrizygia sp.n. Subfamily Leiinae

• Edwards (1925): short R1 and longitudinal r-m;

• problems with subfamily delimitation point to doubts about its monophyly:

VTetragoneura, , and ‰ Leiinae or Gnoristinae; V ‰ subfamily Allactoneurinae, Manotinae or Leiinae.

• a more conclusive phylogenetic analysis of the group has not been performed yet;

• 32 extant genera; 550 species worldwide.

Tetragoneura sp. Docosia sp.n. Ectrepesthoneura hirta Objectives

• To study Neotropical diversity of Leiinae;

• to study the phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily. Taxonomic results

• A new Neotropical genus to Colombian Andes. Taxonomic results

• First record of (1) and Clastobasis (3) for the Neotropical region.

Rondaniella sp.n. Clastobasis sp.n. Taxonomic results

• New Neotropical species of Docosia (1), Paraleia (8), Procycloneura (2), Leiella (2), (12), Megophthalmidia (2), and Aphrastomyia (4).

Docosia sp.n.

Paraleia sp.n.

Procycloneura sp.n. Phylogenetic results

• Phylogenetic analysis (ongoing) only with wing venation;

• 38 terminal taxa;

• 28 characters.

• 6 most parsimonious trees;

• 195 steps. Majority consensus Stenophragma Austrosynapha Ectrepesthoneura Allactoneura medea Docosia Indoleia Cawthronia Ateleia Leiella Rondaniella Procycloneura Waipapamyia Sigmoleia Sticholeia Megophthalmidia Aphrastomyia Mohelia Trichoterga Thoracotropis Tetragoneura Caledoniella • Reduction of the extension of R1 and R5. Gracilileia Paradoxa Paracycloneura Cycloneura R R Tonnwardisia 1 1 R 5 Anomalomyia R5 Acrodicrania Clastobasis Garretella Neoclastobasis Paraleia Coelosia sp. Tonwardisia aberrans New genus Majority consensus Stenophragma Austrosynapha Coelosia Ectrepesthoneura Allactoneura Dziedzickia medea Docosia Indoleia Cawthronia Ateleia Leiella Rondaniella Procycloneura Waipapamyia Sigmoleia Sticholeia Novakia Megophthalmidia Aphrastomyia Mohelia Trichoterga Thoracotropis Tetragoneura • Transverse position of the base of Rs. Caledoniella Gracilileia Paradoxa Paracycloneura Cycloneura Tonnwardisia Anomalomyia Acrodicrania Clastobasis Garretella Greenomyia Leia Neoclastobasis Paraleia Dziedzickia medea Waipapamyia truncata New genus Majority consensus Stenophragma Väisänen (1986), Bechev Austrosynapha Coelosia Ectrepesthoneura (2000), and Chandler (2004). Allactoneura Dziedzickia medea Docosia Indoleia Cawthronia In disagreement with Ateleia Leiella Matile (1980), Söli (1997), and Rondaniella Procycloneura Waipapamyia Jaschhof & Kallweit (2009). Sigmoleia Sticholeia Novakia Megophthalmidia Aphrastomyia Mohelia Trichoterga Thoracotropis Tetragoneura Caledoniella • Longitudinal r-m. Gracilileia Paradoxa Paracycloneura Cycloneura Tonnwardisia Anomalomyia Acrodicrania Clastobasis Garretella Greenomyia Leia Neoclastobasis Paraleia Stenophragma sp. Cycloneura triangulata New genus Majority consensus Stenophragma Austrosynapha Coelosia Ectrepesthoneura Allactoneura Dziedzickia medea Docosia Indoleia Cawthronia Ateleia Leiella Rondaniella Procycloneura Waipapamyia Sigmoleia Sticholeia Novakia Megophthalmidia • one-branched M Aphrastomyia Mohelia Jaschhof & Kallweit (2009) Trichoterga Thoracotropis Tetragoneura Caledoniella Gracilileia Paradoxa Paracycloneura Cycloneura Tonnwardisia Anomalomyia Acrodicrania Clastobasis Garretella Greenomyia Leia Neoclastobasis Paracycloneura apicalis Tonwardisia aberrans Cycloneura triangulata Paraleia New genus Majority consensus Stenophragma Austrosynapha Coelosia Ectrepesthoneura Allactoneura Dziedzickia medea Docosia Indoleia Cawthronia Ateleia Leiella Rondaniella Procycloneura Waipapamyia Sigmoleia Sticholeia Novakia Megophthalmidia Matile (1978) Aphrastomyia Mohelia Jaschhof & Kallweit (2004) Trichoterga Thoracotropis Tetragoneura Caledoniella Gracilileia Paradoxa Paracycloneura Cycloneura Tonnwardisia Anomalomyia Acrodicrania Clastobasis Garretella Greenomyia Leia Neoclastobasis Paraleia Mohelia nigricauda Aphrastomyia sp. Megophthalmidia crassicornis New genus Conclusions

• Leiinae diversity in the Neotropical region at generic and specific levels is higher than known so far;

• subfamily limits still uncertain— Ectrepesthoneura and Allactoneura off boundaries;

• a larger sample of Gnoristinae and Mycetophilinae is necessary to solve the doubts about monophyly of Leiinae;

• larger character sample is needed to increase resolution to the phylogeny.

Aphrastomyia sp. Thanks to

Christopher Borkent

Dr. Jan Ševćík , Dr. Mathias Jaschhof, and Dr. Olavi Kurina

Paola Hanna and Maria Isabel

Fapesp (Grants 2003/10.274-9; 2008/52324-6)

Aphrastomyia sp.