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CHAPTER 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS VI 29-1 Notes 1
)&f1y3X CHAPTER 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS VI 29-1 Notes 1. Except where the context otherwise requires, the headings of this chapter apply only to: (a) Separate chemically defined organic compounds, whether or not containing impurities; (b) Mixtures of two or more isomers of the same organic compound (whether or not containing impurities), except mixtures of acyclic hydrocarbon isomers (other than stereoisomers), whether or not saturated (chapter 27); (c) The products of headings 2936 to 2939 or the sugar ethers and sugar esters, and their salts, of heading 2940, or the products of heading 2941, whether or not chemically defined; (d) Products mentioned in (a), (b) or (c) above dissolved in water; (e) Products mentioned in (a), (b) or (c) above dissolved in other solvents provided that the solution constitutes a normal and necessary method of putting up these products adopted solely for reasons of safety or for transport and that the solvent does not render the product particularly suitable for specific use rather than for general use; (f) The products mentioned in (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) above with an added stabilizer (including an anticaking agent) necessary for their preservation or transport; (g) The products mentioned in (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f) above with an added antidusting agent or a coloring or odoriferous substance added to facilitate their identification or for safety reasons, provided that the additions do not render the product particularly suitable for specific use rather than for general use; (h) The following products, diluted to standard strengths, for the production of azo dyes: diazonium salts, couplers used for these salts and diazotizable amines and their salts. -
Chemicals in the Fourth Report and Updated Tables Pdf Icon[PDF
Chemicals in the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: Updated Tables, March 2021 CDC’s Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: Updated Tables, March 2021 provides exposure data on the following chemicals or classes of chemicals. The Updated Tables contain cumulative data from national samples collected beginning in 1999–2000 and as recently as 2015-2016. Not all chemicals were measured in each national sample. The data tables are available at https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport. An asterisk (*) indicates the chemical has been added since publication of the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals in 2009. Adducts of Hemoglobin Acrylamide Formaldehyde* Glycidamide Tobacco Alkaloids and Metabolites Anabasine* Anatabine* Cotinine Cotinine-n-oxide* Hydroxycotinine* Trans-3’-hydroxycotinine* 1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-butanol-4-carboxylic acid* Nicotine* Nicotine-N’-oxide* Nornicotine* Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNAs) N’-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB)* N’-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT)* N’-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)* Total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol) (NNAL)* Volatile N-nitrosamines (VNAs) N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)* N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine (NMEA)* N-Nitrosomorpholine (NMOR)* N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP)* N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR)* Disinfection By-Products Bromodichloromethane Dibromochloromethane Tribromomethane (Bromoform) Trichloromethane (Chloroform) Personal Care and Consumer Product Chemicals and Metabolites Benzophenone-3 Bisphenol A Bisphenol F* Bisphenol -
Nitrate Prodrugs Able to Release Nitric Oxide in a Controlled and Selective
Europäisches Patentamt *EP001336602A1* (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 1 336 602 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.7: C07C 205/00, A61K 31/00 20.08.2003 Bulletin 2003/34 (21) Application number: 02425075.5 (22) Date of filing: 13.02.2002 (84) Designated Contracting States: (71) Applicant: Scaramuzzino, Giovanni AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU 20052 Monza (Milano) (IT) MC NL PT SE TR Designated Extension States: (72) Inventor: Scaramuzzino, Giovanni AL LT LV MK RO SI 20052 Monza (Milano) (IT) (54) Nitrate prodrugs able to release nitric oxide in a controlled and selective way and their use for prevention and treatment of inflammatory, ischemic and proliferative diseases (57) New pharmaceutical compounds of general effects and for this reason they are useful for the prep- formula (I): F-(X)q where q is an integer from 1 to 5, pref- aration of medicines for prevention and treatment of in- erably 1; -F is chosen among drugs described in the text, flammatory, ischemic, degenerative and proliferative -X is chosen among 4 groups -M, -T, -V and -Y as de- diseases of musculoskeletal, tegumental, respiratory, scribed in the text. gastrointestinal, genito-urinary and central nervous sys- The compounds of general formula (I) are nitrate tems. prodrugs which can release nitric oxide in vivo in a con- trolled and selective way and without hypotensive side EP 1 336 602 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 1 336 602 A1 Description [0001] The present invention relates to new nitrate prodrugs which can release nitric oxide in vivo in a controlled and selective way and without the side effects typical of nitrate vasodilators drugs. -
Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Nicotine Pharmacology and Dependence
Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Nicotine Pharmacology and Dependence Christie D. Fowler, Jill R. Turner, and M. Imad Damaj Contents 1 Introduction 2 Basic Neurocircuitry of Nicotine Addiction 3 Role of Nicotinic Receptors in Nicotine Dependence and Brain Function 4 Modulatory Factors That Influence nAChR Expression and Signaling 5 Genomics and Genetics of Nicotine Dependence 5.1 Overview 5.2 Human and Animal Genetic Studies 5.3 Transcriptionally Adaptive Changes 6 Other Constituents in Nicotine and Tobacco Products Mediating Dependence 7 Therapeutic Approaches for Tobacco and Nicotine Dependence 7.1 Nicotine Replacement Therapies 7.2 Varenicline and Bupropion 7.3 Novel Approaches 8 Conclusion References Abstract Tobacco dependence is a leading cause of preventable disease and death world- wide. Nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco cigarettes, has also C. D. Fowler Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA J. R. Turner Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA M. Imad Damaj (*) Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy at VCU, Richmond, VA, USA e-mail: [email protected] # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2019_252 C. D. Fowler et al. been garnering increased popularity in its vaporized form, as derived from e-cigarette devices. Thus, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms under- lying nicotine pharmacology and dependence is required to ascertain novel approaches to treat drug dependence. In this chapter, we review the field’s current understanding of nicotine’s actions in the brain, the neurocircuitry underlying drug dependence, factors that modulate the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and the role of specific genes in mitigating the vulnerability to develop nicotine dependence. -
Beyond Monoamines Towards the Development of Novel Antidepressants Oltre Le Monoamine Al Fine Di Sviluppare Nuovi Farmaci Antidepressivi
Original article • Articolo originale Beyond monoamines towards the development of novel antidepressants Oltre le monoamine al fine di sviluppare nuovi farmaci antidepressivi M. Fornaro1,2 1 Department of “Scienze della Formazione”, University of Catania, Italy; 2 Department of Psychiatry, Veteran Affairs (VA) Hospital, University of California (UCSD), La Hoya, San Diego, CA, USA Summary ated giving priority to RCTs and meta-analyses. At present, the pharmacological management of depression appears is Objective characterized by a wide variety of different augmentation or Herein, a concise review is presented on the current and most switching approaches (Fig. 1). Nonetheless, response rates promising antidepressant pharmacological agents for manage- remain substantially unsatisfactory, thus prompting for the ment of depression. development of novel agents with different mechanisms of action. Materials and methods A PubMed search (1966 - February 2012) was performed using Conclusions the following keywords or their combination: “depression”; Shifting the interest for novel antidepressant drugs beyond the “major depressive disorder”: “antidepressants”; “novel antide- monoaminergic modulation represents (Tables I-III) an intriguing pressant targets”; “monoamine”; “novel antidepressants”. Ad- opportunity to enhance response rates of depression, although ditional literature sources, including most authoritative and up- other issues, including revision of current nosological bounda- dated edited books or pamphlets were examined accordingly. -
Ricini Oleum
PHARMACOGNOSY II PHAR306 6th Semester 5th Lecture Prof. Dr. Müberra Koşar Ass. Prof. Dr. Aybike Yektaoğlu Eastern Mediterranean University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacognosy PHARMACEUTICAL FIXED OILS AND ANIMAL FATS FIXED OILS & ANIMAL FATS Amygdalae oleum • “Almond oil” • obtained by crushing of the seeds of two varieties Prunus dulcis var. dulcis or P. dulcis var. amara (Rosaceae) in the cold • Almond oil is obtained in the Mediterranean countries (Italy, France, Spain and North Africa) where its culture is obtained • The only difference between the two varieties is the cyanogenic glycoside content of the var. amara FIXED OILS&ANIMAL FATS Amygdalae oleum • seeds carries 40-55% fixed oil • the refined oil mainly contains oleic acid (62-86%), linoleic (20- 30%), palmitic (4-9%) • Amydalae oleum raffinatum (Almond oil, refined) (Eur.Pu.) • Amydalae oleum virginale (Almond oil, virgin) (Eur.Ph.) • major used in cosmetology and dermatology • used as a carrier in oily injectable preparations FIXED OILS&ANIMAL FATS Arachidis oleum • “Arachis oil, Peanut oil” – “Peanut butter” • Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae) • cultivated in South America, China, India, Australia, and West Africa • due to various genotypes they vary in fatty acid content • the seeds are cold-pressed • they have similar properties as olive oil • most suitable oil for added for embedding purposes into other oils (e.g. olive oil) FIXED OILS&ANIMAL FATS Arachidis oleum - content • seeds carries 40-50% fixed oil • 50-65% oleic acid • 18-30% linoleic acid • 8-10% palmitic -
Calcium Channel Blocker As a Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Generalised Epilepsies
UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences Calcium channel blocker as a drug candidate for the treatment of generalised epilepsies Final degree project Author: Janire Sanz Sevilla Bachelor's degree in Pharmacy Primary field: Organic Chemistry, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Secondary field: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Molecular Biology March 2019 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons license ABBREVIATIONS AED antiepileptic drug AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid ANNA-1 antineuronal nuclear antibody 1 BBB blood-brain barrier Bn benzyl BnBr benzyl bromide BnNCO benzyl isocyanate Boc tert-butoxycarbonyl Bu4NBr tetrabutylammonium bromide Ca+2 calcium ion CACNA1 calcium channel voltage-dependent gene cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CCB calcium channel blocker cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate CH3CN acetonitrile Cl- chlorine ion Cmax maximum concentration CMV cytomegalovirus CTScan computed axial tomography DCM dichloromethane DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine DMF dimethylformamide DMPK drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics DNET dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours EEG electroencephalogram EPSP excitatory post-synaptic potential FDA food and drug administration Fe iron FLIPR fluorescence imaging plate reader fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging GABA γ-amino-α-hydroxybutyric acid GAD65 glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 GAERS generalised absence epilepsy rat of Strasbourg GluR5 kainate receptor GTC generalised tonic-clonic H+ hydrogen ion H2 hydrogen H2O dihydrogen dioxide (water) -
Discovery and Protein Engineering of Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases
Discovery and Protein Engineering of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald vorgelegt von Andy Beier geboren am 11.10.1988 in Parchim Greifswald, den 02.08.2017 I Dekan: Prof. Dr. Werner Weitschies 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Uwe T. Bornscheuer 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Marko Mihovilovic Tag der Promotion: 24.10.2017 II We need to learn to want what we have, not to have what we want, in order to get stable and steady happiness. - The Dalai Lama - III List of abbreviations % Percent MPS Methyl phenyl sulfide % (v/v) % volume per volume MPSO Methyl phenyl sulfoxide % (w/v) % weight per volume MPSO2 Methyl phenyl sulfone °C Degrees Celsius MTS Methyl p-tolyl sulfide µM µmol/L MTSO Methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide aa Amino acids MTSO2 Methyl p-tolyl sulfone + AGE Agarose gel electrophoresis NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized aq. dest. Distilled water NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced + BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search NADP Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Tool phosphate, oxidized bp Base pair(s) NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced BVMO Baeyer-Villiger monooxyge- OD600 Optical density at 600 nm nase CHMO Cyclohexanone monooxyge- PAGE Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis nase Da Dalton PAMO Phenylacetone monooxygenase DMF Dimethyl formamide PCR Polymerase chain reaction DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide PDB Protein Data Bank DMSO2 Dimethyl sulfone rpm Revolutions per minute DNA Desoxyribonucleic acid rv Reverse dNTP Desoxynucleoside triphosphate SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate E. coli Escherichia coli SOC Super Optimal broth with Catabolite repression ee Enantiomeric excess TAE TRIS-Acetate-EDTA FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide TB Terrific broth Fig. -
Rodgers 693..696
Copyright #ERS Journals Ltd 1999 Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 693±696 European Respiratory Journal Printed in UK ± all rights reserved ISSN 0903-1936 The effect of topical benzamil and amiloride on nasal potential difference in cystic fibrosis H.C. Rodgers, A.J. Knox The effect of topical benzamil and amiloride on nasal potential difference in cystic fibrosis. Respiratory Medicine Unit, City Hospital, H.C. Rodgers, A.J. Knox. #ERS Journals Ltd 1999. Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 IPB. ABSTRACT: The electrochemical defect in the bronchial epithelium in cystic fibrosis (CF) consists of defective chloride secretion and excessive sodium reabsorption. The Correspondence: A.J. Knox Respiratory Medicine Unit sodium channel blocker, amiloride, has been shown to reversibly correct the sodium Clinical Sciences Building reabsorption in CF subjects, but long term studies of amiloride have been disap- City Hospital pointing due to its short duration of action. Benzamil, a benzyl substituted amiloride Hucknall Road analogue, has a longer duration of action than amiloride in cultured human nasal Nottingham NG5 lPB epithelium. The results of the first randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, UK crossover study are reported here comparing the effects of benzamil and amiloride on Fax: 0115 9602140 nasal potential difference (nasal PD) in CF. Ten adults with CF attended on three occasions. At each visit baseline nasal PD was Keywords: Amiloride -3 -3 benzamil recorded, the drug (amiloride 1610 M, benzamil 1.7610 M, or 0.9% sodium cystic fibrosis chloride) was administered topically via a nasal spray, and nasal PD was measured at nasal potential difference 15, 30 min, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. -
4 Supplementary File
Supplemental Material for High-throughput screening discovers anti-fibrotic properties of Haloperidol by hindering myofibroblast activation Michael Rehman1, Simone Vodret1, Luca Braga2, Corrado Guarnaccia3, Fulvio Celsi4, Giulia Rossetti5, Valentina Martinelli2, Tiziana Battini1, Carlin Long2, Kristina Vukusic1, Tea Kocijan1, Chiara Collesi2,6, Nadja Ring1, Natasa Skoko3, Mauro Giacca2,6, Giannino Del Sal7,8, Marco Confalonieri6, Marcello Raspa9, Alessandro Marcello10, Michael P. Myers11, Sergio Crovella3, Paolo Carloni5, Serena Zacchigna1,6 1Cardiovascular Biology, 2Molecular Medicine, 3Biotechnology Development, 10Molecular Virology, and 11Protein Networks Laboratories, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 34149, Trieste, Italy 4Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy 5Computational Biomedicine Section, Institute of Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany 6Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy 7National Laboratory CIB, Area Science Park Padriciano, Trieste, 34149, Italy 8Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy 9Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBCN), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA- INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Rome, Italy This PDF file includes: Supplementary Methods Supplementary References Supplementary Figures with legends 1 – 18 Supplementary Tables with legends 1 – 5 Supplementary Movie legends 1, 2 Supplementary Methods Cell culture Primary murine fibroblasts were isolated from skin, lung, kidney and hearts of adult CD1, C57BL/6 or aSMA-RFP/COLL-EGFP mice (1) by mechanical and enzymatic tissue digestion. Briefly, tissue was chopped in small chunks that were digested using a mixture of enzymes (Miltenyi Biotec, 130- 098-305) for 1 hour at 37°C with mechanical dissociation followed by filtration through a 70 µm cell strainer and centrifugation. -
PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX to the TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2020) Revision 19 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2020) Revision 19 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names INN which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service CAS registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. -
Stems for Nonproprietary Drug Names
USAN STEM LIST STEM DEFINITION EXAMPLES -abine (see -arabine, -citabine) -ac anti-inflammatory agents (acetic acid derivatives) bromfenac dexpemedolac -acetam (see -racetam) -adol or analgesics (mixed opiate receptor agonists/ tazadolene -adol- antagonists) spiradolene levonantradol -adox antibacterials (quinoline dioxide derivatives) carbadox -afenone antiarrhythmics (propafenone derivatives) alprafenone diprafenonex -afil PDE5 inhibitors tadalafil -aj- antiarrhythmics (ajmaline derivatives) lorajmine -aldrate antacid aluminum salts magaldrate -algron alpha1 - and alpha2 - adrenoreceptor agonists dabuzalgron -alol combined alpha and beta blockers labetalol medroxalol -amidis antimyloidotics tafamidis -amivir (see -vir) -ampa ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors) subgroup: -ampanel antagonists becampanel -ampator modulators forampator -anib angiogenesis inhibitors pegaptanib cediranib 1 subgroup: -siranib siRNA bevasiranib -andr- androgens nandrolone -anserin serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists altanserin tropanserin adatanserin -antel anthelmintics (undefined group) carbantel subgroup: -quantel 2-deoxoparaherquamide A derivatives derquantel -antrone antineoplastics; anthraquinone derivatives pixantrone -apsel P-selectin antagonists torapsel -arabine antineoplastics (arabinofuranosyl derivatives) fazarabine fludarabine aril-, -aril, -aril- antiviral (arildone derivatives) pleconaril arildone fosarilate -arit antirheumatics (lobenzarit type) lobenzarit clobuzarit -arol anticoagulants (dicumarol type) dicumarol