Mortification from Existing Malady- Transfiguration to a Etiology: Gender Diseases

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616

Mortification From Existing Malady- Transfiguration To A Etiology: Gender Diseases

Christina Sara Deepak, Kessia Elizebeth Thomas

ABSTRACT :The advancement of better lifestyle and the advent of factors to make life easier, have given a rise to collection of bizarre diseases. That has left us with research to investigate gender diseases which is scientifically and practically higher in which gender and it also studies the shift from less threatening gender diseases by the replacement of emerging gender diseases.In order to enlighten this topic, we have accumulated findings from an inventory scale proposed by the researchers of this paper. Self- measuring ordinal scale is developed by us includes questions based upon gender disorders which is cooperated with diseases such as Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PGAD), Sexsomnia, Post Orgasmic Illness Syndrome (POIS), Seminal Plasma Hyper Sensitivity (SPH), Prostate Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Endometriosis. The survey data is collected from 60 people in the age group of 19-60. The results revealed that the intimidation of emerging diseases among the people are comparatively less than the risk that experience by people from the existing diseases. This study also disclosed that a larger percentage of females are carriers of existing diseases and have higher chance of possibility to be affected by emerging diseases rather than males. Therefor an interaction based on age was detected for accuracy of the results. These findings may lead to an increased awareness and prevention among the people and also opens up more reflection for future research regarding the need to modify the advancement in the field of gender diseases

KEYWORDS: Gender diseases, Self- measuring ordinal scale, PGAD, POIS, Seminal Plasma Hyper Sensitivity, Prostate cancer, Ovarian cancer, Endometriosis. ————————————————————

1. INTRODUCTION to focus on gender differences and gives importance to In the present scenario, the contrast with other social study of gender separately in account as symptoms, sectors in health, gender diseases had been the most treatment, prevention may be different between gender. It is floating province yet unknown to many in terms of not often not easy to differentiate the relation of sex and awareness, prevention and cure. Sex differences in gender, On the one hand, sex influences health by medicine consist specific ailments or conditions which modifying behavior, on the other hand gender behavior can manifest in people of one sex, and diseases which appear modify biological factors and thereby health. As a result of at similar or dissimilar rates in males and females. The modifications and their physiological effects are different in branch of medicine identifies gender diseases as biological women and men. Thus, medical research and formulations at the chromosomal level, at the same time gender should set their aims to include biological dimensions, and differences are also influenced on self -awareness, and their influence on women and men, in contrast with existing elements such as biology, environment, occurrence. gender diseases and emerging diseases. The purpose of Gender differences in medicine should not be confused with this study was to investigate the role of existing gender sexually transmitted diseases. Gender influences the disease and emerging ones and also focuses on the variant power and control men and women, have over the accuracy of scientific and practical ratio of diseases in both socioeconomic determinants of their physical health and genders. In account with that this research carries scientific lives, their social status, position and treatment in society and practical analysis of 7 gender diseases such as and their exposure to certain mental illness. Biological Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PGAD), Sexsomnia, differences between the gender focuses male – specific Post Orgasmic Illness Syndrome (POIS), Seminal Plasma and female- specific diseases and because behavioral Hyper Sensitivity, Prostate Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, dissimilarities between genders have a crucial role. The Endometriosis. We analysis the rate of gender disease and importance of gender informed work on female – specific or its symptoms by the scale developed by the researchers of male specific disease but did not concentrate over to this paper. This study will open up a greater chance for diseases carried by men and women. To discuss and scientific gender disease analysis in terms of future address accurately the differences in health and health care preventive and therapeutic inventions. between men and women, its necessary to look into gender and their respective effects on health. These includes rate MATERIALS AND METHODS of sexual activity, ways of sexual intercourse, bodily This study is a cross-sectional observational study carried reaction, reproductive variations. It is also associated with out on 50 peoples which includes males and females of age behavior, lifestyle and life events that a gender encounters, group between 19 – 60. These participants are selected it deviates access to health care, inventions in medical field, from colleges, hospitals, religious institutions and friends use of medical advancement, and looking forward for the and family circles in the area of Jalahalli, St. Claret college, unknown possibilities of gender diseases. For a period of SPARSH Hospital which is located in Bangalore, (n=50). time, scientific research has given dominant priority for Depended upon the ages of participants, the response on conducting experiments in male body as the basic for symptoms, which determines certain diseases varies. The clinical studies. There was increased tendency of applying age in the present study classified as follow; adolescents this analysis, into both male and female gender in order to (19-25 years old), young adults (26 -36 years old) , middle carry out research on gender diseases. But as a symbol of adults (37 -50 years old), and early late adults (50-60 years brilliant advancement scientific medical research has begun old).This data has been collected in the period from 3 April 2019 to 9 April 2019 with total sampling as the sampling 3095 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 methods. The variable depended of this study is gender Research also says, Tarlov cyst may also cause this disease. Participants age and gender serves as the condition. In 2012 study MRI study shows 66.7 % of women independent variable. All participants of this study is not who demonstrate PGAD symptoms have Tarlov cyst. diagnosed with any gender diseases and not received Researchers have also demonstrated has a secondary gender disease treatment during the last 3 months before symptoms; participation in this study. The survey test had been done to  Tourette syndrome evaluate the rate of gender based diseases symptoms in  Trauma to central nervous system (CNS) male and females of different age group. These symptoms  Epilepsy. of the test derived from diseases such as Genital Arousal Antidepressants like Trazodone have been linked to the Disorder (PGAD), Sexsomnia, Post Orgasmic Illness inflammation of symptoms as well as sudden withdrawal Syndrome (POIS), Seminal Plasma Hyper Sensitivity, from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors used to treat Prostate Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Endometriosis.The depression. It was not possible until recent years to survey test findings were collected and analyzed by the formulate diagnose PGAD. Medical literature has recently researchers of this paper have used the scale that‘s classed PGAD as a distinct syndrome. The Diagnostic and proposed by them self. Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM -IV) did not recognized PGAD as a diagnosable medical condition. How PERSISTENT GENITIAL AROUSAL ever it was added to DSM -V, so that PGAD now it may be DISORDER formally diagnosed. Treatment of PGAD usually centers on Persistent genital arousal syndrome is spontaneous, managing symptoms due to often unclear causes of the persistent, unwanted and uncontrollable geninital arousal in condition. Psychological treatment such as cognitive the absence of sexual stimulation or sexual desire, and is behavioral therapy can help women identify their triggers typically not relieved by orgasm. Spontaneous orgasm that and can also provide some coping mechanism and do not resolve arousal is not linked to sexual desire. PGAD distracting techniques to manage the physical symptoms of can lead to ongoing physical pain stress and psychological PGAD.CBT can also help in managing the stress, anxiety, difficulties due to an inability to carry out everyday tasks. depression that often accompany and worsen this This condition can affect women of all ages. Experts have condition. In severe cases Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) not clinically confirmed the incidence of PGAD as many has also been shown to make a positive impact. In ECT, people feels too embarrassed or ashamed to seek medical small electrical chargers are passed through the brain of help. Symptoms of PGAD is a series of ongoing and sedated patient. These trigger rapid changes in brain uncomfortable sensations in and around the genital tissues chemistry to treat a psychological syndrome including clitoris, labia, vagina and anus. The sensation Antidepressants and anti-seizure medications have been experienced are known as ‗dysesthesias‘, which consist of demonstrated as particularly effective as well as medicine wetness, itching, pressure, burning, pounding. These will that increase the level of prolactin or milk stimulating lead to the person to experience waves of orgasms. These hormones in the blood. In nerve related cases such as symptoms happen in the absence of sexual desire. Tarlov cyst, the treating doctor may suggest surgery such Episodes of intense arousal may occur several times a day as releasing the nerve from entrapment. Due to unknown for weeks, months or even years. The condition can also causes of PGAD prevention of the conditions on set can be lead to psychological symptoms due to persistent often difficult. PGAD is not yet curable. However its discomfort in day to day life such as anxiety, panic attacks, symptoms can be managed on and ongoing bases to depression, insomnia. Research implies a link between improve the quality of life of people with the condition and PGAD and the veins, hormones, nervous system and reduce the psychological harm of the PGAD. chemical balance after using some types of medications.

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SEXSOMNIA orgasms. Sexsomnia can be present in individuals with Sexsomnia also known as sleep sex, is a distinct form of other preexisting sleep related disorders. While parasomnia parasomnia, or an abnormal activity that occurs while an disorders as somnambulism, sleep talking and night terrors individual is asleep. Sexsomnia is characterized by an are widely researched and discussed, lack of research and individual engaging in sexual acts while in non-rapid eye hesitance associated with the discussion of the disorder movement (NREM) sleep. Sexual behaviors that result from arises from its sexually aggressive nature. Although they are not to be mistaken with normal nocturnal sexual may appear to be fully awake individuals who have behaviors, which do not occur during NREM sleep. Sexual sexsomnia often have no recollection of the sexual behaviors that are viewed as normal during sleep and are behaviors they exhibit while asleep. In some cases, a accompanied by extensive research and documentation medical diagnosis of sexsomnia has been used as a include nocturnal emissions, nocturnal erection, and sleep 3097 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 criminal defense in court for alleged sexual assault and Clinical tests includes electroencephalography, rape cases. polysomnography.Since it is not an FDA approved Symptoms of sexsomnia include but are not limited to: medication on the market specifically designed for the  masturbation treatment of sexsomnia, health professionals attempt to  fondling treat the disorder to a variety of approaches. Among the  intercourse with climax first line of prevention of sexsomnia involves creating and  sexual assault or rape maintaining a safe environment for all who are affected as a A confusing characteristic for those witnessing in an result of the disorder, but are not limited to, the individual in episode of sexsomnia is an appearance of their eyes being question sleeping in a separate bedroom and installation of open. Though the eyes are described as being awake and locks and alarms on doors. conscious although individual is completely unconscious Treatment for sexsomnia involves one or more of the and unaware of their actions. following: Symptoms of sexsomnia can be caused by;  Prescription medications.  stress factors.  CPAP.  sleep deprivation.  Lifestyle changes.  conceptions of alcohol or other drugs.  Mild sedative medication.  pre-existing parasomnia behaviors.  Mouth guards, bite plates, or mandibular It‘s is impossible for an individual who has sexsomnia to advancement device. experience a variety of negative emotions due to the nature A psychiatrist, often one specializing in sleep disorders, of their disorder. The following are commonly scene may diagnose sexsomnia by reviewing individual medical secondary effects of sexsomnia history and asking questions about symptoms. However,  anger. the most widely accepted diagnostic method for sexsomnia  Confusion. is video-polysomnography. During vPSG, an individual is  Denial attached to psychological devices, such as heart rate,  Frustration. breathing, and motion monitors.Some people feel ashamed or embarrassed to learn they have done things they do not  guilt remember doing, especially sexual acts. Sexsomnia can  revulsion also make the question of consent difficult, given the  shame individual initiating or engaging in the sexual act is Though it‘s not possible for a definitive diagnosis of technically unconscious. Several court cases have involved sexsomnia, a series of factors are considered to determine charges of sexual misconduct relating to sleep sex with a the presence of the condition. Determining factors include: variety of outcomes. Although a person‘s case history and  A family history of somnambulism. other evidence will be carefully examined in court,  Disorientation when awaken. determining responsibility remains complicated and  Observed confusion or autonomic behavior controversial.  Amnesia of episodes

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POST ORGASMIC ILLNESS SYNDROME The cause of POIS is unknown, but several theories have POIS is syndrome in which men have chronic physical been proposed. Currently, the most accepted theory is that and cognitive symptoms immediately following ejaculation in men with POIS, it is an autoimmune or allergic disorder in the absence of local genital reaction. The symptoms last that causes an inflammatory reaction to a substance in a for up to a peak. The cause and prevalence are unknown; It man‘s own semen. In other words, a man might have an is considered as a rare disease. allergy to his own semen, leading to a hypersensitivity The distinguish characteristics of POIS are: reaction (an exaggerated immune response). Other  The rapid onset of symptoms after ejaculation researchers have proposed that POIS may be caused by  The absence of any local genital reaction chemical imbalances in the brain, with psychological  The presence of an overwhelming systematic conditions being risk factors for developing the condition. In reaction women, it has been hypothesized that an antigen triggering POIS symptoms which are called as ―POIS attack‖, can POIS symptoms might be produced by prostate-like tissue include some combination of the following: cognitive (known as Skene glands or ducts), which is localized dysfunction, aphasia, severe muscle pain throughout the around the upper wall of the vagina. Further research is body, severe fatigue, weakness and flu like or allergy like needed to validate or refute current theories, and to explore symptoms, such as sneezing, itchy eyes, nasal irritation. additional possible causes of POIS. A diagnosis of POIS Additional symptoms includes headache, dizziness, light may be based on the presence of the following criteria, headedness, sensory and motor problems, intense which were proposed in 2011 based upon data from a study discomfort, irritability, gastrointestinal disturbances, craving of only men: One or more associated symptoms; for relief, depressed mood, difficulty in communicating, Symptoms develop within seconds or a short time after remembering words, reading and retaining information, ejaculationSymptoms always, or almost always, occur after concentrating and socializing. The symptoms usually begin ejaculation (after at least 90% of ejaculations) Symptoms within 30 minutes of ejaculation, and can last for several last for approximately 2 to 7 daysSymptoms resolve on their days, sometimes up to a week. In some men, the onset of own within one weekOne test that may be helpful for a POIS is puberty while in others the onset is in their diagnosis in men is a skin prick test, using a very diluted twenties. POIS that is manifest from the first ejaculation in sample of the man's own semen. This test needs a doctor's adolescence is called primary type; POIUS that starts later supervision because it can cause POIS symptoms and may in life is called secondary type. There is no standard result in a severe reaction requiring hospitalization. There is method of treating or managing POIS. Patients need to be currently limited information available on the treatment and thoroughly examined in an attempt to find the cause of their management of POIS. There are not yet reports of POIS symptoms, which are often difficult to determine and treatments that have been used in women. Some men with which across patients. Once a cause is hypothesized, an symptoms of POIS have been treated appropriate treatment can be attempted. At times more than with SSRIs, antihistamine, and benzodiazepines. Most one treatment is attempted, until one that works is found. people with POIS resort to decreased sexual activity, Affected individuals typically avoid sexual activity especially scheduling sexual activity for a time when symptoms can be ejaculation or scheduled it for times when they can rest and coped with, or abstaining from sexual activity altogether. recover several days afterwards. Treatments are not always One study used hypo sensitization therapy to successfully successful, especially when the cause of POIS in a treat two men with POIS. This type of therapy aims to particular patient determined. In one patient all of whose decrease the immune response to an allergen by exposure, routine laboratory tests were normal, the following were and is based on the theory that POIS is caused by an attempted, or without success: ibuprofen, 400mg on allergy to one's own semen. The men demand, tramadol 5mg for one hour and escitalopram 10g were inoculated every two weeks with increasing daily. concentrations of their own semen. Although this therapy did not prevent symptoms entirely, both men reported a gradual improvement of symptoms over the treatment 3099 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 period. POIS is not a life-threatening condition, but it does seminal plasma hypersensitivity, although women who have a significant impact on quality of life for affected men developed systemic symptoms are more frequently atopic and their partners. A few different treatments have been of interest, for both systemic and localized forms, symptoms attempted with some men reporting improvement of can manifest after first time intercourse in up to 50% cases. symptoms. We are not aware of reliable information about Anaphylactic reactions to HSP typically begin within the natural history of POIS and whether symptoms of POIS minutes after ejaculation. Initial symptoms commonly change over time. include localized vulvar and vaginal pruritus and/or edema, followed by diffuse pruritus, nasal obstruction, itchy eyes, POIS IN MALESurticaria, and/ orangioedema, often involving the face, lips, tongue, and throat. Gastrointestinal symptoms and respiratory symptoms of dyspnea, wheezing, and stridor have also been reported during systemic reactions. Life- 100 threatening anaphylaxis with profound hypotension and cardiovascular collapse requiring emergency treatment was 90 reported in 16 patients in the series of 74 women 80 mentioned previously, indicating that severe reactions are 70 not characteristic. Anaphylactic deaths attributable to HSP allergy have not been confirmed. In addition to immediate- 60 type systemic reactions, there are case reports of a patient 50 presenting with a fixed cutaneous eruption and a serum 40 sickness-like reaction. Another uncommon reaction is worsening of pre-existing eczema during the days following 30 HSP anaphylaxis. The gold standard for diagnosing HSP is 20 that symptoms are completely abated with the use of a 10 condom. Although women with HSP often have difficulty conceiving due to their inability to have unprotected sexual 0 intercourse infertility has not been demonstrated to be OFTEN SOMETIMES HARDLY EVERrelated to HSP.NEVER Patients with HSP hypersensitivity often elicit positive skin prick testing and/or serum- specific 19-25 26-36 37-50 immunoglobulin51-60 E to hold seminal fluid or fractionated plasma proteins. The diagnosis is based on careful history

taking. Condom test can be diagnostic by demonstrating that symptoms of seminal fluid allergy can be abolished POIS IN FEMALESwith condom usage. Possible sensitizations to other antigens (latex, lubricants, or contraceptives) also should be evaluated [Differential diagnosis includes contact dermatitis, candida or bacterial vulvovaginitis, coitus-linked 140 asthma, 'honeymoon rhinitis', anxiety, irritant reactions or latex allergy However, in vivo skin tests are the most 120 important for the diagnosis. Among 71 patients reviewed by Shah et al. 93% of skin tested patients showed positive 100 responses. For skin testing, the first step is to obtain a fresh ejaculate from their husbands or sexual partners. The 80 sample needs to be liquefied at room temperature for 30 min, and then centrifugation is to be carried out to separate 60 spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Most reactions are known to develop with seminal plasma fractions. In 40 vitro measurements for specific IgE antibody include radio allergosorbent tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent 20 assays [.Commercial kits for specific IgE tests are available, but their clinical utility is still uncertain .Identification of 0 allergens can be performed by electrophoresis, OFTEN SOMETIMES HARDLY EVERchromatographicNEVER separation and IgE immunoblotting assays. It has been suggested that 14~75 kDa proteins of 19-25 26-36 37-50 seminal51-60 fluid could be the IgE binding components.We have previously reported a middle aged woman with severe seminal fluid allergy. In that case, the common IgE-binding SEMINAL PLASMA HYPERSENSITIVITY components were 15, 28, 35, 45, 90 kDa and the specific Human seminal plasma hypersensitivity is defined as a IgE-binding components to her husband's seminal fluid spectrum of systemic or localized symptoms after exposure were 13, 26, and 30 kDa. Regarding present case, 28, and to specific protein components in seminal plasma. The 35 kDa could be the common IgE-binding components. For major antigen is believed to be prostrate- specific antigen, treatment, avoidance is the mainstay. Exposure can be but other protine are likely involved in this heterogenous prevented by abstinence or condom usage. Improvements disorder. There are no known risk factors for developing 3100 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 in clinical and skin test responses have been reported after with prophylactic antihistamine treatments. We suppose the condom usages for 6 to 12 months. However, in cases that prophylactic antihistamine may be also applied in hoping for pregnancy, desensitization can be considered as seminal plasma allergy patients if systemic reactions are a useful treatment option. Various immunotherapy protocols limited to mild to moderate generalized urticaria. have been tried since the first report in 1967 by Halpern Management includes: etal. Rush immunotherapy protocols have been also  Epinephrine for anaphylaxis performed successfully by subcutaneous or intravaginal  Prophylactic, antihistamines and Cromolyn route. Following desensitization, a regular schedule of  Immunotherapy sexual intercourse or exposure to human seminal plasma Treatment to desensitize allergic reaction to partner's needs to be maintained every 2-3 days to continue semen may allow you to conceive naturally. If patient‘s tolerance status. In patients with local reactions, allergic have a severe sensitivity to semen, intrauterine symptoms can be managed by prophylactic usage of insemination — using sperm washed free of semen antihistamines or local cromolyn cream. However, to our proteins to prevent a reaction — or in vitro fertilization may knowledge, no cases have been reported for a patient with be options for conceiving. systemic reactions that achieved successful pregnancy only

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OVARIAN CANCER happens when cells divide and multiply in an unregulated Ovarian cancer refers to an cancer any cancerous growth way. However, exactly why this happens is not clear. that begins in ovary. Its‘ the fifth most common cause of Women with close relatives who have had ovarian or breast cancer death in women. Among the gynecologic cancers – cancer have a high risk of developing ovarian cancer, those affecting uterus, cervix, and ovaries – ovarian cancer compared with other women. Genetic screening can has the highest rate of death. Risk factors of developing determine whether somebody carries certain genes that are ovarian cancer includes, family history, older age, associated with an increased risk. Most cases of ovarian reproductive history and obesity. If it‘s diagnosed in the cancer occurs after menopause, and especially in women early stages, there is a 94% chance of surviving for at least aged over 63 years. It is rare before the age of 40 years. five more years. Most ovarian cancer start in the epithelium Women who have had one or more full -term pregnancies. or outer lining of the ovary, In the early stages there maybe especially before the age of 26 years, have a lower risk. few or no symptoms. Symptoms may resemble those or The more pregnancies they have, the lower the risk. Breast other conditions, such as premenstrual syndrome, Irritable feeding may also decrease the risk. Using the contraceptive bowel syndrome or a temporary bladder problem. The main pill for at least 3 to 6 months appears to reduce the risk. difference between ovarian cancer and other possible The longer pills is used, the lower the risk appears to be. disorder is the persistence and gradual worsening of Using an injectable contraceptive hormone, depot symptoms. Early symptoms of ovarian cancer may include: medroxyprogesterone acetyl(DMPA), especially for 3 years  Pain in the pelvis, the lower abdominal the lower or more, reduces the risk further. Fertility drugs have been part of the body linked to a higher risk of ovarian cancer, especially in  Back pain women who used them for more than one year without  Indigestion becoming pregnant. Those who are infertile may also have a higher risk than those who are not, possible due to not  Feeling fully rapidly when eating carrying a pregnancy. Women who have diagnosed with  More frequent and urgent urination breast cancer have a higher with breast cancer and who Pain during sexual intercourse  test positive for the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene may opt to  Changes in bowel habits have an oophorectomy as preventive therapy. HRT As the cancer progress, there may also symptom such (hormone therapy) slightly increases a women‘s chance of as; developing ovarian cancer. The risk appears to increase the  Nausea longer HRT continues, and returns to normal as soon as  Weight loss treatment stops. Androgen therapy, such as the use of the  Breathlessness drug, Danzol, may also increase the risk. Obesity and  Tiredness overweight appear to increases the risk of developing many  Loss of appetite cancers. Ovarian cancer is more common in women with a Ovarian cancer happens when cells divide and multiply body mass index (BMI)of over 30. Having surgery on the in an urgent way. reproductive organs appear to reduce the risk of ovarian If an individual experience bloating, pressure, or pain in cancer. In women who undergo tubal ligation, this may be the abdomen or pelvis that lasts for more than a few weeks reduced by up to two thirds. A hysterectomy may reduce they should see a doctor immediately. Ovarian cancer the risk by one third. Women who develop endometriosis have an around 30% higher risk of developing ovarian 3102 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 cancer, compared with other women. There are different  Imaging test: Transvaginal ultrasound, MRI, or a ways of staging cancer, The American cancer society uses CT scan might be used. four stage system.  Laparoscopy: A thin viewing tube with camera at Stage1: Cancer cells affects only the ovary or ovaries the end, is inserted through a small incision in the and have not spread to another area. lower abdomen. Stage2: The cancer has affected one or both ovaries  Abdominal fluid aspiration: If the patient‘s abdomen and also other organs within the pelvis, such as the uterus, is swollen, there may be a buildup of fluid, which fallopian tubes, bladder, or rectum. can be examined by using a fine needle to Stage3: The cancer affects one or both ovaries and removes some fluid through the abdomen. either the lining of the abdomen or lymph nodes in the back  Biopsy: The usual way to diagnose ovarian cancer of the abdomen. is to remove the tumor or part of the Stage4: The cancer has spread to other parts of the tumor to examine for the presence of cancer cells. body, outside the peritoneal cavity. Treatment of ovarian cancer may consist of surgery, A doctor will carry out a pelvic examination and check chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy, or targeted for any palpable abnormalities in the uterus or ovaries. therapy. Often more than one treatment is used. The They will also check the patient‘s medical history and family kind of treatment depends on many factors, including history. The following test are used to diagnose ovarian the type of ovarian cancer, its stage and grade, as well cancer as the general health of the patient.  Blood tests: Checking for elevated levels of a marker called CA-125.

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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) ,a condition that causes ENDOMETRIOSIS bouts of diarrhea, constipation and abdominal cramping, Endometriosis is an often painful disorder in which tissue IBS can accompany endometriosis, which can complicate that normally lines the inside of your uterus -the the diagnosis. Although the exact cause of endometriosis is endometrium – grows outside uterus. Endometriosis not certain, possible explanations include: Retrograde commonly involves ovaries, fallopian tube and the tissue menstruation: In retrograde menstruation , menstrual blood lining pelvis. Rarely, endometrial tissue may spread beyond containing endometrial cells flows back through the pelvic organs. With endometriosis, displaced and fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity instead of out of endometrial tissue continues to act as it normally would it the body. These displaced endometrial cells stick to the thickness, breaks down and bleeds with each menstrual pelvic walls and surfaces of pelvic organs, where they grow cycle. Because this displaced tissue has no way to exit your and continue to thicken and bleed over the course of each body, it becomes trapped. When endometriosis involves the menstrual cycle. ovaries, cysts called endometriosis involves the ovaries,  Transformation of peritoneal cells: In what‘s known cysts called endometriosis may form. Surrounding tissue as the ―induction theory‖, experts proposer that can become irritated, eventually developing scar tissue and hormones or immune system promote factors for adhesions – abnormal bands of the fibrous tissue that can transformation of peritoneal cells. cause pelvic tissues and organ s to stick to each other.  Embryonic cell transformation: Hormones such as Endometriosis can cause pain-sometimes severe especially estrogen may transform embryonic cells – cells in during menstrual cycle. .Fertility problem also may develop. the earliest stages of development-into endometrial The primary symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain, often cell implants during puberty. associated with menstrual periods. Although many  Surgical scar implantation: After a surgery, such as experience cramping during their menstrual periods, those hysterectomy or C-section, endometrial cells may with endometriosis typically describe menstrual pain that‘s attach to a surgical incision. far worse than usual. Pain also may increase over time.  Endometrial cell transport: The blood vessels or Common sign and symptoms of endometriosis include: tissues fluid (lymphatic) system may transport  Painful periods: Pelvic pain and cramping endometrial cells to other parts of the body. may begin before and extend several days  Immune system disorder: A problem with the into a menstrual period. immune system may make the body unable to  Pin with intercourse: Pain during or after recognize and destroy endometrial tissue that‘s sex is common with endometriosis. growing outside uterus.  Pain with bowel movement: Mostly likely to experience these symptoms during a To diagnose endometriosis, following are the test used menstrual period such as ; 1.Pelvic exam , in which it determines the areas of  Excessive bleeding: Experience pelvic for abnormalities , such as cysts on reproductive or occasional heavy periods or bleeding . scars behind uterus.2. Ultrasound; This test uses high The severity of pain isn‘t necessarily a reliable indicator of frequency sound waves to create images of the inside the conditions. Mild endometriosis with severe pain, or body. To capture the images, a device called transducer is could have advanced endometriosis with little or no pain. passed through vagina.3.Magnetic Resonance Imaging; An Endometriosis is sometimes mistaken for other conditions MRI is an exam that uses a a magnetic field and radio that can cause pelvic pain, such as pelvic inflammatory waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues diseases (PID) or ovarian cysts. It may be confused with within body 4; Laparoscopy; A procedure that allows the 3104 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 surgeon to view the abdomen. By making a tiny incision pregnant return when you stop taking the near navel and inserts a slender viewing instrument, looking meditation. for signs of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.Treatment  Progestin therapy: A variety of progestin for endometriosis usually involves medication or surgery. therapies, including an intrauterine device Therapies used to treat endometriosis includes: with levonorgestrel, contraceptive implant,  Hormonal contraceptive: Birth control pills, contraceptive injection or progestin pill, patches and vaginal rings help control the can halt menstrual period and the growth hormones responsible for the buildup of endometrial implants, which may release endometrial tissue each month. Many endometriosis signs and symptoms. have lighter and shorter menstrual flow  Aromatase inhibitors: Aromatase inhibitors when they ‗re using a hormonal are a class of medicines that reduce the contraceptive. Using hormonal amount of estrogen in body. The doctor contraceptive especially continuous cycle may recommend an aromatase inhibitor regimens many reduce or eliminate pain in along with a progestin or combination some cases. hormonal contraceptive to treat  Gonadotropin -releasing hormone endometriosis. agonists and antagonists: These drugs If pain persists or if treatment that works takes some time blocks the production of ovarian patience can try measures at home to relieve discomforts. stimulating hormones, lowering estrogen Warm baths and heating pad can help relax pelvic muscles, levels and preventing menstruation. This reducing cramping and pain or can use anti-inflammatory causes endometrial tissue to shrink. drugs. Anyone can develop endometriosis, but some risk Because these drugs create an artificial factors increase the risk. These include: Age: It is most menopause, taking a low dose of estrogen common in women aged 30 to 40 yearsNulliparity: Never or progestin along with Gn -RH agonists giving birthGenetics: One or more relatives having the and antagonists may decrease conditionMedical history: Having a pelvic infection, uterine menopausal side effects, such as hot abnormalities, or a condition that prevents expulsion of flashes, vaginal dryness and bone loss. menstrual blood. Menstrual history: Menses lasting more Menstrual periods and the ability to get than 7 days or menstrual cycles of less than 27 days, flashes, vaginal dryness and bone loss. Caffeine, alcohol consumption, and lack of exercise: These Menstrual periods and ability to get can raise levels of estrogen ENDOMETYRIOSIS IN MALES

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PROSTATE CANCER  difficulty commencing and maintaining Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the urination prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Most  blood in the urine prostate cancers are slow growing ; however, some grow  painful urination and, less commonly, relatively quickly. The cancer cells may spread from the ejaculation prostate to other areas of the body, particularly the bones  difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection and the lymph nodes. It may initially cause no symptoms. In may be difficult later stage, it can lead to difficulty urinating, blood in the  Advanced prostate cancer can involve the urine or pain the pelvis, back, or when urinating. A disease following symptoms: known as benign prostatic hyperplasia may produce similar  bone pain, often in the spine, femur, pelvis, or symptoms. Other late symptoms may include tired due to ribs low levels of red blood cells. Factors that influences the risk  leg weakness of prostate cancer include older age, a family history of the  fecal incontinence disease and the race. About 99% of cases occur in males Early prostate cancer usually has no clear symptoms. over the age of 50. Having a first – degree relative with the Sometimes prostate cancer does cause symptoms, often disease increases the risk two to three fold. Other factors similar to those of diseases such as benign prostatic that may be involved include diet high in processed meat, hyperplasia. These include frequent urination, nocturia red meat or milk products or low in certain vegetables. The (increased urination at night), difficulty starting and exact causes of prostate cancer are not known. Several risk maintaining a steady stream of urine, hematuria (blood in factors for developing prostate cancer have been identified, the urine), and dysuria (painful urination). Prostate cancer is but which of these risk factors cause a prostate cell to associated with urinary dysfunction as the prostate gland become cancerous is not fully known. For a cancer to surrounds the prostatic urethra. Changes within the gland, develop, changes must occur in the chemicals that make up therefore, directly affect urinary function. Because it the DNA, which makes up the genes in the cell. The genes deposits seminal fluid into the prostatic urethra, and control how the cell works, for example, how quickly the cell secretions from the prostate gland itself are included in grows, divides into new cells, and dies, as well as semen content, prostate cancer may also cause problems correcting any mistakes that occur in the DNA of the cell to with sexual function and performance, such as difficulty keep the cell working normally. Cancer occurs when certain achieving erection or painful ejaculation. Metastatic prostate genes that either control the growth or death of the cell are cancer that has spread to other parts of the body can cause affected, which results in abnormal cell growth and/or additional symptoms. The most common symptom is bone death. Genes are inherited (passed on from parents to their pain, often in the vertebrae (bonesof the spine), pelvis, children) and thus some changes in the genes (gene or ribs. Spread of cancer into other bones such as mutations) that increase the risk of developing cancer may the femur is usually to the proximal or nearby part of the be inherited. For prostate cancer, approximately 5%-10% bone. Prostate cancer in the spine can also compress of prostate cancers are due to inherited gene changes. the spinal cord causing tingling, leg weakness Several inherited genes have been identified that increase and urinary and fecal incontinence. A complete the risk of prostate cancer, including RNASEL, BRCA 1, understanding of the causes of prostate cancer remains and BRCA 2, DNA mismatch genes, HPC1, and HoxB13.. elusive. The primary risk factors are obesity age, and family There are usually no symptoms during the early stages of history. Prostate cancer is very uncommon in men younger prostate cancer. However, if symptoms do appear, they than 45, but becomes more common with advancing age. usually involve one or more of the following: The average age at the time of diagnosis is 70. have found  frequent urges to urinate, including at night prostate cancer in 30% of men in their fifties, and in 80% of 3106 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 men in their seventies. Men who have first- degree family cancer and will perform the prostate biopsy. Depending on members with prostate cancer appear to have double the the grade and stage of the prostate cancer at the time of risk of getting the disease compared to men without the diagnosis, additional specialists may be involved in your prostate cancer in the family. This risk appears to be care. Urologists perform surgical-based treatments for greater for men with an affected brother than for men with prostate cancer (radical prostatectomy), minimally invasive an affected father. In the United States in 2005, there were treatments (cryotherapy, brachytherapy), and prescribe an estimated 230,000 new cases of prostate cancer and medications (hormonal therapy). Medical oncologists are 30,000 deaths due to prostate cancer. Men with high blood medical doctors who specialize in the treatment of cancer. pressure are more likely to develop prostate cancer. There Medical oncologists treat prostate cancer with a variety of is a small increased risk of prostate cancer associated with medical therapies, including chemotherapy, lack of exercise. There are several different types of immune/vaccine, and hormonal therapy. Radiation specialists involved in the identification and treatment of oncologists are specialists who treat cancer with ionizing prostate cancer. The primary provider (PCP) may be the radiation. This radiation may be given externally (external initial medical doctor to discuss prostate cancer beam radiation therapy) or internally through the placement screening and/or become concerned about the risk of of small radioactive pellets into the prostate prostate cancer (because of abnormal rectal examination (brachytherapy)Often urologists, medical oncologists, and and/or elevated PSA or family history of prostate cancer radiation oncologists work together in a multidisciplinary [brother or father or multiple family members diagnosed team to review your case and you may meet with one, two, with prostate cancer at < 60 years of age]) during your or all of these physicians at some point during your prostate routine evaluations or due to symptoms and refer you to a cancer treatment. urologist for further evaluation. Urologists are the specialists who will initially be involved in the diagnosis of prostate PROSTRATE CANCER IN MALES

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HYPOTHESIS The results indicate that a larger percentage of females are We examine the association between Gender and Gender prompt to existing diseases compared to male across all Diseases and propose two hypothesis. 1.We hypothesis age groups. Table 1 presents Existing diseases and the that the relation between gender and disease would be Emerging diseases by gender. These results indicates that stronger for Women than Men.2. We hypothesis a negative a larger percentage of females are more prone to diseases relationship between existing disease and emerging which are common as well as rare in terms. These includes disease, which states that emerging diseases among males and females from Southern Asian racial groups. people are comparatively more threatening than existing Results indicate that 645% of females have a higher disease. percentage of existing diseases such as ovarian cancer and endometriosis. Thus females have a higher prevalence of RESULTS diseases compared to males which persist across ages. The findings support the first hypothesis.

Table: 1

DISEASE MALE FEMALE PGAD 25 42 SEXSOMNIA 21 17 SPH 12 13 OVARIAN CANCER 83 123 PROSTRATE CANCER 44 40 ENDOMETRIOSIS 6 25

POIS 9 8 Table 2 shows the cumulative scores of the existing and pain, abnormal periods and gastric troubles shows that emerging diseases in terms of frequency of occurrence. existing maladies are more probable to appear amongst The table shows that the symptoms of the existing malady population. Since these results disproves the hypothesis such as Prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis. which states that emerging disease among people are The common symptoms shown by both male and female comparatively more threatening than existing disease. were frequent need to urinate, weight loss, severe back

Table 2:

Column1 Column2 EXISTING DISEASES EMERGING DISEASES PROSTRATE CANCER= 14 PGAD= 14 OVARIAN CANCER= 40 POIS= 9 ENDOMETRIOSIS= 8 SEXSOMNIA= 21 Column1 Column2

EXISTING DISEASES EMERGING DISEASES DISCUSSION [3] 3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_sex We investigated the rate of gender disease especially by categorizing them into existing malady and emerge g 4. malady. The result of the study support our first hypothesis which focus on the female gender being more a victim to https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/32044 existing maladies ailments such as ovarian cancer, 8.php endometriosis , as well as emerging ailments like 5.https://www.issm.info › Sexual Health Q&A POIS,PGAD,SPH and Sexsomnia. For example women 6. experience more weight loss and chronic fatigue conditions and urinary ailments compared to male. Despite the https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC502 gender, our investigation opposes the second hypothesis 23 which indicate the existing diseases are dangerous and 7.portalranks.com › Report Search by Website ID more intimidating than the forthcoming diseases. For an [7] example, blood in urine, semen allergy, blood in semen were fall into a less score category.Our research show that [8] 8.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC50 the reproductive allergy, weight loss, leg weakness, frequent tiredness and severe back pain heightened the risk 01999/ of disease such as prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis. We believe the study offers a promising [9] 9.https://www.patientslikeme.com/conditions/pois- direction for creating a crucial awareness regarding the alarming frequency of maladies that wear are surrounded post-orgasmic-illness-syndrome by. Although there were age and sex difference in diseases ,sex but not age was a significant predictor of gender [10] 10.https://www.issm.info › Sexual Health Q&A disease. The aetiology, prevention, treatment of gender disease among women are critical to increase in the twenty [11] 11.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913207 first century epidemics. Hence it‘s must to increase awareness and availability of medication for women to [12] 12.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18239014 cease the prevalence of such diseases in the future . [13] http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.6- ACKNOWLEGEMENT The authors that the reviewers for their helpful comments. suppl_3-30 REFERENCE [1] 1.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC49 [14] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61157-0 809 [15] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/24959 [16] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70, s/249594.php

[17] http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.2279 [22] obgyn.ucla.edu › Home › Conditions Treated

[18] . http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2011.151 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913207 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- 13207 conditions/endometriosis/symptoms.../syc- https://journals.lww.com/.../Human_Seminal_Plasm 2035465. al_Plasma_Hypersensitivity_and.10.a https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- https://www.laweekly.com/.../everything-you- conditions/endometriosis/symptoms.../syc- you-probably-never-knew-about-s 2035465. https://www.webmd.com › Women's Health › Health › Endometriosis › S Table 2 shows the cumulative scores of the existing diseases and emerging diseases on terms of frequency of occurrence. It shows that symptoms of existing maladies such as prostrate cancer, ovarian cancer and endometriosis. The common symptoms shown by both males and females were frequent need to urinate, weight loss, severe back pain, abnormal periods and gastric troubles indicates that existing malady are more probable to appear amongst population. Since these results disapprove the hypothesis which states that emerging diseases among the people are comparatively more threatening than existing diseases.