Class Notes Class: X Topic: NATIONALISM IN INDIA , JT/CN/3
Subject: HISTORY
Q. Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
a. The idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji was a novel method of mass agitation which emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for the truth. b. Mahatma Gandhi said that if you are fighting for the truth and against injustice then there is no need of physical force to defeat the oppressor. This can be possible without being aggressive. The oppressors can be persuaded to see the truth with the use of non- violence. c. Mahatma Gandhi had a hard belief that the dharma of non-violence will help in uniting the people of the country.
Q. Explain the circumstances which compelled Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1930. or
Q. Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931.
The circumstances which compelled Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non- Cooperation Movement in 1930 were: a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many places. b. To train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle,
c. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to criticize the British policies within the council.
Q. What are the Political developments in India between 1922 to 1930 or after he call off of Non Co-operation movement and the start of Civil Disobedience Movement?
1. C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.
2. Against this background the new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon, to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
3. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.
4. In an effort to win them over, the viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution.
5. In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
But the celebrations attracted very little attention. So Mahatma Gandhi had to find a way to relate this abstract idea of freedom to more concrete issues of everyday life.
Q. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ on arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments.
Against the situation of countryside turmoil, the Tory government in Britain set up a commission named Simon Commission after the name of Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian members in this commission. In the year 1928, Simon Commission arrived in India and was greeted with the slogan ‘Simon go back’.
Q. How did the ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ ? Explain.
a. The ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ because on 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands out of which some were of general interest and some of were specific demands of different classes. b. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. c. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both rich and poor.
Q. The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ Support the statement with examples The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways: a. The Civil Disobedience Movement dealt with the breaking of the colonial laws whereas the Non- Cooperation Movement did not follow the rules of the colonial government. b. In the Civil Disobedience Movement, people broke the salt law and forest law whereas in the Non- Cooperation Movement, they carried out peaceful demonstrations. c. The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched to get Puma Swaraj whereas the Non-Cooperation Movement was to unite the Hindus and Muslims to attain Swaraj.