Special Issue of the 8th International Advances in Applied and Materials Science Congress & Exhibition (APMAS 2018) Part 1 Fethiye, , April 24–30, 2018

Editors of the Proceedings: Ahmet Yavuz Oral, Zehra Banu Bahşi Oral, Mehmet Sezer, Seda Kol, Mehmet Emre Aköz

WARSAW

POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS Scientific Committee: Antoine Barbier Iramis CEA, France Levent Cavas Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Yu-Han Hung National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan Karim Amirov Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia Umananda Dev Goswami Dibrugarh University, India Daniela Ionescu Universitatea Tehnică “Gh. Asachi”, Iasi, Romania Anil G. Khairnar B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College, India Jonghwi Lee Chung-Ang University, Korea Akram Krichene Université de Sfax, Tunisia Karol Kowal National Centre for Nuclear Research, Poland Mohamed Balli University of Sherbrooke, Canada Jiuzhou Zhao Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Saurabh Khandelwal ITM University, Gwalior, India Tolga Tavsanoglu Muğla SıtkıKocman University, Turkey G.R. Khan National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India Derya Kapusuz University, Turkey Avireni Srinivasulu JECRC University, India José Antonio Eiras Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil Hüsnügül Yilmaz Atay İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Turkey Anand Y. Joshi G.H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology, India Muhamad Kamil Bin Yaakob Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia Evgeny Grigoryev Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Raul Zazpe University of Pardubice, Czech Republic Agnieszka Niemczynowicz University of Warmia, Poland Tarık Al Omran University of Baghdad, Iraq Jun Ni Tsinghua University, China Bhaskar Chandra Mohanty Thapar University, India Rachid Sbiaa Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate Oman Ahmed El-Gendy University of Texas at El Paso, USA Sujoy Saha Academy of Technology, India Ariel Ismach Tel-Aviv University, Israel Ştefan Ţălu The Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania Nebojša Romčević University of Belgrade, Serbia Peiheng Zhou University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China Changzhi Gu Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Sudeb Dasgupta IIT Roorkee, India Lakshmi B VIT University, India AslıCakir Mugla University, Turkey Tarun Parashar UPES, India Xiaoqin Ke Xi’an Jiaotong University, China Vilko Mandić University of Zagreb, Croatia Gowhar Naikoo Dhofar University, Oman Orchidea Maria Lecian ICRA, Italy Ismael Saadoune Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco Sahab Das Kaura Dayalbagh Educational Institute, India Nowshad Amin The National Energy University (UNITEN), Malaysia

Organizing Committee: Ahmet Yavuz Oral Chair, Gebze Technical University, Turkey M. Alper Sahiner Seton Hall University, USA Z. Banu Bahsi Oral Gebze Technical University, Turkey Ersin Kayahan , Turkey Bassim H. Hameed Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Tarik Al-Omran University of Baghdad, Iraq Preface

This issue contains selected articles from the 8th International Advances in and Materials Science Congress & Exhibition held in Fethiye from April 24 to 30, 2018. The scope of the congress was quite wide. Topics were inclusive of , Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Optical Physics, Quantum Electronics and Photonics, Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Science & Art, Economic & Environmental Issues in Ma- terials Selection, Engineering and Industrial Physics, Instrumentation Metrology and Standards, Quantum, Atomic and and Chaos and Complex Systems. There were 257 participants from 43 countries. We must thank all the speakers for the excellent quality of the talks, well prepared for a knowledgeable and demanding audience. There were intense and healthy discussions after the talks and in the breaks, which created a pleasant and constructive atmosphere. We believe that the congress has indeed contributed to clarify some issues, to settle others, and to set guidelines for progress in the future. We would like to thank again the participants, who were responsible for the success of the congress, and look forward to the ninth edition of the congress (www.apmascongress.org) which will be again held in Oludeniz, Turkey, on October 22–29, 2019.

Ahmet Yavuz Oral Zehra Banu Bahşi Oral Mehmet Sezer Seda Kol Mehmet Emre Aköz