A textbook written according to the latest syllabus issued by CBSE

FIRST BOOK WITH QR CODE (View Live Video of Topics)

PUBLISHED BY

® Chandigarh–Bengaluru–Delhi–Guwahati–Hyderabad–Indore Jammu–Jaipur–Kolkata–Lucknow–Mumbai–Patna–Ranchi Every country needs healthy citizens. This aim can only be achieved through Physical Education. The aim of Physical Dedicated to Education is to develop physical, moral, social and emotional factors. This is an important milestone for the citizens who seek to acquire this knowledge and who learn to apply it for their betterment. PP This book ‘A Textbook of Physical Education’ is written for the students preparing for class XI examination. The language of the book is very simple and lucid. I have tried RR my best to insert clear diagrams for better understanding. The book has been written according to the latest syllabus issued by CBSE, Delhi. EE The book has been divided into twelve units. Each unit deals with the subject in detail. I have also given quotations Late Dr. G.S. Chaudhry (1925 – 1988) to support and explain my views. Exercises have been given Ex - Chairman, Dept. of Phy. Edu. & FF at the end of each unit. It is earnestly hoped that this book Ex-Director Sports, K. U., Kurukshetra will be found useful by the students. In spite of great care some misprints might have crept in, so kindly bear with me. I will try to correct them in my next edition. AA I want to express my sincere thanks to my teachers, friends and Bheeni Chaudhry & Ritwick Chaudhry. I am pleased to convey my deep sense of gratitude to Vishvas Publications Pvt. Ltd. for their untiring efforts to bring out this book well in time. CC I would like to dedicate this book to Late Dr. G.S. Chaudhry, Ex-Chairman, Dept. of Phy. Edu. & Ex-Director Sports, K. U., Kurukshetra. Any suggestions for further improvement of this book will be gratefully acknowledged. EE Author

PUBLISHED BY

H.O. : 576, INDUSTRIAL AREA, PHASE-9, MOHALI-160062 (Chandigarh) PHONES : 0172-2210596, 2215045, 2211596, 5027199 E-mail : [email protected]; [email protected] SALES OFFICES DELHI : 09818270717 JAMMU : 09419184952 KOLKATA : 09331003099 MUMBAI : 09216520167 LUCKNOW : 08859466488 HYDERABAD : 09216520167 BENGALURU : 09779945740 RANCHI : 09430377697 PATNA : 09216521167 E-mail : [email protected] INDORE : 08146242167 GUWAHATI : 0361–2604065 JAIPUR : 08146242167 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or Also available on & transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publisher. Like us on : www.Facebook.com\VishvasPublications © Copyright Reserved

Printed at : PRINTOMEX PRINTERS In spite of our sincere efforts, there might have crept in some deficiencies in the MOHALI – 160062 preparation of this book for which the Authors and Publisher should not be held responsible. However, constructive suggestions for further improvement of this book will be highly appreciated and looked forward in our subsequent editions. NEW REVISED EDITION For latest update in syllabus and marking scheme visit : www.cbse.nic.in Contents

SR. NO. CHAPTERS PAGE NO.

UNIT-1 CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1-15 1.1 Meaning & Definition of Physical Education 1.2 Aim & Objectives of Physical Education 1.3 Changing trends in Physical Education 1.4 Various Physical Education Courses available in India 1.5 Career Options in Physical Education 1.6 Soft Skills Required For Different Careers UNIT-2 OLYMPIC MOVEMENT 16-38 2.1 Ancient & Modern Olympics (Summer & Winter) 2.2 Olympic Symbols, Ideals, Objectives & Values 2.3 International Olympic Committee 2.4 Indian Olympic Association 2.5 Dronacharya Award, Arjuna Award & Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award 2.6 Organisational set-up of CBSE Sports and Chacha Nehru Sports Award

UNIT-3 PHYSICAL FITNESS, WELLNESS & LIFESTYLE 39-52 3.1 Meaning & Importance of Physical Fitness, Wellness & Lifestyle 3.2 Components of Physical Fitness 3.3 Components of Health Related Fitness 3.4 Components of Wellness 3.5 Preventing Health Threats Through Lifestyle Change 3.6 Concept of Positive Lifestyle PHYSICAL EDUCATION & SPORTS FOR CWSN UNIT-4 53-69 (Children with Special Needs–Divyang) 4.1 Aim & Objectives of Adaptive Physical Education 4.2 Organization Promoting Adaptive Sports ( Bharat; Paralympics; ) 4.3 Concept and need of Integrated Physical Education 4.4 Concept of Inclusion, its Need and Implementation 4.5 Role of Various Professionals for Children with Special Needs (Counsellor, Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist, Physical Education Teacher, Speech Therapist & Special Educator)

(iii) UNIT-5 YOGA 70-85 5.1 Meaning & Importance of Yoga 5.2 Elements of Yoga 5.3 Introduction-Asanas, Pranayam, Meditation & Yogic Kriyas 5.4 Yoga for Concentration & related Asanas (Sukhasana; Tadasana; Padmasana & Shashankasana) 5.5 Relaxation Techniques for improving concentration–Yog-nidra UNIT-6 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & LEADERSHIP TRAINING 86-109 6.1 Concept of Physical Activity and Inactivity 6.2 Leadership Qualities and Role of a Leader 6.3 Behaviour change stages for physical activity (Pre-contemplation; Contemplation; Planning; Active; Maintenance) 6.4 Creating Leaders Through Physical Education 6.5 Meaning, objectives & types of Adventure Sports (Rock Climbing, Trekking, River Rafting, Mountaineering, Surfing and Para Gliding) 6.6 Safety Measures during Physical Activity and Adventure Sports

UNIT-7 TEST, MEASUREMENT & EVALUATION 110-117 7.1 Define Test, Measurement and Evaluation 7.2 Importance of Test, Measurement & Evaluation in Sports 7.3 Calculation of BMI and Waist - Hip Ratio 7.4 Somato Types (Endomorphy, Mesomorphy and Ectomorphy) 7.5 Procedures of Anthropometric Measurement-Height, Weight, Arm and Leg Length

UNIT-8 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 118-137 8.1 Define Anatomy, Physiology & Its Importance 8.2 Function of Skeleton System, Classification of Bones and Types of Joints 8.3 Properties of Muscles 8.4 Function and Structure of Muscles 8.5 Function and Structure of Respiratory System, Mechanism of Respiration 8.6 Structure of Heart & Introduction to Circulatory System 8.7 Oxygen Debt and Second-wind

(iv) UNIT-9 KINESIOLOGY, BIOMECHANICS AND SPORTS 138-152 9.1 Meaning & Importance of Kinesiology & Biomechanics In Physical Education & Sports 9.2 Concept of Musculoskeletal System 9.3 Joints–Articulation of Bones (Neck, Shoulder, Elbow, Hip & Knees) 9.4 Major muscles around the Joints (Neck, Shoulder, Elbow, Hip & Knees) 9.5 Levers and its Types and its Application in Sports 9.6 Equilibrium - Dynamic and Static and Centre of Gravity and its Application in Sports

UNIT-10 PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS 153-170 10.1 Definition & Importance of Psychology in Physical Education & Sports 10.2 Define and Differentiate Between Growth and Development 10.3 Developmental Characteristics at Different Stages of Development 10.4 Adolescent Problems and their Management 10.5 Define Learning, Laws of Learning (Law of Readiness; Law of Effect & Law of Exercise) & Transfer of Learning 10.6 Emotion : Concept, Type & Controlling of Emotion

UNIT-11 TRAINING IN SPORTS 171-193 11.1 Meaning and Concept of Sports Training 11.2 Principles of Sports Training 11.3 Warming-up and Limbering down 11.4 Load, Symptoms of Overload, Adaptation and Recovery 11.5 Skill, Technique and Style 11.6 Role of Free-play in the Development of Motor Component UNIT-12 DOPING 194-206

12.1 Concept & Classification of Doping 12.2 Prohibited Substances and Methods 12.3 Athletes Responsibilities 12.4 Side Effects of Prohibited Substances 12.5 Ergogenic Aids & Doping in Sports 12.6 Doping Control Procedure

l Value Based Questions 207 l Sample Question Paper 208

(v) PHYSICALSYLLABUS EDUCATION (As per latest syllabus issued by CBSE for Session 2018–19) Class – XI (Theory) Max. Marks: 70 Unit-I : Changing Trends & Career In Physical Education l Meaning & definition of Physical Education l Aims & Objectives of Physical Education l Changing trends in Physical Education l Various Physical Education courses available in India l Career options in Physical Education l Soft skills required for different careers Unit-II: Olympic Movement l Ancient & Modern Olympics (Summer & Winter) l Olympic Symbols, Ideals, Objectives & Values l International Olympic Committee l Indian Olympic Association l Dronacharya Award, Arjuna Award & Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award l Organisational set-up of CBSE Sports & Chacha Nehru Sports Award Unit-III : Physical Fitness, Wellness & Lifestyle l Meaning & Importance of Physical Fitness, Wellness & Lifestyle l Components of physical fitness l Components of Health related fitness l Components of wellness l Preventing Health Threats Through Lifestyle Change l Concept of Positive Lifestyle Unit-IV : Physical Education & Sports for CWSN (Children with Special Needs–Divyang) l Aims & objectives of Adaptive Physical Education l Organization promoting Adaptive Sports (Special Olympics Bharat; Paralympics; Deaflympics) l Concept and need of Integrated Physical Education l Concept of Inclusion, its need and Implementation l Role of various professionals for children with special needs (Counsellor, Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist, Physical Education Teacher, Speech Therapist & Special Educator) Unit-V : Yoga l Meaning & Importance of Yoga l Elements of Yoga l Introduction-Asanas, Pranayam, Meditation & Yogic Kriyas l Yoga for concentration & related Asanas (Sukhasana; Tadasana; Padmasana & Shashankasana) l Relaxation Techniques for improving concentration-Yog-nidra Unit-VI : Physical Activity & Leadership Training l Concept of Physical Activity & Inactivity l Leadership Qualities and Role of a Leader l Behaviour change stages for physical activity (Pre-contemplation; Contemplation; Planning; Active; Maintenance)

(vi) l Creating leaders through Physical Education l Meaning, objectives & types of Adventure Sports (Rock Climbing, Tracking, River Rafting, Mountaineering, Surfing and Para Gliding l Safety measures during physical activity and adventure sports Unit-VII : Test, Measurement & Evaluation l Define Test, Measurement & Evaluation l Importance of Test, Measurement & Evaluation In Sports l Calculation of BMI & Waist-Hip Ratio l Somato Types (Endomorphy, Mesomorphy & Ectomorphy) l Procedures of Anthropomatric Measurement-Height, Weight, Arm & Leg Length Unit-VIII : Fundamentals Of Anatomy & Physiology l Define Anatomy, Physiology & Its Importance l Function of Skeleton System, Classification of Bones & Types of Joints l Properties of Muscles l Function & Structure of Muscles l Function & Structure of Respiratory System, Mechanism of Respiration l Structure of Heart & Introduction to Circulatory System l Oxygen debt, second-wind Unit-IX: Kinesiology, Biomechanics & Sports l Meaning & Importance of Kinesiology & Biomechanics in Physical Education & Sports l Concept of Musculoskeletal System l Joints–Articulation of Bones (Neck, Shoulder, Elbow, Hip and Knees) l Major Muscles around the Joints (Neck, Shoulder, Elbow, Hip and Knees) l Levers & its Types and its application in sports l Equilibrium-Dynamic & Static and Centre of Gravity and its application in sports Unit-X: Psychology & Sports l Definition & Importance of Psychology in Physical Education & Sports l Define & Differentiate Between Growth & Development l Developmental Characteristics at Different Stage of Development l Adolescent Problems & Their Management l Define Learning, Laws of Learning (Law of Readiness; Law of Effect & Law of Exercise) & Transfer of Learning l Emotion: Concept, Type & Controlling of emotion Unit-XI : Training In Sports l Meaning & Concept of Sports Training l Principles of Sports Training l Warming up & limbering down l Load, Symptoms of Overload, Adaptation & Recovery l Skill, Technique & Style l Role of Free-play in the development of Motor Component Unit-XII: Doping l Concept & classification of doping l Prohibited Substances & Methods l Athletes Responsibilities l Side Effects of Prohibited Substances l Ergogenic aids & doping in sports l Doping control procedure

(vii) About the Author We congratulate Ravinder Chaudhry, author of this book for his contribution in the field of Athletics. Presently he is Vice President, Athletics Federation of India. After passing ATO exam held at Jakarta in 2004 he has become the Asian Athletics Official. He has acted as International Photo Finish Official in following Championship games as under : l 9th SAF Games Islamabad (Pakistan) 2004 l West ( 2005) l 10th SAF Games Colombo (Srilanka) 2006. l Asian Junior Athletics Championships (Macau China 2006) l Doha Asian Games (Doha 2006) l 3rd Asian Indoor Athletics Championship (Doha 2008) l 1st held at Singapore 2009

l 18th Asian Athletics Championships Guangzhou, China and attended l Acted as International Photo Finish Judge at 16th Asian Games held in Guangzhou in 2010. Ravinder Chaudhry with Dipa Karmakar at Rio Olympics l Ist Asian Youth Athletics Championship (Doha 2015)

He was the manager/observer of Indian Athletics team in the following Championships : l 15th Asian Athletics Championships Manila () 2003 l Busan International Competition Busan (Korea) 2003

l 11th World Athletics Championship Osaka, Japan l He also attended IAAF Congress held at Osaka (Japan) in 2007. Ravinder Chaudhry with Sebastian Coe l Beijing Olympics 2008 at China as observer (athletic). Sebastian Coe is a holder of four Olympic medals and l 12th World Athletics Championship Berlin (Germany) 2009. eight world records in middle-distance running l Asian Athletics Championship which was held from 7th to 10th July, 2011 in Kobe, Japan. l Represented India in 48th IAAF World congress held in Daegu (Korea) from 24th to 27th August, 2011. l Asian Indoor Athletics Championship which was held on 18th and 19th February, 2012 held in Kobe, Japan. World Athletics Championship held in 2015 at Beijing. l He was member of Delegation Team of Athletics Federation of India during the London Olympics held in 2012 and Rio Olympics held in 2016. Ravinder Chaudhry with Koji Murofushi Publisher Koji Murofushi is World Champion in Hammer Throw

(viii) UNIT

1 CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

1.1 Meaning & Definition of Physical Education

Meaning & Definition of Physical Education The meaning of physical education is always misunderstood. It is an education which develops harmonious growth and development of the child. It develops all the powers of an individual-physical, mental, moral as well as social.

According to Comenius, ‘‘Education is the development of the whole man. The ultimate end of man is happiness with God.'' So physical education is considered as education of the body which enables an individual to grow and develop fully. Physical activities are the educational tools that promote optimum growth and development. Physical education is not only doing physical activities but also related with health education, recreation, anatomy physiology, psychology and sociology.

Some Important Definitions of Physical Education According to Charles A. Bucher, ‘‘Physical education is an integral part of the total education process and has as its aim the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizen through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view to realizing these outcomes."

According to Irwin, ‘‘Physical education is a programme of physical activities that develops health in youth through various organic systems of the body; develops skills in physical activities which has implication for enjoyment, emotional development, 1 recreation and the optimum development of the human organism." A TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 2

According to H.C. Buck, ‘‘Physical education is the part of general education programme, which is considered with growth, development and education of children through the medium of big muscle activities. Physical activities are the tools. They are so selected and conducted as to influence every child's life physically, mentally, emotionally and morally." According to Delbert Oberteuffer, ‘‘Physical education is the sum of those experiences which come to the individual through movement." According to J.P. Thomas, ‘‘Physical education is the education through physical activities for the development of total personality of the child and its fulfilment and perfection in body, mind and spirit." According to Clark.W.Hetherington, "Physical education is that phase of education which is concerned, first, with the organization and leadership of children in big muscle activities, to gain the development and adjustment inherent in the activities according to social standards, and second, with the leadership of the activities so that the educational process may go on without growth handicaps." According to C.C. Cowell, "Physical education is the social process of change in the behaviour of human organism, originating primarily from the stimulus of big-muscle play and related activities." According to J.F. William, "Physical education is the sum of man's physical activities selected as to kind and conducted as to outcomes." According to J.B.Nash, "Physical Education is that field of education which deals with big muscle activities and their related responses." According to Cassidy, "Physical education is the sum of the changes in the individual caused by experiences centering in motor activity." According to Nixon and Cozens, "Physical education should be defined as that phase of the whole process of education which is concerned with vigorous muscular activities and related responses and with the modifications in the individual resultant from these responses." According to Marshal & Rees, "Physical education is but one aspect of the larger problem of education in general, and any system which divorces, or tends to divorce, the physical from the moral and intellectual aspects of life, is thoroughly unsound." According to Sharman, “Physical Education should help to develop skills and attitudes which will be conducive to the wise use of leisure time and provide opportunities for emotional control, living according to acceptable social standards and self expression." According to Brownhill and Hagman, "Physical education is the accumulation of wholesome experiences through participation in large muscular activities that promote optimum growth and development." According to AAHPER, "Physical education is the way of education through physical activities which are selected and carried on with regard to values in human growth, development and behaviour." 3 1. CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

CONCLUSION OF DEFINITIONS Physical education is the integral part of the general education which promotes harmonious growth and development. Through vigorous muscular activity a person modifies his behaviour. A person becomes physically, mentally, socially and emotionally adjusted within the society. Through physical activities a person improves and strengthens his body which is essential for leading a fruitful life. It promotes efficient functioning of the body.

Aim & Objectives of Physical Education 1.2

Physical education is considered essential part of education because it helps in achieving the aim of general education. Physical education helps in developing certain qualities in an individual which make him efficient for any kind of learning. According to National plan of Physical education and recreation, "The aim of Physical education must be to make every child physically, mentally and emotionally fit and also to develop in him such personal and social qualities as will help him to live happily with others and build him up as a good citizen." The aim of Physical education is generalised purpose. In 1964, William said, "Physical education should aim to provide skilled leadership, adequate facilities and ample time that will afford an opportunity for the individuals or groups to act in situations that are physically wholesome, mentally stimulating and satisfying, and socially sound.'' So, Aim of Physical Education is considered as wholesome development of personality. Aim is always considered as difficult task but when it is achieved it becomes objective. Aim of Physical Education has many objectives. AIM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION (Overall Development of personality)

OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Organic Neuromuscular Social Emotional Recreational Development Development Development Development Development The objectives of Physical Education can be listed in following ways: According to Clarke W. Hetherington (a) The organisation of child's life as indicated in big muscle activities. (b) Social outcomes (c) Development of instinctive mechanism A TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 4

(d) Development of intellectual mechanism (e) Development of Neuro-muscular mechanism (f) Development of organic power According to J.B. Nash (a) Organic development (b) Neuro-muscular development (c) Interpretive development (d) Emotional development According to Irwin (a) Physical (i) Health (ii) Development of skill in physical activities (iii) Physical growth and development (b) Social development (c) Emotional development (d) Recreational development of skills in recreational activities (e) Intellectual development. The various objectives of Physical education are as under: (a) Development of Organic fitness: The first and primary objective of physical education is to develop good physique. Through physical training the efficiency of organic systems like respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, endocrine system, muscular system and neuro-muscular system improves. These organic developments lead to the development of physical fitness components. The physical fitness includes strength, speed, flexibility, agility and endurance. Physical fitness enables a person to perform vigorous activities. Generally physical fitness and good health are considered same but it is wrong. A healthy person may be physically unfit because he may be lacking in any component of physical fitness. Regular vigorous exercise also increases the efficiency and capacity of an individual to lead a fruitful life. Therefore vigorous physical activities should be done for the physical growth and development. (b) Development of Neuro-Muscular Coordination: Brain and body are two separate things but are interdependent. The development of neuro-muscular skills develop the ability of various activities like, running, jumping, throwing, catching, etc. It develops control and balance of the body. It also leads to the development of reflexes. A person becomes quick in his action, he reacts quickly to the sensory stimulations. The development of neuro-muscular co-ordination leads to efficient and graceful movements with little expenditure of energy. 5 1. CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION XI

(c) Social Development: The next objective of Physical education is towards the social development. Physical education aims to develop personality of the individual. According to H.J. Eysenck, “Personality is the more or less stable and enduring organisation of a person's character, temperament, intellect and physique, which determine his unique adjustment to the environment." Through participation in physical activities many qualities like confidence, obedience, temperament, sincerity, sacrifice, impartiality, feeling of friendliness, co-operation, self control, etc., are developed. These developments promote the sociability and forms a healthy society. (d) Development of Habits: Many habits are developed through physical education. It aims to develop healthy habits relating to sleep, food, personal hygiene and exercise. (e) Emotional Development: Physical education makes a person emotionally balanced. The word emotion is derived from the Latin word ‘Emovere' which means to stir up. According to L.D. Crow and A. Crow, “Emotion is an effective experience that accompanies generalized inner adjustment and mental physiological stirred-up states in the individual, and that shows itself in his overt behaviour." Through participation in physical activities man learns about emotional behaviour. He knows how to react in the society. An emotionally balanced individual reacts wisely when he is emotionally aroused.

Changing Trends in Physical Education 1.3

After the independence the development of Physical education came into prominence. The role of various committees and institutes is described below: (A) Dr. Tara Chand Committee In 1948 Dr Tara Chand committee was formed which mentioned about the introduction of Physical Education. This committee gave emphasis for training teachers in the field of Physical Education. The introduction of Post Graduate level course in Physical Education was done by the recommendation of this committee. In addition to this the committee suggested to establish Gymnasia, Sports Clubs and Akhadas. (B) Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation Later in 1950 Government of India constituted Central Advisory Board of Education which contributed a lot for the development of Physical Education in India. The board recommended following programs: (a) Development of training for leaders in Physical Education A TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 6

(b) Introduction of scholarship for research in Physical Education (c) Preparation of National Physical Efficiency Drive (d) Organisation of seminar on Physical Education (e) Giving financial assistance to the colleges of Physical Education (f) Giving directions to the state governments for improving organization of Physical Education in their respective states. The inaugural meeting of the reconstituted board was held in 1961. The board made various committees to examine in detail important subjects like the place of Physical Education in the school curriculum. It also suggested the ways and means of improving the quality of training Physical Education in the Colleges. Most important contribution of the board was inclusion of two syllabi of Physical Education for boys and girls separately up to the higher secondary stage. (C) Rajkumari Coaching Scheme Government of India introduced the Rajkumari Coaching Scheme for Games and Sports in 1953. The aim of scheme was training sportsmen. The scheme received wide popularity since famous players like Major Dhyan Chand and Dr. Ram Singh worked under this scheme. (D) All India Council of Sports The Union Ministry of Education constituted All India Council of Sports in 1954. Gen. K.M. Kariapa was made first president of AICS. The major role of this council was to advice the Government in all the matters related with sports. This council also coordinated between government and various sports bodies. To check proper utilisation of the funds given by government was its top priority. (E) National Discipline Scheme In 1954 National Discipline Scheme was introduced by General J.K. Bhosley. The main aim of this scheme was to build strong youth of the nation who become capable to defend the country in times of emergency. The centre provided trained instructors to the states. The orientation programs for Physical Education Teachers were conducted so that they can work under National Discipline Scheme. This scheme played a vital role for the promotion of National Integration. (F) National Institute of Physical Education The Lakshmibai College of Physical Education, Gwalior was set up by the Government of India in 1957. This college was named as a national institution. The college introduced a three-year degree course in Physical Education. In 1973 this college was renamed as Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (LNCPE). This college was given the status of national importance. In 1982 it was given a status of Autonomous College. 7 1. CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION XI

In 1995 it was conferred as deemed University and was renamed as Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE). In 2009 it was again renamed as Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education (LNUPE).

(G) Adhoc Inquiry Committee In 1958 Adhoc Inquiry Committee was established under the chairmanship of Maharaja of Patiala. The committee was given a task to investigate the low standard of sports. The committee made recommendation that better opportunities of training should be given. In addition to this better play grounds should be developed in the schools. It also suggested that talented players should be given special diet.

(H) Kunzru Committee The Union Minister of Education constituted a committee in 1959. Dr. Hridayanath Kunzru was made chairman of this committee. The most important suggestion of the committee was integration of various schemes in the field of Physical Education, Recreation and Youth Welfare.

The Government of India introduced this program in all the schools. This program was given the name of National Fitness Corps to create interest in masses for the need of being physically fit. The committee introduced Physical Education and Standards for the class 5th to 11th.

(I) National Institute of Sports (NIS) National Institute of Sports (NIS) was established at Patiala in 1961. This institute introduced coaching courses for various games. The objective of this institute was to develop sports in the country on scientific lines. The Institute was renamed as Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports (NSNIS) in1973.

(J) Dr. C.D. Deshmukh Committee University Grants Commission constituted a committee in 1963. Dr. C.D. Deshmukh was made chairman of this committee to examine the facilities of Physical Education and standard of sports in Indian colleges and universities. This committee suggested that the colleges and universities must be provided better infrastructural facilities and coaching programs.

(K) Kothari Commission The Kothari Commission was constituted by Government of India in 1964. The commission suggested 10+2+3 pattern and emphasised on planning Physical Education programs and special coaching to talented students.

(L) National Policy of Education (NPE) Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced first National Policy on Education in 1968. A TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 8

This policy included that Games and Sports should be developed at a large scale. The top priority was given to the development of sports infrastructure. (M) National Sports Organisation (NSO) The Government of India established National Sports Organisation in 1969. University Grants Commission was given responsibility to provide financial assistance to various colleges and universities for the development of sports infrastructure. (N) National Sports Policy The first ever National Sports Policy was announced in 1984. India has a tradition of sports. This policy emphasised that Physical Education should be made compulsory in all educational institutions. The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports was initially set up as the Department of Sports in 1982 at the time of organization of the IX Asian Games in New Delhi. (O) Sports Authority of India (SAI) In 1982 IXth Asian Games were held successfully in New Delhi. After this Department of Sports, Govt. of India established Sports Authority of India (SAI) on 25th January 1984. The Sports Authority of India (SAI) was established as a registered society in pursuance of Government of India resolution. The SAI was given responsibility of maintaining and utilizing various stadia constructed for the IX Asian Games held in New Delhi in 1982. It was handed over the responsibility of better coaching to the sports person. Its main objectives include proper utilisation of various sports facilities and all matters pertaining to sports promotion and sports management. (P) Department of Youth Affairs and Sports (DYAS) During the celebration of International Youth Year in 1985, the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports was established. This department was given responsibility of the development of programs for youth of the nation. (Q) National Council of Educational Research and Training In 1988 NCERT developed the National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary Schools. The Health and Physical Education and Sports was introduced in school curriculum. (R) Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports On 27th May, 2000 an independent ministry was made. It has two separate departments named Department of Youth Affairs and Department of Sports. The role of the Department of Sports is to create the infrastructure as well as excellence in various competitive events at the national and international levels. Physical Education has got great significance at present. All over the country great emphasis is given to Physical Education and Sports. 9 1. CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION XI

ChangingVarious Physical trends Educationin Physical Courses Education available in India 1.31.4

Since there is vast field of Physical Education, it has many educational institutions which impart training of Physical Education. These institutions provide following courses : (i) Certificate Course in Physical Education (ii) Bachelor of Physical Education (iii) Bachelor of Science in Sports (iv) Diploma in Physical Education (v) Master’s degree in Physical Education (vi) M. Phil in Physical Education (vii) Doctorate in Physical Education (viii) Diploma in Coaching (ix) Master of Sports (x) Bachelor’s degree in Physiotherapy (xi) Master’s degree in Physiotherapy LNIPE, Gwalior : The biggest Physical Education Institute Laxmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE), Gwalior, is a deemed university and a leading academic centre in the field of physical education. The Institute was established by Government of India as National College of Physical Education on August 17, 1957. The Institute has been named after Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, a brave heroine of the War of Independence. The LNIPE started Bachelor’s degree program in 1957. Then this Institute introduced a two- year Master’s Degree course in 1963. In 1980 it became the first institution in India to offer one-year degree program of Master of Philosophy in Physical Education. NSNIS, Patiala : Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports, Patiala was established by the Government of India on 7th May, 1961. The aim of this institute is the preparation of the national teams for various International competitions. The most important aim is to train the coaches in different sports disciplines. The Institute was renamed as Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports (NSNIS) on 23rd January, 1973. This institute runs the following courses : 1. Diploma in Sports Coaching : This course is run at Patiala, Bangalore and Kolkata. Its duration is one year. The eligibility is as given below : (a) Minimum Bachelor’s Degree (3 years) in Arts/Science/Commerce of any other faculty from any recognized Indian or foreign university. A TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 10

OR 10+2 level of education for medal winners in Asian Games/ Championships/ Championships/World Championships (Senior Sections only)/. OR 10+2 level of education for candidates from North East Region/Andaman & Nicobar only. (b) At least two times participation in Inter-University Competitions OR At least two times participation in Senior National Championships/National Games. OR At least two times participation in Inter Railways/Inter Police Competitions OR Gold or Silver Medal in All India Inter University/Junior or Senior National Championships. 2. M.Sc. in Sports Coaching : To provide opportunity for higher studies in sports coaching and to develop research aptitude of the coaches the Institute started two years Master of Sports Coaching. Master of Sports Coaching is conducted in Athletics, Basketball, Football, Gymnastics, Hockey, Swimming, Volleyball, Weightlifting and Wrestling. The eligibility is as given below : (a) Graduate in any subject from any recognized Indian/Foreign university. (b) Diploma course in Sports Coaching from S.A.I., N.S.N.I.S. 3. Postgraduate Diploma in Sports Medicine : This Institute offers two years Postgraduate Diploma in Sports Medicine for MBBS Doctors. The eligibility is MBBS. 4. Six week certificate courses in sports coaching : This course is meant for Physical education teachers only.

1.5 Career Options in Physical Education

Physical Education is the study and practice of recreational activities, physical fitness, healthy lifestyle issues, and sports and interpersonal skills. In old days Physical education was confined to only teaching and coaching in Schools, Colleges and Universities. The Physical Education personnel were limited to games and sports but now it has vast area. A Physical Education professional may be a teacher, a trainer, a sports specialist or a scientist whose primary responsibilities address health and physical fitness. Apart from Physical activities, the specialized training in the field of Physical Education has many career avenues like sports management, sports media, sports medicine, biomechanics, designing, testing sports equipment, etc. The other specialized branch like exercise physiology helps in getting employment in health clubs, hospitals and rehabilitation centers, etc. 11 1. CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION XI

The following flow chart explains the major branches of career options in Physical Education:

CAREER OPTIONS

Health & Sports Teaching Coaching Fitness Sports Sports Related Media Administration Therapy Marketing (A) Teaching as Profession The Physical Education is required to be taught to every individual irrespective of age. So the Physical Education teacher as a profession is in great need all over the world. In India Physical Education is taught at many levels and accordingly teachers are appointed. (a) Trained graduate teachers/ D.P.Es in Schools: The Trained graduate teachers are required for junior schools and they are assigned to teach games and sports to keep young kids fit. Physical drills/ Calisthenics/ Rhythmics/ minor games are taught by Trained Graduate Teachers. (b) Postgraduate Teachers/Lecturers in Schools: T h e P o s t g r a d u a t e Teachers/Lecturers in Schools teach Physical education in Theory and Practical classes. Many developments like Physical, Mental, Emotional and Social developments are taught by these personnel in senior schools. Many allied branches like Health education are integral part of Physical education curriculum. (c) Lecturers at College level: The Physical Education in India has become very popular at college level. Every college has Lecturer in Physical education who teaches and organizes Physical activities at college level. (d) Lecturers at Universities: The Lecturers at Universities teach Postgraduate classes of Physical education. They also teach practical and theory for these professional classes. For Higher studies following branches have a career to teach : (i) Biomechanics (ii) Kinesiology (iii) Sports Anthropometry (iv) Sports Psychology (v) Sports Medicine (vi) Philosophy of Physical Education (vii) Research methodology in Physical Education (viii) Exercise Physiology (ix) Sports Sociology (x) Sports Nutrition A TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 12

(B) Coaching as Profession Physical Education is a different field of coaching. The coaches can opt games as per their previous experience as a player in that game. There are several games played in the world and every game requires specialized coaching. After doing Diploma of coaching in a particular game, a person gets job as a coach of that game. (C) Fitness Expert as Profession Now-a-days everybody has become fitness conscious. A fitness expert can have specialization in any of the following fields: (i) Aerobics Trainer (ii) Calisthenics expert (iii) Rhythmic Expert (iv) Yoga Instructor (v) Weight training expert

(D) Sports Media All over the world sports is keenly watched. So lot of people work in the area of Sports journalism. The following are the branches for which a person can opt as a career: (i) Sports journalist for print media like newspapers (ii) Sports journalist of Electronic media working for Television (iii) Sports Photographer (still and video) (iv) Commentators (for radio and TV) (v) Sports Magazine writers (E) Sports Administration Due to increase in number of competitions and sporting events, need of sports Administrators is felt. There can be following opportunities to opt as career: (i) Manager of Competitions (ii) Manager for Sports clubs 13 1. CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION XI

(iii) Manager for Swimming pools (iv) Director of Intra and extra murals (v) Manager of various stadiums for their maintenance and functioning. (vi) Tours/ Trekking managers (vii) Working as manager of professional sports clubs. (viii) Director/Assistant Director with Universities. (ix) Director/Assistant Director with State Departments. (F) Health Related Instructors & Therapists Health hazards are on the increase due to rapid increase in pollution and industrialization. Even lack of exercise, health awareness and obesity related problems are on the rise. A person can get into his career by working in weight control clubs, spa clubs, dance clubs, etc. Physiotherapy is also in great demand, as for rehabilitation you need physiotherapist who works to regain the former fitness. Even injuries also require physiotherapist to restore fitness. The role of masseurs is also important in the field of sports. (G) Sports Marketing Due to glittering world, lot of money is spent on the conduct of championships. Since millions of rupees are spent on sports competitions so it requires a special person to deal in this field. Financial advisors and marketing professionals can work for getting more money into sports. To collect money and maintain expenditure, lots of people are required.

1.6 Soft Skills Required For Different Careers

Soft skills are known as the personal character traits which vary from individual to individual. They represent person's attitudes, attributes and habits which play an important role for the interaction with other people. The development of sports skills are learnt from educational environment, work and life experiences. Soft skills in context to career explain that how effectively and efficiently a person uses technical skills and knowledge. They improve the way we interact with coaches, seniors, co- workers and athletes. They help us to complete a task on time. They influence how we feel about our jobs and how others perceive us. Every single occupation has its own specific character traits. A coach needs to be an excellent communicator in order to convey information to his or her trainees. In sports there A TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 14

is variety of careers. So each career requires better soft skills to be efficient. The various careers in sports are like physical education teachers, coaches, fitness experts, sports management officials, team managers, sports administrators, health related instructors and sports marketers. The various soft skills which can be helpful in the field of sports are explained below: (a) Verbal Communication : A person with good verbal communication skills has the ability to convey information to others by speaking. A coach possessing good verbal communication can convey the right technique of soft skills to the trainees. Better communication skills always yield good results. During the time-outs in matches a good verbal communication can be the best to guide the players. (b) Interpersonal Skills: Interpersonal skills refer not only to the ability to communicate with others, but ability to listen to people. One way communication often leads to poor results. Sports psychologist need to listen to the problems of sportsmen in a polite and sympathetic way so that they can help them to come out of those problems. (c) Organizational Skills : Strong organizational skills know how to take a systematic approach to every task. To conduct tournaments and even bigger games, the success largely depends upon organizational skills. Sports managers must possess organizational skills to conduct sports meets in a systematic and efficient manner. (d) Problem Solving and Critical Thinking Skills: The ability of problem solving and ability to identify a problem is very important to reach to the fruitful conclusion. Sports lead to many problems during the training programs. Sports administrators often face problems in training camps organized for sports person. This ability helps in smooth functioning of training camps. Critical thinking skills allow assessing each possible answer, by means of logic and reasoning, to resolve which one is most likely to be successful. (e) Time Management Skills: Long term training programs needs proper time management. These skills help in managing training programs in a better way. Training schedule is best prepared if time management is taken into account. (f) Professionalism : Professionalism skills depict many characteristics which are known as being polite, usually agreeable and supportive. Always professionalism yields better results in completing a task. (g) Flexibility and Adaptability: It is observed that people who are flexible and adaptable always lead to a favorable environment. Adamant attitude is not liked by everyone. Training experts with positive attitude, flexibility and adaptability skills can help in getting better results. (h) Conducive Relationships: The skills that helps in building and maintaining strong working relationships often leads to better results. In a group athletes attending training camp having cooperative and conducive relationship among themselves make a less stressful and work environment for everyone. 15 1. CHANGING TRENDS AND CAREER IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION XI

EXERCISE

QUESTIONS CARRYING 01 MARK 15. Write about Rajkumari Coaching 1. Define Physical Education. Scheme. 2. What is the Aim of Physical 16. Write any three objectives of Education? Physical Education. 3. Explain any one objective of 17. Explain the role of Central Advisory Physical Education. Board of Physical Education and 4. Explain the role of Dr. Tara Chand Recreation. Committee. 18. Describe about Sports Authority 5. When NSNIS was established? of India. 6. Write about LNIPE. 19. What do you mean by verbal 7. What is the role of sports communication? marketing? 20. Explain time management skills. 8. Enlist various Physical Education 21. What do you understand by courses available in India. flexibility and adaptability? 9. What do you mean by soft skills? 22. Elaborate Conducive relation- 10. How Physical Education leads to ships. the development of neuro- QUESTIONS CARRYING 05 MARKS muscular coordination? 23. Explain the aim and objectives of 11. Physical Education is helpful in Physical Education. the development of organic 24. Write about changing trend of fitness. Explain. Physical Education in India. 12. Name any two institutions of 25. Write in detail about the Physical Physical Education. Education courses available in 13. Name any two career avenues for India. Physical Education. 26. Explain the career options in the QUESTIONS CARRYING 03 MARKS field of Physical Education. 14. What do you mean by Physical 27. Describe the soft skills required Education? Explain with help of for different careers. two quotations.