HARRIET(c1820-1913) TUBMAN

B s reaker of chain

Harriet Tubman LIBERATED HUNDREDS OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS in the run up of the US civil war and LED SOLDIERS IN THE WAR itself. As a child, Harriet received a traumatic head injury from her slave owners. However, she did not let her prevent her from helping over 300 enslaved people to freedom.

Northern Disability Disabled people account for 15 – 20% of Launch party for Stream Records new West Midlands Disability Arts Arts Forum presents the world’s poorest people (World Bank). releases including Ian Stanton’s ‘Rollin Forum established. Disability Arts ‘The Ghetto’, Thunder’. International day of A Long Road to Freedom A Decade of Rocking Rebellion International Independence Festival ’98, Manchester. 98% of disabled children in the majority Disability Arts world do not attend school (United Shropshire Disability Arts Festival. Disabled people make up 10% of the Disabled people of working age in every Cabaret at the Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural During the 1990s a number of organisations began using the Arts to positively ‘Wrong Bodies’ Exhibition and Performances, Institute of global population - around 650 million country in the world are 3 times more Edinburgh Festival. Organisation). promote visibility and awareness of disabled people in the media, on film and DANN (Direct Action Network Contemporary Arts (ICA). people (World Health Organisation). likely to be unemployed and live in real Nottingham) Disability Cabaret. poverty (Disabled People International). television and in music. New forum The global literacy rate for disabled adults ’Lifting the Lid’ First Disability Film Festival, There is no country in the world where Launch of Festival of Deaf History, is as low as 3% for men and 1% for women, Lux Cinema, London. disabled people’s rights are not violated More than 10 million women every year according to a 1998 study (United Nations Northern Disability Buxton, Derbyshire. ‘Sweet, Sour and Serious’ illustrated (Disability Awareness and Action). experience long-lasting illness or impairment Development Programme). Arts Forum at anthology by Survivor’s Poetry Scotland. Stereotypes challenged Fighting for rights Mad Pride Festival, Clissold Park, London. due to complications during pregnancy or Buddle Arts Disabled 25% of the entire global population is either childbirth (United Nations Population Fund). ‘Cap in Hand?’ - Conference on the portrayal of disabled people in charity advertising. No country in the world has a fully ‘Taking Liberties’ is set up by disabled Centre, Wallsend, Simon Smith and The ‘Inmates’ by Allan Sutherland and Stuart ‘Out of that Darkness: The Legacy of the Holocaust’ directly or indirectly affected by disability accessible transport system (Disabled people to ‘fight for the rights of disabled including Graeae Useless Eaters release Morris (BBC Radio Four). A ninety minute (ICA week). Includes films ‘Children of Gaia’, ‘After the and impairment (United Nations and Research indicates that violence against People International). The ‘Tragic but Brave Roadshow’ is formed. ‘A travelling Disability Arts cabaret. people to gain greater access to art Theatre Company their debut album play set in a long stay institution for World Bank). disabled children occurs at annual rates at Two-three hours of the best of the Disability Arts Movement, including: Johnny activities in and around the Wigan area’. with ‘Hound’. Truth’, ‘Healing by Killing’, Liebe Perla’, ‘One of Us’, ‘The “Entitled”. disabled people, starring disabled actors. Why we need to least 1.7 times greater than for their non- For every child killed in warfare, three Crescendo, Wanda Barbara, Allan Sutherland, Ian Stanton.’ Undesirables’ and discussions. 30% of young people living rough are disabled peers (United Nations). are injured and acquire permanent disabled (United Nations International impairments (United Nations). People celebrateDisabled International Day Children’s Education Fund). 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

INTRoDuCTI oN BY SAllY HuNT, 1885 1921 1933 1939 1942 1964 1981 1990 2000 2003 2008 uCu GENERAl SECRETARY International Milestones Braille breakthrough Disabled people “life unworthy Program for Hidden extermination The Group for The united Nations The Americans Beijing Declaration on the Rights European Year of Chain of demands Anna Adler establishes a printing house determine own destiny of life” extermination starts Killings of disabled people continue in secret. Independence of proclaims 1981 as with of People with Disabilities in the Disabled People Disabled people form a human for blind people, which prints the first-ever Death is by lethal injection or starvation. An chain around the National In 1992 the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed The Council of People’s “The law for the prevention The T4 Program begins. Disabled Physically Disabled International Year Act is passed New Century 1809 1817 Russian language Braille book. Commissioners establishes of progeny with hereditary people are now murdered, rather estimated 250,000 disabled children and Persons (GIHP) is formed of The Disabled Museum in Dhaka and demand 3 December as International Day of Disabled Persons. Although the All-Russian Cooperative of disease” calls for the than sterilised. adults are murdered between 1939 -1945. full inclusion in society. much had been done to raise awareness through the UN it Birth of louis First school of its’ kind Disabled People (VIKO). Only sterilisation of all people 2005 was not enough and it was decided a world day on disabled Braille Laurent Clerc, a deaf teacher born in LaBalme, France in disabled people have voting deemed as ‘diseased’ by the 1785 and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, found America’s first people’s rights would be a powerful focus . The principles of the In 1824, he develops rights over the way it is run. Nazis, i.e. people with mental organisations of disabled people hold a tactile system using school for deaf children at Hartford. day are involve, organise, celebrate and take action and this is health problems, learning 1992 1994 demonstrations to protest against just 6 raised dots to difficulties, epilepsy, blindness, the story we are telling through the wallchart. How disabled benefit cuts represent the standard deafness. 1950 The Disability New declaration people have through self organisation, their trade unions and alphabet, enabling blind 1904 1940 -1941 Discrimination Act becomes Representatives of 92 governments and 25 by political action have not only challenged their civil, social and and partially sighted Founding of the Norwegian 1975 law international organisations hold the World The Convention on employment rights but perceptions and attitudes which are so people to read and write Binet “Intelligence” tests Nazi murder Federation of organisations Conference on Education, in the Rights of Persons As featured Full integration independently. His best An estimated 70,000 disabled people Salamanca, Spain. They agree a dynamic new difficult to change. The wallchart celebrates what movements Alfred Binet develops a system for useless propaganda of Disabled People (FFo) The United Nations Declaration with Disabilities friend Gabriel Gauthier 1880 are murdered under the T4 Program. Statement on the education of all disabled children, and individuals have achieved across the planet as well as testing intelligence and begins the The Third Reich begins to issue on the Rights of Disabled Persons First world conference becomes the first person Most of these are large-scale killings which calls for inclusion to be the norm. comes into force on one step backwards… trend for discriminating between 1932 propaganda against disabled calls for full economic and social Disabled Persons International 2006 reminding us of appalling treatment including murder that can ever to read Braille. using poison gas - a forerunner of the 3rd May 2008 The International Congress of Educators of schoolchildren on the basis of their people. The term “useless integration of disabled people. (DPI) forms as a consequence happen and still happens. “The impatient killing programme of Jewish people, New rights adopted the Deaf, meeting in Milan, Italy, calls for the supposed ‘mental age’. eaters” is used to highlight the of the 1979 Rehabilitation armies of the poor” known as ‘The Final Solution’. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities suppression of all sign languages and the sacking ‘burden’ they place on society. Conference in Winnipeg. Disability Awareness in 20,000 unemployed disabled is adopted on 13 December 2006 at the United Nations Some parts of the world have still to respond to the basic needs of every deaf teacher. This triumph of oralism is DPI holds its first World Congress war veterans and their families 1954 Action (DAA) - international Headquarters in New York, and is opened for signature on of disabled people whether that be by making transport and seen by deaf advocates as a direct attack upon in Singapore. public education their culture. march on Washington. Tear gas 30th March 2007. buildings more accessible or providing information in Braille or and bayonets are used against “The People organisation established Shall Govern” Disabled people in Kuala lumpur easy read. It is still shocking that such fundamental needs can peaceful protestors and 100 1941 demonstrate to demand an be denied and how easily excluded disabled people can be from people killed. The events of The Freedom Charter of the African 1979 1907 1932 inspire a new militancy Exposed Nazis retreat National Congress enshrines the accessible monorail system 2009 activities non disabled people take for granted. Disabled people …one step forward in the USA and the roots of Cardinal Galen reveals the facts of the principle of state support for all disabled people. Education fight Formation of the National Association of the Deaf legalised the disability rights struggle T4 killing programme in a sermon organise themselves The campaign for equal rights is not over and we need to be At the World Congress on Active subjects not objects Disability Rights activists by deaf people in the USA, which becomes the discrimination in America. delivered at St Lamberti Church in Disability in Winnipeg, Canada, The Convention marks a “paradigm shift” in attitudes hold protests about the vigilant in protecting what has been won but let’s today celebrate leading association fighting the ‘oralists’. The eugenics movement gains 1937 Munster. Hitler orders the suspension the achievements which have been made in politics, legislation, momentum. Between 1907 and of the programme as a result of organised by Rehabilitation 1986 towards disabled people, reflecting the movement away new “Right to Education” Employees fight International (RI), a proposal for from treating disabled people as “objects” of charity, Bill which excludes up the arts and celebrate the ever increasing confidence and 1943, 30 states pass sterilisation growing public concern and pressure 1993 laws aimed at “social misfits: the back from the church and judiciary. 50% representation of disabled Southern African 1998 medical treatment and social protection towards viewing to 20 million disabled visibility of disabled people who are ‘out and proud’ too. them as active members of society, capable of claiming mentally retarded, criminals and Blind employees at workshops people on the RI board is turned Federation of Disabled Shootings children and young down. Disabled people take The united Nations declares their rights and making decisions based on free and people. the insane…”. in Pittsburgh hold a sit-down People (SAFoD) formed Police open fire on a demonstration by If you have any comments or suggestions please go to strike after being denied the the decision to form their own December 3rd as International informed consent. in Durban disabled war veterans. Two protestors www.ucu.org.uk right to unionise. international organisation. are killed. Day of Disabled People on the UCU 1800s 1900s 1950s 1990s 2000s BLACK UK Disabled People – “A statute New law The Mental Deficiency Act Segregation Facing down Down with leading organisations of quite Home Secretary, Winston Churchill brings The Education Affirmative action provokes protest oppression dependency! BCoDP publishes the case of Disabled People uncommon in The Mental Deficiency Act. It categorises Act provides for The Disabled Persons Paul Hunt and The Union of Physically The Disability Discrimination Act for fully comprehensive Anti draw up the Rights and Facts & Figures Callousness” people as: ‘handicapped’ (Employment) Act requires Peter Wade publish Impaired Against becomes law. Disabled activists hold The Disability • idiots children to be larger employers to recruit 3% Discrimination legislation protests, calling it “fatally flawed” as it Freedom Bill The Poor Law A great step forward ‘Stigma’, describing Segregation (UPIAS) is Rights Commission • imbeciles educated but only of registered disabled people. many of the ways formed. It argues that a allows “justifiable discrimination” and Amendment Act A new trade union, The National League of the is launched • feeble minded in special schools or in which society world constructed only for does not convey full civil rights. at a Glance comes into force. It Blind (NLB), is founded and campaigns to introduce establishes a Poor • moral defectives classes. oppresses disabled non-disabled people will The Equality Act state pensions and equal rights for blind workers. 2000 Disabled adults are twice as likely to live in low-income Law Commission people. inevitably exclude disabled Colin Barnes publishes 1995 First TuC Disability Under the Act, 50,000 children and 1921 Still segregated people and forced them to households as non disabled adults and the gap is bigger than which abolishes 1899 Inclusive subtitles ‘Disabled People in Britain 2010 “outdoor relief” and 500,000 adults are incarcerated in long The Education Act creates be dependent. Conference 1966 Members of the Deaf Broadcasting a decade ago (The Poverty Group). instead embarks stay institutions during the first half of the 11 categories of impairment. and Discrimination’ Campaign lobby television studios across on a strategy of 20th century. Thousands of disabled children 2002 1975 the UK to demand signed and subtitled A harsh Act building centrally are sent to segregated schools, letter launches a 1991 The County Asylum Act New Association 1913 Junior Training Centres and news programmes. The employment rate among disabled adults remains far administered movement National demonstrations becomes law. Counties union workhouses, The British Deaf Association is formed by Francis institutions. The Equality and below that of non-disabled people, with around 50% of Paul Hunt writes to The Power to against the Welfare in England and Wales overseen by local Maginn to protect sign language and promote better Members of the Human Rights disabled people not in work, compared to around 20% of Guardian newspaper calling Reform Bill are permitted to build Boards of Guardians. education for deaf people. The Central Council for National league 1944 disabled people Equality not pity Commission replaces non-disabled people (The Poverty Group). institutions to confine the Disabled is founded of the Blind march for equality for disabled The British Council of Trade unions lead the way The second “Block Telethon” lobby takes place on 18th people and asking others the Disability Rights “criminal and pauper 1890 to london to Organisations of Disabled NALGO holds a national conference of its July. Thousands of disabled activists converge on LWT 1834 to join with him. His letter People (BCODP) is founded as an disabled members – the first event of its Commission lunatics”. 1919 protest about TV studios to protest against an event that is ‘offensive, Attack on disabled inspires the start of a umbrella group of organisations kind in the UK. intrusive or patronising”. As the cameras roll, protestors A quarter of those disabled people who require adapted unemployment united struggle against run and controlled by disabled people resisted Disabled Person’s Direct 2007 ‘International 1808 break into the studio holding up ‘Piss on Pity” placards. housing in England are currently living in accommodation that Darwin distorted discrimination. people. The Benefit Integrity Project is set up Action Network launches to examine the level of “fraudulent” is unsuitable for their needs (Leonard Cheshire Foundation). Charles Darwin’s theories of 1936 its ‘Free our People’ Important leader 1992 claims for Disability Living Allowance. evolution and the notion of the campaign elected There are large protests by disabled survival of the fittest through The Mental 1987 Disabled Trade Unionist and people and red paint is thrown outside Disabled people still face substantial disadvantage in natural selection lead to the Patients union The first Coalition of son of a former slave, William parliament and 10 Downing Street. 1999 the education system – 25% of disabled people have no Cuffay, is elected to the national widespread and apparently is formed Disabled People is scientifically justified view of qualifications compared to 11% among the population executive of the National Charter Fair pensions formed in Derbyshire 1997 Association and subsequently disabled people as inferior. “CRIPPlES CAN as a whole (Alliance for Inclusive Education). The Physically Handicapped 1972 becomes the President of the BSl is recognised as an official British 1859 Do VITAl WAR Association holds a rally in 1981 London Chartists. ‘Rights Not Charity’ march language but not given legal protection WoRK” Trafalgar Square then marches in london Self determination, 1 in 100 disabled people, compared to 1 in 50 non disabled 1842 “Justice not Charity” Labour shortages during to Downing Street to present a people, participate in a public life (i.e. being a local councillor, overseers of the poor Three contingents of NLB members converge on WW2 lead to over petition to the Prime Minister, A new force direct action The Scottish Poor Law Amendment Act creates a London, calling on the government to introduce a 300,000 disabled people calling for “pensions according Disabled activists, Megan du Boisson and Berit Thornberry The Disabled People’s Direct Action HISTORY school governor or magistrate) (Office for Disability Issues). central board of supervisors which oversees a national Blind Persons Act. being recruited into the to disability”. establish The Disablement Income Group in order to campaign The Fund Network (DAN) is formed following a uK Disabled People’s Parliament meets programme of Poorhouse construction. workforce. for financial support for disabled people. is established first action in Christchurch, Dorset. for the first time 1920 1960 Disabled people in work on average earn almost £1 an hour less UK Milestones 1845 1941 1965 1988 1995 2003 than non-disabled people in work, and nearly half of disabled employees are dissatisfied with their pay(Office for Disability Issues). UK Legislation - Key Milestones 1981 1983 1986 1990 1993 1995 1996 2000 2002 2006 2010 The Disabled Persons Act The Mental Health Act The Disabled Persons The NHS & Community The Education Act 1993 - The The Carers (Recognition and The Community Care (Direct The Carers and Disabled The Disability Discrimination Act The Disability Discrimination The Single Equality Bill? deals with issues of access and 1983 - The Act makes ‘provision (Services, Consultation Care Act 1990 - Local authority Act places a qualified duty on local Services) Act 1995 - This Act places Payments) Act 1996 - The Act gives Children Act 2000 - Local authorities is amended to more fully cover education. Act is amended to include the Disability day of Disabled Influential writers 40 Years in the Struggle for adaptation to buildings to cater for for the compulsory detention and and Representation) Act social services departments authorities to make provision for a duty on local councils to carry out Local Authority Social Services/Social Work are able to provide direct payments to Equality Duty. This Duty requires public workers with mobility impairments. treatment in hospital of those with 1986 - The Act gives disabled given overall responsibility for children with special educational assessments of need for carers. Departments the power to make direct young disabled people aged 16 or 17 and bodies “to promote disability equality Disability Equality mental disorder…’ people greater control over community care for disabled needs in mainstream schools. cash payments to disabled people, instead to the parents of disabled children. when exercising their functions”. It includes & thinkers services provided to them by local people. Where possible, services of the community care services they have the meaningful involvement of disabled government bodies. should be provided in the home or The Disability Discrimination assessed those individuals as needing. people in public bodies’ strategic planning The struggles of disabled people and the significant local community. Act 1995 - The DDA makes it “unlawful to processes. contribution they have made to society have been documented discriminate against people in respect of by the following authors: Stigma: The Experience of Disability, their disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, Editor Paul Hunt (1966); The Politics of Disablement, Mike Oliver education and transport.” (1990); Disabled people in Britain and Discrimination: A Case for Anti-Discrimination Legislation (1991); The Creatures Time Forgot, David Hevey (1992); A Dangerous Woman, Sue Napolitano (1995); Disability: Emancipation, Community Participation and Disabled People, Colin Barnes and Geoff Mercer (1995); On Our Own Behalf, Martin Pagel (1998); Beyond Ramps; Disability at the end of the Book, Journals and Articles Social Contract, Marta). Russell (1998); Incurably Human, Micheline The Making of the English Working Class, E.P.Thompson (1963); Eleanor Marx: The Crowded Years, 1884 - 1898, Yvonne Kapp (1976); Out of Sight: The Experience of Disability 1900 – 1950, Steve Mason (2000); Points of Contact: Disability, Art and Culture, Susan Humphries and Pamela Gordon (1992); Thinking in Pictures, Temple Grandin (1995); Education,

Part of the Part Crutchfield and Marcy Epstein (2000); A Personal Journey Into Equality and Human Rights, Edited by Mike Cole (2000); Useless Eaters; Disability as a Genocidal Disability Politics, Vic Finkelstein (2001); Pride against Prejudice, Marker in Nazi Germany, Mark P. Mosket, Journal of (2002); Frida Kahlo, Andrea Jenny Morris (2001); Controversial Issues in a Disabling Society, John Kettenmann (2003); Disability and Social Policy in Britain since 1750, Anne Borsay (2005); The Jarrow Crusade: Protest and Legend, Matt Perry (2005); Forgotten Pioneers of the National Protest March: Swain, Sally French and Colin Cameron (2003); Strength: Broadsides the National League of the Blind’s Marches to London, 1920 & 1936; Matthias Reiss, Labour History 365 SERIES from Disability on the Arts, Paddy Masefield (2007). Review, 70:2 (2005); A crusade for dignity, Andrew Roberts, Society Guardian (September 3rd 2008). 1907 - 1954 1912 – 1954 1942 - 2000 1949 - 2007 People’ wallchart Harriet Tubman c.1822 - 1913 Rachel MacMillan 1859 - 1917 Eleanor Marx 1855 - 1898 Helen Keller 1880 - 1968 Frida Kahlo Alan Turing Ian Dury Roy Webb Internet References

Slavery Abolitionist & Spy Author and Literary Translator Political Campaigner Artist Mathematician Singer and Songwriter Trade Unionist Chronology of ; www.learfoundation.org.uk; Timeline of Disability History; www.cdp.org.uk; www.red-disability.org; www.wikipedia.co.uk; www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk; Margaret MacMillan 1860 - 1931 Roy Webb’s activism spanned every aspect of the www.bbc.co.uk; www.itnsource.com; www.add.org.uk; www.poverty.org.uk; www.allfie.org.uk; Harriet Tubman (pictured) was the first woman to lead Eleanor Marx (pictured) was a founder of the Socialist Radical author and political activist, Helen Keller, was the “I never painted dreams. I painted my own reality.” Mathematician, Alan Turing, joined the Government Code Ian Dury is best known as the founder, frontman and www.officefordisabilityissues.gov.uk; www.LCDisability.org Social Campaigners Disabled Peoples’ Movement. He was a committed trade an armed expedition in the American civil war, when she League and regularly wrote for the monthly newspaper, first deafblind person to gain a Bachelor of Arts degree. and Cypher School, based at Bletchley Park (pictured, lead singer/song writer of the band Ian Dury and the unionist, aficionado of London Disability Arts Forum and guided the raid on the Combahee River and liberated Commonweal, on women’s issues. She was a pacifist and campaigner for women’s suffrage, Internationally acclaimed Hispanic artist, Frida Kahlo above) in 1938, where he led the team that played a vital Blockheads, who were amongst the most important Special thanks to: Colin Cameron, Queen Margaret University College; Euan Dargie, University Sisters, Rachel (pictured) and Margaret McMillan, were member of the Disabled Peoples Direct Action Network. more than seven hundred slaves. trade unionism and the rights of blind people. combined elements of indigenous Mexican culture role in deciphering messages encrypted by the German groups of the New Wave era in the UK. of Abertay; Rob Murthwaite, London Metropolitan University; Colin Hambrook, Disability Arts founder members of the Independent Labour Party and Online; Peter Millington, Disability West Midlands, for his invaluable Disability History timeline; Alan She became an activist in the Women’s Trade Union with surrealism to create a series of stark and dramatic enigma machine. After World War 2 he became a pioneer pioneers of child welfare. They were instrumental in As Head of Policy at the National Centre for Independent Sutherland, Lear Foundation, for the Chronology of Disability Arts; Gloria Foran, Unison; TUC Library; After her own escape from slavery she made thirteen League and supported the Match Girls strike of 1888 and Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1912 paintings. in the field of artificial intelligence. Two of his songs were banned by the BBC; The classic “Sex persuading Parliament to introduce the 1906 Provision Living, he co-ordinated the Our Lives Our Choices UCU Disabled Members Standing Committee (2009-10). missions to rescue her family and over seventy other the London Dock Strike in 1889. She helped organise and was also a member of the Socialist Party. She helped & Drugs & Rock and Roll“ which marked Dury’s debut for of School Meals Act, arguing that “if the state insists on campaign in support of Lord Ashley’s Disabled Persons slaves, using the network of antislavery activists and safe the Gas Workers Union and wrote and translated books, to found the American Civil Liberties Union. Many of her works are self-portraits (Self-Portrait with Stiff Records and the 1981 single “Spasticus Autisticus”, Author & creator: compulsory education it must take responsibility for the (Independent Living) Bill. houses known as the Underground Railroad. During the articles and plays. written to rebut the International Year of the Disabled. Gaverne Bennett. proper nourishment of school children…..”. Thorn Necklace and Humming-bird, pictured above) that post-war era she joined the struggle for womens’ suffrage. symbolically express her own experience of impairment The lyrics were considered to be too uncompromising. Designer: Sarah Edwards. and sexuality.