DOCSLIB.ORG

Phosphate Mining and the Relocation of the Banabans to Northern Fiji In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phosphate Mining and the Relocation of the Banabans to Northern Fiji In Journal de la Société des Océanistes 138-139 | 2014 Les mises en récit de la mine dans le Pacifique Phosphate mining and the relocation of the Banabans to northern Fiji in 1945: Lessons for climate change-forced displacement Extraction du phosphate et déplacement des Banabans au nord de Fidji en 1945 : enseignements pour les déplacements dus aux changements climatiques Julia B. Edwards Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/jso/7100 DOI: 10.4000/jso.7100 ISSN: 1760-7256 Publisher Société des océanistes Printed version Date of publication: 15 December 2014 Number of pages: 121-136 ISBN: 978-2-85430-118-2 ISSN: 0300-953x Electronic reference Julia B. Edwards, « Phosphate mining and the relocation of the Banabans to northern Fiji in 1945: Lessons for climate change-forced displacement », Journal de la Société des Océanistes [Online], 138-139 | 2014, Online since 15 December 2017, connection on 30 April 2019. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/jso/7100 ; DOI : 10.4000/jso.7100 © Tous droits réservés Phosphate mining and the relocation of the Banabans to northern Fiji in 1945: Lessons for climate change- forced displacement by Julia B. EDWARDS* ABSTRACT RÉSUMÉ At the end of the XIXth Century, Banaba was an unknown, À la in du XIXe siècle, l’île du Paciique central Banaba était and then ‘unclaimed’, island in the central Paciic; howe- encore inconnue et « non revendiquée ». Tout allait changer ver, all was soon to change for its 450 residents. In 1900, pour les 450 habitants quand en1900, on découvrit qu’une a rock propping open a Sydney-oice door of the Paciic pierre déposée au bureau de Sydney de la Compagnie des Islands Phosphate Company was found to consist almost phosphates du Paciique insulaire était quasi exclusivement entirely of high-grade phosphate. It was soon traced back composée de phosphate de haute qualité. Son origine iden- to the island; mining activity commenced shortly after tiiée, l’extraction commença et la croissance de l’activité fut and the operation quickly grew. he tiny island was rapide. La petite île se transforma en un site majeur d’exploi- transformed into a major phosphate-mining settlement. tation du phosphate avec pour conséquence rapide de rendre With continued mineral extraction it became apparent Banaba inhabitable. Les autorités coloniales élaborèrent that Banaba would, in time, become uninhabitable and un plan pour reloger la communauté insulaire. Cet article plans were devised by colonial authorities to relocate the analyse les décisions, les événements et les processus qui ont island community to an alternative home. his article conduit à la réinstallation des habitants de Banaba sur l’île examines the decisions, events and processes that led to de Rabi, aux Fidji, en 1945. Les correspondances et docu- the relocation of the Banabans to Rabi Island, Fiji in ments coloniaux originaux sont examinés et les membres clés 1945. Original colonial documents and correspondence de la communauté des anciens de Banaba, basés à Suva et are examined and key members of the elderly Banaban Rabi, consultés. Un parallèle est établi avec les réinstalla- community, based in Suva and Rabi, consulted. Parallels tions forcées dues au changement climatique actuel et des with contemporary relocations, associated with climate enseignements sont tirés qui pourront aider à organiser les change, are given and learnings presented that will aid déplacements de communautés liés au changement clima- future climate-induced community relocations. Lessons tique. Parmi eux, on note la nécessité d’une planiication to take forward are the need for long-term, post-reloca- post-réinstallation sur le long terme, incluant la création de tion planning, including the creation of livelihoods, and modes et moyens de subsistance et un appui continu fourni on-going support by external agencies for those displaced. par les agences extérieures aux groupes déplacés. Keywords: resettlement, colonisation, mining, iden- Keywords: déplacements, colonisation, mines, tity, climate change identité, changements climatiques Much recent attention has been given to likely within the region, forced relocation is not a new future climate-induced population displacements phenomenon (Lieber, 1977). In the immediate in Oceania (ejf, 2009; Mimura et al., 2007), yet aftermath of World War Two (wwii), at the time * Researcher, Climate change and resettlement, Paciic Conference of Churches, Suva, Fiji, [email protected] Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 138-139, année 2014 122 JOURNAL DE LA SOCIÉTÉ DES OCÉANISTES when millions of Europeans were on the move, Today there is a realisation that very careful one tiny island community in the central Paci- planning is required to minimize the trauma of ic was also, reluctantly, undertaking a long-dis- the upheaval for the displaced community. Past tance journey to a new island home. development-induced relocations have been At the end of 1945, 1,003 Banabans and Gil- criticised for their apparent lack of concern for bertese from Banaba Island, formerly Ocean the social dynamics of the displaced communi- Island, were relocated to Fiji. Since 1900 the ty (Cernea, 1997). In many cases, people were islanders’ home had been gradually degraded by an afterthought in such schemes. Outwardly, the extensive phosphate mining1. With deep, high- handling of the Banabans by colonial authorities quality deposits still remaining in Banaba, and could receive a similar judgment. Beyond forced with postconlict peace returning to the region, resettlement and in broader terms of mobility and the British Phosphate Commissioners (bpc) community building in the Paciic context, Pacif- were keen to recommence their mining activi- ic islanders have left the «familiar» and migrated ties in Banaba. As a result, the Banabans were to the «unknown», where they have been success- prevented from returning to their island home. ful in creating «moral communities» (Modell, Compared with the many hundreds of thou- 2002). his heritage of movement, nevertheless, sands of Paciic islanders who face potential enables Paciic islanders to be still rooted in the relocate in the future owing to climate change ancestral homeland through oral traditions, ge- (Stern, 2006, Mimura et al., 2007), the histo- nealogy and cultural performance (Hau’Ofa, ric relocation of the Banabans may be small in 1994). he work here assesses both the extent to scale; however, valuable lessons can be learned which the needs of the Banaban people were tak- from the relocation approach. en into consideration and the success of the com- Rarely in the past has an entire island commu- munity in retaining their traditions and society nity been forcibly displaced, the process so well in the island of Rabi, their new home. documented in the historical archives, and the he remainder of the paper is structured as narrative of the relocation so readily told by the follows. In the next section, the approach and community who experienced the resettlement. method is outlined, which includes a short ge- he embedment of a narrative of mining exploi- ography of Banaba Island. hen the background tation, and potentially of climate, is important to the discovery of phosphate in Banaba is given, in synthesizing the relocation process, but it also followed by a more detailed presentation of the needs to be seen as part of a broader history of diferent stages in the relocation process. mobility in the Paciic-island context (Modell, he assessment of the relocation approach in- 2002). People within the Paciic have migrated cludes modern-day observations of the Banabans’ through choice, circumstance or opportunity, situation. In the comparison section, parallels with and the migration narratives have enriched Pa- current climate change-forced relocations are stat- ciic traditions and cultures. Mobility is in the ed and recommendations presented that will aid blood of Paciic islanders (Hau’Ofa, 1994). future climate-induced community relocations. In the last section overall conclusions are drawn. Issue and hypothesis: from an actual case of forced relocation to an hypothetical/ Approach and method prospective comparison A historical extended case study his article examines the relocation of the Banabans to northern Fiji in 1945 in terms of his paper examines the relocation of the the decisions and processes made by the colonial Banabans to northern Fiji in 1945. It is a case- authorities, and the experiences of the Banaban study approach that uses archive records and oth- community. er documentation to assess the level of planning, Much of the focus of the work is on the his- negotiations and co-operation between colonial torical process of resettlement, but a current-day authorities responsible for the relocation. Much perspective is also given in observations related of the focus of the work is on the historical pro- to community reconstruction. Any relocation is cess of resettlement, though the research detailed an extremely complex process; afected commu- here also incorporates observations and indings nities are exposed to risks of severe economic, from a recent study-team visit to Rabi Island in social and environmental hardship, and in the April 2011. During the ield visit, interviews case of mining-induced displacement especially, with key representatives of the community were environmental degradation may be particularly undertaken, enabling a current-day perspective acute (Robinson, 2003). to be given to the assessment. 1. Phosphate was much prized as an agricultural fertiliser during the irst half of the xxth Century. PHOSPHATE MINING AND THE RELOCATION OF THE BANABANS IN FIJI 123 on-going work of the Pacif- ic Conference of Churches in the accompaniment of current-day Paciic island- ers facing displacement be- cause of climate change. A geography of Banaba Island Banaba, a small, raised island, is the emerging tip of a submarine mountain (the name «Banaba» means island of rock or «stony»). his barren outcrop is lo- cated just south of the equa- tor in the central Paciic, and is very remote. Nauru, its nearest neighbour, is al- most 200km to the west, and the administrative cen- tre of Tarawa, the capital of Kirabati (formerly the Figure 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Resettlement of the Banabans in Rabi, Fiji Heart, and Do Not Be Many of You Will Already Be Thinking That My Working Life, Based As It Is in Stubborn Any Longer
    “Circumcise ... your The resettlement of the Banabans in Rabi, Fiji heart, and do not be Many of you will already be thinking that my working life, based as it is in stubborn any longer. tropical Fiji, must be idyllic, and when my research takes me on site visits For the Lord your across tranquil seas to distant archipelagos, I think I may have lost all God is God of gods possible chance of convincing you otherwise. and Lord of lords, the great God, mighty Much of my work with the Pacific Conference of Churches (PCC) is focused and awesome, who is on climate change and the resettlement of at-risk peoples in Oceania. The not partial and takes region has over 200 coral atolls, all of which, scientists predict, are under no bribe, who threat from rising sea levels. Over the coming years, inhabitants of these executes justice for low-lying islands face relocation away from their atoll homes. the orphan and the widow, and who PCC wishes to offer advice and accompaniment to its member churches as loves the strangers, they support affected communities. Of all advocates involved in the providing them with resettlement task, the Church in the Pacific is physically as well as food and clothing. spiritually the closest to the community, and as such, it is ideally positioned You shall also love to help allay fears and relieve anxieties among those affected. the stranger…” Deuteronomy To be in active solidarity with the peoples of Oceania, PCC needs to be 10:16-19 (NRSV) aware of various accompaniment approaches, and to be able to offer suitable guidance where appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Division
    THE FOLLOWING IS THE PROVISIONAL LIST OF POLLING VENUES AS AT 3IST DECEMBER 2017 CENTRAL DIVISION The following is a Provisional List of Polling Venues released by the Fijian Elections Office FEO[ ] for your information. Members of the public are advised to log on to pvl.feo.org.fj to search for their polling venues by district, area and division. DIVISION: CENTRAL AREA: VUNIDAWA PRE POLL VENUES -AREA VUNIDAWA Voter No Venue Name Venue Address Count Botenaulu Village, Muaira, 1 Botenaulu Community Hall 78 Naitasiri Delailasakau Community Delailasakau Village, Nawaidi- 2 107 Hall na, Naitasiri Korovou Community Hall Korovou Village, Noimalu , 3 147 Naitasiri Naitasiri Laselevu Village, Nagonenicolo 4 Laselevu Community Hall 174 , Naitasiri Lomai Community Hall Lomai Village, Nawaidina, 5 172 Waidina Naitasiri 6 Lutu Village Hall Wainimala Lutu Village, Muaira, Naitasiri 123 Matainasau Village Commu- Matainasau Village, Muaira , 7 133 nity Hall Naitasiri Matawailevu Community Matawailevu Village, Noimalu , 8 74 Hall Naitasiri Naitasiri Nabukaluka Village, Nawaidina ELECTION DAY VENUES -AREA VUNIDAWA 9 Nabukaluka Community Hall 371 , Naitasiri Nadakuni Village, Nawaidina , Voter 10 Nadakuni Community Hall 209 No Venue Name Venue Address Naitasiri Count Nadovu Village, Muaira , Nai- Bureni Settlement, Waibau , 11 Nadovu Community Hall 160 1 Bureni Community Hall 83 tasiri Naitasiri Naitauvoli Village, Nadara- Delaitoga Village, Matailobau , 12 Naitauvoli Community Hall 95 2 Delaitoga Community Hall 70 vakawalu , Naitasiri Naitasiri Nakida
    [Show full text]
  • Shyama Pagad Programme Officer, IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group
    Final Report for the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agricultural Development Compile and Review Invasive Alien Species Information Shyama Pagad Programme Officer, IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group 1 Table of Contents Glossary and Definitions ................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4 SECTION 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Alien and Invasive Species in Kiribati .............................................................................................. 7 Key Information Sources ................................................................................................................. 7 Results of information review ......................................................................................................... 8 SECTION 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Pathways of introduction and spread of invasive alien species ................................................... 10 SECTION 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Kiribati and its biodiversity ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Setting Priorities for Marine Conservation in the Fiji Islands Marine Ecoregion Contents
    Setting Priorities for Marine Conservation in the Fiji Islands Marine Ecoregion Contents Acknowledgements 1 Minister of Fisheries Opening Speech 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations 4 Executive Summary 5 1.0 Introduction 7 2.0 Background 9 2.1 The Fiji Islands Marine Ecoregion 9 2.2 The biological diversity of the Fiji Islands Marine Ecoregion 11 3.0 Objectives of the FIME Biodiversity Visioning Workshop 13 3.1 Overall biodiversity conservation goals 13 3.2 Specifi c goals of the FIME biodiversity visioning workshop 13 4.0 Methodology 14 4.1 Setting taxonomic priorities 14 4.2 Setting overall biodiversity priorities 14 4.3 Understanding the Conservation Context 16 4.4 Drafting a Conservation Vision 16 5.0 Results 17 5.1 Taxonomic Priorities 17 5.1.1 Coastal terrestrial vegetation and small offshore islands 17 5.1.2 Coral reefs and associated fauna 24 5.1.3 Coral reef fi sh 28 5.1.4 Inshore ecosystems 36 5.1.5 Open ocean and pelagic ecosystems 38 5.1.6 Species of special concern 40 5.1.7 Community knowledge about habitats and species 41 5.2 Priority Conservation Areas 47 5.3 Agreeing a vision statement for FIME 57 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations 58 6.1 Information gaps to assessing marine biodiversity 58 6.2 Collective recommendations of the workshop participants 59 6.3 Towards an Ecoregional Action Plan 60 7.0 References 62 8.0 Appendices 67 Annex 1: List of participants 67 Annex 2: Preliminary list of marine species found in Fiji. 71 Annex 3 : Workshop Photos 74 List of Figures: Figure 1 The Ecoregion Conservation Proccess 8 Figure 2 Approximate
    [Show full text]
  • The Partition of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands W
    Island Studies Journal , Vol. 7, No.1, 2012, pp. 135-146 REVIEW ESSAY The Partition of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands W. David McIntyre Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies Christchurch, New Zealand [email protected] ABSTRACT : This paper reviews the separation of the Ellice Islands from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, in the central Pacific, in 1975: one of the few agreed boundary changes that were made during decolonization. Under the name Tuvalu, the Ellice Group became the world’s fourth smallest state and gained independence in 1978. The Gilbert Islands, (including the Phoenix and Line Islands), became the Republic of Kiribati in 1979. A survey of the tortuous creation of the colony is followed by an analysis of the geographic, ethnic, language, religious, economic, and administrative differences between the groups. When, belatedly, the British began creating representative institutions, the largely Polynesian, Protestant, Ellice people realized they were doomed to permanent minority status while combined with the Micronesian, half-Catholic, Gilbertese. To protect their identity they demanded separation, and the British accepted this after a UN-observed referendum. Keywords: Foreign and Commonwealth Office; Gilbert and Ellis islands; independence; Kiribati; Tuvalu © 2012 Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Context The age of imperialism saw most of the world divided up by colonial powers that drew arbitrary lines on maps to designate their properties. The age of decolonization involved the assumption of sovereign independence by these, often artificial, creations. Tuvalu, in the central Pacific, lying roughly half-way between Australia and Hawaii, is a rare exception.
    [Show full text]
  • Tui Tai Expeditions One of the World's Only Truly All-Inclusive
    tui tai expeditions We hope you’ll join us for the trip of a lifetime, during which you’ll visit remote beaches, snor- kel over incredible reefs, kayak to local villages, and experience the most breathtaking locations across Northern Fiji. The Tui Tai Expeditions takes guests to places they never imagined, the natural beauty of Fiji, and the kindness and warmth of the Fijian people. Tui Tai Expeditions is the premier adventure experience in the South Pacific. one of the world’s only truly all-inclusive expeditions When you’re enjoying a luxury-adventure expedition on Tui Tai, you don’t ever have to think about the details of extra charges because there aren’t any. We’ve designed our service to be All-inclusive. Not “all inclusive” as some use the term, followed by a bunch of fine print explaining what isn’t included. We mean that everything is included: every service, mixed drink, glass of wine or beer, every meal, all scuba diving (even dive courses), snorkeling, kayaking, spa treatments - everything. Once you board Tui Tai, the details are in our hands, and your only responsibility is to have the experience of a lifetime. “World’s Sexiest Cruise Ships” Conde Nast luxury that doesn’t get adventure that doesn’t pacific cultural triangle rabi island Micronesian people, originally in the way of adventure get in the way of luxury Tui Tai is the only luxury-adventure ship oper- from Banaba in equatorial Kiribati. The word luxury can be defined in many ways. Like luxury, adventure can be defined many ating in the Pacific Cultural Triangle, providing Settled on Rabi Island in Fiji on On Tui Tai, luxury means that everything has ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Current and Future Climate of the Fiji Islands
    Rotuma eef a R Se at re Ahau G p u ro G a w a Vanua Levu s Bligh Water Taveuni N a o Y r th er Koro n La u G ro Koro Sea up Nadi Viti Levu SUVA Ono-i-lau S ou th er n L Kadavu au Gr South Pacific Ocean oup Current and future climate of the Fiji Islands > Fiji Meteorological Service > Australian Bureau of Meteorology > Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Fiji’s current climate Across Fiji the annual average temperature is between 20-27°C. Changes Fiji’s climate is also influenced by the in the temperature from season to season are relatively small and strongly trade winds, which blow from the tied to changes in the surrounding ocean temperature. east or south-east. The trade winds bring moisture onshore causing heavy Around the coast, the average night- activity. It extends across the South showers in the mountain regions. time temperatures can be as low Pacific Ocean from the Solomon Fiji’s climate varies considerably as 18°C and the average maximum Islands to east of the Cook Islands from year to year due to the El Niño- day-time temperatures can be as with its southern edge usually lying Southern Oscillation. This is a natural high as 32°C. In the central parts near Fiji (Figure 2). climate pattern that occurs across of the main islands, average night- Rainfall across Fiji can be highly the tropical Pacific Ocean and affects time temperatures can be as low as variable. On Fiji’s two main islands, weather around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Encounters Reflections on Relations Between People in the Pacific
    Indigenous Encounters Reflections on Relations between People in the Pacific Katerina Martina Teaiwa He aha te mea nui? What is the most important thing? He tāngata. He tāngata. He It is people. It is people. It is people. tāngata. Māori Proverb You cannot buy with money what can be gained by caring for people, especially your neighbors, says Delgadina Perez Hiton. Having lived for seven decades, Tan Del insists that relationships among people are the only enduring thing a person can count on. Laura M. Torres Souder, Daughters of the Island RELATIONSHIPS A few years ago my father told me of an experience he had on Rabi Island in the northern part of Fiji. He said he was walking through Nuku town past the police station when a man stopped him and introduced himself. When the man said his name my father instantly knew who he was, though they had never met. The man asked him for thirty dollars. My father gave it to him immediately, with no questions about what he needed it for, or why he should give him the money. Later he explained to me that in the 1940s his mother, who was on her home island of Tabiteuea in Kiribati, had been struggling and needed money to help her family get to Banaba to see my grandfather. She went to a man in her village and asked for some help. Without question he gave her a hundred dollars he’d saved. The man at Nuku on Rabi, fifty years later and over a thousand miles from Tabiteuea, was his grandson.
    [Show full text]
  • 4348 Fiji Planning Map 1008
    177° 00’ 178° 00’ 178° 30’ 179° 00’ 179° 30’ 180° 00’ Cikobia 179° 00’ 178° 30’ Eastern Division Natovutovu 0 10 20 30 Km 16° 00’ Ahau Vetauua 16° 00’ Rotuma 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 km 16°00’ 12° 30’ 180°00’ Qele Levu Nambouono FIJI 0 25 50 75 100 mi 180°30’ 20 Km Tavewa Drua Drua 0 10 National capital 177°00’ Kia Vitina Nukubasaga Mali Wainingandru Towns and villages Sasa Coral reefs Nasea l Cobia e n Pacific Ocean n Airports and airfields Navidamu Labasa Nailou Rabi a ve y h 16° 30’ o a C Natua r B Yanuc Division boundaries d Yaqaga u a ld Nabiti ka o Macuata Ca ew Kioa g at g Provincial boundaries Votua N in Yakewa Kalou Naravuca Vunindongoloa Loa R p Naselesele Roads u o Nasau Wailevu Drekeniwai Laucala r Yasawairara Datum: WGS 84; Projection: Alber equal area G Bua Bua Savusavu Laucala Denimanu conic: standard meridan, 179°15’ east; standard a Teci Nakawakawa Wailagi Lala w Tamusua parallels, 16°45’ and 18°30’ south. a Yandua Nadivakarua s Ngathaavulu a Nacula Dama Data: VMap0 and Fiji Islands, FMS 16, Lands & Y Wainunu Vanua Levu Korovou CakaudroveTaveuni Survey Dept., Fiji 3rd Edition, 1998. Bay 17° 00’ Nabouwalu 17° 00’ Matayalevu Solevu Northern Division Navakawau Naitaba Ngunu Viwa Nanuku Passage Bligh Water Malima Nanuya Kese Lau Group Balavu Western Division V Nathamaki Kanacea Mualevu a Koro Yacata Wayalevu tu Vanua Balavu Cikobia-i-lau Waya Malake - Nasau N I- r O Tongan Passage Waya Lailai Vita Levu Rakiraki a Kade R Susui T Muna Vaileka C H Kuata Tavua h E Navadra a Makogai Vatu Vara R Sorokoba Ra n Lomaiviti Mago
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study Exploring Challenges and Opportunities of the Banaban People in Fiji
    EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF A DISPLACED POPULATION: A CASE STUDY EXPLORING CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE BANABAN PEOPLE IN FIJI by RUITI TEBWEBWETEWITI TAWANANG A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education Copyright © 2011 by Ruiti Tebwebwetewiti Tawanang School of Education Faculty of Arts and Law The University of the South Pacific April, 2011 DEDICATION I wish to dedicate this thesis to both my late father TawanangTenikom and mother BanuaoTabutoatau. My parents had been sources of inspiration in encouraging me to diligently and persistently pursue higher and better education. ACKNOWLEGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank the Heavenly Father for the strength, perseverance and determination to have this thesis accomplished. There were many challenges encountered in compiling the information and gathering facts. However, in spite of this, I am so grateful that I was able to complete it successfully, through the prayers of those who cared and had continuously encouraged, supported and assisted me produce the final thesis. I wish to thank the following people who have greatly assisted me in the completion of this thesis: • My Supervisor, Dr. Unaisi Nabobo-Baba for her professional guidance, advice, and whose inspirational encouraging support was never a failure. Her continuous critical and constructive contributions to the thesis had provided a way forward. Dr. Unaisi had perhaps the greatest impact on the thesis. • I am also grateful to Dr. Tupeni Baba who provided useful suggestions to the final stage of writing. • The Head of School of Education, USP Faculty of Arts and Law, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaiwa 1999 R.Pdf
    TIRAWATA IROUIA: RE-PRESENTING BANABAN mSTORlES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFilLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PACIFIC ISLANDS STUDIES MAY 1999 By Katerina Martina Teaiwa Thesis Committee: Haunani-Kay Trask, Chairperson Terence Wesley-Smith David Hanlon We certify that we have read this thesis and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree ofMaster of Arts in Pacific Islands Studies. THESIS COM~lITTEE Chairperson ii © Copyright 1998 by Katerina Martina Teaiwa iii My research is dedicated to all my ancestors and guardians, but especially my Nei Kaka (grandmother), Takeua ofEita village on Tabiteuea. iv ACKNOWLEDGE~NTS I would like to say thank you and ''I love you THIS much" to my mum and dad John and Joan who've sacrificed so much for their daughters, my talented and hardworking sisters Maria and Tere, and ikatuni nephew Manoa. Au karabaraba to all the relatives and friends who agreed to talk to me "in English" in Suva, Rabi and Banaba, especially Nei Bure, Bauro,Banto (Tebannang), Kaukau, Maia, Bokanawa, Temarewe, Arariki, Taiman, Rengaua, Tebuke, Namaraki, Christine, Tokobea, Willie, Kewekewe, Tenikoria, Taukoriri, Terikano, Nawaia, Aren, Turenga c., Fatiaki, Turenga S., Temanarara, Baterea, Toma, Alipate, Ioane, Alofa, Tireta. Au kaitau naba to the whole Teaiwa kainga-Takaia, Teruamwi, Terianako, Rakomwa, Tebarutu, Eritai, Taita, Tekarika, Terereieta, Tamaria and their families. I am unable to directly quote the names ofthose I interviewed because of the ''Human Subjects" policy of the University of Hawai'i, something I had to negotiate with regret after I had already done my research.
    [Show full text]
  • 2002 04 Small Is Viable.Pdf
    The U.S. Congress established the East-West Center in 1960 to foster mutual understanding and coopera- tion among the governments and peoples of the Asia Pacific region including the United States. Funding for the Center comes from the U.S. govern- ment with additional support provided by private agencies, individuals, corporations, and Asian and Pacific governments. East-West Center Working Papers are circulated for comment and to inform interested colleagues about work in progress at the Center. For more information about the Center or to order publications, contact: Publication Sales Office East-West Center 1601 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848-1601 Telephone: 808-944-7145 Facsimile: 808-944-7376 Email: [email protected] Website: www.EastWestCenter.org EAST-WEST CENTER WORKING PAPERSPAPERSEAST-WEST Pacific Islands Development SeriesSeriesPacific No. 15, April 2002 Small is Viable: The Global Ebbs and Flows of a Pacific Atoll Nation Gerard A. Finin Gerard A. Finin is a Senior Fellow in the Pacific Islands Development Program, East-West Center. He can be reached at telephone: 808-944-7751 or email: [email protected]. East-West Center Working Papers: Pacific Islands Development Series is an unreviewed and unedited prepublication series reporting on research in progress. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Center. Please direct orders and requests to the East-West Center's Publication Sales Office. The price for Working Papers is $3.00 each plus postage. For surface mail, add $3.00 for the first title plus $0.75 for each additional title or copy sent in the same shipment.
    [Show full text]