International Journal of Chemical Studies 2017; 5(5): 156-160

P-ISSN: 2349–8528 E-ISSN: 2321–4902 IJCS 2017; 5(5): 156-160 Status of macro and micro nutrients in Inceptisol © 2017 IJCS Received: 21-07-2017 and Vertisol of of Northern Accepted: 22-08-2017 Renu Pathak Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Rajmata Renu Pathak, Vinay Arya, Swarnima Shrivastava, Hemlata Dhakad and Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa SK Trivedi Vidyalaya, Gwalior, M.P,

Vinay Arya Abstract Department of Soil Science and Soil fertility refers to the inherent capacity of a soil to supply essential nutrients to plants in adequate and Agricultural Chemistry, Rajmata right proportion for optimum growth, is one of the key component to determine soil productivity. Proper Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa management of soil fertility demands careful identification of constraints of current nutrient deficiencies Vidyalaya, Gwalior, M.P, India and monitoring changes in soil fertility to predict its deficiency. These deficiencies need to be alleviated through sound and proven practices of nutrients, water supply to crops and soil management, so as to Swarnima Shrivastava sustain food production at a reasonable level to ensure continued high productivity in the future. Department of Soil Science and Macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) are important soil elements that control Agricultural Chemistry, Rajmata its fertility. Keeping in view, One hundred twenty surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, M.P, India four blocks (Morar, Ghatigoan, Dabra and ) of Gwalior district. Under these, soils of Morar and Ghatigoan blocks belong to Inceptisol and Dabra and Bhitarwar blocks belong to Vertisols, Soils were Hemlata Dhakad studied for their status of different available nutrient (N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe). Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Rajmata Keywords: soil fertility, soil productivity, nutrients status, macronutrients, micronutrients, inceptisol, Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa vertisols etc. Vidyalaya, Gwalior, M.P, India Introduction SK Trivedi Department of Soil Science and Soil fertility is one of the important factors controlling yields of the crops. Macronutrients (N, Agricultural Chemistry, Rajmata P, K) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) are important soil elements that control its Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa fertility. Soil characterization in relation to evaluation of fertility status of the soil of an area or Vidyalaya, Gwalior, M.P, India region is an important aspect in context of sustainable agriculture production. Because of imbalanced and inadequate fertilizers use and coupled with low efficiency of other inputs, the

response (production) efficiency of chemical fertilizers (nutrients) declined tremendously under intensive cultivation in recent years. Variation in nutrients supply is a natural phenomenon and some of them may be sufficient where others deficient. Indian soils are generally poor in fertility, as these have consistently been depleted of their finite nutrient resources due to continuous cultivation for many centuries without proper

replacement of nutrients. Soil-test summaries indicates that 98 per cent Indian soils have low to medium in available P and 60 per cent soil have low to medium in K status, whereas N continues to be universally deficient. In last one and half decades a phenomenal increase in S deficiency has been witnessed under intensive cropping system where high-analysis fertilizers devoid of S are used. [12] According to Rattan et al. (2009) more than 2.5 lakh soil samples were analyzed under All India Coordinated Research Project on Micronutrient from 20 states of the country and it was found that the 49, 33, 13 and 7 % of the samples were deficient in zinc, boron, iron and molybdenum, respectively. In Madhya Pradesh, deficiency of zinc was observed in about 58% of soil samples, in some states and crops, the deficiency of B and Mo are also limiting the crop

production. Intensively cultivated soils are being depleted with available nutrients especially secondary Correspondence and micronutrients. Therefore assessment of fertility status of soils that are being intensively Renu Pathak cultivated with high yielding crops needed to be carried out. Information on status of macro Department of Soil Science and and micro nutrients in Inceptisol and Vertisol of Gwalior district is essential for classification Agricultural Chemistry, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa of fertility status of different soil order. Vidyalaya, Gwalior, M.P, India ~ 156 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies

Materials and Methods nutrient index and categorization of available nutrients in low The study entitled “Status of macro and micro nutrients in (1.5), medium (1.5 - 2.5), High (2.5) was calculated by the Inceptisol and Vertisol of Gwalior district of Northern formula given by Biswas and Mukherjee, 1989 [2]. Madhya Pradesh” was carried out during 2015-16 in the department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Gwalior NL  2NM  3NH (M.P.). NL  NM  NH For the present study, 120 surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from forty villages covering the four blocks in Gwalior district. Under these forty villages, 20 villages falls Where, under Morar and Ghatigoan blocks which represents NL = Number of sample in low category. Inceptisol and another 20 villages belongs to Dabra and NM = Number of samples in medium category. Bhitarwar blocks which classified under Vertisol. NH = Number of samples in high category. The representative soil samples were collected with the help Categorization of N, P, and K as low, medium and high and of soil auger. The soil samples were put in the polythene bags Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu as deficient, moderate and sufficient are properly, labeled. The samples were brought to Soil Science presented in table 1. laboratory, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV Gwalior. Table 1: Critical limits of different nutrients for classification. Samples were air dried, crushed and sieved through 2 mm plastic sieve and 0.2mm sieve was used for O.C. The soil Fertility rating Nutrients samples were analysed for soil reaction (pH) and electrical Low Medium High conductivity (EC) in 1:2 soil water suspension (Piper 1967) 1.Available N (kg ha-1) < 280 280 – 560 > 560 [10]; organic carbon (OC) by Walkley-Black (1934) [16]; 2. Available P (kg ha-1) < 10 10 – 20.0 > 20.0 available N by alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and 3. Available K (kg ha-1) < 200 200 – 400 > 400 -1 Asija, 1956) [15]; available P by Olsen’s method (Olsen et al. 4. Available S (mg kg ) < 10 10 – 20 > 20 1954); available K by flame photometer (Jackson, 1973) [5]; 5. Organic carbon (%) < 0.5 0.5 – 0.75 > 0.75 Critical limits available S by turbidimetric method after extracting the soil Av. Micronutrient Deficient Sufficient with 0.15% CaCl2 solution as described by (Chesnin and -1 [3] 8. Zn (mg kg ) < 0.6 > 0.6 Yien, 1951) and available Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were 9. Fe(mg kg-1) < 4.5 > 4.5 determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer using 10. Cu(mg kg-1) < 0.2 > 0.2 0.005M DTPA (Diethylene Triamine Penta Acetic Acid) as 11. Mn(mg kg-1) < 2.0 > 2.0 [6] an extractant proposed by Lindsay and Norvell (1978) . The

Table 2: Details of soil samples collected from various villages of Gwalior district

S. No. Inceptisol S. No. Vertisol Block : Morar Block : Dabra 1 Bijauli 1 Samudan 2 Dangiyapura 2 Simariyatal 3 Bahangi khurd 3 Badi Akbai 4 Berza 4 Barota 5 Kheda 5 Salwai 6 Khirawali 6 Kasipur 7 Hastinapur 7 Bareda Bujurj 8 Parsen 8 Chandpur 9 Bahadurpur 9 Kaddu 10 Chaproli 10 Makoda Block : Ghatigoan Block : Bhitarwar 11 Miilawali 11 Nikodi 12 Zenawali 12 Banwar 13 Nerawali 13 Amrol 14 Sojna 14 Sikroda 15 Thighra 15 Kachuya 16 Kulath 16 Badki saray 17 Kheria 17 Bagwai 18 Satau 18 Gadajar 19 Barai 19 Shyampur 20 Panihar 20 Dadumer

Results and Discussion minimum value (214.6 kg ha-1) in Ghatigoan block under Soils were studied for their chemical characteristics and status Inceptisol of Gwalior district. Average of available N indicate of different available nutrients (N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mn and that soils are deficient in available –N as most of the samples Fe) and the results obtained during the study are discussed are sowing less than 250 kg ha-1. below. About 90 % soil samples were found to be under low rating Available nitrogen in the range of 156.2 to 312.4 and 137.5 to (< 250 kg N ha-1) and remaining in the category of medium 302.6 kg ha-1under Inceptisol and Vertisol of Gwalior district (250-500 kg N ha-1). It is quite obvious that efficiency of with the average 219.3 and 222.6 kgha-1, respectively. applied N is very low due to the fact that N is lost through Maximum average value of available nitrogen (225.9 kg ha-1) various mechanisms, like NH3 volatilization, nitrification, de- was observed in Bhitarwar block under Vertisol, whereas, nitrification, chemical and microbial N-fixation, leaching and ~ 157 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies

run off (Sharma et al. 2008) [14]. Similar results were also Available sulphur in these different villages ranged from 7.32 reported by Meena et al. (2006) [7] and Raghubanshi et al. – 19.09 and 7.85 – 18.65 mg kg-1 with an average value of (2011) [11]. 12.25 and 12.18 mg kg-1 under Inceptisol and Vertisol, respectively. Table 3: Status of available nitrogen (kg ha-1) in soils of Inceptisol Almost similar content of available sulphur were also reported and Vertisol of Gwalior district by Sharan et al. (2004) [13] for alluvial soils of Uttar Pradesh [4] Available nitrogen (kg ha-1) and Das et al. (2006) for Inceptisols of West Bengal. About S. No. Block name Range Mean 25 and 75 percent samples were found under low and medium Inceptisol category. 1 Morar block (30) 162.5 – 312.4 223.9 2 Ghatigaon block (30) 156.2 – 294.2 214.6 Table 6: Status of available sulphur (mg kg-1) in soils of Inceptisol 156.2 – 312.4 219.3 and Vertisol of Gwalior district

Vertisol Available sulphur (mg kg-1) S. No. Block name 1 Dabra block (30) 137.5 – 302.6 219.2 Range Mean 2 Bhitarwar block (30) 167.2 – 288.6 225.9 Inceptisol 137.5 – 302.6 222.6 1 Morar block (30) 7.4 – 19.0 12.0 2 Ghatigaon block (30) 7.3 – 18.4 12.4 Available –P under Inceptisol and Vertisol ranged from 6.2 to 7.3 – 19.0 12.2 16.8 and 7.5 to 17.6 kg ha-1with average value of 11.3 and Vertisol 12.1 kg ha-1, respectively. It is clear from results, that soils of 1 Dabra block (30) 7.8 - 18.6 12.4 Vertisol showed higher status of mean available phosphorus 2 Bhitarwar block (30) 8.6 – 15.3 11.9 as compared to Inceptisol and maximum being in Bhitarwar 7.8 – 18.6 12.1 block under Vertisol and minimum under Ghatigoan block of Inceptisol. Status of available zinc (DTPA-extractable) is presented in The 32 and 68 percent of the soil samples were found in low table 4.10. DTPA-extractable Zn observed in the range of and medium rating. On the basis of nutrient index all the 0.28 – 1.24 and 0.38 – 1.42 mg kg-1 under Inceptisol and blocks were found in medium category. Vertisol of Gwalior district with an average value of 0.62 and 0.70 mg kg-1, respectively. Table 4: Status of available phosphorus (kg ha-1) in soils of It is revealed from the results, that soils under Vertisols Inceptisol and Vertisol of Gwalior district showed higher values of available Zn as compared of

Available phosphorus (kg ha-1) Inceptisol of Gwalior district. Highest average value of S. No. Block name -1 Range Mean available zinc (0.74 mg kg ) was obtained in Dabra block Inceptisol under Vertisol, whereas, lowest value (0.61 mg kg-1) was 1 Morar block (30) 7.7 – 16.8 11.9 observed in Morar block of Inceptisol, respectively 2 Ghatigaon block (30) 6.2 – 14.6 10.6 Considering the critical limit of DTPA – Zn (<0.6 mg/kg) as 6.2 – 16.8 11.3 suggested by Bansal and Takkar (1986) [1], out of 120 Vertisol samples, 37.5 percent samples were found to be deficient in 1 Dabra block (30) 7.5 – 17.6 11.9 DTPA-Zn. 2 Bhitarwar block (30) 8.2 – 17.5 12.3 7.5 – 17.6 12.1 Table 7: Available zinc (mg kg-1) in soils of Inceptisol and Vertisol of Gwalior district Available potassium under studied village of Gwalior was in Available Zn (mg kg-1) the range of 168.4 – 415.2 and 200.5 – 428.6 kg ha-1under S. No. Block name Range Mean different villages of district with an average value of 267.1 Inceptisol and 291.4 kg ha-1under Inceptisol and Vertisol, respectively. 1 Morar block (30) 0.36 – 1.08 0.61 It is clear from results, that soils of Vertisol recorded higher 2 Ghatigaon block (30) 0.28 – 1.24 0.64 values of mean available potassium as compared to Inceptisol. 0.28 – 1.24 0.62 Vertisol Table 5: Status of available potassium (kg ha-1) in soils of Inceptisol 1 Dabra block (30) 0.38 – 1.42 0.74 and Vertisol of Gwalior district 2 Bhitarwar block (30) 0.48 – 0.85 0.66

Available potassium (kg ha-1) 0.38 – 1.42 0.70 S. No. Block name Range Mean Inceptisol Available Cu content in the soils varied 0.25 – 2.56 and 0.35 1 Morar block (30) 171.7 – 355.8 256.4 – 1.58 mg kg-1 under Inceptisol and Vertisol of Gwalior 2 Ghatigaon block (30) 168.4 – 415.2 277.7 district with an average value of 0.64 and 0.81 mg kg-1, 168.4 – 415.2 267.1 respectively. Maximum (0.95 mg kg-1) and minimum (0.58 Vertisol mg kg-1) copper content in soils was recorded in Bhitarwar 1 Dabra block (30) 208.3 – 428.6 309.6 and Morar blocks of Vertisol and Inceptisols, respectively. 2 Bhitarwar block (30) 200.5 – 359.5 273.3 Considering 0.2 mg kg-1 as critical limit for Cu deficiency, all 200.5 – 428.6 291.4 the samples were found under sufficient category.

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Table 8: Available copper (mg kg-1) in soils of Inceptisol and Vertisol of Gwalior district

Available Cu (mg kg-1) S. No. Block name Range Mean Inceptisol 1 Morar block (30) 0.33 – 1.02 0.58 2 Ghatigaon block (30) 0.25 – 2.56 0.70 0.25 – 2.56 0.64 Vertisol 1 Dabra block (30) 0.35 – 1.58 0.68 2 Bhitarwar block (30) 0.48 – 1.30 0.95 0.35 – 1.58 0.81

DTPA-extractable Fe ranged from 2.10 – 12.02 and 2.86 – Table 11: Nutrient index (NI) value of Gwalior district -1 10.68 mg kg under different villages of Inceptisol and S. No. Name of nutrients Nutrient index Categories Vertisol of Gwalior district with the average value of 6.31 and 1 Available Nitrogen 1.11 Low -1 -1 6.12 mg kg , respectively. Considering 4.5 mg kg as critical 2 Available Phosphorus 1.68 Medium limit for Fe deficiency, about 17.5 perecent soil samples were 3 Available Potassium 2.00 Medium found under deficient and 82.5% were sufficient category. 4 Available Sulphur 1.75 Medium s Table 9: Available iron (mg kg-1) in soils of Inceptisol and Vertisol Acknowledgement of Gwalior district The authors express thanks to Head, Department of Soil Available Fe(mg kg-1) Science and Agricultural Chemistry and Research Farm, S. No. Block name Range Mean College of Agriculture, R.V.S.K.V.V., Gwalior (M.P.) for Inceptisol providing all the facilities to conduct work. 1 Morar block (30) 2.10 – 12.02 5.87 2 Ghatigaon block (30) 2.85 - 11.56 6.75 References 2.10 – 12.02 6.31 1. Bansal RL, Takkar PN. Micronutrient status of soils in Vertisol Amritsar district. Indian Journal of Ecology. 1986; 1 Dabra block (30) 2.86 – 10.68 6.21 13:158-160. 2 Bhitarwar block (30) 3.56 – 8.88 6.05 2. Biswas TD, Mukherjee SK. Introduction to soil science. 2.86 – 10.68 6.12 Published by Tata Mecg Hills, New Delhi. 1989, 195- 196. Available manganese ranged from 2.02 – 8.65 and 2.32 – 8.56 -1 3. Chesnin L, Yien CH. Turbidimetric determination of mgkg under different villages of Inceptisol and Vertisol of available sulphates. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 1951; Gwalior district with mean value of 4.50 and 4.92 mg kg-1, -1 15:149-151. respectively. Considering 2.0 mg kg as critical limit for Mn 4. Das Indranil, Ghosh, Koushik, Ray SC, Mukhopadhyay deficiency, all the soil samples were found under sufficient PK, Ghosh SK. Status and distribution of sulphur vis-à- category. vis taxonomic class-wise distribution of sulphur in selected soil series of inseptivol in West Bengal. Journal Table 10: Available manganese (mg kg-1) in soils of Inceptisol and of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2006; 54(3):368- Vertisol of Gwalior district 371. Available Mn (mg kg-1) S. No. Block name 5. Jackson ML. Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of Range Mean India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1973. Inceptisol 6. Lindsay WL, Narvell WA. Development of a DTPA soil 1 Morar block (30) 2.18 – 8.65 4.95 test for Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1978; 2 Ghatigaon block (30) 2.02 – 7.65 4.00 42:421-428. 2.02 – 8.65 4.50 7. Meena HB, Sharma RP, Rawat US. Status of macro and Vertisol micronutrients in some soils of Tonk districts of 1 Dabra block (30) 2.32 – 8.56 4.36 Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2 Bhitarwar block (30) 3.67 – 7.81 5.49 2.32 – 8.56 4.92 2006; 54(4):508-512. 8. Olsean SR, Cole CV, Watanable FS, Dean LA. Nutrient index Estimation of available P in soil by extraction with Regarding soil nutrient index, the soils of Gwalior district of NaHCO3. USDA, Cir. 1954, 939. Madhya Pradesh were found in category of low fertility status 9. Pattanayak SK, Sureshkumar P, Tafafdar JC. New vista for nitrogen and medium with respect to phosphorus, in phosphorus research Journal of the Indian Society of potassium and sulphur. The value worked out from nutrient Soil Science. 2009; 57(4):536-545. index for N, P, K and S were 1.11, 1.68, 2.00 and 1.75, 10. Piper CS. Soil and plant analysis. Intel science respectively, against the nutrient index values <1.50 for low, Publishers, Inc. New York, 1967. 1.50-2.50 for medium and >2.50 for high fertility status. 11. Raghubanshi BPS, Singh RP, Singh Harvendra. Fertility Meena et al. (2006) [7] also worked out from nutrient index for status of Karanjakala block of district Jaunpur, Uttar N, P and K were 1.75, 1.70 and 2.54, respectively in soils of Pradesh. Ann. PI. Soil Res. 2011; 13(2):161.163. Tonk district of Rajasthan. According to Pattanayak et al. 12. Rattan RK, Patel KP, Manjaian KM, Datta SP. (2009) [9] soils of Madhya Pradesh was observed in medium Micronutrient in soil, plant, animal and human health. category with 1.84 value of nutrient index. Journal of the Indian Society Soil Science. 2009; 57(4):546-558. ~ 159 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies

13. Sharan OM, Pandey IP, Pathak RK. Forms of sulphur in alluvial soils of Uttar Pradesh. Ann. PI. Soil Res. 2004; 6:78-80. 14. Sharma PK, Sood Anil, Setia RK, Tur NS, Mehra Deepak, singh Harpinder. Mapping of Macronutrients in soils of Amritsar district Punjab. Journal of the Indian Society Soil Science, 2008; 56(1):34-41. 15. Subbiah BV,d Asija GL. A rapid procedure for the estimation of nitrogen in soils. Curr. Sci. 1956; 25:259- 260. 16. Walkely A, Black IA. An examination of the degtJareff method for determination of soil organic matter and proposed modification of chromic acid titration method. Sc. 1934; 37:29-38.

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