CONTENTS

Volume One

HISTORY

Introduction ...... 3 John A. Tucker

1. Ritsuryō ...... 13 Charles Holcombe

2. The Confucian Teacher in Tokugawa ...... 41 John Whitney Hall

3. Neo-Confucian Orthodoxies and the Learning of the Mind-and-Heart in Early Tokugawa Japan ...... 81 Wm. Theodore de Bary

4. The Naturalization of Confucianism in Tokugawa Japan: The Problem of Sinocentrism ...... 109 Kate Wildman Nakai

5. Neo-Confucianism and the Formation of Early Tokugawa Ideology: Contours of a Problem ...... 149 Herman Ooms

6. Beixi’s ‘Ziyi’ and Ancient Learning Philosophical Lexicography ...... 185 John A. Tucker

7. Tokugawa Confucian Historiography: The Hayashi, Early Mito School and Arai Hakuseki ...... 207 Kate Wildman Nakai vi contents

8. Confucian Perspectives on the Akō Revenge: Law and Moral Agency ...... 239 Ian James McMullen

9. Intellectual Change in Early Eighteenth-Century Tokugawa Confucianism ...... 265 Tetsuo Najita

10. The Legacy of Tokugawa Education ...... 285 Ronald P. Dore

11. Motoda Eifu: Confucian Lecturer to the Meiji ...... 313 Donald H. Shively

12. Tokugawa Confucianism and Its Meiji Japan Reconstruction ... 351 Kurozumi Makoto

13. Confucianism and the Japanese State, 1904–1945 ...... 373 Samuel Hideo Yamashita

14. The Legacy of Confucianism in Japan ...... 401 Martin Collcutt

Volume Two

PHILOSOPHY

Introduction ...... 449 John A. Tucker

15. Two Kinds of Neo-Confucianism: A Comparison of and Hayashi Razan ...... 461 W.J. Boot

16. Between Principle and Situation: Contrasting Styles in the Japanese and Korean Traditions of Moral Culture ...... 479 Chai-sik Chung

17. Reappraising Razan: The Legacy of Philosophical Lexicography ... 509 John A. Tucker contents vii

18. Introduction to “The of Early Tokugawa Confucianism” by Kurozumi Makoto ...... 535 Herman Ooms

19. The Nature of Early Tokugawa Confucianism ...... 541 Kurozumi Makoto

20. Nakae Tōju and the Birth of Wang Yang-ming Learning in Japan ...... 585 Barry Steben

21. From Nativism to Numerology: Yamaga Sokō’s Final Excusion into the Metaphysics of Change ...... 619 John A. Tucker

22. Itō Jinsai on ’ Analects: A Type of Confucian Hermeneutics in East ...... 647 Chun-Chieh Huang

23. Reinterpreting the Analects: History and Utility in the Thought of Ogyū Sorai ...... 675 Ian James McMullen

24. Human Nature: Singular () and Plural (Japan)? ...... 731 Herman Ooms

25. Picturing the Universe: Adventures with Miura Baien at the Borderland of Philosophy and Science ...... 749 Rosemary Mercer

26. Nakae Chōmin and Confucianism ...... 775 Sannosuke Matsumoto

27. Katō Hiroyuki and Confucian Natural , 1861–1870 ...... 793 Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi

28. Confucianism and Human Rights in Meiji Japan ...... 817 John A. Tucker

29. The Civil Theology of Inoue Tetsujirō ...... 843 Winston Davis viii contents

30. Western Science and Japanese Neo-Confucianism: A History of Their Interaction and Transformation ...... 871 Roald E. Kristiansen

Volume Three

RELIGION

Introduction ...... 903 John A. Tucker

31. Religious Dimensions of Confucianism: Cosmology and Cultivation ...... 911 Mary Evelyn Tucker

32. The Worship of Confucius in Ancient Japan ...... 953 Ian James McMullen

33. Early Japanese Christian Thought Reexamined: Confucian Ethics, Catholic Authority, and the Issue of Faith in the Scholastic Theories of Habian, Gomez, and Ricci ...... 995 Kiri Paramore

34. “Primeval Chaos” and “Mental Void” in Early Tokugawa Ideology: Fujiwara Seika, Suzuki Shōsan, and Yamazaki Ansai ...... 1029 Herman Ooms

35. Religious Aspects of Japanese Neo-Confucianism: The Thought of Nakae Tōju and Kaibara Ekken ...... 1045 Mary Evelyn Tucker

36. Unspeakable Things: Sai On’s Ambivalent Critique of Language and ...... 1061 Gregory Smits

37. Ghosts and Spirits in Tokugawa Japan: The Confucian Views of Itō Jinsai ...... 1077 John A. Tucker contents ix

38. The I Ching in the Thought of Tokugawa Japan ...... 1099 Wai-ming Ng

39. Rethinking the Akō Ronin Debate: The Religious Signifijicance of Chūshin gishi ...... 1123 John A. Tucker

40. Jiun Sonja (1718–1804): A Response to Confucianism within the Context of Buddhist Reform ...... 1159 Paul B. Watt

41. Quiet-Sitting and Political Activism: The Thought and Practice of Satō Naokata ...... 1187 John A. Tucker

42. Mind and Morality in Nineteenth-Century Japanese : Misogi-kyō and Maruyama-kyō ...... 1225 Janine Anderson Sawada

43. Religious Conflict in Bakumatsu Japan: Zen Master Imakita Kōsen and Confucian Scholar Higashi Takusha ...... 1259 Janine Anderson Sawada

44. The Idea of Heaven: A Tokugawa Foundation for Natural Rights Theory ...... 1279 Sannosuke Matsumoto

45. On the Boundary between “Religious” and “Secular”: The Ideal and Practice of Neo-Confucian Self-cultivation in Modern Japanese Economic Life ...... 1299 Gregory K. Ornatowski

Volume Four

TRANSLATIONS

Introduction ...... 1333 John A. Tucker x contents

46. Fujiwara Seika and the Great Learning ...... 1339 Richard Bowring

47. A Translation-Study of the Kana Shōri (Neo-Confucian Terms for Japanese) ...... 1365 John A. Tucker

48. Yamaga Sokō’s Seikyō yōroku: An English Translation (Part One) ...... 1421 John A. Tucker

49. Yamaga Sokō’s Seikyō yōroku: An English Translation and Analysis (Part Two) ...... 1443 John A. Tucker

50. Yamaga Sokō’s Seikyō yōroku: An English Translation and Analysis (Part Three) ...... 1455 John A. Tucker

51. Last Testament in Exile: Yamaga Sokō’s Haisho Zampitsu ...... 1467 Shuzo Uenaka

52. Buddhism as Viewed by Two Tokugawa Confucianists: Itō Jinsai’s Letter to Dōkō and Its Refutation by Satō Naokata ...... 1501 Joseph John Spae

53. Grappling with Chinese Writing as a Material Language: Ogyū Sorai’s Yakubunsentei ...... 1527 Emanuel Pastreich

54. Ogyū Sorai’s Instructions for Students: A Translation and Commentary ...... 1575 Richard H. Minear

55. Hakuseki on Spirits: An Analysis of Arai Hakuseki’s “Kishinron” ...... 1645 Kate Wildman Nakai

Index Nominum ...... 1685