2010

Environment & Ecology (4C) : 2010—2013, October—December 2016 Website: environmentandecology.com ISSN 0970-0420

Performance of Traditional Varieties from Different Parts of the Country under of Eastern Plateau and Hill Region

Bikash Das, Vishal Nath

Received 11 December 2015; Accepted 22 January 2016; Published online 14 February 2016

Abstract An experiment was laid out during 1982 to matic conditions for successful cultivation of mango. identify most suitable mango variety amongst 20 im- Commercial mango orcharding is being practised in portant commercial varieties from different parts of the region in limited pockets since long time. The va- thecountry (Krishna Bhog, Jardalu, , rietal composition of the existing mango orchards in Swarnarckha and Fazali from eastern India, Mankurad, the region mostly comprise of popular cultivars like Mulgoa, Vanraj, Kesar and Fernandin from Western , Maldah, Dashehari which are the commer- India, Green, Dashehari, Langra, Maldah and cially grown varieties of Bihar, West Bengal and north- Chausa from Northern India, Bangalora, Alphanso, ern parts of the country. The typical edapho-climatic Neelam, and Benisan from south India) for conditions of the eastern plateau and hill region war- commercial cultivation in the eastern plateau and hill rants systematic efforts for identification of suitable region. Keeping this view, the fruit quality (Medium cultivar for expansion of commercial cultivation of sized fruits with high TSS) and yield the variety mango in the region. Undulating topography, poor Himsagar was found to be mostpromising for com- water holding capacity of soil combined with low or- mercial cultivation for fresh fruit purposes whereas ganic carbon, phosphorus, zinc and boron content of cultivar like Bangalora can suitable be grown in the soil are some of the major edaphic constraints of the region particularly to cater to the newly upcoming region. Information on performance of important com- mango processing industries in the region. mercial varieties grown in different parts of the coun- try under the eastern plateu and hill conditions is Keywords Mango, varieties, Eastern plateau, Hill meager. Keeping this in view an experiment was laid region. out at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Center, Ranchi (formerly Central Horticul- tural Experiment Station) during 1982 to identify most Introduction suitable mango variety amongst the 20 important com- mercial varieties from different parts of the country The eastern plateau and hill region is one of the hot for commercial cultivation in the Eastern plateau and pockets of mango diversity and offers suitable cli- hill region. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to summarize the findings of the trial based on results during 2003-2008.

B. Das*, V. Nath1 Materials and Methods ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Center, Ranchi, Plandu, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834010, India The experiment has been laid out in ICAR Research 1National Research Center for Litchi, Muzaffarpur, India e-mail: [email protected] Complex for Esastern Region, Research Center, Ranchi *Correspondence situated at 23025´ N and 85020´ E and 620 in above 2011 msl. A total of 20 different mango varieties compris- ANOVA. The data on approximate date of fruit matu- ing of five commercial varieties each from East, West, rity have been calculated based on date of harvest in North and South India (Krishna Bhog, Jardalu, the yearsreferred in the paper. Data on plant growth Himsagar, Swarnarekha and Fazali from eastern India, parameters like plant height, trunk girth, canopyspread Mankurad, Mulgoa, Vanraj, Kesar and Fernandin from (East-West) and canopy spread (North-South), re- Western India, Bombay Green, Dashehari, Langra, corded during 2008 (26 years old plants) were also Maldah and Chausa from Northern India, Bangalora, subjected to analysis of variance. Alphanso,Neelam, Mallika and Benisan from south India) have been planted at a spacing of 10 m × 10 m. Results and Discussion Theexperiment has been laid out in randomized block design having four replications (3 plants per replica- The pooled data on fruit quality parameters of mango tion). In the present paper, for fruit quality and yield, varieties growing under the eastern plateau and hill data during the years 2003 and 2005 to 2008 have conditions is given in Table 1. As evident from thre been analyzed and for plant growth, data for the year table, significant differences among the varieties could 2008 have been analyzed (26 years old plant). With be recorded on all the fruit quality parameters except respect to fruit quality parameters, titratable acidity in case of pulp %. The varieties Fazali, Mallika, Benisan was measured by titrating the juice against 0.1N and Bangalora were recorded to be large fruited vari- NaOH,content of ascorbic acid was measured using eties whereas the varieties like Dashehari, Bombay 2, 6-Dichlorophenol indophenol dye, content of sugar Green, Mankurad and Fernandin were small fruited was estimated using Lane and Eynon method [1]. For varieties. The superior fruit size and quality of mango Analysis of variance, thepooled data for the fruit qual- cultivar Dashehari under non-traditional areas have ity parameters were used whereas thedata on yield of been reported by different orkers under sub- each year and cumulative yield were subjected to montaneous region of Punjab [2]. However, the small

Table 1. Fruit quality parameters of commercial mango varieties under Ranchi conditions (pooled analysis of data 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007and 2008).

Fruit Peel Seed Pulp Ascorbic Reducing Total weight weight weigh weight Pulp TSS Acidity acid (mg/ sugar sugar (g) (g) (g) (g) % (0B) (%) /100G) (%) (%)

Krishna Bhog 347.74 62.08 39.73 269.15 71.57 18.45 0.28 0.29 3.16 11.63 Jardalu 240.55 40.08 64.06 145.12 57.97 17.41 0.18 15.60 3.62 6.89 Himsagar 240.56 47.77 43.93 158.30 62.67 19.10 0.08 16.58 2.26 7.06 Swarnarckha 271.19 46.10 43.18 181.91 66.67 15.62 0.23 10.40 3.05 7.42 Fazali 483.23 67.79 58.02 357.43 73.40 16.23 0.19 20.31 2.15 4.19 Mankurad 201.25 38.84 37.02 139.88 63.85 17.80 0.11 54.76 2.13 7.24 Mulgoa 280.89 69.56 34.07 189.00 66.60 17.36 0.13 30.12 1.42 10.84 Vanraj 367.24 53.40 45.44 269.94 71.98 15.48 0.12 16.25 2.35 6.86 Kesar 230.91 38.36 35.87 156.68 67.65 17.91 0.11 31.53 2.94 7.87 Fernandin 177.65 38.18 31.32 108.15 61.60 15.26 0.20 45.83 1.40 8.74 Bombay Green 207.12 39.83 43.01 136.17 61.94 19.62 0.08 13.16 2.66 9.68 Dsshehari 131.60 24.19 27.48 78.68 58.51 19.33 0.05 39.81 1.57 8.11 Langra 241.86 34.78 34.07 174.25 71.52 20.06 0.24 24.21 2.36 10.19 Maldah 258.17 40.89 35.79 179.73 69.89 19.16 0.18 26.81 2.65 10.34 Chausa 240.40 37.50 46.13 178.88 67.68 20.75 0.09 18.62 2.21 10.98 Bangalora 421.97 56.20 42.06 264.90 71.96 12.32 0.17 10.56 1.91 4.04 Alphanso 215.60 33.23 39.14 143.23 66.43 18.34 0.22 50.38 1.89 7.63 Neelam 318.86 48.19 51.40 201.07 66.57 14.73 0.33 22.76 2.33 6.45 Mallika 425.77 60.11 46.22 314.86 74.10 16.60 0.19 28.44 2.73 10.75 Benisan 442.16 63.81 48.50 306.23 73.72 17.83 0.10 12.35 2.83 7.90 SE ± 39.32 10.31 8.44 48.27 11.82 3.83 0.05 4.56 0.39 1.26 CD at 5% 78.65 20.62 16.87 96.54 NS 7.66 0.09 9.12 0.78 2.53 2012

Table 2. Performance of commercial mango varieties (yield) under Ranchi conditions.

Comulative Approximate Average yield (kg/plant) yield date of 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 (kg/plant) matury

Krishna Bhog 12.38 1.70 0.50 13.75 0.33 28.66 25th Jun Jardalu 18.13 16.20 15.09 14.10 7.08 70.60 7th Jun Himsagar 21.63 67.20 22.78 28.77 22.92 163.29 11th Jan Swarnarekha 4.00 0.50 0.50 0.63 27.25 32.38 13th Jun Fazali 8.50 0.50 33.50 25.58 15.13 83.21 17th Jun Mankurad 9.25 21.70 2.39 11.33 38.75 81.03 13th Jun Mulgoa 2.25 0.30 0.50 0.36 2.88 6.28 26th Jun Vanraj 1.38 2.90 1.38 0.51 12.05 6.84 13th Jun Kesar 1.25 0.30 3.73 0.51 7.75 13.54 13th Jun Fernandin 0.25 0.30 0.50 0.50 2.17 3.72 15th Jun Bombay Green 9.63 12.90 9.49 1.90 9.00 42.92 7th Jun Dasbehari 20.13 8.80 6.03 5.75 9.54 50.25 13th Jun Langra 22.38 2.50 17.78 9.54 6.83 59.03 20th Jun Maldah 11.25 0.25 9.37 13.12 2.40 36.39 20th Jun Chausa 10.13 4.50 0.50 0.30 9.25 24.68 5th Jul Bangalora 35.63 148.80 104.03 27.25 27.50 343.21 8th Jul Alphanso 0.30 0.50 0.55 0.49 9.46 11.30 22nd Jun Neelam 36.88 24.90 13.17 1.03 19.93 95.90 20th Jun Mallika 34.88 3.90 10.00 1.42 18.24 68.43 10th Jul Benisan 12.13 29.00 32.21 1.82 6.11 81.27 30th Jun SEm ± 13.10 12.48 8.69 7.38 7.93 48.96 CD at 5% NS 17.39 14.75 14.75 15.87 97.93

fruit size of variety Dashehari under the eastern pla- Table 3. Plant growth parameters of commercial mango teau and hill condition clearly indicates the influence varieties (26 year plants). of growing conditions on fruits size of Dashehari. Trunk Canopy Canopy Plant With respect to content of pulp, significantly higher girth spread (EW) spread (NS) height values were recorded in case of the varieties Fazali, Cultivars (m) (m) (m) (m) Vanraj, Bangal,ora, Mallika and Benisan. With respect Krishna Bhog 1.1 7.7 7.6 6.0 to TSS, significantly higher values (>190B) were re- Zardalu 1.4 11.2 11.3 7.6 corded in varieties like Langra, Chousa, Himsagar, Himsagar 1.1 7.5 8.8 6.2 Swarnarekha 1.1 8.1 7.9 6.3 Bombay Green, Dashehari and Maldah. Farzali 1.5 11.4 11.9 8.4 Mankurad 1.0 7.5 7.7 5.8 With respect to yield, significant difference Mulgoa 0.6 4.7 4.7 3.2 among the varieties could be recorded in all the years Vanraj 0.8 7.1 7.2 5.8 Kesar 0.9 5.2 5.2 4.3 of observation except during 2003 (Table 2). Although Fernandin 0.8 4.9 5.2 4.8 the varieties exhibited declining productivity, consis- Bombay Green 1.3 10.3 10.5 7.6 tently higher yield was recorded in case of variety Dashehari 0.9 7.6 7.5 6.0 Bangalora and Himsagar. The other high yielding va- Langra 1.3 10.6 10.4 6.9 Maldah 1.3 10.4 8.7 7.5 rieties were Zardalu, Fazali, Mankurad, Neelum and Chausa 1.5 10.9 11.2 8.5 Benoshan (cumulative yield > 70 kg/plant). Hence, in Bangalora 1.0 7.0 6.9 4.5 contrast to the prevailing practice, the varieties from Alphanso 1.1 5.4 5.4 4.9 eastern India or south India were foundto be high Neelam 1.0 7.5 7.7 5.6 Mallika 1.1 10.3 10.2 7.3 yielders under the eastern plateau and hill conditions. Benisan 1.1 7.5 7.4 6.4 GHarvesting fruit at improper fruit matirity contrib- SEm ± 0.1 0.7 0.8 1.1 utes significantly towards post harvest loss of mango CD at 5% 0.2 1.5 1.6 0.5 2013

[4]. Based on the maturity time the cultivars Bombay semi-vigorus (average canopy spread 7.0 to 10.0 m). Green, Himsagar, Krishna Bhog, Jardalu and The varieties Mulgoa, Kesar, Fernandin, Bangalora Swarnarekha were found to be carly maturing which and Aphanso were recorded to be less vigorous un- can fetch better price in the market due to non-avail- der the castern plateau and hill conditions which ability of quality mango fruits at that period. makes them suitable for planting at a closer spacing.

Keeping this in view, the fruit quality (medium References sized fruits with high TSS) and yield the variety Himsagar which is the most important variety under 1. AOAC (1970) Official methods of the analysis of the West Bengal [5] conditions was found to be most Assiciation of Official Analytical Chemists, Washingtob, DC. promising for commercial cultivation under eastern 2. Dhillon WS, Sharma RC, Kahlon GS (2004) Evaluation plateau and hill region for fresh fruit purpose. The of some mango varieties under Punjab conditions variety Himsagar has also been found to be a promis- Haryana J Hort Sci 33 : 157—159. ing variety for commercial cultivation under plateau 3. Singh Rajesh, Singh Richa, Gurjar PS (2011) Varietal performance ofmango ( indica L.) in terms conditions of Tripura [6]. Keeping in view the high of physic0-chemical and yield attributing characters in potential of fruit processing in this region, cultivars vindhya region of Madhya Pradesh. Pro Hort 43 : 83— like Bangalora can suitably be grown in the region 88. particularly to cater to the newly upcoming mango 4. Dharini Sivakumar, Yuming Jiang, Elhadi M, Yahia (2011) Maintaining mango ( L.) fruit processing industries in the region. quality during the export chain. Food Res Int 44 : 1254 —1263. With respect to plant growth parameters (Table 5. Dutta P, Kundu S (2012) Effect of biofertilizers on 3), the varieties Zardalu, Fazali, Bombay Green, Langra, nutrient status and fruit quality of Himsagar mango grown in new alluvial zones of West Bengal. J Crop Maldah, Chausa and Mallika were vigurous (average and Weed 8 : 72—74. canopy spread > 10 m) whereas the varieties Krishna 6. Das SC (2013) Status and performance of different Bhog, Himsagar, Swarnarekha, Mankurad, Vanraj, mango varieties and hybrids under climatic conditions Dashehari, Neelam and Benisan were recorded to be of Tripura. Asian J Hort 8 : 527—576.