CEU eTD Collection

T HE In partial fulfilment of the require of In partial fulfilment T

HE DECISION MAKING R OMANIAN R Supervisor: Professor Constantin Iordachi OMANIAN Second Reader R EVOLUTION EVOLUTION OF Central European University Cosmin R Department of History Budapest, Hungary ESPONSE TO THE Submitted to - : Professor Miklos Lojko Miklos : Professor W Daniel 2010 m By ORKERS ents for the degree of Master Arts

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PROCESS PROCESS WITHIN THE

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CEU eTD Collection instructions may not be made without the written the permission Author. of a any partform suchcopies of made. Further copies made in in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained the from librarian. This page must or part, may be made only in accordance with the instruction given bythe Authorand lodged Copyright in the text this thesis restswith of the Author.Copies byany process,eit Copyright notice:

accordance with such

her in full CEU eTD Collection preservation the regime of more was important than a nationalist agenda. country. the of security the endanger and bloc Eastern the of stability ideological the impacted have could that affairs foreign of problem a became also Revolution Hungarian The policies. foreign and h explain and reconstruct to tries paper the Second, Romania. in Revolution Hungarian the of echoes the by created crisis the decision the of account an provides it t scholarship, recent th after and during Romania of role and the understanding documents archival on Drawing

h fnig o te td rva ta fr Romania for that reveal study the of findings The ow the Hungarian Revolution affected Romania's domestic Romania's affected Revolution Hungarian the ow - making process of the Romanian Workers' Party during Party Workers' Romanian the of process making Abstract

e Hungarian Revolution of 1956. First, 1956. of Revolution Hungarian e , e ae cnrbts to contributes paper he t ht eti point certain that at

, the CEU eTD Collection Many thanks goto Laura Lauren Gousha, Goldstein, Florence Walker andChiorean. Andru interest in what Iam doing. I am especially grateful to Octavian Cărbunaru and Horia their Stancu, for su comments and willingness to help. I am grateful to myConstantin supervisors Iordachi their and for MiklosLojko useful and encouragements. allFirst of Iwouldlike to thank my parents, Pintilie and Tudori Acknowledgements

ţa their C ărbunaru, for support pport and

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Reactions 5:CHAPTER The the Aftermath Hungarian of Revolution. The Political Consequences of 4: ReactionsCHAPTER Romania's 3:CHAPTER Romanian Workers and the Impact onthe Soviet Bloc 2:CHAPTER The Relationship between Hungaryand Romania. The Hungarian Revolution 1:CHAPTER The Soviet Political System and the Decision Introduction Table of Contents 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.1

A New Beginnin New A The Nagy Affair The Return to the “Normal” State Affairs of Wh Measures to AvoidFuture Protests: Improvement Facilities of Centre and Internal Affairs The Organization Type New of The Romanian Workers’ Party: Early Developments The Hungarian Revolution. The International Context. The Impact onRomania The Revolution 1956.Autumn in Hungary of Political Developments between 1953and 1956 N Party and State exploration Power:An into Soviet The Critical Crisesin Role Domestic of and International Affairs The Decision Making ...... ew Challenges ...... at Made PossibleThese Events? the and Future Lessons Plansfor Periphery: Immediate How Actions are Being Taken?

...... g? The RWPin the the Aftermath Hungarian of Revolution ...... - Process: Several Approaches ...... ’ ...... Party - Party Decisions - ...... Structure and Organ ......

...... - - Making Process ...... style Communism ...... ization ...... 25 24 21 19 19 13 10 73 68 63 60 58 58 55 51 46 43 41 36 33 33 7 7 1

CEU eTD Collection 2 1 Gheorghiu di on based often issues, specific on agreements conflict highly isolated. remained period this characterized RWP the in leaders But Khrushchev. of position official the was this countries” individual of affairs the are socialism of forms practical in “Differences elite. communist T approval. Romania in state the in and party the in position highest Ghe Gheorghe personally and highly were states theses of leaderships Communist new organization an group, corporate a effect in most its and important "ally," the Soviet Union. Romania, and Yugoslavia like countries neighbouring its also but Hungary of Republic Peoples’ the only affect not did 1956 of Revolution Hungarian The inside. from anti the that stron too regimes illustratedthe made Union Soviet the however powerful, was opposition Revolution Hungarian the of failure The Europe. in Intro ( 1971) Press, California of : University (Berkeley Kenneth Jowitt, Max Weber, Weber, Max

Bucharest: Encyc Dennis duction The an not was 1956 year The Deletant - Eastern Dej's Dej's he The Theory Social and Economic O Revolutionary B - orghiu and Maurice and Pearton.Maurice lopaedic Publishing House, 1998), 128. 1998), House, Publishing lopaedic p ridden and contradictory. and ridden ost

effective

bloc ent Jowitt Kenneth - tlns peri Stalinist - Dej, Dej, , the group the , reakthroughs and and reakthroughs h Frt ertr o te oain Wres Party, Workers’ Romanians the of Secretary First the patrimonial

Romania observed: d atr 1953, after od, annus mirabilis annus

of countries under the influence of the Soviet Union, Soviet the of influence the under countries of argued eiiin f h Prys tutr, edrhp and leadership structure, Party's the of definition , 165. rganization E National D xpression that the process of party institutionalization was was institutionalization party of process the that .

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for the opponents of the communist regimes communist the of opponents the for S a dfiut o ade o te Roman the for handle to difficult was tudies in contemporary Ro contemporary in tudies , evelopment: frn jsiyn consider justifying fferent (New York : Free Press, 1964), 2 1964), Press, : Free York (New s of unity were the consequence the were unity of since 1944 since The C The h asne f n reforming any of absence the ase of Romania, 1944 , with Stalin's support and support Stalin's with , empts of reforms, t reforms, of empts dependent on dependent manian history. ations, and of of and ations, g to be broken be to g 0 as quoted - communist - ed the held 1965

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CEU eTD Collection 6 5 4 3 Revolution and Soviet Intervention, 1956 161. international countries of socialist understanding between relations the to According stage. new a into entered countries two Romania in minority important most the War World Second Transylvania Italy Fascist war. regional a into developing from it prevent to dispute their into drawn were Italy and Germany and future, Transylvania's them among bitterly arguing war the of much spent Reich Third the of allies two Germany. from pressure under conceived been had alliance this relation War Great minority Hungarian R the for challenge considerable a Revolution Hungarian the was Why economic. especially, and, social also but political, only not were effects The Hungary. in uprising the by bloc Eastern vanguar by planned carefully event an not possibly creating a the pathway withdrawal for the Soviet of troopsin 1958. had revolution, operation. ( University of Pittsburgh, ( Johanna Granville Johanna Holly Case, Case, Holly Kecskemeti Paul Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009 Kenneth Jowitt,

mna communist omanian The Hungarian uprising of October 1956 was a sudden and unexpected explosion and explosion unexpected and sudden a was 1956 October of uprising Hungarian The s.

During the Second World War, both co both War, World Second the During 3 h eet o 15, nldn Krsce’ sces peh n te Hungarian the and speech secrets Khrushchev’s including 1956, of events The ,

Between S h Taslain usin a a te oern o te w cutis bilateral countries' two the of forefront the at was question Transylvanian the signed from Romania to Hungary, played a significant role in this context. Af context. this in role significant a played Hungary, to Romania from Revolutionary B , The Unexpected Revolution Unexpected , The a , "If hope is sin, then sin, is hope , "If considerable impac considerable ,

tates: tates: living Northern Transylvania Northern 2008 n uut 0 1940, 30, August on The Transylvanian Q ): 2. in Transylvania in lt? First elite? reakthroughs and and reakthroughs

6 we are all guilty" :Romanian guilty" all are we

- 1958, h Scn Ven Aad abtae by arbitrated Award, Vienna Second The ), 10. te ertra conflict territorial the , t on the evolution of the Romanian communist regime, communist Romanian the of evolution the on t te w cutis r cnetd y considerable a by connected are countries two the , , (Stanford: Stanford Unive Stanford , (Stanford:

Pittsburgh, PA : Center for Russian and East European Studies and relations between. Th between. relations and , under Romanian jurisdiction Romanian under , ds. ues retuned to Romania and t and Romania to retuned National D 5 tion and the European I European the and tion

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which

Romania was the most affected country of the of country affected most the was Romania

untries fought on the same side same the on fought untries evelopment: re - sind h territor the assigned Students' R Students' ewe Hnay n Romania and Hungary between rsity Press, 1961), 1. 1. 1961), Press, rsity The C The dea during World War II. Holly Case argues that t that argues Case Holly e relationship between the between relationship e eactions to the Hungarian ase of Romania, 1944 he Hungarians remained Hungarians he . Since the end of the of end the Since . 4

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1965 ter the ter s over , p. , p. he ,

CEU eTD Collection 8 7 co well was it because effective was process whole The Why there was this connection between the internal and the external affairs? paper. this of concerns decision t ideas, T factors. historical and logistical psychological, of combination a to due demonstration mass Timi in students The country. the of cities major the in protests student of containment the with concerned primarily were decision Romania’s RWP the of bodies political reaction the behind was what during the 1956 events of this to connection War World the characterize blocked be to not and takeover communist the with end an to came European studies University of Pittsburgh, 2008), 5. Revolution and Soviet Inte decembre 1947), (Cluj

Johanna Granville Johanna Anna Fulop, hey had to assure that the social environment was not to be affected by the spread of new of spread the by affected be to not was environment social the that assure to had hey mtes raie a te ete a te aaiiy o noc ter eiin i the in decisions their enforce to capability the had centre the at organized mmittees his was done mainly by arrests and changes to the institutions involved. How these How involved. institutions the to changes and arrests by mainly done was his The The concern of this dissertation is dissertation this of concern The - - aig ois ucind n wa ter esrs n after and measures their what and functioned bodies making crisis the manage to created committees special the that revealed process making ecin a pop ad t ucind n eea directi several in functioned it and prompt was reaction , La Transylvanie dans le Relation Roumano prompt h Hnain communist Hungarian the , "If hope is sin, then we are all guilty" : Romanian students' reactions to the Hungarian Hungarian the to reactions students' :Romanian guilty" all are we then sin, is hope , "If eainhp ewe Hnay n Romania. and Hungary between relationship , - the problem of national security of Romania of security national of problem the Napoca: Centre de Ressources pour la Diversit

answer of the Romanian authorities was not by any means exaggerated. means any by not was authorities Romanian the of answer rvention, 1956 rvention,

The inquiry will go in two directions: domestic and foreign and domestic directions: two in go will inquiry The y past by .

are

of the authorities, b authorities, the of ş on the one side, and on the other the students the other the on and side, one the on aa were oara debates. - 1958 , working paper (T paper , working regime h coet o Otbr 0 15, n raiig a organizing in 1956, 30, October on closest, the N the mechanism of the decision the of mechanism the

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- H militated for for militated ongroises vues du Quai d’Or b y using y ilateral relations ilateral he Carl Beck papers in - e Ethoculturelle, 2006), 115. oriae fo te ete The centre. the from coordinated the rational choice approach. T approach. choice rational the ilmtc esos otne to continued tensions diplomatic rvso o te borders. the of revision a A tr h ed f h Second the of end the fter came had to be future be to had n. h rsls f the of results The ons. - again into discussion into again fet wr, r the are were, effects - making process an process making Russian & East say , (septembre 1944 1944 , (septembre

and protesters and

oriented, affairs. 7 In he – d 8 .

CEU eTD Collection 10 9 Second Union Soviet elements main active most the Romania the country had to face in 1956. identity comprehended This revolution. Hungarian the after other. policies internal and foreign the why to as explanation an offer point. this substantiate to attempts paper this conditions; existing the Budapest. in the transpired of had what by shocked submissiveness officials PWR among general ranks of closure the the and intelligentsia given unlikely, but possible been have would it that the during population the control to occu have revolution nationwide a would crisis, Hungarian measures drastic speedy, such taken not regime Romanian citize and Hungarian among solidarity mass prevent to card" "irredentist the played an closely Timi periphery the because territory, pp.48 Rainer and Katalin Somlai (Budapest: The institut 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the Soviet Bloc Countries: Reaction and Repercussions, Granville, Granville,

Drago - ş 68 s Jhna Granville Johanna ns. oara and Cluj, age ht t that argue I Petrescu “Fiftyş Petrescu , l ti las o the to leads this All th Bucharest In the protests of the students occurred in Transylvania, a part of the country which had which country the of part a Transylvania, in occurred students the of protests the

twre ec ptnil rally potential each thwarted d If hope is sin, then we are all guilty are we is then sin, If hope 9

, which was the was which , While such an outcome was not unlikely, it would not have been have not would it unlikely, not was outcome an such While Frt tee a te nenl iuto ta rqie pof f oat t the to loyalty of proof required that situation internal the was there First, . without understanding without

-- e omns rgm i Romania in regime communist he - Six as an identity shaping experience: The case of the Romanian communists,” in lacked e Securitate collaborator of the Soviet Union Soviet the of collaborator the us n nrgig eerh questions: research intriguing an puts hegemonic power in the area and area the in power hegemonic

et qu next

trust -- and n hs ae h pry raiain from organizations party the case this in of of sin ht il e nwrd n hs paper this in answered be will that estion the mechanism that helped the party manage the events the manage party the helped that mechanism the the special founded committee founded special the , p 52 52 , p the Central Committee. e for the History of the Revolution,Hungarian 1956 2007) Pry n uiest ofcas in officials university and Party .

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that period? The answer has two has answer The period? that ed

had troops in every country. every in troops had nw stage new a ee o once t each to connected so were had monitored students too students monitored 10 Moreover, the edited by. Janos M. M. Janos by. edited cannot be fully fully be cannot

the city of of city the f development of Gheorghiu

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CEU eTD Collection 13 12 11 Revolta Min events inand Poland] Hungary (Bucuresti: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1996). evenimentelor din Polonia si Ungaria in context international Bloc Soviet the on impact the and Revolution Hungarian centre and periphery. historiograp in regarded is it how and state the and will I development. p co the and actors political by Party, Workers Romanian the of process making actors and chapter sig is level international and domestic the separate in treated aspects, studies life social and political Romanian on revisionism of impact the to exactly Romania in published the country. of security the endangered also and bloc Eastern the of stability ideological the affect could affa foreign of problem a became it Therefore Hungary. with ties ethnic and historic ( and green," myth] communist (Bucure Bucure olitical Ioana Boca, “1956 “1956 Boca, Ioana

Mihaela Sitariu. Corneliu Mihai Lungu ş ş . h scn catr titled chapter, second The following the on focus to decided has author the statement, main the prove to order In existin The ti: Sophia, 1998), 30. 1998), ti: Sophia, 13 Soviet Political Soviet s

ystem Australian Journal of Politics and History ţ novd n h decision the in involved ilor ilor

ş i sfâr Rezistent as a concept a as în România în g literature on this topic is by no by is topic this on literature g

ş account for the way in which in way the for account itul mitului comunist mitului itul

i Mihai Retegan,. Retegan,. i Mihai ș 11 ti: Curtea Veche, 2006); Johanna Granville, "We have wines of all kinds: red, white, white, red, kinds: all of wines have "We Granville, Johanna 2006); Veche, ti: Curtea ̦a anticomunistă : Timiş oara 1956 System and System

hc te ugra Rvlto o 15 to pae ad the and place, took 1956 of Revolution Hungarian the which

eae t te ugra Revo Hungarian the to related

ordinates in which the action was situated. The origi The situated. was action the which in ordinates chapters. ” [1956 in Romania], in Jelea,Doina Vladimir Tis

offers new and challenging perspectives on political and social and political on perspectives challenging and new offers [ 1956 The explosion: Romanian, Yugoslav an Yugoslav Romanian, explosion: The 1956 [ D h Rltosi bten ugr ad oai. The Romania. and Hungary between Relationship The 1956 explozia : percepţii române, iugoslave ş The exploration of the term the of exploration The - ecision

[Hungary 1956: The revolt of the minds and the end of the the of end the and minds the of revolt The 1956: [Hungary aig process. making nificant to the process that is to be analyzed be to is that process the to nificant - , M

Volume 54,Issue 2, 5

aking

the regime the means abundant. Several works have been have works Several abundant. means [The a [The hy, P rocess exploring h catr xmns h decision the examines chapter The lution, but only a few of them refer refer them of few a only but lution, , nti s el as well as will provide a reconstruction of of reconstruction a provide will - communist resistencecommunist : ş Timi , articulated June 2008) 2008) June I will discuss the main theo main the discuss will I crisis the model of behaviour of of behaviour of model the

h rltosi between relationship the măneanu, and its development at development its and d Soviet perceptions on the

the role of the party the of role the i sovietice asupra asupra i sovietice 12 ( Ungaria 1956: . Some are case are Some . n of the Soviet the of n oara 1956] . irs that irs In the In ries the -

CEU eTD Collection Revolution 1956onRomanian of internal and external in the affairs conclusions. n a of beginning the and Army Soviet the of withdrawal the affairs, Nagy the 1958: and 1957 in leadership reactions political of consequences the major cities, Central and local authorities). and (Bucharest periphery and centre between relationship the and level high the at decisions chapter titled chapter, next the in role key a have will that bodies institutional and framework the introduce to meant is undertaking This 1956. of facto situational and chapter, third The Party: Workers’ Romania. on emphasis special with response, immediate

At the forefront of the l the of forefront the At il ecie n aaye h decision the analyze and describe will ew period. This will lead to an analysis of the consequences of the Hungarian the of consequences the of analysis an to lead will This period. ew structure and organization and structure rs that are relevant in defining the decision the defining in relevant are that rs ast chapter, ast , there will be will there The aftermath of the Hungarian Revolution. The Revolution. Hungarian the of aftermath The , will explore will

6

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- the behaviour of the Romanian communist Romanian the of behaviour the aig rcs tkn it acut the account into taking process making

the most significant organizational significant most the - making process in the autumn the in process making

Romanian Tha . t CEU eTD Collection 15 14 decision making proc making decision mechanism this process? can of How the decision bias can which shortcuts, cognitive decisional of number a use makers decision that established well is It makers. decision of abilities managerial and cognitive limited perceived the for compensate complex, be can decisions As of functioned process making decision the how explore to order In functioning. analyzed in this paper to introduction theoretical are parts two first The part. struc party between relationship the and system part second The decision the on theories concern will part decision of process the to given P CHAPTER 1 Cambridge University Press by Ben D

D James G March and Herbert A. Simon, Simon, A. Herbert and March G James rocess . the significance the P.

1.1 Kahneman, There are two main theories tha theories main two are There decision The or In . Mor, . Mor,

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der to understand the party response to political crisis, a proper account has to be to has account proper a crisis, political to response party the understand to der Decision and interaction in crises Decision Making outcomes in systematic ways. systematic in outcomes : , will cover the cover will

and and The

of the concept the of - A. Tversky, A. ess in times when immediate action is necessary. The two theories are theories two The necessary. is action immediate when times in ess aig rcs i an is process making take place. , 1982), 12. as quoted by Ben D. Mor, Mor, D. Ben by quoted as 12. , 1982), Soviet h pltcl ytm n hc the which in system political the directly

significance of the term crisis term the of significance - making. raiain otn nc decision enact often organizations (Eds.) . (Eds.)

P and the main theories main the and - Organizations P olitical rocess: Several Several rocess: connected Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases and Heuristics uncertainty: under Judgment t discuss the conditions and conditions the discuss t The chapter will be divided into three parts. three into divided be will chapter The ( - Westport, Conn. making process and process making S 15

seta pr o te ehns o party of mechanism the of part essential 7

How are decisions made decisions are How tures and state power will be treated in treated be will power state and tures ystem and

(New York: York: (New to each other, while the last part last the while other, each to - making processbe explained? Decis Approaches

available on the topic are necessary are topic the on available Praeger, 1993), 20. John Wiley & Sons, 1958 Sons, & Wiley John ion and interaction in crises in interaction and ion the D the . The . an ciiis ht il be will that activities main its structur its nature actual mechanism of the of mechanism actual ecision -

aig rcdrs to procedures making ? What is behind the behind is What ?

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CEU eTD Collection 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 the assumption is largely unr largely is assumption the The assumption. rationality the concerns decision making requires a t itself in adequate is neither that believes Mor behaviour. crises in rational and psychological the thought act an taking before benefits, and costs balances studies. these in expectations theoretical the to consistency lends and directs what is rationality of principle the rational, crises isat the heart the of crises. of perception the to, decisions sensitivity determining and of, in detections important makers’ are images and systems, belief factors, Personality constrains. and conditions given by imposed limits the within goals given of achievements the information. process to ability their and makers decision of preferences the on impact their for examined decisi of functioning the on factors of groups basic two of impact the with concerned is approach the with connected 12 (July D. Mor, Mor, D. Mor, D. Mor, D. Mor, D. Mor, D. Kathleen Jon Elster, on makers: personality factors and situational variables. situational and factors personality makers: on - August 2001): 490. major A approach choice rational The rational substantially is behaviour that argues Simon Herbert Decision and interaction in crises Decision and interaction in crises Decision and interaction in crises Decision and interaction in crises Decision and interaction in crises M. Sutcliffe Explaining Social Behavior

debate

, 18 psychological “ Controlling Decision Making Practice in Organizations The study of patterns that characterize decision makers’ coping with coping makers’ decision characterize that patterns of study The

ewe te scooia ad ainl hie hoy approaches theory choice rational and psychological the between psychological approach heoretical that framework combines both approaches. ealistic and thus of limited value. That is to say, decision making decision say, to is That value. limited of thus and ealistic

20 n hs hoy ainlt mas ht pro raos and reasons person a that means rationality theory this In , versus versus (Cambridge: (Cambridge: , , , , , shares the common assumption that assumption common the shares p. 24. p. 20. p. 6. p. 20. p. 20. - choice approaches provide indispensable perspectives indispensable provide approaches choice proponents of the of proponents

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Decision and interaction in crises Decision and interaction in crises M. Sutcliffe states Controlling Decision Making Practice in Organizations , posits , 23 - “ inherent predispositions and their effect on the performance of individuals in individuals of performance the on effect their and predispositions inherent

that political behaviour is intentional and goal and intentional is behaviour political that The Rationality of Decision Making during International Crises

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CEU eTD Collection 33 32 31 30 29 28 Press, 1992), 48. development origins, their about knowledge the into and behaviour classical model rational of choice. of predictor a as intentionality and rationality of idea the to goes unavoidably This actors. other of behaviour expected the and resources by imposed constrains political the crises. initiate to expected are types player different which under conditions the game concerning the possible consequences any action of and behaviour. the also is There consistency. their ensuring and preferences individual an analysing of question a is There Nicholson. Michael to according rationality of aspects two are There aims. their effectively requirements in respect to some predetermined level aspirations. of the satisfy rather but optimize, not do actors situations, decisions complex in that argument rational from deviation understandable an behaviour.” as or situation rational particular as either this interpreted in is behaviour it unless behaviour, person’s a explain and understand assumption. rationality the on relies too, 2007), 6. Michea Mor, D. Mor, D. Nolan McCarty, Adam Meirowitz, Meirowitz, Adam McCarty, Nolan Mor, D. Nicholson, Micheal - theory 1.2

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p. p. p. 20 30 24 more than a simple assertion that actors are pursuing are actors that assertion simple a than more

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on of a high probabilityon of conflict. of

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73. two which is a rule, describes how each player determines his or her next move on the on move next her or his determines player each how describes rule, a is which 43

- sided crises sided “ The Rationality of Decision Making during International Crises

One One “ Modelling Deterrence and International Crises - - . J. Joseph Hewitt and Jonathan Wil Jonathan and Hewitt Joseph J. . Sided Crises in the International System Sided Cri that it does not have clear and immediate intentions to engage in engage to intentions immediate and clear have not does it that

ses ses in System the International obably the most analysed. If deterrence is the essence of the of essence the is deterrence If analysed. most the obably 40 41 42

t a be wdl ntd ht n rtcl situations critical in that noted widely been has It 12

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Party and P Party State , Soviet and Eastern Bloc Marxisim Bloc Eastern and , Soviet , , Soviet and Eastern Bloc Marxisim The Rationality of Decision Making during International Crises The Rationality of Decision Making d Walker, (London: Routlege, 2007), 60.

47

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Jan F. Triska, Triska, F. Jan Shapiro, and Cohen Shapiro, and Cohen Leonard J. Cohen and Jane P. Shapiro, s of communist states can best be understood by a consideration of the same kinds of of kinds same the of consideration a by understood be best can states communist of s h pltcl lt hd consider a had elite political The Triska F. Jan relationship The in international terms of politics. te rsrain f h itgiy n ivoaiiy f h sse s ta th that so system the of inviolability and integrity the of preservation the , Communist raet n h fruain n eeuin f oiia dcsos a been has decisions political of execution and formulation the in ermanent Communist Systems in Comparative Perspective Communist Systems

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48

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umption are a consequence of their role in society”. in role their of consequence a are umption be te mrig omns sse t miti te yaim eurd y its by required dynamism the maintain to system communist emerging the abled h sed f bureaucrati of speed The , The collapse of Soviet Communism “ The collapse of Soviet Communism , The New Class : an Analysis of the Communist S Communist the of Analysis an : Class New , The 20th century Marxism, 20th century Marxism, 20th century Marxism,

enefited from the wealth they created. Therefore, the ruling elite that elite ruling the Therefore, created. they wealth the from enefited 56

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3 (Mar., 2002):767. 52 Marxism is the charismatic aura charismatic the is Marxism

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: Brace Jovanovich, 1983), 1983), Jovanovich, Brace

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, The origins of the Stalinist political system political Stalinist the of origins , The , T s rca i te decision the in crucial is The origins of the Stalinist political system he origins of the Stalinist political system The relationship between relationship The party leading the policy, determining in and patronage exercising in case, Soviet the In - based d based , Gill ( - Stanford : Stanford University Press, 2000 level units for accurate production figures, which are at the point of production of point the at are which figures, production accurate for units level The collapse of Soviet Communism The advantages of being atomized , The origins of the Stalinist political system political Stalinist the of origins , The es at the climax of the political system did not generate the fact that regional that fact the generate not did system political the of climax the at es iscrimination, had quite tangible implications for the ways in which its own own its which in ways the for implications tangible quite had iscrimination, East Central Europe in the modern world : the politics of t Sheila Fitzpatrick,

, it was the party which party the was it - 60 apparatus. h budre o te lt wr nihr lal dfnd nor defined clearly neither were elite the of boundaries The ), 51.

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- - m centre structure, Sovnarkom, the Politburo, Central Committee and Committee Central Politburo, the Sovnarkom, structure, Beyond totalitarianism : Stalinism and Nazism com based ideology, which, by means of a variety of structures of variety a of means by which, ideology, based 62 kn process. aking rate capitalist societies.

61 In institutional terms, the elite encompassed members encompassed elite the terms, institutional In and ,” ,” , ,p.58. 58. ,p , p.780. Dissent p. 51. lent unity to state structures. The communist party communist The structures. state to unity lent periphery 16 64

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h cnrlzto ad otos f at and party of controls and centralization The 34(1987): 339. 34(1987): 63 (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990), 1990), Press, University :Cambridge (Cambridge

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68 1(Feb., 1983): 3. 1983): 1(Feb.,

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Local Policy Implementation “ 66 The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Local Policy Implementation

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In summation of this chapter, in the first part a review of the main decision main the of review a part first the in chapter, this of summation In d the political system can be seen throughout the paper. ’s party in managing the domestic and international crises of of crises international and domestic the managing in party ’s 18

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telegram using a rigid language revealed language rigid a using telegram ocmita de Corneliu Mihai Lungu ,

[

The explosion, Romanian Lungu, its Pozna aue i as hd oiia and political had also it nature;

87 1956 explozia: ht made What , 2008) :Routledge, (London ń

p. 20. h Wra Pc ad the and Pact Warsaw the , related to the change of of change the to related , n coe 6 October In

: a history in in history : a was accused of of accused was P

me ay the Nagy Imre , Y erceptii române, - at sae in state party ugoslavian and , ș 1956 i Mihai i Mihai , 20. 90 the By

CEU eTD Collection 91 organizational problems, the Hungarian revolution reminded them of Bela Kun and his short his and Kun Bela of them reminded revolution Hungarian the problems, organizational Ceau Nicolae and speaker, Hungarian a Company, Publishing Political the of director Roman, Valter leaders, PWR two least at “For confl past reinterpret to them permitted also it but themselves, forearm to leaders Romanian warning mentally alarm, an off set only not crisis Hungarian The fears. and memories painful reviving wounds, national old brings military Communists. Hungarian a crisis which called into question the stability the regime. of Second and external was new regime. the with along going into society Hungarian the convince firmly to time same the at trying and kind any of dissent suppressing featured that "normalization" of process long the begin to take Secretary Deputy H Hungar the destroyed had They Budapest. into rolled tanks Russian this. assure to Nations United the to appealing neutrality, countries

ungarian. Deletant and Pearton, n the oath of of oath the , it was an internal crisis created by an by created crisis internal an was it , ertra cnlcs ee tl peet n h rltosi bten oain and Romanian between relationship the in present still were conflicts Territorial For 2.4 7, November By

91 Romania The Hungarian Revolution. The I the Romanian Workers Party the 1956 the Party Workers Romanian the

- office and became the chairman the became and office General of the Hungarian Communist Party, Communist Hungarian the of General internal

Romania observed

on First . codn t Jhna rnil, o v to Granville, Johanna to According the anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution Janos Kádár, Janos revolution Bolshevik the of anniversary the

i ednee te hl constructi whole the endangered it , , p. 241. , p. ş escu, Central Committee Secretary, Responsible for for Responsible Secretary, Committee Central escu,

event that took place in a neighbour a in place took that event 25

of the council of minister of council the of n

ternati crisis produced by the events in Hungary in events the by produced crisis cs ih ugr i a self a in Hungary with icts onal Context. The I

backed by the Soviet the by backed rig ere eey new every degrees arying n oebr 4 November On n f h Esen bloc. Eastern the of on a am ad captured and army ian s. Kádár was able was Kádár s. - evn way. serving mpact onmpact ing country, former former s, have s, 1 , 000

CEU eTD Collection 94 93 92 filtered through to workers, students and the intelligentsia. The uprising and the response to it to response the and uprising The intelligentsia. the and students workers, to through filtered coordinate the Imre overthrown of with nature different very a of meeting a holding was leadership Soviet The Nagy. Imre with discussions hold to November 3 on Budapest dele Romanian a that agreed leaders two thataffect stability the country. of non a leadership, RWP the of perspective the Vienn from Therefore, of dictate the after Transylvania, Northern occupied Hungary when War, World Second the of events the and states socialist between cooperation the mind in had leaders inh regions the in Hungary in uprising the about information of spread the by backed was concern non a and minority, ag Budapest in revolt stance the determined Gheorghiu by obedience adopted slavish just not and Union Soviet the with interests of the Romanian political elite monitored closely the evolutions in Hungary. course” “new the of introduction the Since process. making decision the affected or influence dif had may revolution Hungarian March 21 (of revolution communist Leadership,”

Purc Purc Johanna C. Granville C. Johanna abited by the Hungarian minority. The second one was more speculative, the Romanian the speculative, more was one second The minority. Hungarian the by abited ăruş ăruş The impact had not been confined to Romanian citizens of Hungarian origin. It had It origin. Hungarian of citizens Romanian to confined been not had impact The Gheorghiu of view of point the From , , ă R vâltoarea În ă R vâltoarea În Europe - Asia Studies - Dej was anxious to bring the Hungarians back into the socialist bloc; the bloc; socialist the into back Hungarians the bring to anxious was Dej

- , “Forewarned is Forearmed: How the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 Helped the Romanian Romanian the Helped 1956 of Crisis Hungarian the How Forearmed: is “Forewarned , communist Hungary might lay claim to part of Transylvania. of part to claim lay might Hungary communist ainst Communist rule might spread to the two the to spread might rule Communist ainst - zvoiului zvoiului Rece zvoiului Rece, Dej. The Romanian communist had two main concerns: a successful successful a concerns: main two had communist Romanian The Dej. 62, 62,

(June 2010): 615. 615. 2010): (June foreign affairs, Dennis Deletant argued that the convergence the that argued Deletant Dennis affairs, foreign ferent meanings for each RWP leader, however this did not did this however leader, RWP each for meanings ferent Nagygovernment. , p. 264. , p. p.

263. – Ags 1919).” August 1

ain ld y Gheorghiu by led gation, 26

Janos Kádár Janos 94

92 h ato blee ta the that believes author The , the purpose of which was to was which of purpose the , - communist Hungary will not will Hungary communist - million strong Hungarian strong million - e, hud rvl to travel should Dej,

93 The first first The a. CEU eTD Collection 99 98 97 96 95 History education, of minister and ministers of Council the vice first Constantinescu, Miron 1944, after organizations youth of unification a were they Hence regime. 1945 years the in demonstrations anticommunist Romania. in phenomena and the the change status Russianlanguage. of of party the of policy agricultural and economic the of abandoning the schools, from Leninism the by dispersed quickly were Securitat Both factors. historical and logistical, psychological, first st including Romania. in demonstrations Ia after bloc, Soviet whole Poland. and the Hungary of significant most the were they but impact severe a have Union asthe hispower. source of Gheorghiu reminded had Romania in communist myth] (Bucure communist Revolta Min Johanna Granville, "We have wines of all kinds: all of wines have "We Granville, Johanna Purc Ioana Boca, “1956 “1956 Boca, Ioana Granville, Sitariu. ş ad T and i ăruş mass meetings or demonstrations were able to occur, due to a combination of of combination a to due occur, to able were demonstrations or meetings mass 2 ( 2 n h 12s tdns protest students 1920s the In Marxist of removal the were: centres these in students the of requests major The Hungary, in uprising the with time same the at occurred that disorders The Rezistent , e June 2008): 7. 2008): June ă R vâltoarea În . ț 98 ilor ilor We have wines of all kinds: red, white, and green â dns wres rm aiu tps f atre ad peasants. and factories of types various from workers udents,

g Mureş rgu ș i sfâr ̦a anticomunistă : Timi ş în România în

ș itul mitului comunist mitului itul

ș hy curd any mn suet i Bcaet Timi Bucharest, in students among mainly occurred They zvoiului zvoiului Rece, ti: Curtea Veche, 2006), 180. 2006), Veche, ti: Curtea . 96

tdns ae en o cran xet t h frfot f the of forefront the at extent certain a to been have Students But ” [1956 in Romania], in Jelea,Doina Vladimir Tis 97

s a iprat agt of target important an lso In the revolts the Hungarian minority was particularly involved, particularly was minority Hungarian the revolts the In eeal, hr i a edny o ee vr body to broadly very refer to tendency a is there generally, 95 p. p.

oara 1956

269. , n rato t dfeet id oiis ee frequent were policies kind different to reaction and - [Hungary 1956: The revolt of the minds and the end of the the of end the and minds the of revolt The 1956: [Hungary Dej how depended he w he depended how Dej

red, white, and green," green," and white, red, , p. 30. 30. , p. 27

99 -

96 pir o h etr isamn o the of instalment entire the to prior 1946, , p. 7 , p. proposed

omns repression. Communist Australian Journal of Politics and ht h Uin f Romanian of Union The that as on force and on the Soviet the on and force on as măneanu, In Ungaria 1956 Timi - president of of president ş oara, Cluj, Cluj, oara,

pn the Upon ş aa the oara i not did : -

CEU eTD Collection 103 102 101 100 2007), 230. Comuniste din Romania,. Pan new. something not was the“We citizens of Romania, we are fighting for these causes: basically looked like this: the that stipulate which Philology of Faculty leadership have associations. student or Youth Working of Union the control, party moreover, like was it happened. the miss will and diverted be will association that fearing some Bureau, Central the of members of consensus the meet not did associations student up setting throu which, they are restructured. Students Timi 6/1956 f.26 [The Party Regional Committee of Timis, file 6/1956] in Mihaela Sitariu ANIC Ju ANIC PCR al CC fond ANIC, Sitariu, Sitariu, 4. 3. 2. 1. şoa

started from the meeting for election for meeting the from started

ra 1956 ra 1956 h dmns ee xrse smlsi ad on bscly n w drcin. This directions. two in basically going and simplistic expressed were demands The Liberty to fight with the Hungarian brothers.” A free country and close The withdrawal of the Soviet army; The change of the communist regime; in outbreak an had have 1956 autumn of protests student the of Several I te umr f 96 te da f riig tdn associations student training of idea the 1956, of summer the n Rezisten Rezisten and

d. Timis a Arhivelor Nationale (in continuare Fond DJTAN), “Comitet Raional de partid”, Dosar of of gh a more a gh The , p. , p. the department of of department the ț ț a anticomunistă : Timi a antico 35. Union of High of Union

- The intention an was intense control the youth of organizations. Raport Final. itr o te nvriy oyi ae eeoe a draft a developed have Bolyai University the of History

- re munistă : Timi Cancelarie, dosar nr. 63/1948, f. 3. 3. f. 63/1948, nr. dosar Cancelarie, association is “free, democratic, autonomous” democratic, “free, is association laxed and adapted strategy, was madetoadaptedlaxed andstrategy, was

-

relations with the West; the with relations Soviet feelings were not very frequently, in most of the cases the of most in frequently, very not were feelings Soviet 101 – Philology. Edited by Dorin Dobrincu and Cristian Vasile. (Bucuresti: Humanitas, Humanitas, (Bucuresti: Vasile. Cristian and Dobrincu Dorin by Edited School Students School

ș ș oara, oara,

p. p.

35 35 of a new offic new a of In Cluj, in October, a group of students from the from students of group a October, in Cluj, In

28

103

will

Comisia Prezidentiala pentru An not

n uhrs, rtss n September in protests Bucharest, In

e of the organization's the of e be implemented be attract students. Rezistent 102 .

a implemented was One of the request the of One immediately, until immediately, ̦a anticomunistă : aliza Dictaturii

The idea of ideaTheof meetings of of meetings rga in program fourth so 100

which,

- year , CEU eTD Collection 109 108 107 106 105 104 Civică, 2001), 152. inte proletarian between [Romanian peasant of children the to to only out given promise were and low were which scholarships, their of number and amount the increase on reneged had leaders communist Romanian scholarships. concerned Pandora box organization. the criticized or Youth of the student riots in the Universities. Timiş of region the in cities confusi of state Hungary, in situation the them to explain fully couldn’t Professors Union Soviet the with alliance the and party the of policy 24 October In Philology. of Faculty ăP curaru. Târnovan V. Aristid and Várhegyi Petri Marcel and Goma Paul Serdaru, Victor Mihai Ivansiuc, were. leaders main the who say to hard is it and portraye Raport Final. 6/1956 f.26 Dorin Dobrincu and Cristian Vasile Sitariu, ANIC Boca,

Granville, Granville, summer and autumn of 195 of autumn and summer Jud. Timis a Arhivelor Nationale (in continuare DJTAN), Fond “Comitet Raional de partid”, Dosar Dosar partid”, de Raional “Comitet Fond DJTAN), continuare (in Nationale Arhivelor a Timis Jud. lnsd politic Alongside discussions in University, Technical the and members Party the Romania, In the and Parhon C.I. Institute, Polytechnic the in held were meetings the Bucharest, In 1956 un an de ruptur d by the official propaganda. The number of student organizers increased every day every increased organizers student of number The propaganda. official the by d Rezisten 105 in in (Bucuresti: Humanit (Bucuresti: We have wines of all kinds: red, white, and green We have win 106 Mihaela Sitariu, , taking immediate action to freeze public discussion and to punish

on. Sînnicolau, Pecic Sînnicolau, on. ț : Timi : ă anticomunist a

es of all kinds: red, white, and green wo and eo a eti aon. n al Spebr the September early In amount. certain a below earned who s , România între între România , ă l ead, n o te tdns ms vcfru grievances vociferous most students' the of one demands, al Rezisten oara were places were minor revolts appeared immediately after immediately appeared revolts minor were places were oara as, 2007 rnationalism and anti and rnationalism

6, attacked the central management of the Romanian Working Romanian the of management central the attacked 6, , Comisia Preziden Comisia ț : Timi : ă anticomunist a 104

), 148. , in Cluj, a gathering of students started to question the question to started students of gathering a Cluj, in , , in Ti in , 109 a, Arad, Lipova, Jimbolia, Timi Jimbolia, Lipova, Arad, a, ș oara 1956,

h rgm raie ta te eae a oee a opened has debate the that realized regime The interna oara Teodor Stanca, Imre Balázs and Gheorghe and Balázs Imre Stanca, Teodor mioaraş 29

- ț soviet soviet Stalinism] iă

ț ionalismul p. pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din Comuniste Dictaturii Analiza pentru 72. , p. 200. , p. 194. , p. h ms cnpcos ee Alexandru were conspicuous most The

ș oara 1956, proletar proletar

107 (Bucharest: or in Bucharest in or ş t h Uiest Bla. The Bolyai. University the at ș p. i stalinismul anti i stalinismul 72. ş 108

oara, Lugoj and oth and Lugoj oara, Funda raig hratr a thereafter creating ț ia , in Cluj István Cluj in ,

protesters. Academia Academia - sovietic Romania

. er

CEU eTD Collection 113 112 111 110 emn ws rvosy ditd o AO Ti fr huhhv ol hv a huge a have would personal failure. Khrushchev for This NATO. to admitted previously was Germany v of lack of signal clear a constituted have would state member any of Withdrawal Pact. Warsaw the of preservation the wanted Soviets the that noted worth is it But Union. Soviet the to Hungary w countries two the between ties The Hungary. against so do not could but Poland, in happening was what against itself Organization Reaction chapter the in developed be will stable situation the keep to observed clearly. anti the overall but city, to city from differ may that protests lost they and withdrawn, 20 F year. 1956 the in one of deprived suddenly were year previous the scholarships nu the reducing value the Committee Central Romanian Johanna Granville, Johanna eligible for a scholarship. that Now the father gets 750 lei, his son is no longer eligible for Purc Granville, Granville, - As Securitate agents reported: "If up to now a father had had an income of 650 lei, his son would have been 0 l 30 ăruş or those students whose parents' wages had been increased, exceeding the ceiling by ceiling the exceeding increased, been had wages parents' whose students those or From the point of view of foreign policy, Romania might have been able to insulate to able been have might Romania policy, foreign of view of point the From order in leaders, communist the by taken actions immediate the and containment The i ma tces o te aeei ta te hd eevd hn lse satd were started classes when received had they that cafeteria the for tickets meal ei, , but not before a portrayal of the system i system the of portrayal a before not but , aiiy f h tet, lcn i i a ifro psto t te ipraitc bloc; "imperialistic" the to position inferior an in it placing treaty, the of iability , . 110 ă R vâltoarea În We have wines of all kinds: red, white, and green We have w iutnosy te uhrs laesi rie te aet' aais thus salaries, parents' the raised leadership Bucharest the Simultaneously, .

113 We have wines of all kinds: red, white, and green br f tdns lgbe o scholarships. for eligible students of mber

ines of all kinds: red, white, and green and white, red, kinds: all of ines zvoiului zvoiului Rece the right to live in dormitories in live to right the ere too strong. Geopolitically, Poland was more important than important more was Poland Geopolitically, strong. too ere

passed a resolution to resolution a passed ,p. 64.

30

n , p. 198. , p. 200. ,p raise scholarships by almost 3 almost by scholarships raise Romanian Workers Party: Structure and Structure Party: Workers Romanian , p. 198. , p. . 112

There were some feature of the of feature some were There 111 - establishment ch establishment

oain ecin: Party Reactions: Romanian S uet wo a received had who tudents a scholarship." in - 97 academic 1957 aracter can be can aracter per cent per of of CEU eTD Collection 117 116 115 114 past. reconn Stalinism, Romanian be to was it since also, but These are the motives that explain the attitude the RWP. of officia Romanian the of eyes the in mean, would troops Soviet the for support A Transylvania. in irredentism and security national of problem the back brought crisis the Second, intact. system the maintain to aimed reaction the entitled chapter the in seen be can As 1956. of events the by proven fully be cannot but Deletant, Dennis by employed also assumption an is This Roma leave troops Soviet reinforced it Firstly, complex. are attitude this of aims The Union. Soviet leadership communist Romanian economic powerserved the interests reactionary, of counter the and political of attainment the opposing one any that Region Autonomous Hungarian Bulgaria wouldhave been the if target the was Sou and Romania Hungary, as indispensable were Czechoslovakia and Germany East Poland, of forces armed and territories Europe, Western against offensive strategic a "In continent. the bee had Army Red the if but defence, own its for only not necessary fragile. still was situation the but new installed, was The government states. associate its in system the in revision certain tolerate to prepared Purc Purc Purc Deletant and Pearton. 117 ăruş ăruş ăruş

Stalinism at home required the enforcing of social control after the tremors of 1956 of tremors the after control social of enforcing the required home at Stalinism T Gheoghiu Gheorghe reason, that For it while that, clear perfectly made had Government Soviet the 1957, In

he , , , ă R vâltoarea În vâlt În ă R vâltoarea În ugra cii ad oit interventio Soviet and crisis Hungarian oarea ă R

Romania observed zvoiului zvoiului Rece zvoiului Rece zvoiului Rece, nia, in order for the local elite to have a free hand in internal policy. internal in hand free a have to elite local the for order in nia,

and gave them the opportunity to show its support for the for support its show to opportunity the them gave and , p. 157. , p. 157. , p. p. , p. 241. , p. 70.

ls, the cease of any inter any of cease the ls,

31

- e hmef od h rgoa pry n the in party regional the told himself Dej

th." 115 Romania’s ns strengthened the position of of position the strengthened ns ecting Romania with its own historical own its with Romania ecting

- revolutionary forces. 114 For Moscow, Hungary was was Hungary Moscow, For Reaction: Party Reaction: - ethnic conflict in the area. the in conflict ethnic n ordered to march across march to ordered n their desire to desire their 116

ih be might D ecisions Kádár see the ,

CEU eTD Collection understanding the how decisions were made in the autumn 1956. of were politics external domestic time which in situation a same was It policies. its the against uprisings, Hungarian at the by inspired protests, had RWP the Secondly, Union. Soviet the and Romania by interrupted have could which 1956, of autumn the in Hungary in uprising the by created problem international an was there Firstly, Imre Nagyand his 1958 June In camps. labour to sent or imprisoned persons of thousands of tens following: the reactions political of consequences situation sen to authorities Romanian the with

1956. in RWP the for crises sided two a was there above, from seen be can there As Janos revolution, the of repression brutal the After would normalize would collaborators received the death penalty. connected to internal affairs. This two sided connection is significant in significant is connection sided two This affairs. internal to connected . The Nagy af Nagy The . The repressive measures of the of measures repressive The . d the balance in the Eastern Bloc, which was not desired not was which Bloc, Eastern the in balance the Imre Nagy to Romania for several months, until the until months, several for Romania to Nagy Imre fair will be developed in the next chapter entitled chapter next the in developed be will fair 32

Kádár

concluded Kádár government were government n agreement an The CEU eTD Collection 121 120 119 118 oain oil eortc ih h Rmna Cmuit at ad omd Partidul formed and Party Communist Romanian the with Democratic Social Romanian community. political new a creating for concern direct the was t period this In identity. and power the Soviet Unionand the Romanian Communist Party. Bodna Emil the was there least, not but last and illegalists), (former Luca Vasile and Pauker Ana Gheor around one leaderships: four Romanian the and General, groups. inter the several from leader important of composed was Party Communist Romanian the the 1945, Party Communist in Romanian illegality, from emerged it When country. Party the it Communist with Romanian and the itself indeed transformed And 1956. of meetings party the of one in Dej the are chapter this in considered be following: leadership and party structure. will that 1956 of autumn the in process making CHAPTER 3: Jowitt, Jowitt, Jowitt, Jowitt, Vladimir 3.1 ra

n h pro bten 94 n 15 tee ee o ik t te oain Party’s Romanian the to risks no were there 1955 and 1944 between period the In thin of state old “The decision the defining in factors situational and organizational significant most The The Romanian Party: Workers’ ş Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development, The case of Romania, 1944 Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Developm Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development, The case of Romania, 1944 ( neanu, neanu, ă Tism former member of the Soviet intelligence) faction intelligence) Soviet the of member former Romanian W

Stalinism for all seasons Communist Party, the official title of the party at that time, had time, that at party the of title official the Party, Communist had approximately 1000 members. 1000 approximately had gs will never return to Romania,” stated Gheorghe Gheorghiu Gheorghe stated Romania,” to return never will gs

- war period, had been deposed from his position as Secretary as position his from deposed been had period, war he lowest item on the Romanian elite’s scale of priorities of scale elite’s Romanian the on item lowest he orkers ghiu - Dej, a second around Patraş around second a Dej,

( Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), Early Developments Early ’ P 33

arty

ent, The case of 1944 Romania, 120 - Structure and O and Structure

, which acted as a link between link a as acted which , 118 121 In 1944 the leadership of of leadership the 1944 In

canu, a third was led by led was third a canu, n eray 98 the 1948, February In 119 tfn oi, an Foris, Stefan rganization - - - 1965, 1965 1965, 87. , p. 76. , p. p 114. p. 75.

- -

CEU eTD Collection 124 123 122 edr) n 92 Gheorgh 1952, in leaders) consciously enforced thereafter. were and established been had standards admission rigid 1948 February by and however, conce exhibit to began party the Gradually, minimal. were requirements membership and groups, in frequently formality, little relatively with admitted were Members establishment. boundary of expense the at achieved was this and years, four members RWP's the of of expansion rapid degree very a was high There institutionalization. a developing on concentrated was it therefore and opposition, organized P Workers Romanian the in example, For frequent. less is turnover and difficult, more relatively becomes admission stable, more becomes membership parties, Communist European Eastern primarily InternalMinistry of Affairs, bythe failure to maintain a consistent policy. the over control effective of lack the by marked was period this during behaviour Party’s The n the showed 1951 and 1949 between collectivisation with Party Workers Romanian the of experience The development. consistent and action demanding ideology, the defined he which in way the reflected that one institution, preoccupied intensively was but institutionalization, until 1965(whenit returned to the Romanian Communist Party). Romania the Român, Muncitoresc Humanitas

arty, institutionalization was a major internal problem. By 1948, it managed to eliminate all eliminate to managed it 1948, By problem. internal major a was institutionalization arty, Robert R. King , King R. Robert Jowitt, , ă Frunz Victor fe te ug o Aa akr Vsl Lc ad ehr Gogsu fre RWP (former Georgescu Teohari and Luca Vasile Pauker, Ana of purge the After or an As Gheorghiu RWP, of case the In Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development, The case of Romania, 1944 , 1990), Istoria stalinismului in România in stalinismului Istoria

259. aiain eoe mr isiuinlzd ad hs a te ae ih the with case the was this and institutionalized, more becomes ganization A history of the Romanian Communist Party

Gerhu e’ ve ws h ol oe ht a iprat in important was that one only the was view Dej’s Gheorghiu e

124

n Workers' Party, which remained the party's official name official party's the remained which Party, Workers' n egative effects of the low level of institutionalization. of level low the of effects egative - Dej was not simply concerned with the process of of process the with concerned simply not was Dej [The History of Stalinism in Romania] (Bucure Romania] in Stalinism of History [The 34

(Hoover Instotution Press: Stanford, 1980), 60. 1980), Stanford, Press: Instotution (Hoover with creating a particular type of of type particular a creating with n aot t amsin policy, admissions its about rns 122

hip in the first first the in hip - 196 , ș ti: 123 p. 134.

CEU eTD Collection 129 128 127 126 125 and Khrushchev’s statements, it would not be too difficult to argue that argue to difficult too be not would it statements, Khrushchev’s and Party the of unity and coherence greater the tenets, ideological of identity the Union, Soviet within this stratum increased one was of confidence combined with continuing an climate political the that conclude to one leads statements elite’s the of nature “the that thinks though even ways many in incoherent be to continued it patrimonial; was regime Romanian the rule Dej’s Gheorghiu under Therefore, role. political and managerial a perform to ability Party’s the and supremacy party to commitment resented the extent and Soviet style control of in Romania after the Second World War. non leader. Yugoslav the ăP trăş alongside agencies espionage imperialist American Lucre and 1952) in executed and sentenced leader, Bulgarian (Reformist Kostov Traycho group), Rajk the to belonging Brankov Lazar Rajk, Laszlo identified and heresies Tito's attacked he when instructions, Soviet follow to and Stalin Gheorghiu that clear is it I949, November in Bucharest in held Conference, Cominform Third the to the policy external and internal of terms 1944 Jowitt, Jowitt, Jowitt, Jowitt Gheorghiu on Light "New Deletant, Dennis Jowitt, - - omns crls ws b was circles, communist 49," au wo a pras h bs kon n acpe o te W eie n Romanian in elite RWP the of accepted and known best the perhaps was who canu, codn t Kneh oit gvn Gheorghiu given Jowitt, Kenneth to According Patrimonialism , Revolutionary Breakthroughs an Revolutionary Breakthroughs an Revolutionary Breakthroughs an Revolutionary Breakt The Slavonic and East European Review - e ws niu t d ayhn t rmv ay upcos bu hs oat to loyalty his about suspicions any remove to anything do to anxious was Dej the character of the incoherence changed. incoherence the of character the

acrig o ent Jwt, h fr o Gheorghiu of form the Jowitt, Kenneth to according , ( oneo, uolv Legation Yugoslav Counselor, hroughs an ţ

iu t a ainls ad Lnns ad per t hv greatly have to appears and Leninist a and nationalist a oth ăP trăş d d d d National D National D National D National D National 125 institutionalization, was antithetical in several respects to respects several in antithetical was institutionalization, - canu, who had the same fate, as agents of the Anglo the of agents as fate, same the had who canu, . Emil Bodnă raş Emil . Dej's Struggle for Dominance in the Romanian Communist Party, 4 (Oct., 1995): 688. 1995): (Oct., 4 35

evelo evelopment, The case of 1944 Romania, evelopment, The case of 1944 Romania, evelopment, The case of 1944 Romania,

pment, The case of Romania, 1944 128 secured his position. In an address to address an In position. his secured - snecd o ie imprisonment life to sentenced , With this statement Kenneth Jowitt Kenneth statement this With e’ dmntae lyly o the to loyalty demonstrated Dej’s

by the end of 1955 of end the by - - - - 1965 1965 1965 1965 126 xiety.” Lucre , , , , p. 149. p. 149 p 126. p.144. 127 - 129 Dej’s Dej’s

.

ţ

iu - - ,

CEU eTD Collection 132 131 130 government. or wit council conjunction in people’s authorities the provincial by of Bucharest offices in action administrative necessitated the in level provincial the at action central authorit the of institutions other and ministries government’s central the from support and funds new seek continually must they which in one significant a is president vice first the and president of part the on consent and approval prior without community local a within out carried responsibilities any, if few, were There organs. party and state in representatives local of part the on opinions of expressions c the for except the at encountered autonomy local no virtually was there Yugoslavia, man. more flexible control. party a and w communist position a demonstrated dedicated Constantinescu a remained Constantinescu However 1957. Gheorghiu to opposition of point focal major the was Constantinescu Gheor opposed who individuals exercise greater operating autonomy. Gheorghiu Lawrence S. Graham S. Lawrence Graham S. Lawrence Jowitt, 3.2

l isacs f su rsltos ecp fr h ms ruie tm, ihr required either items, routine most the for except resolutions, issue of instances All of exception the with Europe, in states socialist other by provided models the In The New Type of Organization Gheorghiu relate to possible is It

Revol - Dej must have felt there was no reason why the RWP should not, with permission, with not, should RWP the why reason no was there felt have must Dej 132 utionary Breakthroughs an

y.

131

, Romania. A developing Socialist State Socialist developing A , Romania. State Socialist developing A , Romania.

ghiu d National D National 130 -

e i 15 ad 97 I apas ht Miron that appears It 1957. and 1954 in Dej jude

ih mhszd h sae rtoaiain n a and rationalization state, the emphasized hich - e’ peeec fr huhhv oh o the to both Khrushchev for preference Dej’s ţ 36

(county) people’s council. The role of the of role The council. people’s (county) evelopment, The case of 1944 Romania,

, 9 1982), Press, Westview Colorado: (Boulder, p.95.

- Dej between 1954 and 1954 between Dej muiy level, ommunity - 1965 te central the h , p. 155. jude

1. ţ

CEU eTD Collection 136 135 134 133 eorc i te ucin o te ytm Te at pwr culy eogd o an to belonged of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers’ Party] (Bucuresti: Humanitas actually power Party The system. the of of functions appearance the assure in to democracy had state the of institutions Representative Republic. People's power situation in the Soviet Unionandpersonal hisown and organizational preferences. the reflecting Committee, Central the of member Stoica, Chivu to Minister Prime of post the gi Secretary, First of position the resumed 1955, 5, October on and Congress the called Gheorghiu Malenkov. of expense the at increasing was position power Khrushchev’s and Constantinescu Miron party, Moghioro the of ideologue leading a Chisinevski, Iosif as such individuals Secretariat the from removing and Secretary First of position the in Politb Apostol, Gheorghe ally, close a placing post, latter the took Dej Gheorghiu and split was Minister Prime and Secretary Party of post combined the Romania In 1955. September, until held not was it 1954; of end the by Congress Party Course New Affairs. Administrative Agrarian, Propaganda, Organization, specialized of number a of and departments, suchasexecutive the bodies of Office Organizational an of creation the of consisted organization economic political, structure p. 171. Kenneth Jowitt, Jowitt, Kenneth Rumania in Communism Ionescu, Ghita Ionescu Nicoleta Ionescu Nicoleta

Party apparatus and party organs were the most important institution important most the were organs party and apparatus Party 1956, In Committee Central the 1950s early the In 134 of the USSR. Gheorghe Gheorghiu Gheorghe USSR. the of , deputy president of the council of ministers. of council the of president deputy , ş The Romanian Workers Party was the only one in Eastern Europe not to not Europe Eastern in one only the was Party Workers Romanian The Rognzto o te eta aprts f h R the of apparatus central the of Reorganization . Revolutionary Breakthroughs an - - Gura, Gura, all

al h r the n social and Nomenclatura Comitetului Central al Partidului Muncitoresc Roman Nomenclatura Comitetului Central al Partidului Muncitoresc Roman goa Pry omtes had committees Party egional

objectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964 Press, University Oxford (Oxford: d Cent NationalD could - 37 Dej,

ral Committee. the leader of the RWP, the of leader the of the RWP was organized after the model the after organized was RWP the of not ev , elopment, The case of 1944 Romania, oe Ognzto ad Economic and Organization Women e ufle wt te xsig party existing the with fulfilled be . 135 the In 1955 it became evident that evident became it 1955 In 133

olwn scin: Party sections: following

mna Wres Party Workers' omanian , 2006), 25. , 2006), ) uro member from 1948, from member uro , 52.

consider s of the Romanian the of s

, [Nomenklatura p. 25. p. ed that the that ed Alexandru

hold a hold - 1965 136

ving - Dej

,

- CEU eTD Collection 140 139 138 137 the consolidation policies of its own power in favour of including in its power some social some power its in including of favour in power own its of policies consolidation the to criteria established bythe party leadership, th activity. party local by controlled and directed been had party leadership approval. for condit of set different improving for proposals concrete included which reports, make to had departments central The activity. their to related matters on information written or oral them give to ministers urge to power the had CC the them. implement should bodies state and party the how controlled also they and ministries, other with collaboration in sometimes regulations, draft developed RMP the of Committee Central of Industry of Department the of heads the example, For government. the of ministers na party, Central Secretariat, and not bythe Parliament, asenvisaged in the Constitution. the by decided was ministers of change and revocation The party. the legislative the Romanian bodyof Republic, People's had only a formal role. of organ supreme the Assembly, National Grand The state. overlapping e Ionescu Ionescu Ionescu Ionescu People's Committee offices at the regional the at offices Committee People's 138 For example, beginning in 1965, the Romanian Communist party gradually aba gradually party Communist Romanian the 1965, in beginning example, For committee) executive advice, (popular administration and power state of organs Local heads the RWP, the of Secretariat CC the of approval the With than power more had instructors party and Committee Central the of heads The the to appendage an only was Romania of Republic People's the of government The

- - - - Gura, Gura, Gura, Gura, Nomenclatura Comitetului Centra Nomenclatu Nomenclatura Comitetului Centra Nomenclatura Comitetului Centra

ra Comitetului Centra ra Comitetului 139

l al Partidului Muncitoresc Româ Muncitoresc Partidului l al Româ Muncitoresc Partidului l al Româ Muncitoresc Partidului l al Rom Muncitoresc Partidului l al 38 and the

, district and city levels city and district ,

os wih hy hn a t avne o the to advance to had then they which ions,

election Members s weres of the executive the of always formal. â were elected were n n n n of departments inside departments of ,p. 142. ,p. , , , state power and also and power state p. 137. p. p. 140. p. 138. 137

ey y the by mely

140 according bodies

ndoned the of of CEU eTD Collection 142 141 Daniel Barbu, editors, 1980's. late the in and 1950's the of beginning the at mobilization social to approaches different were there Therefore, former. the affected latter the in part took that changes major Soci 1950’s. the of beginning the at and 1940's late the in represented party communist the what with starting forms, several pursue them were context devi strategies the and defined contextually were goals political immediate Party’s Workers Romanian the rule his under follows: as defined be can that style political particular changes. party of engine primary the was survival political the but significant, was Ideology factor. delicate Gheorghiu and Ideology, pol new the of making the Petrescu, und different two have democracy parliamentary a in and regime totalitarian a in memberships Party representatives. their of accountability the and as well as institutions, of credibility the for essential affecting to a certain extent the social an individual status of in the communist society. attrac more became membership party Thus, benefits. certain assure autonomy. respected relatively a had which segments Rationality, Culture, and Structure. Comparative Political analysis in Mark Irving Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman, Comparative Dragoş ş Drago H. Paul Triska, F. Jan in regimes”, Leninst European in mobilization and ”Inclusion Jowitt, Kenneth Political Development in Eastern Europe Petrescu’s Petrescu’s One of the first approaches will be towards the policies of party inclusion, which had which inclusion, party of policies the towards be will approaches first the of One was organizations, party in especially and politics, in citizens of involvement The Petrescu Petrescu Republica Absenta Gheorghiu definition was inspired by the terms used by Marc Howard Ross in “Culture and identity in Fifty

- Six as an identity - - - Dej’s leadership style. leadership Dej’s dependent. Dej, after the death of Stalin, managed to impose upon the party a party the upon impose to managed Stalin, of death the after Dej, , [= [=

al mobilization was dependent on the communist system. All the All system. communist the on dependent was mobilization al

The absent Republic - shapi

tcl utr hd he iprat lmns Cohesion, elements: important three had culture itical , (Praeger, New York and London, 1977), p. 97. as quoted by by quoted as 97. p. 1977), London, and York New , (Praeger, ng experience, The case of the Romanian Communists 39

]

142 , ( Bucuresti: Nemira, 2004), p. 65. This might be the case, but cohesion is a is cohesion but case, the be might This 141 for the realization of citizens' demands citizens' of realization the for Furthermore, entering the party could party the entering Furthermore, rtnig. codn t Dragoş to According erstandings. ie o yug people, young for tive

Politics: Samuel

Cock, , p. 48 , p. e to sed

CEU eTD Collection 145 144 143 theto suppress activities that questioned the chapteranalyzewilldecision the following The Revolution. Hungarian the during country the of cities major the in protests of party coherence and reduce disunity within the organization. ideo the increase to effort the was aspect proper Another membership. party to admission for prerequisite and boundaries, maintaining in essential something remained education Ideological ideology, leadership. the of concern important an be to continued which on placed was emphasis new a when 1971, until urgency, less with ed with concern This party. the by essential considered topics other rejection Stalinist of practices. s bloc shifting from imperceptibly was focus the behaviour, everyday in education, in propaganda, In outlook. new a adopted generation, new a of rise the of result a as 1966 and 1955 between size its doubled had it which core, party the of straightening organization in a system, tends to weaken coherence. P Commission Hntno osre ta rpd r usata epnin o te ebrhp f an of membership the of expansions substantial or rapid that observed Hungtinton . Francois Fejto, Francois Fejto, Samuel P. Huntington, to had that organization and structure its with party, the was This and ideology in courses evening least at completed had members party most 1955 By Gheorghiu After

, (New York: New York University Press, 1975), 30 1975), Press, University York New York: , (New A history of the peoples democraci A history of the peo

The crisis of democracy : report on the governability of democracies to the Trilateral - e, omns i Rmna a bsd n h eegne and emergence the on based was Romania in communism Dej, olidarity to local interest, while attendant philosophy had led to a to led had philosophy attendant while interest, local to olidarity

144 ples democraci -

making process and the efficiency of the authoritiesthetrying in of efficiencythe and makingprocess

regime. es, p. 61. :es Penguin Books, 1977) (Harmondsworth , 111. done before. But the party, which had more than more had which party, the But before. done 40

143 .

oia peaain a nw a now was preparation logical 145

ucation continued, though continued, ucation deal with a number a with deal

CEU eTD Collection 149 148 147 146 nert ad nilblt o te ytm o ht h cmuit at cn anan their maintain can party communist the that so system the of inviolability and integrity the popularity old nationalist of views. party the to related were policies His nationalism. traditional community selective of process a was It community. political new a of building the meant party the of direction new The Drago and manage, de of Gheorghiu survival. political Gheorghe to decisively contributed that 1956 of Revolution Hungarian security. and survivor of problem a was there that agree had to solve with specific directions the from central headquarters. Th then. until unmatched was situation the because basis, ordinary an than centralized more was process underlining The apparatus. party the in trust of lack by characterized was polities." democratic in at aimed procedure deceptive impersonal consensual, transparent, the of fact, in opposite, programmatically and cliquish, secretive, is organizations Leninist Vl with agrees high by suppressed and contained was it that sense the in affair, CHAPTER 4: Revisted Petrescu, Petrescu, Petrescu, ş Drago

Vladimir Tism - tlnzto ad e a te oit tr Soviet the saw he and Stalinization , ed. Vladimir Tism Vladimir , ed. One of the main goals was Petrescu calls system maintenance system calls Petrescu was goals main the of One them of Most views. of point different from seen are 1956 of events the literature, In party a much very were authorities communist Romanian the for 1956 of events The Petrescu, “Community Petrescu, 146 Community Community Contr ăneanu, dmr Tism adimir ary to expectations, in this case it was more than secretive and cliquish. It cliquish. and secretive than more was it case this in expectations, to ary 147 Romania

ş

- - Building and identity politics in Gheorghiu Building and identity politics in Gheorghiu

Petrescu underlines this, was to gain the support of the new people. new the of support the gain to was this, underlines Petrescu Gheorghiu Stalinism for all seasons ă neanu, ( Budapest: Central European U - Building and Identity Politics in Gheorghiu en we h sy th says he when ăneanu

's - building, because Gheorghiu because building,

Dej was a political survivor, he profited from the first wave first the from profited he survivor, political a was Dej Reactions 149

( Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), os evn te onr. n tig e i not did he thing One country. the leaving oops 41

- Party Party t Te decision "The at - - Drago niversity Press, 2009), 450. Dej’s Romania Dej’s Romania D ecisions - - Dej was not close to Romanian to close not was Dej masses relationship rather than rather relationship masses ş Petrecu argues that it was the was it that argues Petrecu - Dej’s Romania” in, - party officials. officials. party

, p. 416. , p. 416. , p. , the preservation of the of preservation the ,

- aig rcs in process making

Stalinism - The author The

h very the 20.

e crises e - Dej’s Dej’s 148

CEU eTD Collection 150 author believes that a that believes author only gave 1956 of events the and problems internal its solve to independence Gheorghiu Gheorghe the high of needed involvement which connected) externally and (internally event complex a but instigation, implementat and policies, new and structure new taken, measures and debates The Hungary. in events the to reacted it how unrest, and protests to responded party the way the by seen be can This country. the ma for view, of point was leadership RWP’s from necessary, this and process making decision the in attributes its and hierarchy party centralized autochthonous values.” to return cautions and slow a core its at had that survival of strategy a devised communist “ survival. for reaction Timi in students “ the as such infl wasn’t only the political but grouparound the Dej, whole system that build was until then. with happened by named the group of survival political the was issue The costs. all at power retain and gain to was 1956 Vladimir achievements. Granville, Granville, uenced the decision making process. Johanna Grenville points out that certain factors, factors, certain that out points Grenville Johanna process. making decision the uenced a centralized and hierarchical system is the is system hierarchical and centralized n eain o hs te uhr il ru te an oiia am a t miti the maintain to was aim political main the argue will author the this, to relation In factors what and measures such take to elite party the pushed what questions the At Foreword is Forearmed Securitate's h pry n 96 Bt hs ahaela epaain s o sml, there simple, too is explanation Machiavellian this But 1956. in party the ș aa sol as b cniee. rnil as pit pt h immediate the put points also Granville considered. be also should oara, Tismăneanu

- - rfl laes rm h cnr. t s ad o a that say to hard is It centre. the from leaders profile psychological approach will point out that only the adherence of the of adherence the only that out point will approach psychological e was Dej 150 h ya 15 ws srgl fr oiia sria; h Romanian the survival; political for struggle a was 1956 year The Tism aaoa ad Gheorghiu and paranoia”

ăneanu

Djs e” Ti apoc i coe i udrtnig what understanding in closer is approach This men”. “Dej’s , p 618. , p or os eel ht o te W’ pry hs a nt simple a not was this party RWP’s the for that reveal ions o ntoait bt it but nationalist, not , the main political purpose of the Romania party elite in elite party Romania the of purpose political main the ,

42

right - answer to state security state to answer e' dtriain o niiae the intimidate to determination Dej's is clear intaining the stability and security of of security and stability the intaining desired a certain amount of of amount certain a desired proved challenges. Th challenges. the regime of of regime the as well as hm that them

e CEU eTD Collection 152 151 Constantin Agiu, Victor Duça, Dumitru Petrescu, and others. membership policies, Dej expelled General Ion Eremia fr of old commun 16 June Granville “ 2006), 45 This is also mentioned in day, “counter a as Hungary in events the to plainly refer to starting actually more liberal. regime the make to was aim main whose students primarily of out made group a by outside, the Hungary. and Poland in authority Communist to challenges major of midst the in year the in later Khrushchev for boon a be to proved party the of leadership de endorse to refused RWP, the of leader the banned. was party the which in period the from members party t in actions similar after Politburo, struggle to related was them of One manner. discrete specifically its in them problems internal of number afterwards is interpretation This way. that in Gheorghiu for because mobilize misleading them made ideology the to leaders party St. Martin's Press, 1999) Dennis Deletant, Deletant, Dennis Eli autumn of 1956 were primarily about changes, but this time they were pressured from from pressured were they time this but changes, about primarily were 1956 of autumn 4.1 October s Neagoe s t a mnind bv, rm coe 2 owrs Roman onwards, 26 October from above, mentioned was it As - 17, 1956, just one week before

On the eve of the Hungarian revolution, t revolution, Hungarian the of eve the On Internal A . I . Dej n the summer of 1956, in the desire to suppress any attempt to attempt any suppress to desire the in 1956, of summer the n . Iwillthis in show the chapter - ist veterans, the so the veterans, ist - 26 Plesa, Liviu Plesa, a

- Vu: early r 1956 Communist party closer to his person. His success in resisting attempts to liberalize the liberalize to attempts resisting in success His person. his to closer party ffairs

, 258. on oots of Romania's independence,” , the reaction the ,

terror in Romania: Gheorghiu Romania: in terror - called Dosarul Ana Pauker cnetd nenly o powe to internally connected , Johanna Granvilee, Granvilee, Johanna

the Polish workers' revolt in Poznan (June 28), Dej even purged a group group a purged even Dej 28), (June Poznan in revolt workers' Polish the Eremia group - he past, decided to expose a first group consisting of old of consisting group first a expose to decided past, he Dej and his close allies ideology allies close his and Dej of the Romanian officials officials Romanian the of The consequences of the political reactions. . 43 -

[The Ana Pauker file], Vol file], Pauker Ana [The Early roots of Romanian independence 152 For allegedly opposing the party's economic and Stalinisation, but managed but Stalinisation,

om om the party, and censured

The protests and unrests which occurr which unrests and protests The he Romanian Workers Party Workers Romanian he ”

-

Dej and the Police State, 1948 East European Quarterly struggle r 151 to the events in Hungary was was Hungary in events the to Gheorghe Gheo Gheorghe .

suffered s suffered his his 1 (Nemira: Bucure - h hg lvl power level high the revolution”. u mngd o solve to managed but a cmuit were communists ian political accomplices instead (2008): (RWP) - , 1965 in in ome changes ome 381. 381. changes, the changes, to bring the bring to Johanna Johanna (New York: York: (New , r such as as such From that From ghiu

ș

ti, “ faced

On ed in ed - Dej, Dej, a CEU eTD Collection 154 153 gis communism. against anti aggressive communist example, for as media, the in appear anti and the of idea little get would news their for radio and press Romanian the on entirely dependent Anyone revolt. to hostile were USSR, with relations the and Party Communist fo asked had government Hungarian the that explained reaction foreign by incised organizations Alexandru Moghioro by attended that measures organisational meetings the determination.characterizedand firmness by translation of the author the of translation 26 oct. 1956 Dosar PCR, al CC Fond ANIC, Sve hl. hy lo lee ta Hnain okr, h cniud o upr the support to continued who workers, Hungarian that alleged also They help. Soviet r Deletant, Dennis, Maurice Pearton. of the Romanian Workers’ Party were held on held were Party Workers’ Romanian the of h Rmna pes trbtn te net n ugr t te ok f subversive of work the to Hungary in unrest the attributing press Romanian The ” serv groups, union trade and workshops departments, in employees allinstitutions with enterprisesand the in organized be will meetings Hungary, in events serious the of them informing and “ After processing t processing After 153 - , oit aue f h developments” the of nature soviet

h cnie nomto rltd o h stain n ugr ad h pltcl and political the and Hungary in situation the to related information concise the

octombrie, f. 32 leaflets. ih fiil at mmes uh s hoge pso, Nicolae Apostol, Gheorghe as such members party official high - mrcn peh te .. s rsne a te ntgtr f h rebellion the of instigator the as presented is U.S. the speech, American ices, directions, etc, to inform all employees about the situation in Hungary in situation the about employees all inform to etc, directions, ices,

ugra rvlto, h Otbr 3 15, result 1956, 23, October the revolution, Hungarian ş

icsig o te vns n ugr hd raie te Romanian the organized had Hungary in events the how Discussing and Gheorghe Ghiroghiu he basic organizations of the party and the Union of Working Youth Working of Union the and party the of organizations basic he [Minutes of the CC of RWP’s Politburo Meeting of 26 October 1956], the the 1956], October 26 of Meeting Politburo RWP’s of CC the of [Minutes had to be taken were discussed in detail. The first meeting first The detail. in discussed were taken be to had 169/1956

Romania , Stenograma O hr ws sadl eae to related scandal a was there bserved T 44

154 hree importanthree meetings

- ,

N Dej p

o 54 al opans gis te .. otne to continued U.S. the against Complaints . 28. 24, 26 and 30 of October. of 30 and 26 24, . The

Ș edin following following ț ei Biroului Politic din alal CC PMR dispositions were of of alos with balloons the high officials of of officials highthe d n rtr to return a in ed During Ceau nationalist taken . ş

these escu anti was :

- , CEU eTD Collection 158 157 156 155 octombrie this how showing clearly were examples Those arrests. the with hand in hand went necessary. considered were they case the in used be to were repression Spark) newspaper daily the from information the by backed was mobilization the the United States. receiv had rebels" "counterrevolutionary that argued publications octombrie

ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, Sec Ibid. Barbu, Bogdan ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, n h ee o te fiil te esrs a t b tkn rapidly. taken be to had measures the officials the of eyes the In In th time this but discussed, were measures same the Politburo, the of meeting, second the At Al h ifrain bu te iuto i te onr wl t sn general send to and will propaganda of Directorate organization. country party specific that tak of be leadership the the will under districts in and regions in situation measures enforcement the law All headquarters.[..] about information the "All heroic the with class to put a working stop to struggle itof the Hungarian as as poss soon solidarity express and Hungary in forces reactionary “the condemn to had clerks and workers which in country, the measures.” throughout organized the were meetings explain and situation the present to duty the had newspaper the of news The […] arranged be will workers of gathering institutions and factories the “In parties”. against proposed be for will measures New [..] of bulletins. CC news of agency) Politburo news send (Romanian will RWP the of CC the of culture

.

Moreover, the deposition a mer leaders of the Iron Guard, the Hungarian fascist parties and the former bourgeoisformerthe andpartiesfascistHungarian the Guard, Iron the ofleaders mer [Minutes of the CC of RWP’s Politburo Meeting of 26 October 1956], the translat the 1956], October 26 of Meeting Politburo RWP’s of CC the of [Minutes Meetin Politburo RWP’s of CC the of [Minutes e third meeting onOctober 301956,the 158 Vin americanii!

155

Sc

î nteia Sec ț ţ ia Rela ia will be read to the workers. […] The presidents of the committees ia

[ The Americans are coming!] coming!] are Americans [ The Cancelarie

ț ii Externe lso stated , Stenograma , Stenograma , Stenograma ,Stenograma :

45

g of 26 October 1956], the translation of the author. ş retaliatory measures were intensified. edin ş ț edin ( ei Biroului Politic din al28 al CC PMR Bucure ț ei Biroului Politic din al28 al CC PMR ş ti : Humanitas, 2006), 157. 2006), : Humanitas,

M ls o Agerpress of list RMP ed logistical support from from support logistical ed 156

The These kinds of ible”. otimn and Containment mass mobilization mass ion of the author. the of ion 157

Sc

î nteia policy

en en

(The

was

CEU eTD Collection 160 159 f h Rmna Pol’ Rpbi. h cnr o cmad ol ke i touch in keep would command of centre The Republic. People’s Romanian the of Ministers of Council the and RWP the of CC the of bureau political the of direction the under Security up made 1956 30, October on constituted was committee special a RWP, of Bureau Political Central the order In level. local and level central the at headquarters party time same the at and country, the in cities important all at students with organized academic education onyears of oreducation groups.” be will “Meetings mobilization. mass and organization Party Workers' Romanian the in rooted deeply practice a of part were Hungary in revolution against speak to assigned were who workers The opponents. political against trials the in aspossible.”as soon solidarity declare will and Hungary counter the condemn will follows: as were indications counter organize to was sudden prevent to way only the that realized officials The level. micro at implemented of translation 28 oct. 1956 Ibid ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, Sectia organizatorica, Centre and periphery are in this case, Bucharest, as the capital and political centre, and the and centre, political and capital the as Bucharest, case, this in are periphery and Centre 4.2 The syllogism that portrayed anti portrayed that syllogism The .

Centre and Centre Peripher and f. 40 [Minutes of the Meeting of the Politburo of CC of RWP held on October 28 1956] the the 1956] 28 October on held RWP of CC of Politburo the of Meeting the of [Minutes 40 f. the author. the ă S lăjan Leontin Ncle Ceau ş Nicolae Bodnăra, ş Emil - oiiain i ec fcois an factories, each in mobilizations

to coordinate the actions and measures based on operational decisions of of decisions operational on based measures and actions the coordinate to

159

- eouinr atos f h ratoay n fsit ocs n the in forces fascist and reactionary the of actions revolutionary “In those meetings [in the factories] young workers and officials officials and workers young factories] the [in meetings those “In

mnse o Dfne Te pca cmite a t operate to was committee special The Defence. of minister , y: y: How Being Actions Immediate are Taken? with the heroic struggle of the working class in Hungary in class working the of struggle heroic the with - communist protesters as fascists was commonly used commonly was fascists as protesters communist Protocol No 55 al 46

escu ă Dr ghici, Alexandru , 160

uiest b uiest. Their university. by university d ş edin ț ei Biroului Politic din alal CC PMR iitr f State of minister

with the CEU eTD Collection 161 translation of the author. the of translation 28 oct. 1956 the state order. that conclusion the to elements”. events the in involved those detain to measures take to had Party needed. is were forces army and and capital the in institutes higher education of the if situation will require it. RWP. the of Bureau Political situation the to relation in to allowed order People’s Republic Hungary. of the with border secure more a ensure and ammunition, and equipment food, factories, and and travel, air fleet, naval telecommunications. infrastructure, road the apparatus, Security State the watch the of subversi of state permanent a to intelligence of expansion and Council Ministers. of G

erh Gheroghiu heorghe ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, Sectia organizatorica, organizatorica, Sectia PCR, al CC Fond ANIC, open fire if necessary. If an unexpected event would occur, the special committee special the occur, would event unexpected an If necessary. if fire open topee n h Amd ocs n Te iity f nenl far top, n to and troops, affairs Internal of Ministry The and Forces Armed the in atmosphere The Party had to taketoimmediatehad TheParty measuresorganizeto guards The tasks: following the had body, executive an as committee, special The f. 40 [Minutes of the Meeting of the Politburo of CC of RWP held on October 28 1956] the the 1956] 28 October on held RWP of CC of Politburo the of Meeting the of [Minutes 40 f. declare state of emergency in those areas. The field of action would be determine be would action of field The areas. those in emergency of state declare The committee organized committee The omte ws nild o ae cin o rsre re, nldn te ih to right the including order, preserve to action take to entitled was committee

in main cities. Their guard had to be provided by the state security bodies, security state the by provided be to had guard Their cities. main in

It also had to ensure secu ensure to had also It

-

the desired the e, h Sceay eea ad hv Soc, h Peiet f the of President the Stoica, Chivu and General Secretary the Dej, - hs esr wl te b subject be then will measure this

h committee The 161

outcome In connection with connection In armed detachments of workers in factories. This factories. in workers of detachments armed Protocol No 55 al was the suppressio the was 47

rity measures to party and state bodies, plants bodies, state and party to measures rity ol tk ses o upn cass n some in classes suspend to steps take would

the students’ protests in Tim in protests students’ the ş

edin n of actions that would threaten would that actions of n ț ve knowledge ve ei Biroului Politic din alal CC PMR , which were names “hostile names were which , to in approva thecentral institutions ; the ; o te Central the of l the coordination

supervision iş oara, the oara, leads was d

CEU eTD Collection 164 163 162 on the party line. The Ministry of Internal Affairs will operate arrests without approval only in only approval without arrests operate will Affairs Internal of Ministry The line. party the on approval prior after only work will Affairs Internal of Ministry “The Apostol: Gheorghe by lead and crisis the manage studentnot afraidactions of orany po revolt. to Gheorgiu leader, Communist prepared was population the places some in that and localities, various information fact, “counter of In centres that indicated ground the from coming illustrate? to tried articles press and statements official as Romania the the RWP, Gheorghetasked CCof of Apostol,was to c member Politburo by headed committee A Affairs. Internal the of Ministry the by issued warrants endorsed even but place, took that arrests the all of informed only not was re leadership cause might that measures through irritated not were citizens the that sure making population, the pacify to aimed were formed, just were that ones the crisis, informed that the situation calm was in th and supply infrastructure. food concerning problems operational solving for responsible primarily was Moghioro Alexander of leadership Ceau Nicolae Rmna bten rltra itrainls ad anti and Civică, 2001), 116. internationalism proletarian between [Romanian Boca, Boca, Boca, I aa Boca, oana h drcie lal seiid h atiue o te pca cmite cetd to created committee, Special the of attributes the specified clearly directive The in quiet was situation the if crisis a certify to necessary measures these were Why Decision by led and RWP the of CC the of members Politburo of made committee the After 1956 un an de ruptur 1956 un an de rupt 96 n n e ruptur de an un 1956 162 ş escu -

t h sm tm te eea pbi, hog mda hnes a t be to had channels media through public, general the time same the At aig raiain ta fntoe i te al dy o te Hungarian the of days early the in functioned that organizations making

n Ei Bodnăra ş Emil and ur ă ă of arrests by the party. Gheorghe Apostol will coordinate this issue this coordinate will Apostol Gheorghe party. the by arrests of , ,p.117. p. -

118. Dej, wanted to leave the impression that at party level they were they level party at that impression the leave to wanted Dej,

Rmna nr interna între România ă,

ş , a Politburo a , ssible disturbances Hungarians caused in Romania. of e country. a etbihd aohr omte udr the under committee another established, was 48

member of the CC of RMP, was formed and formed was RMP, of CC the of member

- oit Stalinism] soviet

ț ionalismul proletar proletar ionalismul oordinate this issue. - revolutionaries” were organized in organized were revolutionaries” (Bucharest: Funda ș saiiml anti stalinismul i sentment. 163

ț ia Academia Academia ia h RWP The 164 - sovietic The

CEU eTD Collection 168 167 166 165 in Hungary.” At the same time, the Hungarian the time, same the At Hungary.” in Gheorghiu by headed Committee, Central the to revisionist opposition can rise. which in environment an create could this and events the to prior monitored closely been not had associations student Transylvania; in centres university several in active was minority addition In border. Hungarian the to cities some of proximity the to due mainly unhealthy.” are shown have we who students some release to steps take will Affairs Internal of Ministry “The releases: and arrests cases the through party the police political by controlled was situation whole the that reveal correspondence Hungary). with border the at city (a Curtici in control border the at regi in especially taken were Hungary to travelled the on views Government’s the “expound Hungarian situation”. to yards, work known well most the of one Grivi the to person in went organisation, union trade the of head the Apostol, hours.” within leadership party the to notified be will cases these and however, cases, flagrant Sophia, 1998 octombrie Sitariu, Sitariu, Boca, Mihaela Sitariu,. ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, Sec Securitate 165 The party regional commi regional party The that citizens Romania of especially population, the of supervision the for Measures Gheroghe began. unrest of sources actual as well as potential with deal to campaign A 1956 un an de ruptur re detained in Bucharest and they will be thought that the position and attitude they attitude and position the that thought be will they and Bucharest in detained re [Minutes of the CC of RWP’s Politburo Meeting of of Meeting Politburo RWP’s of CC the of [Minutes Rezistent

), 30 . –

acted without previous approvals. The attitude was not uniform, there were there uniform, not was attitude The approvals. previous without acted : Timis : ă anticomunist ̦a Rezistent

Securitate

166

: Timis : ă anticomunist ̦a ă , ț ia Rela ia p. 118. . 168 The

o te at ofcas hs ersne a tt o emergency of state a represented this officials party the For ț

ttee of the Hungarian Autonomous region addressed a letter a addressed region Autonomous Hungarian the of ttee arrests had to be made on the basis of warrants, but in most in but warrants, of basis the on made be to had arrests ii Externe ̦oara 1956 , Stenograma ,Stenograma 49

- ̦oara 1956 language newspapers ( newspapers language - ,

Dej, condemning the “Horthist Savage forces forces Savage “Horthist the condemning Dej, p. 30. on of Timi of on 26 October 1956], the translation of the author

ș edin [The anti [The ț ei Biroului Politic din al26 al CC PMR ş oara - communist resistence]communist . Nominal tables were made were tables Nominal . 167 El

The meetings and the and meetings The ő re , ț Utunk a Ro a the Hungarian the ș

ie railway, ie ( etc) were etc) Bucures

̦ti: 24

CEU eTD Collection 171 170 169 good. Differen good. CC about the events in the region. charge in was who one the since security, regional of chief new a of appointment the proposed committee and confusion eliminate to order in leadership party the of members the of some change to Cluj in Committee Regional in solving the d positive A students). party the with worked teachers' Hungarian of part significant a that was party, the for element, and (intellectuals categories these handled RWP the of committee with organizations party improved students and intellectuals Hungarian the of University. Bolyai Hungarian the of students and “contra the of part being as underlined were who those Gheorghiu from supervised. closely translation of the author. the of translation Ibid. Ibid. a CC Fond , ANIC,

The party reports also added that in Timisoara the mood among people among mood the Timisoara in that added also reports party The news of Hungarian radio.” the hearing after regime the against manifested cases, isolated in elements coun hostile some of Budapest RWP. in the actions of the CC condemn the from indication the all respected has Committee, Party Regional the Hungary] with border the close city [a Oradea “In There were s RWP’s the for necessary be would it future the in that considered Committee The . t rumours were launched by hostile elements. hostile by launched were rumours t ilemmas they had. He proposed He - e. n h rpr ta ws rsne a te n o te npcin among inspection, the of end the at presented was that report the In Dej. l PCR, Sectia Relatii Externe Relatii Sectia l PCR,

In November 23 to 26 a 26 to 23 November In imilar other reports from cities in Transylvania.

the to counter to the preparation of of preparation the direct

171 169

170 support of the Central Committee. Central the of support

foreign influence among intel among influence foreign

, Dosar nr 75/1956, f. 4 [Foreign Affairs CC of PWR] the the PWR] of CC Affairs [Foreign 4 f. 75/1956, nr , Dosar 50

party

ter

a document to be debated at a session of the of session a at debated be to document a But the report mentioned that the situation the that mentioned report the But - revolutionary elements. In some areas, areas, some In elements. revolutionary committee went to Cluj to went committee - tak t work to thanks , r evolutionaries” were the intellectuals the were evolutionaries” h vs mjrt o people of majority vast The A rumour that Pauker, Luca and Luca Pauker, that rumour A lectuals and students. and lectuals

The rvosy oe by done previously following orders following regional standing regional at large was was large at The

CEU eTD Collection 175 174 173 172 PWR] PWR] the translat putting emphasis onthe social origin and political affiliation of were family the in prisoner political dismiss a had who those or prisoners political former All bloc Soviet the and Revolution Hungarian det in described demonstrations the After protests. the in involved block means return and border the crossing were who persons to Hungary, with hostile elements belonging to the bourgeoisie to overthrow the communist regime. beginning a plot of aimed at one gro placed under the the supervision state. of others arrested, were some as identified been have these All minorities. national of members regime, the Lugoj. in circulated rehabilitated be will Georgescu, the translation of the author. the of translation the Granville, Granville, Boca, PWR] of CC Affairs Foreign 36/1956 no [File 4 f. Externe, Relatii Sectia 36/1956 Dosar PCR al CC Fond of CC Affairs Foreign 77/1956 no [File 2 f. Externe, Relatii Sectia 77/1956 Dosar PCR, al CC Fond ANIC, 4.3 , were prepared to take the necessary steps that would change the institutional bodies institutional the change would that steps necessary the take to prepared were , of of

Starting with the summer of 1956, the PWR leadership PWR the 1956, of summer the with Starting Meas The ed from universities. The authorities changed the changed authorities The universities. from ed 1956 un an de ruptur one of of one sending " If hope is sin, then we are all guilty are we is then sin, If hope Securitate the reports stated, were many former members of the Iron Guard and especiall and Guard Iron the of members former many were stated, reports the ures toures Avoid ofFutureImprovement F Protests: ion of the author. the of ion is n h chapter the in ails the most well most the Securitate

officials officials

ă , p. 120. , p. officers to Budapest to gather intelligence. They kept a close tab close a kept They intelligence. gather to Budapest to officers

- argued organize

up of formers members the formers IronGuard,in of connectionup of h Rltosi bten ugr ad oai. The Romania. and Hungary between Relationship The that the Bucharest student movement only was the d and efficient and d 173 , p. 2. , p. ,

a campaign of repression began against students. against began repression of campaign a

51

that took place took that 172 ed

intelligence systems intelligence ” to the country. the to Among those who are acting against acting are who those Among criteria of admission to admission of criteria

closely the candidates in autumn 1956, autumn in monitored the events in events the monitored acilities 175 The authorities, The in the communist the in .

university , university which are which 174

by y CEU eTD Collection 177 176 elements. the among especially attention Particular class. enemy the against take the measures: following from students of groups of demonstrations hostile the given “political the improve to need elites party by attendedmeeting a 1956, October 20 on events, the to prior Just to assurethe appropriate conditions the celebration for November 7. of the of authorities the with discuss RepublicHungarian People's and to see what kind of to government the by endorsed and Roman Valter by formed group a by accompanied be to October pla RWP The Republic. People's Hungarian the to granted Republic.Hungarian People's the in events the interpreting and assessing radio, and press organizations, party the guide the measures taken bythe PWR,which the Politburocontained CCof of the following: pres PWR] PWR] the translation of the author. author.. the of translation ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, Cancelarie Dosar 120 / 1956 /1956 120 Dosar Cancelarie PCR, al CC Fond ANIC, ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, ented a short briefing on the situation in the country following the events in Hungary and Hungary in events the following country the in situation the on briefing short a ented 1. To intensify political work among the working class and to reinforce its militancy its reinforce to and class working the among work political intensify To 1. education. higher on measures draft the delays, no with complete, To 3. be may aid food and medicines what examine to had Ministers of Council The 2. to had RWP of Committee Central the of Directorate Culture and Propaganda The 1. Ministers, of Board the and PWR of CC of Politburo the of meeting a In

nelcul ad tdns wih s oe aiy nlecd y hostile by influenced easily more is which students, and intellectuals Dosar 123/1956 Cancelarie 123/1956 Dosar

- dctoa wr” mn students. among work” educational was to was 52

, f. 28 28 , f.

Cancelarie, ăM lnăşan Aurel [File no 123/1956 Chancellery CC of PWR] PWR] of CC Chancellery 123/1956 no [File be given to political work among youth, among work political to given be help it needed.

f. 8 [File no 120/1956 Chancellery CC of CC Chancellery f. 8 [File 120/1956 no nd o ed dlgto o 30 on delegation a send to nned Timi (deputy foreign minister), foreign (deputy ş

oara, it was necessary to necessary was it oara, 177 176 u atr h events, the after But

highlighted the highlighted They also had also They Ceauş

escu the the

CEU eTD Collection 179 178 f dcto, ntttos f ihr dcto, pa education, higher of institutions Education, of Ministry The students. the of activitieseducational and cultural for and learning for conditions proper the ensure to pushed be to had institutions of leaders the especially and weak were par regional the that declared report The students. and party the of members by enforced were institutes and Committees regional by taken measures the after that find to complet the ensuring cooperatives) handicraft industry, local cooperatives, farms, (collective resources ensure 1956 apace. affected.” cities the all in properly work to have centres food the problems, operational solve to order “In disturbances: minor avoid thoroughly institutes. education higher in teachers to necessary was it that organization and committees party took councils.people's municipal and regional and groups security strengthen to taken were Steps municipal. and author. Ibid. ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, tp t ipeet h dcsos I ws ruh to brought was It decisions. the implement to steps

Regional teams establishe teams Regional Between October 13 and November 6, 1956 as committee worked in three universities three in worked committee as 1956 6, November and 13 October Between M crisis, the After regional the of headquarters Party the of guard the strengthen to measures take To 2. ion of theion regional of supply. easures had to be taken also at the level of the re the of level the at also taken be to had easures the role teachers and tasksof d that the tasks set out in the circular the in out set tasks the that

Dosar 122/1956 Sec ţ some regional and city party committees and grassroots organizations grassroots and committees party city and regional some

d by Circular no. 23 of the CC of the RWP from October 26, October from RWP the of CC the of 23 no. Circular by d 179

178 and staff thatand staff The food supply to the population had to be done be to had population the to supply food The The ia Cancelarie Cancelarie ia 53

meetings

rty organizations, the council of of council the organizations, rty were work – CC al PCR al CC enforced distribution of resources, in order to order in resources, of distribution ht a tkn lc concerned place taken had that ed h atnin f einl n city and regional of attention the improve political activity among activity political improve to educate students. , f. 20 , f. in order in

the translation of the the of translation the to mobilize local mobilize to ty organizations ty

Ministers

CEU eTD Collection 183 182 181 180 by the author. t measures The students. among fear bring to meant were centres university all in made were the educational environment and the living the standards students. of of spirit the in certain was on This decision improved. Politburo’s been have conditions living how consider to Petroşani we dohave a class struggle. the The country lawsof shouldbe applied. econ basic have we Hungary, in events about out pointed so also I conflicts. class, working the of vigilance the strengthen to have October 31whenthe classes were su on Timisoara in happened (as it demanded needs the where education higher of institutes situation. actual the to related The action. immediate take not did RWP the of Hungarian of CC the of department propaganda the that is report majority the to according problem, The population. a with districts few troubled especially been have and reality the steps to liquidate the existing gaps. take and students of conditions living to attention special pay to had associations, student and meetings aken in Bucharest along with the brutal suppression of any protest were meant to pacify the pacify to meant were protest any of suppression brutal the with along Bucharest in aken ANIC, Fond CC al PCR, Boca, Ibid. PC al CC Fond ANIC,

The first measure taken by the authorities was repression. The hundreds of arrests that arrests of hundreds The repression. was authorities the by taken measure first The Timisoara of centres university the to committee a sent RWP of CC Politburo the of meetings the of one In eve the during Region, Autonomous Hungarian the In 1956 un an de ruptur One , and other cities other and ,

of the department of Propaganda 20 and 21 December 1956.

R, Dosar 75/1956 Sectia ă , p. 118. 118. , p.

Propaganda asking them asking

181 The committee The oiia ad educational and political

180 spended).

ș i Agita - ţ i Agita ş Propaganda to collaborate with local authorities and State party State and authorities local with collaborate to ț 54

182 ie a CC al PMR al CC a ie

, one of the members said the following the said members the of one

was authorized was media should given more concrete articles concrete more given should media

Dosar 75/1956, esrs en to meant measures ] f. 8 that nts in Hungary, nobody knew nobody Hungary, in nts ie Fond CC al PCR, f. 12 12 f. PCR, al CC Fond ie

. to suspend classes in those in classes suspend to

the translation of the author. the of translation the we could prevent future future prevent could we 183 . ” omic condition, but condition, omic [

Minutes of the

i poe the mprove , Craiova translated translated : “

We ,

CEU eTD Collection 186 185 184 new forms of organization regarding the leisure time of students. One example of of example One students. of time leisure the to according superficiality, the regarding organization of forms new and circles student in activities scientific improve to had measures new The organizations. st among activists other and secretaries education. of process the during organizations youth Communist the of efforts the to support no given had organizations party the because display Part leadership forces reactionary of movement th students mobilization for measures appropriate the taking apoliticalorganization established new to associations student given was role important An universities. into admission for criteria improve their studyconditions. to and students, of life daily the change to designed decisions social adopting by students of the author. f. 20. [

Fond CC al PCR, Sectia Propaganda Boca, Boca, 4.4 icular attention has been given to those categories of population of categories those to given been has attention icular Minutes of the meetings

codn t lte rprs te vns n h uni the in events the reports, latter to According What Made P change to forced were authorities The a negative 1956 un an de ruptur 1956 un an de ruptur o el ih h ipc o te oiia cii i te egbuig country neighbouring the in crisis political the of impact the with deal to

hrfl fet o te counter the of effects harmful e in those days was was days those in attitude toward

which s oss , poli , ă ă

One , p. 181. , p. 171. , p. -- ible These Events? Lessons and P ticizedlife.student it was claimed was it

of the department of Propaganda 20 and 21 December 1956] the translation 184 reports, in reports,

f an of and

ș

the regime.

i Agita to rvnig a preventing tot motne o te W. t a t explain to had It RWP. the for importance utmost udents who were members of the Bureau of the Party the of Bureau the of members were who udents publicize the measures taken by Romanian and RWP and Romanian by taken measures the publicize ț ie a CC al PMR, Stenogramele Stenogramele PMR, al CC a ie the -- , under the cloak of of cloak the under , 55

-

political 185 eouin n ugr, hrceie a a as characterized Hungary, in revolution

hi euain oiy n itoue strict introduced and policy education their h etr ognzto i poie b the by provided is organization entire The

The actions of leaders in Bucharestallowedleadersin actionsTheof possible insurrection. The role of of role The insurrection. possible - educational work of students of work educational est cnrs ee ae possible made were centres versity apparently Ș lans edin who who ț ei din 20 for the Future could independent and independent be ș i 21 decembrie, decembrie, i 21 expect was the was mass ed

.

186 to to

CEU eTD Collection 188 187 ugra pol de o t argne n dsead o ntoa values national for disregard and arrogance its to due people Hungarian Roman: situa that in occurred that events Aurel and Roman Valter councils high M two the of report the is revolution Romanian most the of one affairs rea the foreign to related of documents significant problem the Concerning face. to had RWP the that society. Romanian entire the affect to sought which timetable, wh ones only the were movements student the 1956 of autumn the In 1956. late in university the in created situation the analyzing to devoted in which confusion political the to much contribute concession ideological the and liberalism bourgeois Petty determined. and courageous more combative, less be to has propaganda party like checked were aspects Other accom and cafeterias centres. university the in students the of protests and actions the before looked environment the how check to as far as went authorities The made. re by followed be to remained sporadically. organizations and these guided controlled have that committees party city and regional to primarily due were institutes concern cultural for and educational content received they which in manner Revisted cluded Hungary. many of Drago Ibid. ăln

, ed. Vladimir Tism Vladimir , ed. ș This denial of reality of denial This Politburo, the to According ş an Petrescu, Petrescu, 1) , concerning the visit of the RWP delegation to Hungary in order to evaluate the evaluate to order in Hungary to delegation RWP the of visit the concerning , Under “Community

áy Rákosi Mátyá modation facilities. modation ă neanu, ( Budapest: Central European University Press, 2009), 450.

- ” Building and Identity Politics in Gheorghiu of the events the of 187

inl at cmite bsd n omtet previously commitments on based committees Party gional hi pltcl information. political their , tion. h Hnain okrs at ws o acpe b the by accepted not was Party Worker’s Hungarian the h s the 188

ction of the Romanian communist authorities to the to authorities communist Romanian the of ction w mjr lmns ee mhszd y Valter by emphasized were elements major Two “One of the lessons from what happened is that the that is happened what from lessons the of “One is found not only in the press but even in sessions sessions in even but press the in only not found is otoig i te ok f at organizations party of work the in hortcomings delivered to Problems 56

mngd o raie poet ih a with protest a organize to managed o which students.

h sm cn e ad bu the about said be can same The eurd ln tm t solve, to time long a required This was the internal problem internal the was This - Dej’s Romania”,. in,

ad 2) and ;

Stalinism

T he CEU eTD Collection 189 Revolution onRomania and the major events that that followed moment, were reconstructed. the on impact the and Revolution Hungarian thewhy communist did not a prefer decentralized system s a build to had and protests the contain country neighbouring reason the for foremost Trans problem. significant a not was control party deep and factors logistic was the had which Dej, Gheo leader communist the to related closely people from made were crises the to revolution Hungarian Romanian communists, e were conclusions two These important These RWP. Transylvania. the of front in presented regarding attitude just and appropriate an Workers’ Hungarian the of leadership 48. repercussions and eds., Reaction Somlai, Katalin and Rainer M. Janos Dragoş

tcig time ticking a link between centre and periphery. The committees which were formed to manage the manage to formed were which committees The periphery. and centre between link n h scn chapter, second the In t less, or More Petrescu “Fifty , had to be con be to had

power to enforce the will of the party in the territory. the in party the of will the enforce to power ob u t various to due bomb , Te at raie ta te einl omtes ee o cpbe to capable not were committees regional the that realized party The . which disturbed the party even at the high level high the at even party the disturbed which he decision he - i a a iett saig xeine Te ae of case The experience: shaping identity an as Six ( Budapest: The institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, 2007)

that xplaining it had a strong Hungarian minority whi minority Hungarian strong a had it

tained with the necessary price. necessary the with tained - h rltosi bten ugr ad oai. The Romania. and Hungary between relationship The making process in the case of the events influenced by the by influenced events the of case the in process making the Party displayed an anti an displayed Party h 15 Hnain eouin n te oit lc Countries: bloc Soviet the and Revolution Hungarian 1956 The ir fear of Moscow and distrust Moscow of fear pecial committee from the centre. This tells basically tells This centre. the from committee pecial factors, factors, 57

“ elements oit bloc Soviet seily t gorpia psto and position geographical its especially in dealing with the crisis ”

shaped the shaped te mat f h Hungarian the of impact the , - lai ws different, was ylvania Bucharest due to its proximity its to due Bucharest Romanian spirit and never took never and spirit Romanian the Romanian communists,” in of of ch kept strong ties with ties strong kept ch , Budapest political culture political was primarily related primarily was Timi rghe Gheorghiu rghe policies ş . oara

is and first , which , of the of . 189

-

CEU eTD Collection 190 several gapsin research that can related be found to this period. c country one of authorities the that advantages political ignored practically communist can be traced back to Gheorghiu national Romanian of roots the not or whether about inquiry the addition, In achievements. interna the 1956 after communists? Romanian the for revolution Hungarian the represented questions: several to lead could this Moreover affairs. external and internal Romanian the of and 1958 and 1957 in leadership the initiative right the “asylum” from start to Nagyand to hisclose offer allies. itself.” by situation the manage to Union Soviet the leave not did we wait; just not did we so interests, our in and socialism Hungarian of and people Hungarian the of interests the in h develop events these that concerned session, Politburo PWR 1 December a At spectators”. simple Politburo: Romanian the Consequences of Political R CHAPTER 5: 19th century, trying to benefit from its neighbour’s its from benefit to trying century, 19th Granvil Immediately after the end of the uprisings in Hungary, Ghoerghe Gheorghiu Ghoerghe Hungary, in uprisings the of end the after Immediately 5.1

For the most part, d part, most the For T communist Romanian the of behaviour the of analysis the are chapter this of aims The The Return to the “Nor le, le, he absence of a c a of absence he Forward is Forearmed, The A with several exceptions several with

l and external policy is gradually changing? This was by all means their means all by was This changing? gradually is policy external and l “We were not passive; we did not watch the events in Hungary as Hungary in events the watch not did we passive; not were “We ftermath of the Hu the of ftermath ompelling portrayal of events (e.g. the Nagy affair in Romania is Romania in affair Nagy the (e.g. events of portrayal ompelling uring the 1950’s Romania was behaving like a small player of the of player small a like behaving was Romania 1950’s the uring

p. 634. p. 190 When the h the When mal” State ofmal” State Affairs

consequences of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 on 1956 of Revolution Hungarian the of consequences eactions ), - Dej willDej be taken into account. 58

the gains of the political elite in Romania, in elite political the of gains the ostilities were ceased the PWR leadership took leadership PWR the ceased were ostilities

ngarian Revolution. The , Hungary, ,

ould gain in spite of the other, are other, the of spite in gain ould disadvantage, to gratify the big the gratify to disadvantage,

add I a directly was “I added e How come in the period the in come How

- Dej told to told Dej What the - CEU eTD Collection 191 were detained and dozens were dozens and detained were for potential enormous expansion. them afforded structure Their circumstances. historical right the far punch to able was party Workers Romanian the model, Stalinist the following of dint By treason. with and state democratic people's Hungarian the of overthrow the organizing with charged was he where Hungary, to him returned Soviets the Afterwards, Roma Snagov, to taken and Embassy, Yugoslav the leaving was he when forces Soviet the written a of Na Hungary, beginning a newchapter of in relations with the Soviet onthe Unionwas political agenda. stri of end the of question of aftermath the of consequences the in up caught Workers Romanian the to lead will part, second the in analyzed be will 1956 after occurred that developments political the Romanian of aspects delicate the Rom in arrival the of climate political the reconstruct part. first the in treated be will affair Nagy Imre The two. in divided uprisi th of suppression the in role Romania's about however, known, been have things were they but player, calls]

Please see ( ng of 1956 and the time when time the and 1956 of ng Polirom, Ia the Soviet Union. Union. Soviet the Let us turn us Let Like it was mentioned in previous chapters, previous in mentioned was it Like guarantee Imre Nagy, Nagy, Imre gy, with a few others, was given sanctuary in the Yugoslav Embassy. Regardless Embassy. Yugoslav the in sanctuary given was others, few a with gy, focusing either on the party or on or party the on either focusing ș i, 2004 reappraisal to the context. When the revolution was crushed by the Soviet invasion of of invasion Soviet the by crushed was revolution the When context. the to

’ Party. ) of free passage by János Kádár, on 22 November, Nagy was arrested by arrested was Nagy November, 22 on Kádár, János by passage free of Însemn

t oit control Soviet ct About Romania and the 1950s, significant studies were published were studies significant 1950s, the and Romania About

of the int the of The intention is to examine how far Romanian politicians were politicians Romanian far how examine to is intention The ri de la Snagov la de ări

convicted. – Hungarian relations in the second half of of half second the in relations Hungarian Imre Nagy was in Snagov, Romania. Snagov, in was Nagy Imre ernal development ernal

[Imre Nagy, Notes from Snagov. Snagov. from Notes Nagy, [Imre Numerous or Numerous n Romania in 59

the h Hnain eouin of Revolution Hungarian the ania of Im of ania political after 1956, after s ganizations across the country were country the across ganizations and the power the and a esnil at essential was elite re Nagy, which became which Nagy, re and internal policy internal and several thousand students thousand several Correspondence, reports, Correspondence, h aayi tis to tries analysis The above its weight, in weight, its above relations the 191 the ie Tu the Thus time.

The chapter is chapter The 1950s e Hungarian e 96 The 1956.

within . one of of one While . Few Few .

the

nia. this CEU eTD Collection 193 192 Nagy in Snagov follow the events of October 23, 1956 and the situation of the refugees from from refugees the of situation the and 1956 23, October of events the follow Snagov in Nagy journal. daily and notes Nagy’s are period, that of reconstruction the for sources important most the of One control. intensive and isolation by marked was Northern Transylvania, both Hungarian speakers,also who visited Na of secretary communist former and sciences Social of Institute the of rector Goldberg, Nicolea and office, censorship Romanian the of chief Ardeleanu, Iosif were figures important Other Snagov. to them accompanied and airpor international the at group the met origin, Hungarian of member Alexandru security. and proximity the of Moghioro because location, suitable countries. Pact a Warsaw was the of Romania one in deported be group his and Nagy that proposed s to everything dome would leadership Romanian the that was reason the go, can it as far as was that but 1953 in relations bilateral restarted Romania evidence, by backed not was Yugoslavia towards concern The position. Bod that Romania.” to Nagy bringing of initiative the took we found was solution other no Since [..] anyone from influence any without ours, exclusively was decision the general the country in 1958,making a unique case in the Soviet bloc. dissolved. al PMR din ziuaal de PMR 1 decembrie 1956’ in Gra Granville, Granville, 1 ff. 365/1956 nr. dosar /Cancelarie, PCR al CC fond ANIC, 5.2

The period between November 1956 and April 1957, when Imre Nagy was in Snagov, in was Nagy Imre when 1957, April and 1956 November between period The 1956, 1 December on held was which meeting the On The NagyA năra ș Romania’s loyalty toward the Soviet Union paid off when the Soviet troops leaved troops Soviet the when off paid Union Soviet the toward loyalty Romania’s The second was Valter Roman, which became the most frequent visitor in Snago in visitor frequent most the became which Roman, Valter was second The a te is an co i te oain ay far te oain Politburo Romanian the affair, Nagy Romanian the in actor main firs the was Forward is Forearmed, ș added this was in support of the idea tha idea the of support in was this added

ffair

p. 635. p.

nville, ecure the instalment of Janos Janos of instalment the ecure Forward is Forearmed 60

- 45, ‘Stenograma Sedintei Biroului Politic al CC t Yugoslavia will be in an undesired an in be will Yugoslavia t

, p. 634. 634. , p. Emil Bod Emil The notes written by Imre by written notes The gy several times.

năraş Kádár 192 Te Soviets The . declared: “In “In declared: The reason The

193 v.

CEU eTD Collection notes, written in enforced Romanian exile Romanian enforced in written notes, others delegates are written in haste, under the impulse immediate of impressions. comment The family. his and Nagy Imre detainees, Hungarian and authorities Romanian the between discussions intercepted letters, of pages on appear They style.” in least at conciliatory, more and tired more felt he time same the at jubilant Nagy, ideol defeat cannot he that pride his in hurt expectations, wrong continuously “having at that time. only obtain could They severe security, strict limited. increasingly other, perimeter a for each except movement, of from prohibition including restrictions, isolation strict in kept were they and families preferred. was Yugoslavia country. ă M lnăş Aurel asks He respected. not were regulations the how and 1956 22 November from agreement ăM ln ăş Aurel to and Gheorghiu Gheorghe Stoica, Chivu officials Romanian to wrote Nagy Imre that letters the reveals chapter essential An archives. Romanian the from documents t to related is One group. Nagy Imre of Members critic.. and philosopher Marxist Lukács, György and politician, Donath, Ferenc politician, intervention in Budapest. They concern both causes armed Soviet second the of time the at 1956, 4, November on group embassy Yugoslav the oain masdr hrs ih h Rmna lae Gerh Gheorghiu Gheorghe leader Romanian the with shares ambassador Romanian 1956, October and Nagy was isolated from his colleagues and from the world. Nagy mentions Nagy world. the from and colleagues his from isolated was Nagy notes The on are preserved were that accounts Others

n, h dpt frin far mnse, o lo hs eatr it a third a into departure his allow to minister, affairs foreign deputy the anu, reveal some details regarding Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej. He is portrayed as portrayed is He Dej. Gheorghiu Gheorghe regarding details some reveal eoe e nw wh knew he before anu. In this letters Imre letters this In anu. minimal information about the international situation and their status their and situation international the about information minimal T e me ay ru ws ruh tgte wt their with together brought was group Nagy Imre he t ae wie him. awaited fate at , the important the , Nagy often mentions the Hungarian the mentions often Nagy 61

Géza and consequences those events. of he group. And the last one is made of of made is one last the And group. he Losonczy, Hungarian journalist and journalist Hungarian Losonczy, decisions me ay euss ht the that requests Nagy Imre t aken between aken o Ir Ng ad the and Nagy Imre of s - De , atr Roman, Walter j, –

June 1953 June Romanian - e the Dej ogically in

these CEU eTD Collection 196 195 194 Romanian authorities never portrayed themselves in this way, the relationship between them between relationship the way, this in themselves portrayed never authorities Romanian suffering.” captive’s the witness to captor the Rom of leaders communist the future the in that ensure to help will Romania from troops Soviet of expelling the Therefore, position. leader’s fallen the in be to never desire leaders’ Romanian the deepened affair Nagy in the twocountries. Budapest to delegation Government and party a led Kádár János Romania. with relations goals. revisionist had actually government Kadar was blamed the Hungarian for revolution and sought the maximum punishment Khrushchev spared. been have must life Nagy’s leadership, Khrushchev with solely rested fate, Nagy’s Imre regarding decision the had Granville, Johanna to According interest. environment, right own its in project a be not arrest, house his accompanied that writing to Budapest. to transmitted was describe notes The Hungary. of invasion Soviet impending an of rumours Granville, Granville, neanu ă Tism In post the not government Nagy the neither that was after revealed was What played communists Romanian Then j Nagy’s Imre oeand s Forearmed is Forewarned Forward is Forearmed is Forward Forward is Forearmed,

, Stalinism for all seasons all for , Stalinism to Romania. In 1961 the Romanian commu Romanian the 1961 In Romania. to

of personal relationsof Gheorghiu

ournal and notes were written during a crisis: the daily practice of of practice daily the crisis: a during written were notes and ournal n eray 1958, February In — -

, p.632. Dej and in response a Romanian representative was dispatched was representative Romanian a response in and Dej ania will not be in that position that in be not will ania p. 632. 632. p. n o te ot nesv epoain o te everyday the of explorations intensive most the of one , p.153. , and the changing self.

Jhna Granvi Johanna ,

there was was there 62

196 Kádár

This argument is somehow speculative. The speculative. somehow is argument This ing allowed to contact other persons, and persons, other contact to allowed ing 194 . The year 1956 marked a change of policy of change a marked 1956 year The . The new regime in Hungary needed good needed Hungary in regime new The s ae hc ws lo n the in also was which game ’s l itoue te yohss ht the that hypothesis the introduces lle ii o Hnain delega Hungarian of visit nist leader, Gheorghe Gheorghiu Gheorghe leader, nist

195 “There is no one better than better one no is “There that Nagy’s request Nagy’s that for Nagy. for in ld by led tion,

ir own own ir - 1956 - it is it Dej

CEU eTD Collection 197 nationalist c nationalist a why is This later. much appeared nation the of culture The there. was goals, international collectively the Yugoslavs, the and Russians, the Romanians, occupying Soviet army units left Romania.” the between arrangement complex on based 1958, June in virous": "revisionist or "bourgeois" any to immune was Romania that leaders Soviet the Gheorghiu Moreover, Timisoara). and Cluj, Bucharest, in unrest student the over Poland,significantproducedRomaniano towarmovementmass Rom the of trustworthiness the tested had Khrushchevcult. Stalinist the ofdenunciation Khrushchev' and CPSU the of CongressTwentieth Vladimir T the concern this undertaking. of post the in perceive com other all from different be will which way”, “new one its enforce to had RWP the of leadership the obtained, was purpose political the to maintain the the trust Soviet of Union. elite Romanian the helped affair Nagy the say, to Needles Nagy. Imre than view in different So the and

Tis 5.3 măneanu,

h belief The the of waves shock the resist to Europe Eastern in state communist only the was "Romania communism. Romanian of history the in point turning a remain 1956 year The communists? Romanian the for revolution Hungarian the represented What Revolution A New Beginning? The RWP in the A viet were quite different, taking into account the fact that most of them were very were them of most that fact the account into taking different, quite were viet ismaneanu seesthe year 1956: ne te ueae f h Sve Union Soviet the of tutelage the under ommunist party and agenda is still hard to find. This undertaking will deal with deal will undertaking This find. to hard still is agenda and party ommunist Stalinism for all seasons

- that

1956 decisions and how the RWP started a new chapter in its existence is existence its in chapter new a started RWP the how and decisions 1956 h cuty il eei fo atn idpnety ahr than rather independently acting from benefit will country the

, p. 25. , p. anians in the turbulent fall of 1956, when, unlike Hungary and and Hungary unlike when, 1956, of fall turbulent the in anians

197

63

munist states. The way in which the crisis the which in way The states. munist ftermath of ftermath the Hungarian epaiig ainl ahr than rather national emphasizing , ds liberalization (which is not to gloss - Dej had persu had Dej Now that Now aded aded CEU eTD Collection 201 200 199 198 ( 1956 Hungarian revolution and the Soviet bloc countries : reactions and repercussions 1944 in events discriminatory policies against the Trans Hungarians from of distortion leadership’s communist the reinforced Romanian Romania, in 1956 of events the in involvement population Hungarian the Gra Johanna terms. same the in issue an longer no was this sentences than the Romanians. 28000 as many wer peoples as 1962 and 1956 Between 1956. after reprisal, Romanian the of targets Hungarian Hungarians, ethnic origin, Romanian t of imprisonment the and democracy", "popular of instalment the as magnitude same the of arrests of wave or openly expressed authorities, the with disagreement gave grounds on whatcalled was the regime’s political culture. formi repercussions and reactions English in published and Romania’s attitude. interpret and further reconstruct to order in 1956 and 1953 between occurred that events the Carocci, 2007), 221. Budapest : Institute for the H Granville, Granville, Bottoni, Stefano Bottoni, Stefano ş Drago ng experience for the Romanian communist elite and therefore had a significant impact significant a had therefore and elite communist Romanian the for experience ng If the 1948 If continued. interrogations and arrests protests, and unrests the of end the After Drago Petrescu, “Fifty Petrescu, Forward is Forearmed e arrested for political reasons. political for arrested e ş Petrescu in another important volume dedicated to the Hungarian revolution Hungarian the to dedicated volume important another in Petrescu Securitate

Transilvania rossa : il comunismo romeno e la questione na Transilvania rossa : il comunismo romeno e la questione nazionale

- oe h "ek o nagr h sae order.” state the endanger to "seek who hose 1952 repression was mainly repression1952 was aimed at the political opponents, in 1958

- six as identityan istory of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, 2007), 40. 2007), Revolution, Hungarian 1956 the of istory rm 1 from h 15 Hnain eouin n te oit lc onre : countries bloc Soviet the and revolution Hungarian 1956 The

mle ta te ugra rvlto ws mjr identity major a was revolution Hungarian the that implies ,p. 642. ,p. 200 5 te potnt t lqiae l frs f poiin or opposition of forms all liquidate to opportunity the 957

-

shaping experience. The case of the Romanian communists” in communists” of case the Romanian The experience. shaping 199 64

The ethnic Hungarians received longer prison longer received Hungarians ethnic The

- 198 language Institutions and regions all became all regions and Institutions language

eey ulnd wih nese a unleashed which outlined, merely ylvania in the years. following nvil l e endorsed this idea. News of of News idea. this endorsed e zional,

Alongside students of of students Alongside - edited by M Rainer, Rainer, M by edited (1944 p. 40. 95 n la to lead and 1945

- 1965), ( Roma : - 201 Legal 1959 The The

-

CEU eTD Collection 203 202 days of 1957, Gheorghiu 1957, of days but Germany, of “status East and Hungary in place taken already had withdrawals troops’ Extensive agreement. force” a contained Pact Warsaw the later, years ten rights: communication” of “lines o Agreement Armistice any tendencies to the contrary”. lostopportunityno its fidelityto stress to Leninism, to the Warsaw pact abhorrenceand “its of R the Therefore, priority. first Romanian’s remain would and was Union Soviet The Secretary. Party First as well as Minister Prime position the Khrushchev, alienate G RWP officialcollaborated with the local authorities in the Hungarian AutonomousRegion. anti an had 1956 in repression the that Hung prove not does but 1956, after years next the in regarded easily be can policies discriminatory the of beginning The dismissed. was region Ceau the by completely eliminated then and “gerrymandered” was region autonomous Hungarian Hungary the second stage postponed. was r proposed the and discourse political the in only found is it and 1956 year the to corresponds collectivization of phase second The Revolution. colectivizare a agriculturii (1949 în România heorghe Gheorghiu heorghe Granville, Granville, Please see ș arian agenda. As it can be seen in the chapter Romania’s reactions: Party decision, The decision, Party reactions: Romania’s chapter the in seen be can it As agenda. arian esc The existence of Soviet troops on Romanian territory had been first regulated by the by regulated first been had territory Romanian on troops Soviet of existence The agenda. public the on much very remained “revisionism” level central the At the 1960, 24 December On merged. were Babes and Bolyai universities the 1959 In Hungarian the of echoes the by affected also was process collectivisation The u

Forward is Forearmed Dorin Dobrincu and Constantin Iordachi (editors), eie n eray 6 1968. 16 February on regime not total withdrawal. At a conference in conference a At withdrawal. total not

- Dej combined Stalinist convictions, and in part from the tactical need to need tactical the from part in and convictions, Stalinist combined Dej Spebr 94 Te ai Pae ray f 97 a conferred had 1947 of Treaty Peace Paris The 1944. September f - Dej, Moghioro Dej,

,p. 631. 631. ,p.

- 1962) ş 202

203 and Petre Boril Petre and ,( ,(

i, Polirom, 2005) i,ş Ia Polirom, n h sm ya te ugra Autonomous Hungarian the year same The In 65

esumption. Ţărănimea şi puterea. Procesul de Budapest, which took place in the first first the in place took which Budapest, , Deputy President of the Council the of President Deputy ă,

eas o te iuto in situation the of Because omanian leadership omanian

- CEU eTD Collection 207 206 205 204 Rom Ro making and (1958) troops Soviet of exodus the masterminded Gra Johanna that saying in Granville Johanna with agrees author The the Ceau period of achievements. industrial country’s the in pride wa there in interruptions. continued any without sphere political ideology and cultural Romanian national on production cultural the ideology, national reinvented Soviet the of Union. influence the under sovereignty national Romania's of diminution the and legacy nationalist" "bourgeois the of destruction the by identity national of loss a was there Romaniafrom marked the beginning a newperiod of characterized bya relative autonomy. forces.” Soviet of assistance the with Government peopl working Hungary’s of efforts the through “smashed been has attempt This Europe. in war new a of ground breading dangerous a into Hungary turn to and dictatorship fascist reintroduce to quo, status Hungarian a been had counter it that view only the established which communiqué a published Conference Ministers of Romania Mass, 1969 Verdery, Katherine Pearton, Maurice Michael Shafir, Stephen Fischer Galati, ania Observed 205 - h ros of roots The with agrees author The ,( B ,( eouinr atmt o destr to attempt revolutionary s a combination of revived and officially sponsored nationalism, and on a national a on and nationalism, sponsored officially and revived of combination a s Kather ), 50. ), 50. erkeley : University of California Press, 1991), 12. mania a unique case during the Cold War. “ War. Cold the during case unique a mania

atcptd rpeetn te at ad oenet f oai. The Romania. of Government and Party the representing participated, , p. 247. , p. Romania, Politics, Economy and Society The Romanian Leadership and its problems n Vrey tts ht h Rmna cmuit a nt erae or recreated not had communist Romanian the that states Verdery ine ş National Ideology under Socialism. Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceausescu's

escu, rather than the crucial the years 1950’s. of h Rmna national Romanian the The New Rumania. From People's Democracy to Socialist Republic

udr h laesi o te eouinr Worker Revolutionary the of leadership the under e tfn ihr aai ht n h frt eae f communism of decade first the in that Galati Fisher Stefan y h sse o Pol’ Dmcay n the and Democracy People’s of system the oy - communism can be regarded in different ways. ways. different in regarded be can communism 66

207

This attitude was more conspicuous during conspicuous more was attitude This ( Boulder Colorado, Rymme Rienner, 1985), 23. 204

in Dennis Deletant and Maurice Pearton, Pearton, Maurice and Deletant Dennis in KGB advisors (1964) from the country, the from (1964) advisors KGB h wtdaa o te oit troops Soviet the of withdrawal The The cunning strategist feigned loyalty feigned strategist cunning The 206

Michale Shafir says that says Shafir Michale nville ,

, Gheorghiu ( Cambridge, - Peasant -

Dej

CEU eTD Collection 208 spreading loyalty. deep their of Soviets the convincing in succeeded and once at revolution Hungarian the condemned elites communist Romanian consequence second measures classical mass using problems, the solving in efficient and eventually expel Soviet hiscountry troopsfrom lo a kept and loathed) he (whom Khrushchev to 366

. Johanna

drawn be can lessons Two inf Granville “ ormation about the real significance events in of Hungary.

anand h sau quo, status the maintained Dej a RP ehnig f t on nenl n etra policy. external and internal own its of rethinking RWP was - a - Vu: early r

oots of Romania's independence,” rm hs endeavour this from 67

-

n diin they addition, In oiiain ep otd n t patcs and practices, its in rooted deep mobilization u te eot wr o a mle scale. smaller a on were revolts the but

w profile in order to survive de survive to order in profile w ”. 208

Te oain uhrte proved authorities Romanian The :

East European Quarterly ok ai maue t stop to measures rapid took

- S talinization (200 8): The The CEU eTD Collection from the ground in ground the from 1945. since RWP the to opposition political serious first the represented country. every w which Union, Soviet the to loyalty 1956. of autumn the in made were two This affairs. internal hadwho the powerto enforce the the will party of in the territory. Gheorghiu Gheorghe leader communist the to related closely people from made were committee The periphery. and centre the between link the to related primarily was level, high the at even party the disturbed which revolution, society. affect to sought which timetable, a with protest a organize to managed Party. centre. the from action pol any control to order in power gain to had which elite powerful a created War, World Conclusion oaiis ad ht n oe lcs h pplto ws rprd o revolt. to we was included, are protesters and students if cities, main the and Bucharest in opposition prepared was population the places some in that and localities, n oai, i Romania, In h cii bscly created basically crisis The Second the of end the after decade first the during Romania of Sovietization The

The decision The

T

he protests of the students the of protests he dicated that centres of “counter of centres that dicated - te uun f 96 h suet oeet wr te ny ns that ones only the were movements student the 1956 of autumn the n making process in the case of the events influenced by the Hungarian the by influenced events the of case the in process making The events The - sided connection is significant in understanding how the decisions the how understanding in significant is connection sided of

stain n hc externa which in situation a First, there was the internal situation that required proof of of proof required that situation internal the was there First,

autumn of 1956 of autumn as the hegemonic power in the area and had troops in troops had and area the in power hegemonic the as which 68

occurred in Transylvania in occurred s, which s, - revolutionaries” were organized in various in organized were revolutionaries” were a test for the Romanian Workers’ Romanian the for test a were were formed to manage the crisi the manage to formed were pltc wr cnetd to connected were politics l

the entire Romanian entire the Information and in Bucharest in and However, coming - itical Dej, Dej, the ak. s, s, CEU eTD Collection Romanian elite, one that they to couldnegl not afford the for challenge a became Revolution Hungarian The stake. at was that stability was it as country. the of security the endangered also and bloc Eastern the centralized system in dealing with the crisis. a prefered communists the why basically tells This centre. the from committee special a build capable not were committees regional the that realized reveal. documents the as centre, the from came command the authority; real no had involved. institutions the to changes and arrests by mainly ideas new of spread the by affected be not would environment social the that country. the of cities major the in protests student of containment m with coordinating this issue. tasked was Apostol, Gheorghe RWP, the of CC the of member Politburo by headed warrant the endorsed even but place, resentment. cause and population the on the specifically crisis, Hungarian the Romania in Hungarians by caused disturbances possible any or actions student of afraid not were they level party demand. relative a indeed is which regime, liberal more a towards geared was position Their possible. not was this that knew they radically; regime the change to intended not was agenda Their

ak ing process revealed that the leadership of the RWP was was RWP the of leadership the that revealed process ing It also It the First, The Communist leader, Gheorg leader, Communist The became a problem of foreign affairs that could affect the ideologi the affect could that affairs foreign of problem a became special committees created to manage the crisis the manage to created committees special to make to h RP edrhp a nt ny nomd f l te ret ta took that arrests the all of informed only not was leadership RWP The

.

Decision sure that the citizens were not irritated by measures that might that measures by irritated not were citizens the that sure - making organizations that functioned in the early days of of days early the in functioned that organizations making s issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. A committee A Affairs. Internal of Ministry the by issued s es that were j were that es h iu

- Dej, wanted to leave the imp the leave to wanted Dej, 69

ect. ust formed, had several aims: several had formed, ust of containing the protests and had to had and protests the containing of

The local The rmrl cnend ih the with concerned primarily It was not so much ideology much so not was It

as a result a as Second, de cision they had to assure to had they ression that at the at that ression of the decision the of . This was done was This . - making bodies making cal stability of of stability cal The party The to pacify to - CEU eTD Collection independence, which they not knewwas possible. even not autonomy, of level certain a was desired they what nationalists, not were allies close Gheorghiu past. the from elements several roo had and The complex had. are it communism position the against discourse of type any contain to was RWP the of intention The events. the of aftermath the in present it was nor 1956, not in present was agenda national The clear. not is term short the in gain to something had leaders communist Romanian not or whether policy, foreign of speaking addition, In communism. of future the of vision a have to than rather positions, present their maintain to was intention wit himself Gheorghiu Gheorghe 1952, the of beginning the at purges the After way. that like seem might it glance first at although ideology, of problem a was It achievements. ‘rat most the indeed decision investigation outlook. straightening and emergence the on based views. relationship masses later developed nationalism as interpreted be could community. Union Soviet de of wave first the from But h peet td ue a two a used study present The Gheorghiu -

aig rcse o te W at RWP the of processes making C mmes h h cud rs. h rpesos ee at afis The affairs. party were repressions The trust. could he who members CC h Gheorghiu Gheorghiu

into Romania's internal Romania's into . The new direction of the party meant the building of of building the meant party the of direction new The . - Dej and the security of the country the of security the and oa’ ns t ht oet Te hd h pirt t scr their secure to priority the had They moment. that at ones ional’ , the main character of this paper, this of character main the , - - Dej Dej was not close to Romanian traditional nationalism traditional Romanian to close not was Dej - Stalinization and Stalinization s rmr cnen a that was concern primary ’s

situation as a whole, and then and whole, a as situation - tier managed to prove himself a trustworthy ally of the of ally trustworthy a himself prove to managed nur t eaie h subject: the examine to inquiry of the party core, which eventually adopted eventually which core, party the of

tm o ecpinl crisis. exceptional of time a 70

rather Hs oiis ee eae t te party the to related were policies His . was a political survivor political a was than the popularity of old nationalist old of popularity the than omns i Romania in communism

it concerned itself with the with itself concerned it h atos were actions The

t are ot an out carried It - nw political new a e surrounded Dej s f national of ts . Rather, what Rather, . - . He . e ad his and Dej a t be to had profited a new a - - CEU eTD Collection Romania. In 1989 Romania responded in an unfriendly manner to the reburial of Imre Nagy. Imre of reburial the to manner unfriendly an in responded Romania 1989 In Romania. archival material and scholarship in hisresearch. h author the why is which events, the of view Romanian that occurred later could not hav events the and rapidly, executed were actions the Hungary, in events the to response the from shown was As Union. Soviet the with relationship their improve and survive them helped identity an directly linked be not can events These affairs. internal its solving in hand free a had country The exist. to ceased region Autonomous Hungarian the and Romanian changed were counties administrative the to name its the changed and party, Communist party N. the Party. General, Workers Romanian Secretary the became for point Ceausescu turning a became 1965 bloc. Soviet the in hierarchical system wouldbe the right answerto state security challenges. and centralized a only that them to proved 1956 of events the and problems, w Gheorghiu Gheorghe of regime the approach rational a From country. the of security and decision the in attributes nwy te ofnmn o Ir Ng i Sao, s el s h junl e rt there wrote he journal the as well as Snagov, in Nagy Imre of confinement the Anyway, s o ntoaitc bt t eie a eti aon o idpnec t sle t internal its solve to independence of amount certain a desired it but nationalistic, not as h Ir Ng afi i a rgl mmn i te eainhp ewe Hnay and Hungary between relationship the in moment fragile a is affair Nagy Imre The the was forefront the At history. entangled shared a be to meant not was This the 1958 In po main The with what happened in 1956. The Romanian communist leaders had already passed already had leaders communist Romanian The 1956. in happened what with - shaping experience by that time, as Drago as time, that by experience shaping Russian army withdrew from Romania, making the country a special case special a country the making Romania, from withdrew army Russian iia am a t miti te etaie pry irrh and hierarchy party centralized the maintain to was aim litical - making process, and this was necessary for maintaining the stability the maintaining for necessary was this and process, making country became the Socialist Republic of Romania. In 1968, the 1968, In Romania. of Republic Socialist the became country e been predicted at that moment. 71

***

ş Petrescu described the situation, which situation, the described Petrescu s eid n oain sources, Romanian on relied as

- its Dej , CEU eTD Collection 209 its achievements. Committee. Central th being t in decisions their enforce to capability the had it. envisage leaders the direction the of and regime It exaggerated. were 1989 of events The made. be provoked circumstances bydifferent and it approached was with aattitude. different easily so can link this that convinced not is author 1989. December easily. country neighbouring with ties strong kept which sign a not was control, party deep and proximity its to due Bucharest, price. necessary a at contained should be treated and analyzed assuch. but value, historical great of materials are Nagy Imre one hundred roughly at Yet fascination. hypnotic a exercise pages prismatic its problem; the with treasur a produced

Granville, ificant problem. Transylvania was a different case. It case. different a was Transylvania problem. ificant

Romania’ 1956 in that is understand to important is What Timi oan Gavle ons u ta Timi that out points Granville Johanna

e party organizations from Timi from organizations party e ae, t ean Ir Ng' l Nagy's Imre remains it pages, If hope is a sin, then we are all guilty are we then sin, is a If hope ş oara, was not a carefully planned offensive, but a defense of the status the of defense a but offensive, planned carefully a not was 209

e trove of Hungarian and Romanian history, Romanian and Hungarian of trove e

The city became the center of anti of center the became city The especially

The concern at that moment was to maintain the centralized system and system centralized the maintain to was moment that at concern The due to due

its geographical position and logistic factors, had to be to had factors, logistic and position geographical its

ş s kon ok Te oe ad co and notes The work. known ast , p. 52. ,p. oara and Cluj and oara 72

he territory because the periphery the because territory he

ş , where information could have spread very spread have could information where , aa virtually oara The committees organized at the centre the at organized committees The - and other cities other and communi

hy r sil rhvl aeil and materials archival still are they had a strong Hun strong a had especially for those acquainted those for especially sm in Romania; however the however Romania; in sm are ta sii o until on spirit that carried , lacked trust from the from trust lacked , s reaction rrespondence of of rrespondence garian minority garian , - in this case this in quo, of the of quo,

a not was CEU eTD Collection Case, Holly. 1965). Bottoni, Stefano. stalinismul antisovietic). Boca, Ioana. Barbu, Daniel, Barbu, Bogdan. II. (Budapest, 24janvier 1948). Traité d'amitié, de col Internet sources: Arhivele Na Archives] Arhivele Na Archival fond: I.Primary sources Bibliography World War II. World War Secondary literature: Roma : Carocci, 2007.

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Vin americanii! Transilvania rossa :ilTransilvania comunismo rossa

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Un ande(Romania Un ruptura intre internationalismul proletar si lica Absenta laboration et d'assistance mutuelle entre la Roumanie et la Hongrie

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