UNEP GLOBAL JUDGES PROGRAMME

APPLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW BY NATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS PRESENTATION 2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

A) Major environmental issues

B) Responses at the national level

C) Responses at the international level MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

of Air, Water and Land

 Hazardous Chemicals and

Wastes

 Loss of Biodiversity

Depletion

 Climate Change

 Loss of natural and cultural

resources POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA

POLLUTION OF MEDIA

Definition: the emission of any impurity into the air, such as (including tobacco smoke), dust, cinders, solid particles, gases, mists, fumes, odours and radioactive substances.

Air pollution and smoke in Inner Mongolia Smoke from of domestic waste on banks of river

Ground Surface water water Water Pollution

Marine Surface Water Pollution Ground Water Pollution Marine Water Pollution Few quality fish can survive in polluted rivers Land Pollution: Plastic bag and general waste dump beside communal toilets on riverbank MAJOR CONCERNS

CAUSE ILLNESS AND DEATH

PEACE AND SECURITY DAMAGE TO HABITAT AND ECOSYSTEMS

TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACTS - Acid - pollution - Water pollution LOSS OF PLANT - AND ANIMAL LIFE

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES LOSS OF NATURAL RESOURCES MAJOR CAUSES OF POLLUTION

AGRICULTURAL RUN OFFS EMISSIONS / DISCHARGES FROM UNCLEAN INDUSTRY, TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY PRODUCTION

INADEQUATE NON- POLICIES AND IMPLEMENTATION LEGAL REGIMES OF AMBIENT QUALITY STANDARDS REMEDIAL MEASURES AMBIENT STANDARDS

TECHNOLOGY DISCHARGE TRANSFER STANDARDS

CLEANER PRODUCTION HAZARDOUS WASTES AND CHEMICALS

CHEMICALS HAZARDOUS IN WASTES INTERNATIONAL TRADE HAZARDOUS WASTES AND CHEMICALS

PERSISTENT ORGANIC MAJOR CONCERNS

TRANSPORT INTERNATIONAL AND DISPOSAL TRADE IN ILLEGAL DUMPING OF HAZARDOUS HAZARDOUS WASTES CHEMICALS

PERSISTENCE AND BIO- CAUSE OF ACCUMULATION CAUSE OF SERIOUS DAMAGE OF CERTAIN SERIOUS HEALTH TO WATER ORGANIC PROBLEMS AND SOURCES AND POLLUTANTS DEATH ENVIRONMENT MAJOR CAUSES

PRODUCTION, USE AND DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS INCLUDING

GENERATION AND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

IRRESPONSIBLE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND WASTES

PRODUCTION AND USE OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS NATIONAL MEASURES

Effective implementation of national Policies and legislation Effective management of production, transport, storage and use of chemicals Effective disposal of hazardous wastes Phasing out production and use of persistent organic pollutants (pops) Development of alternative feedstocks and disposal options INTERNATIONAL ACTION

BASEL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES AND THEIR DISPOSAL

ROTTERDAM CONVENTION ON THE PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT PROCEDURE FOR CERTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

CHEMICALS PROGRAMMES OF UNEP AND FAO

STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY LAND DEGRADATION MAJOR CONCERNS

LOWER SOIL DISRUPTION OF PRODUCTIVITY WATER CYCLE

FORCED POOR WATER MIGRATION RETENTION

LACK OF FOOD POVERTY SECURITY

DROUGHT MAJOR CAUSES

OVER-CROPPING

OVER-GRAZING

LAND CONVERSION

DEFORESTATION

SOIL POLLUTION THROUGH INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE

EROSION INTERNATIONAL ACTION

DEBT RELIEF UN DESERTIFICATION CONVENTION AND ITS PROTOCOLS

LINKS TO LAND USE CBD, PLANNING CLIMATE CHANGE AND OZONE REGIMES INTERNATIONAL FINANCING- GEF NATIONAL MEASURES

REHABILITATION, CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES

REGIONAL LEGAL MEASURES COOPERATION AND CONTROLS NATIONAL LAND USE IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING LOCAL LEVEL PARTICIPATION

MORE EQUITABLE IMPLEMENTATION PRODUCTION AND OF RELEVANT CONSUMPTION LEGISLATION PATTERNS LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

Major concerns

Remedial Major causes Biodiversity measures loss

National measures for Remediation WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? VARIABILITY AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS

WITHIN SPECIES

OF ECOSYSTEMS MAJOR CONCERNS Loss of species

Loss of genetic resources

Agricultural vulnerability

Habitat destruction

Loss of ecosystems

Introduction of disease and invasive species via smuggling MAJOR CAUSES

LAND CONVERSION OVER HARVESTING DEFORESTATION

CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES ILLEGAL TRADE CLIMATE CHANGE INTERNATIONAL ACTION

REGIONAL AGREEMENTS GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY

CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

ACCEPTANCE OF IDEA THAT BIODIVERSITY AND HUMAN WELL BEING ARE INTEXTRICABLY LINKED NATIONAL MEASURES

NATIONAL PLANNING PROTECTED AREAS AND SPECIES SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES

NATIONAL OWNERSHIP OF GENETIC RESOURCES

ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING

IMPLEMENTING LAWS AND REGULATIONS MAJOR BIRD MIGRATION FLYWAYS

Birds species that migrate to the Arctic coasts and wetlands arrive from nearly every corner of the planet EXAMPLE OF ENDANGERED SPECIES – MARINE TURTLE EXAMPLE OF ENDANGERED SPECIES - GIANT PANDA GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change as a natural phenomenon

Human contributions THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT [ image 1 ] MAJOR SOURCES OF GREENHOUSE GASES

NATURAL ENERGY CAUSES PRODUCTI ON

GREENHOUSE DOMESTIC GAS INDUSTRY SOURCES EMISSIONS

LAND USE AND TRANSPORT ANIMAL HUSBANDRY CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS INTERNATIONAL ACTION RELATING TO CLIMATE CHANGE

1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change

1997 to Climate Change Convention REMEDIAL MEASURES GENERALLY

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION REDUCTION OF UNFCCC AND EMISSION OF ITS KYOTO GHGs PROTOCOL

SCIENTIFIC OTHER RESEARCH MEASURES AND (USA/ TECHNOLOGY AUSTRALIA) TRANSFER

ALTERNATIVE GEF ENERGY AND ENERGY INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY SINKS AIR POLLUTION – CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS Health Impacts Weather-related Mortality Infectious Diseases Air Quality-Respiratory Illnesses Agriculture Impacts Climate Changes Crop yields Irrigation demands Temperature Forest Impacts Change in forest composition Shift geographic range of forests Forest Health and Productivity Precipitation Water Resource Impacts Changes in water supply Sea Level Increased competition for water Rise Impacts on Coastal Areas Erosion of beaches Inundate coastal lands Costs to defend coastal communities Species and Natural Areas Shift in ecological zones Loss of habitat and species

41 NATIONAL MEASURES

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT CLEANER MECHANISM TECHNOLOGY

INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND MITIGATION ENHANCE SINKS SINKS POLICIES AND AND REDUCTION MEASURES OF SOURCES

IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION RELEVANT LEGISLATION CARBON TRADING MEASURES

EMISSIONS TRADING EMISSION CAPS

OZONE DEPLETION MAJOR CONCERNS

• EXPOSURE TO SOLAR UV RAYS

• EFFECTS ON: - HUMAN HEALTH ~ CANCER ~ CATARACTS ~ IMPAIRED IMMUNE SYSTEMS - CROPS - ECOSYSTEMS - BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES - AIR QUALITY - PLASTICS, WOOD, COTTON MAJOR CAUSES REFRIGERATORS VOLCANOES

FOAM BLOWING/ RIGID INSULATION FOAMS

CLIMATE CHANGE

FIRE EXTINCTION SOLVENTS (USED FOR CLEANING PRECISION PARTS)

PEST CONTROL/SOIL FUMIGATION INTERNATIONAL ACTION VIENNA CONVENTION

MONTREAL PHASING OUT MULTILATERAL ODSs AND ALTERNATIVES PROTOCOL TO ODSs FUND

GEF NATIONAL MEASURES

(1) (2) Phasing out the production Rights of developing countries for continued production and use of ODS and use and importation

(3) (4) Increased use of Implement production alternate technology and trade control legislation

Acid rain results primarily from emission of sulphur dioxide (SO2 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the air

Main sources: coal burning, and other fossil fuel use LOSS OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF NATURAL RESOURCES USE

50 LOSS OF CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE CONCLUSIONS

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACTS AT EFFECTIVE NATIONAL, IMPLMENTATION REGIONAL AND OF LEGISLATION GLOBAL LEVELS

KEY ROLE OF REMEDIATION AT JUDICIARY NATIONAL LEVEL

NEGATIVE IMPACTS LINKAGES TO ON PEOPLE AND POVERTY ENVIRONMENT

INTERNATIONAL CAUSED BY FINANCIAL AND NATIONAL TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES SUPPORT MAJOR CAUSE IS LARGE SCALE LAND CONVERSION