P S TH E P O INION OF RESS .

TH E GUA D AN Mr. Com t on h as ma an a m a effort R I p de d ir ble . His ma s a re . Th e a a a s is p excellent gener l ch r cter of the note excellent . ‘ ’ A s are a a fe w a s m s n fter the note ppended p ge of idio , inte ded to teach u La a E s We a the boy how to t rn tin into re l ngli h . h ve seen few better ” a a m bits of education l work th n these idio s .

THE C LASSI CAL REVI E W This is in several ways a noteworthy

- s . The a i s an d u s chool book ide of the whole excellent , the s cces in

ut i s s a . is a n d i s exec ion con ider ble It to be hoped , it to be expected am M a s r. C m i s im th t other editor will follow the ex ple of o pton . It ‘ ’ ‘ a mu a sm our a Th possible to h ve too ch re li in te ching . e idioms m an at m ac s a s a c E s e body te pt to te h boy how to tr n l te into de ent ngli h , m ” an d m an a a c . for , on the whole , d ir ble pie e of work

“ m - TH E S P ECTATOR : A re ally a d irable class book . No one o ught to ” find Cae sar d ull with these illustrations .

‘ ’ H E ACAD E Y Th e s are an d th e ms at T M note good , Idio the end Mr m h as ma a a ua a We a re su a . C t very good . re th t o p on de v l ble ddition — to the books available for fourth an d fifth form use perhaps even for more advanced s tudents .

TH E ATH ENf EU M : The a s s Avaricum Ger o vi a an d three gre t iege of , g

a r su f m a d ffi u an d s Ale si a e alone ficient to ke the book both i c lt intere ting . a al l as s a s u m a Mr It i s to be wished th t editors of cl ic l book co ld i it te . ” au a Compton in visiting the scenes of which their thors tre t .

TH E NATIONAL O BSE RVE R : Th e list of idiom s is an admirable device u s a La -E s a s a an d E s for helping p pil to void tin ngli h when tr n l ting , ngli h W s use a a m o . Latin when co p sing hether for chool or for priv te re ding ,

r m t h as d uc a m Ca sa Ga M . Co p on pro ed co plete edition of e r de Bello llico ,

Lib . VI I .

CAESAR’ S SEVENTH CAMPAIGN IN GA L U .

B 2 . c. 5 .

DE BELLO GALLICO LIB . VII .

E E W N ES EXCU SUS AND ABLE S O F I MS DIT D, ITH OT , R , T ID O ,

‘ W H Y C M P T N M A R T O O . W K . . C O O O , ,

H EA D M AS T E R O F D OVE R CO LLEG E ; F ORMERLY S CHOLA R

O F E S US CO LL G C M BRID G U NI RS IT Y j E E , A E ; VE

, M EM BER S ( LAT IN) P RI! EMA N .

WYTE I LL US TRA TI ONS FR OM S KE TCH E S

B Y M P TON E . T. CO

ND M P A A S .

LON DON GE ORGE B E LL AND S ONS 1 907 F s u b is d F ua 1 88 ir t p l he , ebr ry , 9.

1 8 6 1 8 1 0 1 9 , 99 , 9 , P EFA HE R CE TO T S ECOND EDI TI ON.

0 a t t l ou s t gain , li le book, and re ieve, if y may, omewha

of th e of th e t ss s t se drudgery La in le on, by howing ho T who use you that t heir book is n ot really uninteresting . ell them how the kind indulgence of your critics (and e spe cially of your friends at Harrow) has shown you how t o mend some T s . t h t oo th t u a t of your fault ell em, , a yo now have key o

ct s c f t oo t explain your pi ure , whi h before may have ailed of en ” “ t t he a h ve uch t ma d to poin mor l, owe r m hey y have a orned

” the t ale .

in ham Upp g , r 1 8 2 j a n u a y , 9 .

28 0243

P E E R FA C .

A E ( DDR S SED TO TEACH ERS . )

HE present edition i s an attempt t o introduce into a

sc - t of ct t st the hool book an elemen pi orial in ere , whereby mind of the schoolboy may be led t o find th e subje ct of his ,

t tt ct t s t s c s t o his au hor a ra ive in i elf, and may hu ea e regard book as a mere peg U pon whi ch t o hang a certain wearisome drilling — in elementary grammar a pro cess which h as oft en cau sed th e noblest specimens of ancient literat ure t o stink in the nostrils of boys . The principal mean s whereby this end has been sought is th e introduct ion of a serie s of illu strations t aken from sketches made on th e spot s represented 3 t o which are added drawings

st t of th e t c t s s f s illu ra ive for ifi a ion , engine o war, and weapon

s th e s s T t u ed by Roman and Gaul . hese latter are aken from th e admirable collection in the Mu seum of Romano-Gallic

- - t t s at St . en o c th e st t is re an iqui ie Germain Laye, t whi h uden

t st ferred for fur her udy . With th e same object in view th e notes are e specially addressed

‘ t o th e elucidation of the story and without overlooking difii cul ties of c c h c c s t grammar or verbal rit i i sm , t e hief on idera ion has been t o omit nothing that might add t o a picturesque realiz a t th e t ion of narra ive .

the t t t s ct s the st s t t s In hope ha he e obje , and ep aken oward t e t t c s s t o c c of h ir a ainment , may ommend t hem elve a wider ir le i v li PRE FA CE .

st ts t t s s s th e t s s uden han ho e who u ually read Cae ar, wri er wi he t o put forward a plea that his au thor deserves a better fat e than t o be discarded as soon as th e first difficulties of grammar have

c been over ome . Th e military st udent need only be reminded of th e im

’ portan ce attached t o Caesar s Commentaries by th e greatest

s t s i t is s t t t general of modern ime , and how aid of Welling on ha he always had a copy of Caesar with him during his campaign

. st c t st c c s sc t of in India For hi ori al in ere , for on i e de rip ion

ts c w as c ct t st even in whi h he a prin ipal a or, and for puri y of yle, Caesar stands alone amongst Latin writers ; and it is contended that no scholar will attain t o ex cellence of Lat inity who i s n ot

th C sa t t t s t c t familiar wi ae r, and ha hi familiari y anno be acquired by t hose who only study Caesar in t h e Third or th Four Form .

’ As c t t t s t t s s st a on ribu ion oward familiari y wi h Cae ar yle , a c ct has a s t cc of s c t x s olle ion been made, hey o ur, u h La in e pre sions as should be rendered by some corresponding idiom in

E s f h w ords can c ngli h, when a literal tran slation o t e only produ e

t t ss E s t h e of sc a jargon ha may pa for ngli h in mind a hoolboy, but would be unint elligible t o any reader n ot habituat ed t o a

x t of w t E s c . mi ure Lat in phraseology i h ngli h vo abulary Who,

st c s t s c x ss s as for in an e, would under and u h e pre ion favourable ” “ ” “ ” tt s th e c ff t o c t s the ba le , orn a air, onfirm heir mind and like ? An d y e t every t eacher knows t hat a large proportion of

’ a beginner s difficulties consist s in learning t o render such ex

pressions. I t is therefore suggest ed that these idiom s may with

t c t t t o as s of c n advan age be ommi ed memory, a mean a quiri g a

c ct c t s of cc st th e orre vo abulary in bo h language , and a u oming

’ learner t o look for th e real English equivalent for th e author s

u /z t t tfio g t ra her han a mere con strue of hi s words .

T s s c cc th e c th e c s he e Idiom , whi h o upy pla e of vo abularie P RE FA CE . ix

t o t t s n ot as appended many elemen ary edi ion , are given a “ t c t s t n construe though in many in s an es hey may ugges o e .

Ex c t c s t t o a s as os perien e in ea hing lead an edi or avoid, far p s s x t t s t s ible , furni hing in e plana ory no e wha an idle boy will gra p “ ” at as c st h as W t th e s a on rue , when he no idea ha are everal

’ of he t s t s s n th e s t meanings t au hor words . For hi rea o , in pre en

t t s t s n t th e t s the edi ion , ran la ion are o given in no e , and primary obj ect of th e Idiom s i s t o suggest a Latin vo cabulary as an aid t o t t s — c s th e E s is wri ing La in pro e, for whi h rea on ngli h idiom

st t s t t t s — st as given fir , and ran la ed in o La in from Cae ar whil , a s c tt s t s s t i s e ondary ma er, ome hin may be furni hed where here a

’ diffi cul ty as regards ex pression of th e au thor s meaning in En g

s li h . Some ex planat ion may be needed of th e s election of the Sevent h Book of the Gallic war as a subje ct for an at t empt t o

th e ct s Th e of s embody above obje . work ome years in dealing with th e diffi culties of a Fourth Form in reading this book led th e edit or t o make a t our through th e prin cipal places connect ed

h e c 2 t t B. C . t o i wi h ampaign of 5 , and repeat t aft er an int erval of t s c t t h e t st t o s c hree year , in ompany wi h ar i , who e pen il will

s cc ss t s f t t Bu it be mainly due any u e hi e for may mee with . t h a s al so been remarked by no le ss an authority t han th e lat e “ E e of th e c t t th e c of 0 2 A is mp ror Fren h , ha ampaign 7 ( . without disput e t h e most int ere sting in t h e double point of view — t c t . To th e st n it s ts th e poli i al and mili ary hi oria , pre en

f ct sc t s t t a fe ing ene of ribe , hi her o divided, uniting in on e national t t f r th hough , and arming o e purpose of reconquering their l n

c . To the s it s t s as dependen e philo opher pre en , a result con s the ss of h t the t f c oling for progre umani y, riumph o ivilisation

st th e st c st c ff f again be ombined and mo heroi e orts o barbarism .

st t h e s of th e s it is c La ly, in eye oldier , a magnifi ent ex ample of what may be done by energy and ex perience in war by a small P RE FA E x C . number contending against masses who are want ing in organi o ” s t sc . st s C s E s a i n and di ipline (Hi ory of Juliu ae ar, ngli h T s t ran la ion , p.

T s it i s c t t h st xc c of t i t th e hu laimed ha , w il for e ellen e La ni y

S t s t s s c t o of h ss cs t even h Book and e ond none t e Cla i , in poin of hist orical int erest it comes before all other portions of t h e ’ au thor s Commentaries and t hat it i s wort hy of th e attention of scholars more advanced than tho se t o whom Caesar is u sually allotted . In revising No tes written s everal years ago whil st reading th e

t th e t h as s s c book wi h a Form , edi or availed him elf of u h valu ” s as h e - st th e able work t above named Hi ory by Napoleon ,

’ ’ ’ ” t s Kran r s t s s s s A no e in e edi ion, Jud on Cae ar rmy, and in a final revi sion advan tage h as been t aken of a few suggestion s

’ th e U s t furnished by Mr . P eskett s not e s in Cambridge niver i y

’

P ss Th s s . Kam en s x c t re Series . e map are ba ed upon v p e ellen

s s erie . P c c s c t is t o . T. E . In on lu ion a knowledgmen due Mr owell,

c t t c t c s of s of th e t s a former olleague, for pa ien ri i i m ome no e

s t o th e t E T s and idiom , and la e dward hring, who e name will

st t e s of c t for ever be remembered among h pioneer edu a ion ,

c c t tt t to c r out s mu h en ouragemen in an a emp a ry , in a mall way,

c c t the z t c o a a on ep ion , reali a ion of whi h he looked forward t s the fulfilment of a dream of his life

n am Uppi gh ,

D ecember , 1 888 . CATA L N P ANS O GU E OF I LLU S TRATI O S , L , A ND MA P S .

PAGE of i Represent ation a S ege . ‘ ’ ff a a . 2 su m u turr a G llic w ll (c 3) r o nted by es . Bre ch e ected ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ by ram worked u nder cover of mus culus an d vinea e . ’ m u T t urris B s s s u s s . o t e ieger entering , o e nder te t dine righ , ’ m u a a s R ma s a b l tori on wheel . In front (left) five o n on ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ a a a s a m a u us . gger, one working b lli t fro behind pl te

’ - i s c For m s cf. E u sus . 1 1 1 I 6 Fr on t z e e ter xc r , pp 4 p

M a of p Campaign . ’

Ca sa s ma m Na 8 t o A s a c. 68 a e r rch fro rbo (c. ) le i ( ) tr ced by a rrows F aci ng I

in um Sen s (Aged c ) . — Ancient town l ay on left bank of Yonne rem ains of s ite on — hill to left Sen s ( S enones) cathedral right

T e s Vell aun o un rigu re ( d u m) . Remains of Gallic town on height (left)

Gien ( Ce n ab u m) — S ituated on hill above Loire bridge probably in same . position as tha t mentioned by C aesa r

S c oviod u n um an erre (N ) . — An ci en vsite on hill Loire in foreground

s Avaricum Bourge ( ) .

C m a ma . 1 . V t a m a W o p re with p on p 4 iew ken fro ro d S . N E . v i u of town , looking . A ar c m l ay rou nd s ite of modern ’ a a . Ca sa s am s u c thedr l e r c p on ri ing gro nd (right) . In front Au R. ron A L G E xii CA T O U OF I LL US TRA TI ONS ,

Map of Avaricum and district

st c c i St . var cum Ju (Galli amp near A ) . W m . S a r R. Au s a ketch t ken f o of bend in ron , be ide which ’ a a . V a m u c n l ercingetorix c p on hill Opposite ch rch of St . ’ s a sa a a Ju t (C e r s position) . C es r declined to cross water to attack Gau ls

Gallic wall . ’ - a . R st a f. F s b a in e or tion (c ronti piece) . . Bird s eye view of s gl e ‘ ’ layer of w all showing trabes directae sepa rated on ou tside ’ ’ sin ul is sa s a m u a an d u g xi , inw rdly lto ggere , bo nd together ‘ ’ er e tuis trabibus u ad ra n s M a t e o s . c t p p q g pede . odel ( S .

ma u Ga a s a G S . F cf. er in) of r ined llic w ll di covered in of r nce , 8 N s . ote , p 3

P t of s - s at Avari cu m lan and eleva ion iege work . Upper half of drawing shows sectional elevation of p art of ‘ ’ vari um an d a s m u u rri A c (left) town w ll ur o nted by t s . ‘ ’ R m a a D H ollow to right of this filled by o n gger . otted

s s s a s u a line how corre ponding det il in gro nd pl n below. I ‘ ’ -A a a a a t urres A portion of gger p r llel to w ll between two , ’ ’ s a s a an d u us Pa am a with t ir , vine e , pl te . rt to right tr w y for ’ urris am u a a ram s u s coriis i n t ecta t b l tori with in ide , o t ide

a a a Na L L . s s (c . ower p rt of dr wing ( fter poleon) how

u a S . W. s s E . s N . ide of gro nd pl n ( ide corre ponding)

A E s . R . llier ( laver) near Varenne ’ R s a a Bend of river near C aesar s cross ing . iver flow w y from V a to foregrou nd . ercingetorix on left b nk tried prevent — Romans crossing ou twitted by ru se on right ba nk

h t Gergovia from t e sou h .

m a 0 s a a a . D au s t Compare with p f cing p 3 . i t nt pl te i e of

u u a a a R ma s Gergovi a (now unocc pied) . S o th g te tt cked by o n

- at a sk . Gau s (c . 47) notch ne r centre ( y line over tower) l on s u s To S . lope incl ding hillock to left colli left Puy de Jussa t (village of Jussat at base) an d heights of Risol l es

N s . behind ( ote , p In front (centre) , crowned by tower, Roche Blanche minora cas tra with natu ral escarpment on

s N s . 0 an d a La R h W. an d S . s ide ( ote , p 9 ) vill ge of oc e

a i ts M n s a s of Ger ovia Bl nche at foot. erdog e on di t nt lope g S M S i PLAN AND AP . xii

e s B D z at a o a (se next ketch) . elow (right) onne , b ve which edui a s a a R ma spur of hill behind which A cended , ppe ring on o n

0 a M n N s . 6 right ( 0. 5 ) bove erdog e ( ote , pp 95 , 9 )

st Ge rgovia from t h e we .

T m a t us ma . sta aken from point rked h on p In di nce ,

a A C m m . Ga c am v lley of llier, ler ont extre e left lli c p on ‘ ’ s an d s n udat us right lope of hill , on colli in front , where ’ fortifications in constru ction a t moment of Caesar s a ttack

T s s u out s m ( c. he e work wo ld be of ight fro town owing ‘ ’ s D sum n s s m to slight ri e behind (c . or i gi tretche fro

N s 8 W. a s a Ge r ovi a . pect tor to g ( ote , pp 9, g te of ‘ ’ G er ovi a at a s n udatus S . a u t o g notch bove colli , g te f rther

Aed ui a a on a a M right . ppe r terr ce next bove erdogne

P f er ovia lan o G g .

A v Kam a a s N s . fter . pen , with two lter tion ( ote , pp 93, 95 )

C s n udatus a er ovi a an d as A ed ui olli fixed ne rer G g , cent of marked where alone i t a ppears pra cticable f aci ng

s Noviodun um Never ( ) .

T w a L t an o n on height bove oire , on righ b k

Corbeil palus perpetua Marsh Labien us a ttempted to cross occupied by modern town

d on n an a Es e u a S . La s v lley of , trib t ry of eine tter een in fore

r u P s a u amul o g o nd . o ition t ken p by C gen us on hill to right 44 M i I e et ose du m cf. x M lun ( , nde ) .

Ga c t s a Labi e n us a s m lli own on i l nd in river . rrive fro left

s u c ss s s a ats s s an d a s ( o th) , ro e to i l nd by bo , re tore bridge , g in N a . b nk of Seine (right)

P of th e tt t lan ba le before Lu e tia .

Lu a s a Labien u . s a au s . teti on i l nd on right b nk , G l on left

F R ma s s u s am as u s m a ma ive o n cohort ent p tre r e , in body rch

u m s an d ss i au s s fo r ile down cro r ver. G l divide force to s a u a ss th oppo e B ttle fo ght ne r I y, decided by 7 legion .both a a Ga ar au s u a M tt cking llic re . G l s flee o thw rds past ont

u a i n ro ge f t?

P of the tt of th e lan ba le Vingeanne . Romans on march down valley of Vingeanne Opp osed by

a a a Ba a a G llic c v lry. ttle decided by Germ ns t king Gauls on

. La t o A s a Cf. N s . 1 02 1 0 left tter flee le i . ote , pp , 3 1 0 3 xi v CA TAL OGUE OF I LL US TRA TI ONS ,

Plan of Alesia.

a s A m u r Commius G llic position marked red . r y of relief nde Ma Ve rcassivel l au n u s a a i a left . rch of red line re ppe r ng fter

u N . t . Réa. F a circ it of M in l struggle here . on hill of

a ma s u a a 8 aci n Fl vigny rks ite o cc pied by C es r (c. 5 ) f g 53

A s st . s t . . Roman line before le ia (re ora ion) , looking N N W

ma S t m ma ac . s ke ched fro point rked in p f ing p 5 3, howing

s Ca sa a . To s view een by e r when directing b ttle left , defence

a a a am s m u s on pl in c v lry c p extre e left , do ble line with ’ turres at a s mm a u a . a interv l , in i edi te foregro nd lili , etc on ‘ ’ a u T0 ma rise (central) a c stell m . right of this first Ro n

Mt . Réa ditch (c. behind which with hollow (right) down which Ve rcas sivel l au n u s delivered atta ck on Rom an

Wa s A s a n rain a . Ose a d Ose re r. ll of le i on hill (right) marked by lines of trees

t s c s sc cc 2 De ail of Roman defen e de ribed . 7 , 73. ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ To a su m u t t urri u s left gger r o n ed by s , cerv projecting ‘ ’ ‘ ’ m sca m u dit h s a fro e rp ent , do ble q , row of cippi, lili in a a s ss - a m a ltern te line (che bo rd), three o itted where g p ‘ ’ ‘ ’ mu A u s s . a . occ r , then ti li bove front view of gger, etc , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ showing pluteu s consisting of lorica (wattled parapet) ‘ ’ ‘ ’ a a t m s su a s a s with pinn e (b t le ent ) pported by v lli ( t ke ) . ’ To s - an d a right , bird eye view of cippi lili

f th P f A o e o s s W. View lain Laume ( le ia) looking S .

S a m N. s se W O . s a G . m ketch t ken fro ide of , of re igny (cf p

a . s a u C mm n s f cing p In di t nce (centre) hill occ pied by o i . E m A s a an d F T xtre e left le i hill of lavigny . rees in centre

m a s To M a R. O e. t . Ré in rk right , front of which final s truggle with Vercassivel l aun us an d the besieged forces 8 -88 (cc . 4 )

A s E . s c t c c m le ia looking , howing omple e ir uit of Ro an

lines .

S c m u C mm s ket hed fro hill occ pied by o in , looking a cross the s a M c t . Au line on the pl in . In entre xois (Alesia ) with ’ ’ ’ a u V N poleon s s tat e of ercingetorix . Caesar s ou ter lines traversed al l th e hills s een arou nd Alesia

’ View of some t ren ches belonging t o Caesar s camp Avericum t o st t before , illu ra e Not e

H I S TO RI A L KE T H C S C .

A A ’ C ES R S CAM PAIGNS IN GAU L .

8 c. c 5 (a . u . Caesar take s possession of his provin e and

routs th e Helvetii . On behalf of th e Aedui and S equani

he s the s A st s make war upon German under riovi u , and

s t c ss th drive hem a ro e Rhine .

. c . s the t t s 5 7 (a . u Campaign again t Belgae and o her ribe

t he t in nor h . h 6 c . s s s h e t s t e 5 (a . u . Cae ar ubdue t remaining ribe in

north and west of Gaul .

c x t s st th e s 5 5 (a . u . . Hurried e pedi ion again German

c ss th e t a ro Rhine and into Bri ain .

c . S c x t o t C s 5 4 (a. u . e ond e pedi ion t Bri ain . ae ar

h . c crosse s t e Thames and defeat s Cassivel l aun u s . Q Ci ero

s t Ambi rix be ieged in Nor hern Gaul by o . h . c. s . sa c ss s t e 5 3 (a . u General ri ing in Gaul Cae r ro e

his t c t s the c st Rhine again, and on re urn omple e onque

f th t of Ambiorix o Gaul by e defea .

c. t c t x . 5 2 (a . u . Renewed revol under Ver inge ori

TH E A C MP A GN r B . o . c 2 I 5 .

After th e conclu sion of th e last campaign 5 3) we find Caesar spending the winter in th e administration of his civil — duties at Lucca a position at once within his province ( see

c ° Note s c . and onvenient for ob serving event s at Rome

s c th e t of C ss s th e c th e for in e dea h ra u , in pre eding year, rivalry between th e surviving Triumvirs was no lon ger dis

it wa s t t s c t c of th e guised . Here ha Cae ar re eived in elligen e appoint ment of P ompeiu s as sole consul with full power t o quell the disturbances in which th e city w as embroiled upon

h t of Cl odius was at th e t of hi s ss ss t n t e dea h , who ime a a ina io

h c th e x ct t t t t s a candidat e for t e onsulship. In e pe a ion ha he e t s C s c sc th e s rouble would involve ae ar in ivil di ord, Gaul , smarting under the blow inflict ed upon them by th e ex ecu tion

f Acc t s s s th e of t o o, renewed heir de ign for haking off yoke heir c onqueror. As a counterpoise t o t h e universal con scription in I taly on

h t P om eiu s C s st t his s t t e par of p , we find ae ar reng hening po i ion

f s t s t s c act c by a levy o fre h roop in hi provin e, an whi h w as int erpreted by th e Gauls as an indication of a coming

st t so c t t d th e s struggle for ma ery in I aly, and pre ipi a e ri ing in

Th arn ute s th e st to t u s Gaul. e C are fir ake p arm , and are

h A the of c t x the followed by t e rverni under lead Ver inge ori ,

’ most prominent figure on th e side of t h e Gauls in all Caesar s

th e t st c of ar t wars, and indeed grea e hampion barb ian liber y

Th e st act of before the days of Arminiu s . fir open hostili ty was th e descent of t h e C arn u tes upon the Roman colony at h h . C s st cr ss t e C s Cen abum on t e Loire ae ar ha ened a o evenne ,

of the P c s t i which formed th e frontier rovin e , epara ing t from

st t th e s his s th e Arverni, and having ar led Gaul by udden

t c ss c t o th e presence among hem , mar hed no le rapidly ba k

t c t o th e c of th e . Provin ce, hen e open ampaign year This campaign con sists of four distin ct part s int o which t he

t has s th e n s tex t of th e narra ive been ubdivided in followi g page . F c 2 THE CAM P AI GN O B . . 5 . xix

’

TI M Ca m a n a a i n st tizc Bz l u r z cs . 1 . p ig g g

his s c t é és the BOI I Anx iou s t o defend own pe ial pro g , , whom

n th e s t s of th e C s st he had plant ed o ou h ide Loire, ae ar fir hast ened from Vienna on th e Rhone t o th e relief of Gorgobin a

c t At A in cum t hi already besieged by Ver inge orix. ged he lef s

two s it hi s s of t s st ores and legion , making ba e Opera ion , and

V l l n d u n um e n abum vi dun m c e au o C No o u . rapidly re overed , , and

a ss st his c c st Here he w s a i ed by German avalry, a for e de ined t o turn the fort unes of th e day in his favour on more than on e

cc s Th e c t of Noviodun um t o crit ical o a ion . ap ure led a

c of on t h e t of th e s at c c t x coun il war par Gaul , whi h Ver inge ori , anticipat ing th e strat egic stroke whereby Napoleon wa s driven

M sc w c t h e st ct of h e t s back from o o , re ommended de ru ion t own and store s in all dire ct ions as a mean s of driving th e Roman s out of the di strict ; an ex ception bei n g made in favour of

Avaricu m as t h e st t t t st , mo beau iful own in Gaul , hough again

x th e judgment of Vercinget ori . The siege of Avaricu m i s t h e first of th e t hree great sieges

of t h e . Th e c t st s s t t th year i y and upon a ligh eleva ion, in e

of s c c m s s an d c ct form a penin ula, en ir led by ar he , only onne ed with th e surrounding coun try by a narrow ne ck of raised

s c ground . U pon thi ne k Cae sar pit ched his camp i n front of

th e t th e t T c s of th e c main ga e of own . ra e amp may still be seen in a n ew road re cently cut through th e ground on which

it st on c s th e s ss c ood, and revealing ea h ide V haped fo , whi h protect ed the camp probably on th e ou t er side against any invading forceflvhich might surpri se it whilst th e Romans were

on h at t e s t . . s t h e s all work oppo i e (N W ) ide, before wall

f th e t se o e t s c . x i st t s . 1 own ( No e vi , and Illu ra ion , pp 4,

Th e at tack was made by assault on th e south - east side of

the t n as th e s t t ow , mar h preven ed an investmen . Aft er x x HI S TORI CAL S KE TCH .

s c ss t s c th e s of P t c variou vi i i ude , re alling iege la aea, during whi h

C s s th e s c t t t ae ar give Gaul redi for bo h ingenui y and valour , th e s s s t ss c Roman urpri ed hem during a heavy rain , and ma a red h st t e t t as C s s c ss s. almo en ire popula ion, ae ar him elf onfe e The popularity of Vercingetorix appears to have gained

t t st th e ss Avaricum as th e t s ra her han lo by lo of , even howed

his s s at th e st its s t . wi dom in di approving, fir , of pre erva ion

2 . 7 716 Cam a n a a i n sf Me A r vcm p ig g i .

At th e th e t t t o th e c end of win er, when abou open ampaign

st st c n x his s s was in earne again Ver i getori and follower , Cae ar s t o c st c t h e Aed ui ummoned quell a ivil di urban e among , whom

s t o t at D ecetia Dec z t he ummoned mee him ( i e) , and af er s tt the s t s t Labie n u s t s st e ling di pu e, en wi h four legion again th e S s s set out t th e si x st enone , and him elf wi h remaining again t he A s st wa s Ger ovia st rverni, who e ronghold g , an almo impreg

s t on s 1 00 t s s t nable po i ion a hill , ome 3 fee high , a few mile ou h

f - h A o Clermont Ferrand . Crossing t e Elaver ( llier) by a st t c th e t of t h e on c Ger ovia ra agem, he rea hed foo hill whi h g st c c t s s c w as ood, and ommen ed opera ion for a iege , from whi h he hastily called off by news of the defection of a contingent of

th e Ae dui Litavicu s st t o . under , de ined join him By a rapid

c s th s bu t on his t t t t he mar h he di armed e rebel , found re urn ha

x t camp before Gergovia had been in e treme peril . Mean ime th e defect ion of Litavicu s became t he o ccasion of a renewed ri s n the Ae dui c c th e s of th e i g among , he ked however by new

Lit avicu s et s ffi c t t o s C s t a t st failure of , y u ien upply ae ar wi h lea

t x t u th e tt t Ger ovia c a pre e for giving p a emp upon g , in whi h he

t a s t had sus ained heavy loss . For s he availed him elf of wha he believed t o be an opport unity for the capture of th e t own by a c - - th e s cc st t oup de main, when garri on were o upied in reng hening THE CAMPAI GN OF 5 2 . xxi

c on th e s st st s th e was s th e approa h ea ie (we ) ide , alarm rai ed

t s th e s th e i by th e inhabitan , and Roman were driven down h ll, ss with what even Cae sar acknowledges t o have been heavy lo , including forty- six cen turion s ; and though he fix es th e blame

z his t was of on th e t oo great eal of men , he eviden ly glad an

v st u ex cu se for abandoning th e siege . Lita icus again irred p th Ae ui E ore d orix Virid omaru s C s e d , and p and , whom ae ar s t t o c his s t s s t h e en announ e peedy arrival , hem elve j oined in

via t s z Noviod un u m s . Ger o revol , ei ing (Never ) Leaving g

c ss th e st t o his Caesar found a ford a ro Loire, and ha ened

- t s at A e din cu m c was t o t head quar er g , near whi h he mee Labien us on hi s return from

Tbe Ca m a i n a a i n st t/ze P a ri szz . 3. p g g

es a s th e s t Labien us m c n the While Ca ar w in ou h , , ar hi g down

m e t th e s C a m ul o en u s t C t Seine, Gaul under g , a ve eran hief ain,

ss on a po sition near th e Seine well defended by a mora .

t o ct c ss La bien u s t s s Failing effe a ro ing, re ired, and, urpri ing

Metiosed u m c ss t o th e t of t he S (Melun) , ro ed righ bank eine, and en camped opposit e Lut et ia ( Pari s) . Here news reached

’ him of Caesar s ret reat fro m Gergovia and of th e rising among h c n his t e Aed ui . A cordi gly he made plans for re tiring from s t s t a n d c ss the t C i ola ed po i ion , , ro ing river, engaged wi h amulo h s t t . T e s t t st genu below Lu e ia Gaul , af er a gallan ruggle, were

t amul o e n us s T s s cc ss defea ed, and C g lain . hi u e enabled

Labien us t o t t st A edin cu m c re rea unmole ed upon g , near whi h

s he rejoined Cae ar.

The ie e o Al a a n on cl us n tin: a r . esi d io o W 4 S g f C f .

By a plebi scit e of all the t ribes Vercinget ori x w a s now made c e -in - c Th e h s ommand r hief. revolt being stirred up on t e border HI S T RI CAL S KE T xxii O CI I .

of th e P c C s st t o i s f c n t th e rovin e, ae ar, in ha ening t relie , en ou ered

Gallic host under Vercingetorix on th e banks of th e Vingeanne .

A c f h e s avalry battle ensued resulting in th e defeat o t Gaul ,

t o A s th e st f t ss P st the who fled le ia , neare or re . o poning relief of th e P c s c t o t t h e s of rovin e , Cae ar pro eeded under ake iege

A s c t of h is at le ia, whi h he de ermined, mindful probably failure

Ger ovia t o st t c t c c t . g , inve wi h a omple e line of ir umvalla ion

A t c s s c th e s s s ss f er a avalry kirmi h , in whi h Gaul uffered ome lo , Vercingetorix dismissed all h is horse t o raise an army for th e

his s f of th e t ss . C s c t relie for re Meanwhile ae ar omple ed line , and fort ified them also on th e out side again st t he relieving

As s t of t h e t st ss c t h e army. a re ul grea di re whi h followed

c s t of the st s t h e -c t t t t s on ump ion all ore , non omba an inhabi an

out of th e t were driven own .

At st s t o th la a huge army, rai ed from all Gaul , arrived e

of th e s . S t t s s t c th relief be ieged everal ba le re ul ed, in whi h e

s on t s s of th e s s bu t n t Gaul , bo h ide line , were repul ed , o until they had rendered th e position of th e Roman s ex tremely

c s . S th e t t of t s t he pre ariou eeing final defea and fligh heir allie ,

s s c t t s w as be ieged garri on api ula ed , and Cae ar able to dictat e

h c t s his t erm s t o t e Galli ribe .

S MMAR xxiv U Y.

— — Caesar before Ge rgovi a th e Gallic position th e Romans captur e s a strong po ition . — 8 T as C on vict ol itavis an d Litavi cus—th e at s t s 37 3 . re on of l ter de er with

a t C a sa contingen intended for e r . — 0. Ca sa a E ored ori x a a s m Ger ovia t o m t 39 4 e r, w rned by p , dv nce fro g ee

Litavicus an d sa ms c Litavi cus s a Ger ovia. , di r the for e, e c ping to g ’ Th e R ma am er ovia a ta C a sa s a s . 4 I . o n c p before G g t cked in e r b ence a a Caes r has ten s b ck . — 2 G a Aedui . C a sa s s a a the 4 43. ener l revolt of the e r propo e to b ndon

er ovia siege of G g . — a s H e a ttempts to take it by a su rprise i s repulsed with he vy los .

a sa a s u his am an d u s A d u i C e r bre k p c p ret rn to the e . E ored orix an d Vi rid omaru s s Ca sa t o u t A a p , ent by e r q ie the ed i, th t—Novi odun um u t join e revol b rn .

—6 PA cc. 2 RT IV. 5 7 .

' a n a a i n st tlze Pa ri si i La bi en u s aclz ieoes n o resul t . Tbe Ca mp ig g .

8 M a Labien us s a s m A edin cum Lu a— 5 7 5 . e nwhile t rt fro g for teti checked a s a M tios d u m T s es S t e e . h on the left b nk , he cro the eine e Gau ls u nder C amu l ogen us enca mp on the left bank opposite

u a L teti .

— 2 S u u su t s Labien us ss s e 5 9 6 . rro nded by in rgen tribe cro e th S eine by s a a m a s Gau s an d u s A edin cum m tr t ge , defe t the l , ret rn to g , eeting a sa his u m G er ovia C e r on ret rn fro g .

PA V 6 — cc. 0 RT . 3 9 .

Tfie Ca m a i n a a i n st tlzc u n ited Ga l l i c or ces at Al esia aesa r n l p g g f . C fi a ly

6 — V ma m a a 3 65 . ercingetorix de I per tor by plebiscite of al l the Gallic s—Ca sa s s G m a a al tribe e r end for er n c v ry . ’ A a a a C a sa s a u G ma s c v lry b ttle decided in e r f vo r by the er n .

V a s a u A s a—i ts s ercingetorix f ll b ck pon le i po ition . ’ Th e Germ an cavalry again decide a battle in Caesa r s favou r V s s s his a a t o co a i ercingetorix di per e c v lry llect reliev ng force, an d a s a a prep re for block de . ’ C a sa s s cum a a an d u al a e r line of cir v ll tion co nterv l tion . Th e f a sed in Gau st relief orce r i l rong. S UMMAR Y.

— D st ss th e s —a sa t o eat s who a re u t for 77 78. i re of be ieged propo l tho e nfi su s u s a m th e fighting re lt in the exp l ion of the l tter fro town . — Th e a a n a m s . 79. rriv l of the relievi g r y joy of the be ieged — 2 The Gau s u s m R ma s . 80 8 . l twice rep l ed fro the o n line

8 —88 F a ff an d a Gau s 3 . in l e ort defe t of the l . — — V — u o 8 0. C a u at A s a s u c s 9 9 pit l ion of le i rrender of ercingetorix oncl i n.

C A M P G A I N O F B C . 5 2 .

W M MA N M l L E B C A E S A R c u c u au M I L ES LA BI E N U S o n o 40 s o s o 1 00 C . I U LI I CAESARI S

D E BE LLO GA LLI C O

COMMENTARI US S EPTI MU S .

— S’ P AR T I . CC. I c .

I N TR OD UC TOR Y.

c. i . L as z s B - 2 —D a a a a C. t C es r t ucca in Italy holding the winter si e ( . 5 3 5 ) e h of

— u Cl odius S chemes of revolt in Ga l .

U I ETA C s u t con stituerat I tal iam c m 1 Gallia ae ar, , in ad onve

r i i r n sci l odii caed e se tus agen dos p ofic sc tu . ibi cog o t de C

n atu s ue c s t certi or ct s ut s s I t al iae con iu q on ul o fa u , omne iuniore

t t d el ect um t t c i n stituit . cae re s 2 ra en , o a provin ia habere in Gal

Tr n l in am c l ri r rf t d n t afli n un t liam a sa p e e te pe eru n ur . a du t ipsi e g

rumoribu s res osce re videbatur re ti n eri Galli, quod p , urbano mot u Caesarem neque in t ant is dissen sionibu s ad exercitum

h c ss . ac s c s t se 3 venire. po e impul i o a ione, qui iam an e populi

subi ect os d ol eren t s t audacius Romani imperio , liberiu a que de

in bello consilia ipire in cipiu n t . di ctis int er se principes Gal l iae 4 con cil iis sil ve stribus ac rem oti s lo ci s querun t u r de A ccon is morte ; posse hun c ca su m ad ipsos re cidere demonstrant ; mi 5 seran t ur commun em Gal l iae fort un am omnibus pol l icita tion i

bus ac raemiis d e oscun t i n itium c t et sui c ‘ p p , qui belli fa ian api

s t 6 t i s per1cul o Gall iam in l ibertate m vin dicen t . imprimi ra ionem B 2 P A R T I .

ss b dicun t riu s uam c c st c s e e ahendam , p q orum lande ina on ilia

r i i n t rcl u a ur ss c fferan tur u t C s ex e c tu e d t . e , ae ar ab id e e fa ile, 7 quod neque legione s au dean t ab sen te imperatore e x hibern is

e redi t s raesidio s g , neque impera or ine p ad legione pervenire

ossit st c raestare i n t erfici n on vet erem p ; po remo in a ie p , quam 3

lib rtat em ue maioribus acce eri n t c belli gloriam e q , quam a p re u

r pe are .

c. 1 1 .

rn t u a a The Ca u es ndert ke to he d th e revolt .

His rebus agitatis profiten tur Carn utes se nullum periculum r communis sal utis causa recusare pri n cipesque ex omnibus

facturos ol licen t ur et s t obsidibus z bellum p , quoniam in prae en ia

cavere t se ossin t n e res efferat ur u t 1ure1uran do ac in er non p , ,

fide san ciatur etu n t col l atis mil itaribus si n is , p , g , quo more

c ss caerim on ia con tin etur n o ct t orum gravi ima , fa o ini io belli ab

r l i ui t um col l au datis arn u tibus t iurei u 3 e q s d eseran tur . C da o

s a deran t t s c st t t rando ab omnibu , qui , empore eiu rei on i u o ab

c c i ce di ur on ilio d s t .

0 . iii . T su s Cen abum G an d m assa R ma s t s —N s hey rpri e ( ien) , cre the o n e tler ew of

the insurrection spreads .

Ubi s t C arn u tes utruato et on con n e todumn o ea die veni , G C 1

d ucibus d es eratis h omin ibus Ce n abum s t con currun t , p , igno da o

cives ue s n e otian di c s con stit eran t his q Romano , qui g au a ibi , in

C Fufium C t h on estum e uit em aium i am, q Romanum , qui rei

fru men tariae i u ssu Caesaris rae erat i n terficiu n t bon a ue c p , q orum

diri iu n t . cel erit er s Gal l iae c t t s erfert ur z p ad omne ivi a e fama p .

ubicum ue t il l ustri or c t res c er nam q maior a que in idi , lamore p agro s region esque significant ; hun c alii d ein ceps ex cipiu n t et

roximis t radun t u t u m accidi t t . p , nam quae Genabi oriente

so. e st e ssen t t conf am vi il iam fin ibus ge a , an e primam ect g in

Arvern orum t s t s t X audi a un , quod pa ium e st milium circiter CL .

R 4 P A T I .

e . v .

V ma u Bit u ri es u s s ac ss th e ercingetorix rches pon the g (Bo rge ) , who end ro — Loire to the A e dui for aid These desp atch troops who return withou t c ss L ss a sus c a —The Bituri es ro ing the oire , profe ing to h ve pe ted tre chery g V join ercingetorix .

His su licus cel riter coact ex ercit u Lucterium Cadurcum pp e o , s audaciae cum t co iarum Ru ten os ummae hominem , par e p in mittit s Bituri s roficiscitu r s ad ven tu Bituri es 2 ip e in ge p . eiu g ad

Aeduos eran t fide t s mittu n t s s , quorum in , lega o ub idium roga tu m facili h i r in t A a uo u s ostium c s su st n e e os s . , q opia p ed i de 3 c s l e at oru m s s ex ercit um rel i u erat c s on ilio g , quo Cae ar ad q , opia e uita u itat i ri i u mi t u n t cum q t s ped usqu e sub sidio B tu g b s t . qui 4

Li erim ve n issen t Bitu ri es Aed uis dividit ad flumen g , quod g ab , paucos dies ibi morat i neque flumen tran sire au si d o mum rever t un tur l egatisque n ost ris ren u n tian t se Bit urigu m perfidiam 5 veri tos revertisse s c s ss co n overi n t u t si , quibu id on ilii fui e g , ,

flumen t s ss t ex t s t A se c c ran i en , una par e ip i, al era rverni ir um

sist eren t . ean e c s l e ati s ron un tiarun t 6 id de au a, quam g p , an

erfidia adducti fecerin t s c st t t p , quod nihil nobi on a , non vide ur

ro c t ss on en um Bituri c p er o e e p d . ges orum discessu statim 7 cu m A s iun u n ur rverni g t .

0. vi .

C a sa a s Lu a Gau A mma e r le ve cc for l dile .

Hi s s I tal iam Ca esari n u n tiatis cum rebu in , iam ille urbanas r r t P es virtu e C u . ompei comm odiorem in statum pervenisse i n t ell e ere t Tran sal in am Gal l iam rofect us e g , in p p st . eo cum 2 ven i sset difficul tate afficiebat ur , magna , qua ratione ad ex er cit um pervenire posset . nam si legiones in provin ciam arces 3 s t se s t t roel io dimicat r i l ere , ab en e in i inere p u as n t el egebat si 4

s e x ercitum con t en d ere t n e u s ut d e m eo t ip e ad , q empore, qui

t vid eren tur s m sal ut em ct c mmi quie i , ua re e o tti vid ebat . R I N TR OD UC TO Y. 5

C . VII . — Lu cterius gains allies in the sou th for the insurrection Caesar concentrates s an d a s s P the force g rri on in the rovince .

Interim Lu cteriu s Cad urcu s in Rut en os missu s ea rn civitat em 1

con cil iat ro ressu s Nitiobro es et C s 2 Arvernis . p g in g abalo ab utrisque obsid es accipit et magna coacta manu in provi n ciam

r tion em f c con t e n dit n uu Narbon em versu s e up a ere . qua re 3

s s con sil iis an t e vert en du m ex istimavit u t tiata Cae ar omnibu ,

- N r n m roficisceret ur. eo cum ven iss et timen t e s con a bo e p , 4

firmat s R u t en is rovin cial ibus Vol cis Arecomi cis , prae idia in p , ,

Tol a i us circum u e Narbon e m c h ost ibu s e ran t os t b q , quae lo a

fin itima con stitu it t c0 iarum ex c s , , par em p provin ia upple 5 men tum u e ex t addu x erat H el vios s q , quod I alia , in , qui fine

r rum con ti n un t c iubet . Arve n o g , onvenire

0. viii . — a sa ss s C s V t o a a m C e r cro e the evenne ercingetorix , yielding the l r ofthe A m s to su rverni, co e their pport .

His s com aratis ss Lu cterio e t t l rebu p , repre o iam remo o, quod

s ericul osu m u tabat H el vios rofi i intrare intra prae idia p p , in p c s

v n n a Arvern H el vu 7 cit ur. ts s C e e os s discl udit e i mon , qui ab ,

ss t t ss t im e diebat ta m n duri imo empore anni al i ima nive i er p , e discussa nive sex in al titudin em pedum atque ita viis pat efactis

mil itum s s Arvern orum rv n i summo udore ad fine pe e t . quibus 3

O ressis in o an tibu s se C even n a u t ro mu i pp pin , quod mu n tos ex istimaban t ac n e sin ul ari u m uam b e , g quidem q omini o t empore

s t atueran t e u itibus im erat u t l ati i anni emi ae p , q p , quam ss me

ossin t va en tur e t x h osti us t in f ran p g quam ma imum b errorem e t . cel erit er h aec fama ac n u n tiis ad Vercin get origem perferun tur 4 quem pert erriti omnes Arverni circu msist u n t atque obse cran t 6 P AR T I . I N TR OD UCTOR Y.

u t s s fortun i s c s t h ostibus diri ian tur raeser ui on ula , neve ab p , p l m tim cum v ideat omne ad se bellum t ran s atu . quorum ille 5 precibus permotu s castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvern os v ersus. — cc. . P AR T 1 1 . 9 33

THE CAMPAI GN A GAI NS T THE BI TURI GE S .

a a s D . B u tus the C s and as to V n Caes r le ve r north of evenne , h tening ie n a V s tw o s am Li n on es La s ( ienne) , rejoin legion wintering ong the g ( ngre )

u s o r bin a Vercin getorix ret rn t besiege Go go .

T a s biduum l n his c s moratu s c C e ar lo i , quod hae de Ver 1

in tori e u su t raece erat er c s c ge g ven ura opinione p p , p au am

t e uitatus ue co en di ex ercitu discedit t supplemen i q q g ab , Bru um

ul c n tem his c0 iis raeficit hun c t ut mn i ad es e p p ; mone , in o s z

t s t s l atissim e erva en tur : daturum se par e equi e quam p g operam,

castris s his con s it utis n e l on gius triduo ab ab it . t rebu s suis 3 in opin an tibus quam max imi s potest itin eribu s Vien n am per

n an ctus recen tem e ul tat um m n venit . ibi q , que multis a te 4 diebus eo rae miserat ct p , neque diurno neque no urno itinere in termisso er s Aeduorum Lin on es con t en dit p fine in g , ubi

c s hiemab an t ut si t m sua s dua legione , , quid e ia de alut e ab

l i r Aeduis in iretur c s ce er tat e aecurreret . eo cum r on ilii , p pe 5 ve n isset rel i uas s mittit rius u , ad q legione p q e omnes in unum

c c t s ad ven t u A s n u n t iari s lo um ogi , quam de eiu rverni po set . hac re cognita Vercingetorix rursu s in Bituriges ex ercitum 5 red u cit t rofectu s Gor obin am Boiorum a que inde p g , Oppidum , quos ibi H el vetico proel io victos Cae sar col l ocaverat Aeduis

attribuerat in stituit que , Oppugnare . 8 PAR T I I . THE CAM PAI GN

c . x .

C a sa a a a m ma—H e s s ass sta his a es e r g in in dile re olve to go to the i nce of lli ,

w u a s as . the Boii , itho t w iting for the e on

Magh am haec re s Cae sari difli cul tatem ad con silium capien

afferebat si rel i u am t s c s dum , q par em hiemi uno lo o legione con tin eret n e s i en diariis Ae d u oru m ex u n atis cun cta , t p p g Gallia d eficeret c s e o s vid eret s t , quod nullum ami i in prae idium po i um

ss sin m at uriu s ex hibern is e duceret n e t e e ; , ab re frumen aria

r r r n duris subvection ibus l abo a et . p aestare visum est t ame 2

s difficul tat es t t t c t cc t omne perpe i, quam an a on umelia a ep a

l n i a omnium sn orum vo u t at es alienare . t que coh ortatus Ae 3

s s t comm eatu raemit tit Boi os suo duo de uppor ando p ad , qui de ad ven tu d ocean t h ort e n tur ue u t fid e m an ean t t h ostium q , in a que im e tu m s i n n u p magno animo u st ea t . d abus Age di n ci legioni 4 bu s atque impe dime n tis t otius ex ercit u s rel ictis ad Boios profi

i i r c sc t u .

Ca u Vel l au n od u n um T u e s an d C e n abum pt re of ( rig re ) ( Gien) .

Altero die cu m ad oppidum S en on u m Vell au n od u n um ve 1

ss t me st se b st rel i n u eret ex e diti r ni e , quem po o em q , quo p o e re f t u t eret ur i n stit u i id rumen aria , oppugnare t qu e biduo circum l l va avit tertio die mi ssis ex oppido l egati s de d e dition e arma 2 con ferri ium en t a c sex cen t s bside s o o i ub et . , produ i, dari ea qui 3 A GAI NS T THE BI TURI GE S . 9

c n fic r Gaiu m Treb on ium l e at um rel in u i o e et t . s u t , g q Ip e, quam

t facere t C en abum C arn utum rofi i primum i er , p c scit ur qui tu rn 4

t n u n tio o u n ation e Vel l au n od un i primum alla o de pp g , cu m l on ius d u ctu m ex i stim are n t s g eam rem iri , prae idium C en abi

n di c s e o mitt eren t com arab an t tue . h u c au a, quod , p biduo 5

castris t ositi perven it . an e oppidum p s diei t empore ex cl u su s in post eru m Oppugn ation em differt qu ae qu e ad earn rem u sui s t m il itib u s im erat et C e n abum 6 in p , quod oppidum pon s flumi n i s Li eris con tin ebat veritu s me n octu ex rofu e re n t g g , , oppido p g ,

s s s x cu r i b dua legione in armi e ba e u et . Cen aben ses paulo ant e 7

n c m mediam o te silentio ex oppido egressi flumen tran sire coe erun t p . er ex l orat ores n u n tiata C s s qua re p p ae ar legione , 3

s x t s ss iusserat t s in c n qua e pedi a e e , por i e sis in tromittit atque

pp otitur er au ci s ex h ostium d esid erati s o ido p p p numero , quin cu n cti ca ere n t ur t s t i i n r vivi p , quod pon i a que t e um an gustiae 1 0 PAR T I I . THE CA MPA I GN

f in rcl useran iri i mul titudin is ugam t e t . Oppidum d p t atque 9 in c n dit raedam mil itibu s t x c ta Li erem traducit e , p dona , e er i m g

n at que in Biturigum fines perve it .

C. XI 1. — Vercingetorix advances t o meet C aesar Caesar l ays siege to Noviodun um

— u a a V ( S ancerre) S urrender of the town interr pted by rriv l of ercingetorix.

c t x Caesaris adven tu c t Ver inge ori , ubi de ognovi , Oppugna 1

r r fi i i r tione d estitit atque obviam Caesa i p o c sc t u . ille oppidum z

Bit uri u m s t Novi od un um in stituerat g , po i um in via, oppugnare .

ex cum t eum ve n issen t orat um u s quo oppido lega i ad , t ibi 3 i n osceret suae u e t con sul eret ut cel eritate rel i ua r g q vi ae , q s es con ficeret l era u e t con secutus con ferri e uo , qua p q era , arma , q s

c obsid e s i ubet . t obsid um t t cum produ i, dari par e iam radi a, 4 reli ua admin istraren t u r cen turion ibus e t c s mil itibu s in q , pau i tromissis ium en t a ue con u ireren t e uitat u s h ostium , qui arma q q , q

rocul s s e st m Vercin etori is an t ecesserat p vi u , qui ag en g g . quem 5 simul at que Oppidan i con spex eru n t atque in spem aux il u vene

t c su bl at o c t s cl au d ere run , lamore arma apere, por a , murum

com l ere coe eru n t . cen turion es cu m e x si n ifi p p in oppido, g 6 c t Gal l orum iis in iri c s i n tel l ex isse n a ione novi aliquid ab on ilii t , gl adiis d estrictis portas occupaverun t su osque omnes in col umes rece eru n t p .

1 2 PAR T I I . THE CAMPAI GN

s s c stu den dum ut abul ation e et commeatu omnibu modi hui rei , p

it u rohibean tu r . ss c e u at s Romani p id e e fa ile , quod q ip i abun 3

u l n tur s c t dent et quod anni t empore s b eve . pabulum e a i non 4 posse ; nece ssario di spersos hostes ex a edificiis petere : h os

i ui i r r a l u is c omnes cot die ab e q t bus deleri po sse. p aet e e sa t au sa 5 rei familiaris comm oda n egl egen da : vicos at que aedificia in c n di o ort ere h oc s t uo ueversus e p pa io [a Boia] q q , quo pabu

i u c landi cau sa adire po sse videan t ur. harum psis rer m opiam 6 su etere fin ibus eratur e orum pp , quod, quorum in bellum g ,

Opibu s subl even tur : Romanos aut in opiam non l aturos au t 7 magno cu m periculo l on giu s ab castri s processuros ; neque 8

t ss i sosn e i n t erfician t im edimen tisn e ex uan t s in ere e, p , p , quibu

m i ossit raet er a c a iss s bellum geri non p . p e Oppida in endi opor 9 t mun ition e e t c t s t c ere, quae non lo i na ura ab omni in peri ulo

‘ t t s s s t d etractan dam mil it iam c t c u a , neu ui in ad re ep a ula neu Romanis proposita ad Copiam comm eatus pra ed amqu e t ollen

c si au t c vid ean t u r t I o dam . hae gravia a erba , mul o illa gravin s ae stimare s con iu e s servitut em abstrahi s s in t rfici , libero , g in , ip o e ,

c a ccid r ct quae sit ne esse e e vi is.

c. x v.

The t s are u n t t A r own b r with the excep ion of va icum.

c s s h ac s t t t Omnium on en u en en ia proba a uno die ampl ius 1

s Bituri u m in c n un r e d tu . h oc fi XX urbe g idem t in rel iquis civi 2 ati u t b s. in omnibu s partibus incendia con spiciu n tu r quae

t s cum s fereban t t e i magno dolore omne , amem h oc sibi solatii

ro on eban t se ex l orata c p p , quod prope p Vi t oria cel eri ter amissa re cu eraturos con fid eban d el ib era p t . t ur de Avarico in communi 3 c c c l aceret on ilio, in endi p , an defendi . procumbun t omnibu s 4

s s Bitu ri es n e ul ch errimam Galli ad pede g , p prope t otiu s G al l ia e u rbem et raesid io et t sit civit ati , quae p ornamen o , suis man ibus 1 A GAI NS T THE BI TURI GE S . 3

succe n dere co eren tur c se c t d efen suros d icun t g fa ile lo i na ura , 5 quod prope ex omnibu s partibu s flumin e et palude circum

d atu r et en tibu s 6 data unum h abeat et peran gu stum a ditu m . p

ss t Ve rcin etori e st c c t e t venia, di uaden e primo g g , po on eden e

recib us i sorum et s c s s p p mi eri ordia volgi . defen ore oppido

del i u n tur idonei g .

c. x vi . — Vercingetorix pitche s hi s ca mp 1 6 miles from Avaricum thence directs ’ a n d a ass s Ca sa s a a s the defence h r e e r for ging p rtie .

Vercingetorix min oribu s C aesare m itin eribus subsequitu r e t 1

c castris d el i it al udibu s sil vis ue t Avarico lo um g p q muni um , ab

r x l z longe milia passuu m XVI . ibi pe certos e p orat ore s in singula

t Avaricum a eren tu r co n oscebat et diei empora, quae ad g , g ,

fi r mn i l e i t im erabat . o s st s abu atiori e s quid velle , p no ra p 3

frume n tation es u e observat dis ersos ue cu m l on iu s n ece s q , p q , g

s roced eren t adori ebatur ma n o u e c afficiebat ario p , g q in ommodo ,

ts t t rovideri o terat n ostris occurr a ur e i , quan um ra ione p p , ab eb t

u t in certis t s d iversis u e itin e ribus iretur emporibu q .

C . XVII .

— ' Caesar pitches his ca mp on the only a ccessible side of the town suflers — m a su s C u a an d m a his m n fro w nt of pplie o r ge deter in tion of e .

Castris t ositis C s i n r I ad eam par em oppidi p ae ar, quae te missa

flumin e et adit um u t s d ix imus an u stum a a palude , upra , g h abebat a erem vin eas t urr , gg apparare, agere, es d uas consti t uere coe it : circumval l are c t r hi 2 p nam lo i na ura p o bebat . de B re frumentaria oios atque Aeduos adh ortari non d estitit ;

t st a eban t quorum al eri , quod nullo udio g , non multum adiuvaban t t ma n is facul tatibu s , al eri non g , quod civitas erat

x et i n firma ce l eriter h abuerun t con sum se e igua , , quod , p ru n t . R T P 1 4 P A T 1 1 . HE CAM AI GN

’ summa difficul tate rei frum en t ariae afiecto ex ercitu t en uitat e 3

Boioru m i n dili en tia Aeduoru m in cen diis aedificiorum , g , , usque eo u t compl ures dies milites frumen to carueri n t et pecore e l on gin quioribus vici s ad act o ex tremam fam em susten taren t a tamen vox est iis t , null ab audi a populi Romani maiestat e et superio ri

b us vict oriis indigna .

quin etiam Caesar cum 4 in opere sin gul as l egion e s

a el l aret et si acerbius pp ,

i n o iam t se p ferren , di mi ssurum oppugn atio

diceret s nem , univer i ab

e o n e faceret t , id , pe e

bant : si c se compl ures 5 an n os illo imperant e me

ss u t m i n o rui e, ullam g

m acci eren t n u s minia p , quam infecta re discede rent : h oc se ign omin iae 6

l aturos c si in ce tam lo o, p Oppugn ation em rel iqu is sent : praestare omne s 7

erferre acerbitates civibus s n abi p , quam non Romani , qui C e

erfidia Gal l orum i n terissen t aren taren t c ce n 8 p , p . hae eadem

turi on ibu s t ribu n is u e mili tum man daban t u t er eos ae q , p ad C

f rren tur sarem de e . S 1 A GAI NS T THE BI TURI GE . 5

c. xviii .

V m s hi s am a t an d s s out to l a an ercingetorix ove c p ne rer to the own, et y

s — a a m a s a a a m hi s a ambu cade by night C es r rche to tt ck the c p in bsence .

um urr s a ro i n uassen t ex ca tivis s l C iam muro t e pp p q , p Cae ar c t Vercin et ori em con sum t o c st m ovisse ognovi , g g p pabulo a ra

ro ius Avaricum t s cum e u itatu ex editis ue p p a que ip um q p q , qui

t s roel iari con suessen t i n sidiarum c s eo rofec inter equi e p , au a p

tum n ostros st abul atum t s arbitraretur . , quo po ero die p ven uro quibus rebu s cogn itis media nocte silentio profectus ad h ostium z

cel rit er r x l r r a en t u castra mane perven it . illi e pe e p o at o es dv 3 C aesaris cognito carro s I mpedimen t aqu e sua in artiores silvas

abdid erun t c s omn i s i n c t t t i n st ruxeru n t . , opia lo o edi o a que aper o

n un tiata C s cel eriter s c s con ferri ex ediri qua re ae ar ar ina , arma p 4

iu ssit .

C. Xi XO

D scr t of Ga s — a sa s t o a a e ip ion the llic po ition C e r decline tt ck .

s t l en iter i n fim o cc h un c ex s 1 Colli era ab a livi s. omnibu fere partibus palu s difficil is atque impedita cin gebat non l atior

uin a in hoc se c i n t erru ti s on tibu s a pedibus q qu g ta . olle p p Galli fiducia loci con tin eban t gen erat imque di st ributi in civitates 1 6 P AR T I I . THE CA I II PAI GN

ac s t s s al u dis obtin eban t sic t omnia vada al u [eiu p ] animo para i, ut si e rru m ere con aren t ur h ae sitan t e , eam paludem Romani p p , s

rem eren t ex c s u t ro in uitat em c vid ere t p lo o uperiore, , qui p p q lo i , 3

arat os t dimican dum existimaret p prope aequo Mar e ad , qui in i uitatem con dicion is ers iceret simu l ation s q p p , inani e ese

in i n n s t st t co n osceret . d a t e s C s o en are g g mili e ae ar, quod 4 con s ectu m s st s ossen t t an t ul o s t i n t eriect o p uum ho e ferre p pa io , e r l ii ex oscen t es e d ocet t t e t t signum p oe p , quan o de rim n o et quot virorum fortiu m mort e necesse sit constare vict oriam ;

s cum ic arat os vid eat u t ro sua quo s animo p , nullum p laude 5

‘ c ca s t s se i n i uitatis con d em n ari peri ulum re en , ummae q debere , nisi corum vitam sua s alut e h abeat cari orem . sic milite s 6 con sol atu s e ode m re d u cit c st rel i ua u e die in a ra q q , quae ad

u n ation em ertin eban t a dmin istrare in stituit. Opp g p oppidi,

C . XX.

V t s ms a a s a c a as ercinge orix defend hi elf g in t h rge of tre on .

c t x cu m s s redisset rodition is i n simul atu s Ver inge ori , ad uo , p , 1

c st ro iu s s m ovi sse t cu m omn 1 e quod a ra p p Romano , quod qu I t t discessisset s t t s c s rel i uisset a u , quod ine imperio an a opia q , quod eiu s discessu Romani t anta opportu n itat e e t cel erit ate ven issen t : non haec omnia fortuito aut sine con silio a ccid ere 2 potuisse regnum il l u m Gal l iae malle Caesari s con cessu quam ipsorum habere ben eficio : t ali modo accu satus ad haec re

n it : c st movisse t ct spo d quod a ra , fa um inopia pabuli etiam 3 i sis h ortan tibus rO ius s acce ssisse t r p ; quod p p Romano , pe su su m l oci o ortun it at e se s s mu n iti n a pp , qui ip e ine o e d efen d eret e qu itum vero operam neque in loco palustri d esid erari d ebu isse 4 et ill ic ss util em s t rofecti : summam fui e , quo in p imperii se s

t disce d en te m t radidisse n e 1s m ul i con sul o nulli , t tu din is s tudio ad dimican d u m impel l eret ur cui rei propter animi m ol l itiem T A GAI NS T THE BI URI GE S . 1 7

s tu dere s videret diu tius ossen t . omne , quod laborem ferre non p

si c s i n terven erin t fortu n ae si al icu ius c c t 6 Romani a u , , indi io vo a i,

c b h ratiam e t aucitatem c ex c hui a endam g , quod p orum lo o s c sc e t virtut em d es i cere ot uerin t uperiore ogno ere, p p , qui

r rin dimicare non au si turpite se in castra recepe t . imperium 7 s s er rodition em s e ab Cae are p p nullum de iderare, quod habere

ct ss t ss t s t s s Vi oria po e , quae iam e e ibi a que omnibu Galli ex l orata z u i n t i si s remitt ere si s s re p q e iam p , ibi magi hono m

‘ t ribuer s sal u te m a cci er vid ean tur c u t 8 e e e . h , quam ab p ae

’ ‘ in t el l e ati s i n uit s c ron u n tiari au dit e s g , q , a me in ere p , Romano

’ r i bul ation t s . oduc t s s s a e c s t mili e p ervo , quo in p pau i an e 9

i bu s x c era vin culi s u e x cru ciav r t d e e ep t et fame q e e a . hi iam I o

t e d octi t t ron u n tiare n t t s se ss an e , quae in erroga i p , mili e e e legionarios dicu n t fame e t inopia add uct os clam ex castris ex isse si r t aut ecoris s ss , quid f umen i p in agri reperire po en t

’ s omn em ex ercitu m a n e c s suffic r 1 1 imili inopi premi , iam vire e e

‘ cu iusqu am n ec ferre operis laborem po sse : itaqu e statuisse im erat orem si o u n ation e rofecissen t p , nihil in pp g Oppidi p ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ t ex ercit um d edu cere . c in uit Vercin e 1 : riduo hae , q , a me, g ‘ t orix ben e ficia h abetis rodition is in simul atis c , , quem p , uiu s opera sine vest ro sanguine t antum ex ercitu m vi ctorem fame con su mpt u m vid eti s quem tu rpit er se ex fuga recipie n t em n e

’ c t s s s fin ibu s reci iat rovi su qua ivi a ui p , a me p m est .

c . xxi . — He i s a c ti i t t ed Th e Ga s at Avaricum st q rri on rengthened .

Con cl amat omn is mul titu d o e t suo s con cre at more armi p ,

c e o con su erun t c s oration em quod fa ere in , uiu approban t s ss Verci n et ori em d ucem n ec ummum e e g g , de eius fide dubi tan dum n ec t n admin i strari , maiore ra io e bellum posse . statuun t ut c i h omin um d l c 2 , de em m lia e e ta e x omnibu s copiis C 1 8 P AR T I I . THE CAMPAI GN

mitt an tur n ec s s Bituri ibus commun em 3 in Oppidum , oli g

committ en dam c s u r aen e eo si sal u t em en e , quod p in , id oppi

m i ct oriae c st in l l n n i s n t summa v te e eba t . dum reti u s e , on are g

X . C . XII

h e Gau s s a a u u m R ma m u T l di pl y gre t ingen ity in nder ining the o n o nd,

an d a ass R ma s a s h r ing the o n in other w y .

Sin gu l ari mil it um n ostrorum virtuti consilia cuiu squ emocu

m occurreban t u t est s l Gal l oru , ummae genu s so ertiae atque ad

imitan da et efficien d a t rad un t ur omnia , quae ab quoque ,

a tissimu m . et l a u eis f c s averteban t s c 2 p nam q al e , qua um d e stin averan t t ormen tis i n t rorsus re duceban t et a ere , , gg m

n icul is subt rah eban t e o scien tiu s cu , , quod apud e os magnae sunt ferrariae at que omne ge n u s cu n icul orum no tum atque t t u sit atum est . t o um au em murum ex omni part e t u rribus g

n abul averan t t h as coriis i n t ex eran t um co t a que . t crebri s diur 4 n i s n oct urn isque erupti on ibu s au t aggeri ign em i n fere ban t aut milites occupat os in opere adori eban t ur et n ostrarum turrium al titu din em t h as cotidian us ex resserat com , quan um agger p , 5 ss s su aru m t u rri um s ad ae u aban t e t mi i mali q , aperto s cun icul os

a et c t t e t c f praeu st praea u a ma eria pi e e rvefacta e t max imi pon

e s s x s moraban tur moen ibu s u e rohibeb n d ri a i q appropinquare p a t .

c. xxiii .

D s a Ga a e cription of llic w ll.

t s c hac s Muri au em omne Galli i fere forma unt . trabes 1

ct p er et uae l on itudi n e m s in t erval lis dire ae p in g paribu , distantes

t se s s s col l ocan tu r in er bino pede , m olo . hae revin ciu n tur z in t rorsu s e t t mul o aggere vestiun tur ea autem quae dix imus , , t ran dibu s t s x s effar i g c un t ur. hi in ervalla in fron e a i s coli ocatis 3 et coa men tatis s s d t g aliu in uper or o addi ur. ut idem il l ud int er

M I GN A GAI S T THE I T RI GE S 2 1 B . PAR T I I . CA PA N U

c s t ex cubare t mil it e s ue h ortaretur n e omn in o on ue udine q , quod

t s in termitt ere tur t t ertiam vi il iam empu ab Opere , paulo an e g

est an imad versu m a erem c c st s fumare gg , quem uni ulo ho e

su ccen d eran t eod em ue t t t c subl at o , q empore o o muro lamore d uabu s portis ab u t roque latere t u rrium eruptio fiebat : alii faces atque arida m mat eriem de muro in agge rem emin u s

iacieban t ice m rel i uas ue res s s ex citari t st , p q q , quibu igni po e ,

fun d eban t u t occurre retur aut cu i ferret ur , , quo primum rei

i t m ss t t am n st t t a saris 5 x v x . e C e au ilium, ra io i iri po e , quod in i u o semper du ae legiones pro castris ex cubab an t pl ures qu e par

t t s t s eran t cel erit er ct e st u t i i emporibu in Opere, fa um , alii

eru tion ibus resist eren t t urres re d u ceren t a erem ue p , alii gg q

in terscin deren t omn is ex cas tris mul titu d o st , vero ad re in

uen dum con currere t g .

C . XXV — . Th e fight continues al l night Remarkable courage of the Gauls- Final su s R ma s cces of the o n .

C um in omnibu s locis con su mpta iam rel iqua part e no cti s 1

u n aret ur sem er ue h ostibu s s s vict oriae redin t e raretu r p g , p q pe g ,

e o s d eu st os l ute os t urrium id eban n magi , quod p v t ec facile

t s aux il ian d u m an imadverteban t sem e r ue adire aper o ad , p q ipsi recentes d efessis succe d eren t omn emqu e G al l iae sal u tem

st t em oris ositam arbitraren t ur accidit i n s ec in illo ve igio p p , p

tan tibus s d i n um s r n nobi , quod g memoria vi um p a et ereu d u m

2 ex istimavimus . t t s non quidam an e por am oppidi Gallu , qui per manu s sevi ac picis t ra ditas glebas in ign em e regione

tu rris roiciebat sc t x r i p , orpione ab la ere de tro t a ect u s ex an imatus ue con cidit hun c x x i q . e pro mis unu s iace n t em 3 t ran sgressu s e od em illo m un ere fun gebatur ; eadem rat ione ictu scorpionis ex an imato alteri successit t ertius et t ertio

t s n ec s es r u n r quar u , priu ille t a p op g at o ibus vacuu s rel ictus 4 A GN 22 PA R T I I . THE CAMP I

r stin ct o t ex t summotis locu s , quam e aggere a que omni par e

n ct hostibus fin is est pugn a di fa u s .

i. c. xxv

h au s m tat t m t t are t the T e G l , edi ing fligh fro the own by nigh , de erred by m wo en .

ex erti res successerat st 1 Omnia p Galli, quod nulla , po ero die consilium ceperu n t ex Oppido profugere h ortan te et iuben te

Ve in tori e sil en tl o ct s c t iactu ra 2 rc ge g . id no i ona i non magna

s s s effecturos s eraban t ro t erea norum e e p , p p quod neque longe

c st Vercin et ori is aberan t et s er ab oppido a ra g g , palu , quae p

'

t i n t erced ebat s in se u en dum t ardabat . pe ua , Romano ad q iam 3

h oc c n octu a araban t cum matresfamil iae t que fa ere pp , repen e in publicum procurrerun t flen t esque proiectae ad pedes su oru m

s recibus etierun t n e se t c s s st omnibu p p , e ommune libero ho i

bus su l icium ded eren t s ca ien dam fu am n t ad pp , quo ad p g a urae

et t in firmitas im dir s t t erstare vi ium pe et . ubi eos in en en ia p 4

viderun t l erum u e s c t s , quod p q in ummo peri ulo imor mi eri

’ cordiam n on reci i t c c e t si n ificare s p , on lamare g de fuga Romani

coe erun t . t ert erriti n e e u ita u p quo imore p Galli , ab q t Roma 5

raeoccu aren tu r c s d estite ru n t . norum viae p p , on ilio

C . XXVII .

U a a th e R m a s s a a s t nder cover of he vy r in o n c le the w ll of the own .

P st C s rom ot a t directis ue o eribu s o ero die ae ar p urri q p , quae 1

c in stitu erat coorto imbre in u til m fa ere , magno non e han c ad

ca ien d um c s t em est at em arbit ratu s est p on ilium p , quod paulo

in cautiu s c st s dis ositas videbat suos u u odia in muro p , q e lan

uidius versari iu ssit e t fieri t ost e n dit g in Opere , quid velle , .

l e i on ibu s u e t vin eas cc t ex editi s coh ortat u s u t 2 g q in ra in o ul o p ,

al i uan d o ro t t s l aboribus fruct um vict oriae erci ere n t iis q p an i p p , , A GAI NS T TH RI G 2 E BI TU E S . 3

ascen dissen t ra emia ro osu it mil itibu s u e qui primi murum , p p p q signum dedit . illi subito e x omnibu s partibus evol averun t 3 mur m u c l ri r c m l v r n u q e e e t e o p e e u t .

Co XXVfii o

Th e s us su s an d su u ma s a be ieged , th rpri ed rro nded , ke for the oppo ite g te

VVh l esal e m assa — Of 800 a am are o cre only re ch the c p , where they V skilfully quartered by ercingetorix .

Ho ste s re nova pert erriti muro t urribu sque d eiecti in foro ac 1

c s at e n tioribu s cu n e atim con stit eru n t h oc u t si lo i p , animo, , qua

ex t c t ven iretur c i n st ru ct a d e u n are n t . par e obviam on ra , a ie p g

n emin em ae uum c s s d emitt ere se d t t ubi in q lo um e e , o o z u n di u e circumfu n di viderun t veriti n e omn in o s s q muro , , pe

t ol l eret u r abiectis s t s t s c t t fugae , armi ul ima Oppidi par e on inen i

t etiverun t ars ue cu m st ex itu ort arum se impe u p , p q ibi , angu o p 3

s rem eren t mil itibu s s r ss ti s e uitibu s ip i p , a , par iam eg e a por ab q f i m re . i est t ct . n ec t u s ua rae dae stud e t s c in er e a fui q q , qui p 4

e t e n abi caed e et s c t ta con fe ctis C labore operi in ita i non ae t e ,

m ul ieribu s n on i n fan ti u erc r n n i u e b s e e u t . d e non , p p q omni 5

ex t c c t vix DCCC numero, qui fui ir i er milium XL, , qui primo

c t se ex eiecerun t in col umes Vercin e lamore andi o oppido , ad g

x t origem perven e ru n t . quos ille multa iam nocte silentio e 6

ex ce it ve ritus n e castris ex c con cu rsu et fuga p ( , qua in orum

s c sedi ti o oreretur ut rocu l dis ositis mi eri ordia volgi ) , p in via p famil iaribu s sui s prin cipibu squ e civitatum disparan d os dedu

cen d os ue s s curaret cu i u e civit ati s ca stroru m q ad uo , quae q par

ab initio obve n erat .

c. xxix .

V c s s his 00 s an d m s s su ss er ingetorix con ole tr p , pro i e cce .

Postero die concilio convo cato con sol at u s coh ortatu sque 1

est n e se admodum d emitt eren t n e erturbare n t u r , animo , p P I M 24 AR T I . THE CA PA I GN

c i s sed 2 . t t c vic sse in ommodo non vir u e neque in a ie Romano , artificio u odam et sc t o u n at ion is CU US rel fueri n t s q ien ia pp g , I ip i

t . si omn is secun dos imperi i errare, qui in bello rerum 3

roven tu s ex s ect en t s n u m u am l acui sse Avari cum p p ibi q p , 4

c s t st s s s t sed ct im ruden tia defendi, uiu rei e e ip o habere fa um p

Bituri um e t n obse u en tia reli uorum u ti h oc in com g imia q q ,

i m l r r i ribus c s modum acc peretu r . id tame se ce e i te ma o ommodi 5

i i iss n t iren t san aturum . rel u s s c t t s d e nam quae ab q Galli ivi a e , 6 h as sua diligentia adiu n cturum at que unum consilium t otiu s

Gal l iae effect urum c s con sen sui n e s t errarum , uiu orbi quidem

ff um i n t erea possit obsist ere idqu e se prope iam e ect habere . 7 a e uum ss iis c s sal u tis c s im et rari u t c st q e e, ab ommuni au a p , a ra

in stitueren t faciliu s t s h ostium t s munire , quo repen ino impe u i sust n eren t .

C . XXX.

i H is policy i s approved an d h s popularity increased .

t c t t s e t x s Fui hae ora io non ingra a Galli , ma ime, quod ip e 1

d efecerat t t acce to c se animo non an o p in ommodo, neque in o ccul tum abdid erat e t con spect um mul titu din i s f ugerat ; pl usque 2

rovid ere et ra esen tire e x istimabatur t animo p p , quod re in egra

i n cen d en d um Avaricu m st d e seren d um ce n su ra primo , po e t . itaqu e u t rel iqu orum impe rat oru m re s a d versae au ctoritat e m 3 mi n uun t s1e h u iu s e x c n t t s c acce t , o rario digni a in ommodo p o

s au ebat ur s s em ven ieban t s affirma i in die g . imul in p eiu t on e 4 de rel iquis a diun gen d is civit atibus ; primumqu e e o t empore

c st i n stit u e ru n t e t sic s t con firma i Galli a ra munire un animo t ,

s s t l aboris u t im eraren t u r homine in ue i , omnia, quae p , sibi

n e rf r n a x i tima re patie d a t pe e e d e s n t . I T RI GE S 2 A GAI NS T THE B U . 5

c. xxxi .

By energetic measu res Vercingetorix redeems his pledges an d strengthens

h is force .

cc s est ol l icitu s c t x n l aborabat N minu , quam p , Ver inge ori a imo , u t rel i ua s e 1 t t s adiu n eret t eas s ol l icitation i q vi a e g , a que doni p

s al l ciebat c idon e os s d eli ebat 2 bu que i . hui rei homine g , quorum quisque a ut oration e subdola aut amicit ia facill ime capere

i n ss t . Avarico ex u n at o refu eran t s vest e po e qui p g g , armando d os ue c t s u t d emin utae C O iae redin t e raren t ur q ura ; imul p g , im erat ce rt um n u meru m mil itum civit atibu s e t p , quem quam

t c st c vel it sa l ttari os ue s an e diem in a ra addu i , g q omne , quorum

t erma n u s s con u iri e t se tt era p g numeru in Gallia, q ad mi i

n i l i r e e eri ra t e x l h t . h s s ce er te A d e etur i e rebu id, quod vari i p , p .

t Teutomatu s l l ovicon is filius rex Nitiobro um c s in erim , O , g , uiu 5

t r sen atu st c s t a el l at u s cu m pa e ab no ro ami u era pp , magno e quitu m sn orum numero e t quos ex Aquitania con d ux erat ad

um rve n it c pe .

c. XXXI I Q

Caesa r i s called off from p ursuit of Vercingetorix by a su mmons t o a rbitrate

t w o a a ma s a s A between riv l cl i nt for the chieft in hip of the ed u i .

A e com l ur Caesar vari i p es die s com morat us su mmamque ibi 1 3 p w 3 . n A/ copiam frumenti et rel iqui dommeatus n an ct s ex ercitu m ex ‘ uu t i oi ref cit labore a que n pa e . iam prope bieme con fecta cu m 2 ipso anni t empore ad gerendum bellum vocare tur e t ad bo st em

roficisci con stit isse t s cu m ex al u dibus sil vi s ue p p , ive p q elicere s s ss t t cu m ive ob idione premere po e , lega i ad prin cipe s

Ae d uorum ve n iu n t oratum u t x c ss t , ma ime ne e ario empore civitati sub ven iat : s ss c o ummo e e in peri ul rem, quod, cum 3 sin gul i magistratu s an tiqu it u s creari at que regiam potestatem a obt in ere con su esse n t m a is r u nnum , duo g t at m gerant et se M 26 P AR T I I . CA P AI GN A GAI NS T THE BI TURI GE S .

u t er ue c l e ibu s creatum ss dicat ss t q orum g e e . horum e e al erum 4

on vict ol itavem floren t em et st ad ul esce n t em t C , illu rem , al erum

C otum an ti ui ssima n atum t s , q familia a que ip um hominem s ot en tiae e t co n ation is c s t Val etiacu s ummae p magnae g , uiu fra er

x ma i r t m civitat em mn m pro imo anno eundem g st a u gesserit . o e 5

ss s divisu m sen atum divisum s s e e in armi ; , populum, ua

ui u i iu tiu c us e c c t s . s d s t c t s q orum lien ela quod ala ur on rover ia,

uti s cu m t c t t s con fli at n acci fore, par par e ivi a i g . id e dat,

s t s t t auct orita po i um in eiu diligen ia a que te .

c . xxxiii .

’ Ca e sar meets the disputant s an d senators at D ecetia (Deciz e) an d decides

n vi l i tavi in favou r of Co ct o s.

C s t s t st sc d et rime n t osum 1 ae ar, e i a bello a que h o e di edere

s s ex istimabat t am en n on i n oran s t ex dissen sion ibu s e e , g , quan a

c con su e ssen t n e t t et tam con iu n cta in ommoda oriri , an a populo

c t s s s al uisse t omn ibus u e s Romano ivi a , quam ip e emper q rebu

orn asset t d esce n d eret t s , ad vim a que ad arma , a que ea par ,

s s con fid eret x Vercin e t ori e arce sseret quae minu ibi , au ilia a g g ,

raeverten dum e x istimavit et l e ibu s Aeduoru m huic rei p , quod g z

iis s m a ist ratum obtin eren t ex ced ere ex fin ibus , qui ummum g ,

l iceret n e au t l e ibus c d emin uiss non , quid de iure de g orum e

videretur s Ae duos rofici sci statu it sen atu m u e omn e m , ip e in p q

D c iam v e t quo s inter cont roversia e sset ad se e et e ocavit . cum 3

omn is c t s e o con ve n isse t d oceret ur u e c s c prope ivi a , q , pau i lam

con vocatis c t t o ortu erit frat r m alio lo o, alio empore, a que p , e a

t ren u n tiat um cum s ex u tro ue fra re , lege duo una familia vivo q

m st t s creari vetare n t sed t sen atu non solum agi ra u , e iam in

ss rohi eren t otu m d e on ere coe it e e e p b , C imperium p g , Convi 4

t ol itave m er s c t s c t t s i n t ermi ssis s , qui p a erdo e more ivi a i magi

tratibus ss t cre at u s t st t obti n ere iussit e e , po e a em .

2 8 P A R T I I I . CAMP AI GN A GAI NS T THE A R VERNI .

ma n i s Caesari difficul tat ibu s re s n e maiorem st t s t g , ae a i par em

flu min e im edire tu r f t autum n um E p , quod non ere an e laver vado

is 2 t ran siri s t . ita u e n e accid ere t s st c castr ole q , id , ilve ri lo o

ositi s n s e orum on tiu m s c t x p e regio e uniu p , quo Ver inge ori

re scin d e n s curaverat st cum d uabu s l e ion ibu s do , po ero die g in

cc r i r l i uas c s cu m s im edimen tis o ulto est tit ; e q opia omnibu p , 3

ut con su everat s t car tis uibu sdam coh ortibu s uti , mi i , p q ,

t r hi l on is i numeru s l egion u m con s are videret u . s quam g s me 4

ossen t i ussis cum ex t con iect uram p progredi , iam diei empore

ca ere t c st erven tum isd em subl icis uarum s p in a ra p , , q par

f r m a n fi r c i l rit r t e ebat t re ce e oe t . ce e e in erior in egra , pon em p 5

e ffect o opere l egion ibu squ e t ra d u ct is e t loco castri s idoneo

d el ect o rel i uas c s re vocavi t . c t x c t 6 q opia Ver inge ori re ogni a, n e c t s vol u n tate m dimicare co eretur ma n is i in on ra uam g , g t eri bu s an t ece ssit

c . xxv — — C aesar re aches Gergovia Description of the site Ca esar surp rises an d

a u s a s s l a R a c pt re trong po ition ( oche bl nche) .

Cae sar ex eo lo co qu in t is cast ris G e rgoviam perve n it eques l t r roeli o e o fact e rs ect o ique p die levi o, p p urbi s situ , qu a e

s t t ss t om n is t s difficil es h abebat po i a in al i imo mon e adi u , de e x u n ation e d es eravit obsession e u p g p , de non pri s agendum con stituit r m frum n ri m x e e ta a e ediss . , quam p et at Verci n ge z

0 P R T I I THE 3 A I . CAMP AI GN

t orix castris prope oppidum [in mont e] positi s mediocribus circum se i n t erval l is separatim sin gul aru m civitatium copias col l ocaverat t s s col l ibus occu atis , a que omnibu eiu ingi p , qua d s c oterat h orribil em s eci em raebe at rin ci es ue e pi i p , p p b p p q 3

earum c ivita tium s s c s ca ien dum del e erat , quo ibi ad on ilium p g ,

c cotidie se c iubebat seu c prima lu e ad onvenire , quid ommuni can dum seu admin istran d um videretur , quid , neque ullum fere 4

in termitt ebat st roel io in teri ectis s tt s diem , quin eque ri p agi arii ,

ss t ac t t s suoru m ericlitaretur. quid in quoque e e animi vir u i , p

c s sub i sis radicibus t s erat e regione oppidi olli p mon i , egregie 5 munitus atque ex omni part e circumcisus ; quem si t en eren t 6

st et t e t abu l ation e rohibit uri no ri, aquae magna par e p libera p

n ur s d is c s ra sidio hi s hoste s videba t . e lo u p e ab s non nimi

t n a u r t am en s t ct s C s ex castri s firmo e eb t . ilen io no i ae ar 7

e ressu s riu s u am s s ex ve n iri ss t d eiecto g , p q ub idio oppido po e , praesidio potit us loco duas ibi legiones col l ocavit fossamque d upl icem duodenum pedum a maioribu s castris ad minora

erd ux it u t t t t h ostium in cu rsu t sin ul i p , u o ab repen ino e iam g

n commeare posse t .

C . II XXXV . — A conspira cy amon gst the Aed u i headed by C on vict ol itavis Litavicus

s u s w a Ca sa in tr cted to de ert ith contingent intended for e r .

Dum c Ger oviam eru n tu r Con victol itavis Aeduu s 1 hae ad g g , ,

cu i ma istrat um a diu dicat um C s demon stravimu s s g a ae are , olli citatu s ab Arvernis pecun ia cu m quibu sdam adul escen tibus

col l o uitur t c s Lit avicus t s t s q quorum era prin ep a que eiu fra re ,

f t ad ul escen tes cum hi r amplissima amilia na i . s p aemium z

mmu n icat h ort at ur ue u t se s et co q , libero imperio n at os

memin erin t . ss Aeduorum civit at em unam e e , quae certis 3 sim am Gal l iae vict oriam d etin eat ; eiu s au ctoritate reliqu as con tin eri qua t raducta locum con sist e n di Romanis in Gallia

A GAI NS T THE AR VE RNI . 31

ss n on n ul l o se C aesaris ben eficio ct sic non fore . e e affe um, 4

am n u t i ustissimam cum c s obtin uerit sed s t e , apud au am ; plu

r i su S communi libertati t ribu ere . cu enim pot us Aed ui de o

l ibu s aesarem disce tatorem iure et de eg ad C p , quam Romani 6 ad Aedu os ven ian t ? cel erit er adul escen tibus et oration e

s raemio deductis cum se c s s magi tratus et p , vel prin ipe eiu

c s rofiteren tur t erficien di uaerebatur on ilii fore p , ra io p q , quod civitat em temere ad suscipien dum bellum adduci posse non

fid n t l acuit ut Litavicus c s mil ibus con a . eb p , de em illi , quae

s ri m itt eren tur ra eficeretur t ducen da Cae a ad bellum , p a que ea

ar m i u curaret fratres u e s Caes e raecurreren t . rel a , q eiu ad p q

t cc t con stituu n t . qua ra ione agi pla a ,

c. xxxviii.

i u a s u his t o s an d uts to at th e R ma s Litav c s prev il pon force de ert, p de h o n u his sc nder e ort .

i avicus acce to ex ercitu cum assu um c c t 1 L t p , milia p ir i er XXX

Ger ovia abesset con vocati s s t mil itibus l acri man s ab g , ubi o , ‘ ’ ‘ roficiscimur in uit t s ? omn is st e uitatus 2 quo p , q , mili e no er q ,

omn is n obilitas i n t eriit c s c t t s E ore rix ; prin ipe ivi a i , p d o et

irid omarus in simul ati rodition is V , p ab Romanis in dicta cau sa

is c n in t erfecti s t . c i s o oscit e ex s cae 3 un hae ab p g , qui ip a d e fugerun t : nam ego fratribus at que omnibu s meis propin qui s

’ in terfectis rohibeor st s t ron un tiar dolore p , quae ge a un , p e .

roducun tu r s edocuerat c t t p hi, quo ille , quae di i velle , a que 4

Litavicu s ron u n tiaverat t t e x on un eadem , quae p , mul i udini p t

t s Aeduorirm t ct s col l ocu ti cum A s equi e in erfe o , quod rverni 5 diceren t ur ; ipso s se inter mu l tit u di n em mil itum o ccultasse

t ex caede rofu is c c t Aedu 6 a que media p g se . on laman i e t

‘ ’ Litavicum obsecran t u t s c s t s1 i n uit , ibi on ula . qua vero, q 7 ‘ c s sit re s ac c ss i s er oviam con ille, on ilii , non ne e e s t nobi G g t e t cum A s n osm i n r d ubitamus 8 et con u e e . endere rverni g an , 2 P AR T I THE CAMPAI G 3 I I . N quin nefario facin or e admisso R omam 1am ad n os inter

ficien dos con cu rran t ? roin d e si s e st p , quid in nobi animi ,

erse uamu r c t i n di n issime in t eri eru n t t p q orum mor em, qui g a que

’ h s l a ron es i n t rficiamu s o sten dit c s s s 9 o t e . ive Romano , qui eiu prae sidii fidu cia una eran t : magnum n um erum frument i com

i ri i t r l it r x cru ci in rficit m eat u s u e d s s c u d e e e atos te . q p , ip o n u n tios t t c t t Aed u oru m d imittit e od em c o a ivi a e , menda io de caed e e u itu m e t rin ci u m ermovet h ortat u r u t s q p p p ; , imili

t t s fece rit s s i n iu rias erse u an tur. ra ione, a que ip e , ua p q

c . xxxix .

oredorix an d Virid oma rus s Aed ui a u Ca sa Ep , noble of the , in f vo r with e r m a u s Ca sa as a s s Li tavi u Th e for er nno nce to e r the tre on ble de ign of c s .

E ored orix Ae d u u s s c t s ad u l escen s e t 1 p , ummo lo o na u s ot en t ia e e t Vi ridomarus aetat e e t ummae domi p , una , pari

t sed s C s Divitiac s gra ia, genere di pari, quem ae ar ab o ibi

radit um ex hu mil i c su mm am di n itat em erdu x erat t lo o ad g p , in

u itu m con ven eran t t eo c t his 2 e q numero nomina im ab evo a i .

t t se ri n ci at u con t en ti o et m a istratuum era in er de p p , in illa g c t s t ro C on vict ol itavi t ro C t summi on rover ia al er p , al er p o o s

n av ran ex h is E ore d orix c t Li opibu s pug e t . p ogni o tavici 3 c s f ct C ae sarem d efert t n on ilio media ere no e rem ad ; ora , e patiatu r civitat em prav is adul e scen tium con siliis ab amicitia

d efice re f t rovid eat si se t ot populi Romani quod u urum p , h omin um cu m h ostibus con iun x erin t sal u m milia , quorum t e

n e l e ere c t s neque propinqui g g , neque ivi a levi momento aesti mare po sset .

— C aesar advances to meet Lita vi cu s Th e troops su rrender to him

Lita vicu s s a s r e c pe to Ge govia .

ct s s c t h oc n u n tio C s s 1 Magna affe u olli i udine ae ar, quod emper

uorum civitati raeci ue i n dul serat in t r Aed p p , nulla e posit a z

R T I I I THE CAMP AI GN 34 P A .

portis ob stru ere cet eras pl ut eosqu e vallo add ere et se in post e

his s co n itis rum diem simil emqu e casu m apparare . rebu g s Caesar summo studio militu m ante ortum solis in castra

rven it pe .

l c. x u . — The revolt spre ad s amongst the A e dui Violence toward s a Roman officer

an d others .

Dum c Ger oviam eru n t ur Aed ui s n un tu s 1 hae ad g g , primi ab Li tavico acceptis nullum sibi ad cogn oscen d um spat ium

l in n im l l it ir i m ri re uu t . e s t s acun d a e t t e e tas q p alio avari ia, alio , z

x h omin u m e st t ut quae ma ime illi generi inna a, levem audi

t ion em h abean t pro re comperta . bona civiu m Roman oru m

iri i n c f ciu n t servitut em abstrah un i a d u t aed es a t . ad uv t p , , in rem procl in at am Con vict ol it avi s pl eb emqu e ad furorem im

l f r mi an i at m el it u t acin o e ad sso s t e t u d eat . p , ad rever i p Mar 5

cum Ari stium t ribun um mil itu m t l e ion em facien t em , , i er ad g fide data ex oppido Cabil l on o edu cu n t : idem facere cogu n t

e os n e otian di c s c n s i r n h c o t te a t . os t , qui g au a ibi on inuo in 6 itinere ad orti omnibu s impedim en tis exu un t ; repugnant es diem n oct emqu e ob siden t ; multi s u trimque i n t erfe ctis maiorem

mul tit u i m arm a orum c n ci an d n e t o t t .

c. xliii . — Va a Ae dui Ca sa m at s a at m Ger o cill tion of the e r edit e retre fro g vi a.

t n un ti o t s c t s 1 In erim alla o , omne orum mili e in potestat e

Caesaris t con curru n t Aristium c eneri, ad , nihil publi o factum consilio demon strant quaestion em de boni s direptis d ecer z

un t Lit avici frat rum u e ubl ican t t u , q bona p , lega os ad C aesarem

sui ur an di r t mitt u t c faciu n p g g a ia n . hae t recuperan d oru m 3 sn orum cau sa : se d con taminati facin ore et capti compendio ex

dire tis s res mul tos ertin ebat t p boni , quod ea ad p , e timore I A GAI NS T THE A R VE RN . 35

oen ae ex territi c s c in ire in ci iun t c t t s p , on ilia lam de bello p ivi a e

t ame s s que reliquas l egation ibus solli citant . quae t i Cae ar i n 4 t el l e ebat t m mitissim e t st t s t : g , ame quam po e lega o appella nihil se propter i n scien tiam l evitat emque volgi gravins de civitat e

c sua Ae d uos ben evol e n tia d emin uere iudi are neque de in .

s m aiore m Gal l iae m ot um e x s e ctan s me s c ip e, p , ab omnibu ivi 5 t a i u circumsist eretu r c s in ibat uemadmod um t b s , on ilia , q ab Ger

disce d eret ac ru rsu s omn em ex ercit um con trah eret n e govia ,

r fecti t t d e fection is s s vid ere ur p o o na a ab imore imili fugae t .

c . xliv .

Caesa r discovers the enemy engaged in fortifying th e saddle connecting

Ger ovia u s Ri sol l es g with the neighbo ring height ( ) .

c c t t a ccid ere s est c t s r n 1 Hae ogi an i vi a fa ul a bene ge e dae rei .

cum cast s ers icien di c s ven isset nam in minora ra operi p p au a ,

an imad vertit c h ostibu s t en ebatur n u d atu m ollem , qui ab ,

homin ibus su erioribus diebus vix t t c , qui p prae mul i udine ern i

ot erat . admiratus u aerit ex erfu is c s 2 p q p g au am , quorum mag

n u s um c tidi c n flu ‘ n c o e s o ebat . co stabat t s ad numeru in er omne , 3

s C s er ex l oratore s co n overat s quod iam ip e ae ar p p g , dor um esse

s n a e uum sed hin c s st et an ustum eiu i gi prope q , ilve re g , qua esset aditu s ad alteram partem oppidi vehementer huic loco 4 il l os timere n ec iam aliter sent ire uno colle ab Romanis oc

cu at o si t ami sissen t m circumval l ati p , al erum , quin pae e atque

omni exitu e t pabul ation e int erclusi vid eren tur : ad hun c mu 5

nien dum s V rcin e ri omne a e g t o ge evoca t os. O

c. xl v.

aesa r plans a feint u pon these new defences to disguise a genuine attack

G er ovia ts h O in a u a u - -ma on g i elf ( p g to c pt re the town by co p de in) .

H ac re cognita Cae sar mittit compl u re s equitum turmas 1

co ct iis im erat u t tumul t uosius s de media no e p , paulo omnibu P AR T I I TH 36 I . E CAMPAI GN

in locis vagaren tur . prima luce magnum n u merum impedi z men t orum ex castris m ul orum qu e produ ci deque h is stram en ta d et rahi mul ion esqu e cu m cassidibu s equ itu m spe cie ac simula

l libu s circumveh i n h hi au co t s t co t . s s t ione i e p addi equi e , qui 3 l a iu st n ta i n is c us va ar n tur n circuit u e asd e m t s o e t o a a g e . lo go

i s c rocul e x vid eban omnes ubet pet ere regione . hae p oppido 4 t ur u t t Ger ovia d es ectu s c st t t s t , era a g p in a ra, neque an o pa io,

l r r r l ion e m d em n c t ss t ex o a i ot e at . e e o er i quid e e , p p g unam i go 5 mitt it e t paul um progressam inferiore con st it uit loco sil visqu e

cul t au et ur s su s icio t n s mu n itio oc at . g Galli p a que om e illo 6

h ost ium s c n . c c t i num copiae traducu n tur va ua as ra Cae ar o sp 7 catu s t ectis i n sign ibu s suoru m occul tatisque sign i s mil itaribus

s t s n e ex an im adverteren t ur ex maioribu s raro mili e , oppido , castris t rad u cit l e atis ue s s in ul is l e ion ibu in minora g q , quo g g s

ra efecerat fieri t ost en dit : s t u t con 8 p , quid velle , imprimi mone , tin ean t t s n e st u n an di au t s e rae dae l on ius mili e , udio p g p p g

ro redian t ur i n i uitas c habeat i n comm odi ro p g quid q lo i , p 9

t : h oc cel eritat e ss vitari : occasion i s ss poni una po e e e rem ,

roel ii . his s ex ositis s d at e t x t t t o non p rebu p , ignum ab de ra par e

A uos mittit alio ascen su eodem t empore e d .

c. xlvi .

D s Ga am —Th e R ma s st m it i e cription of the llic c p o n or ing , find t

a m s m l o t e pty.

s c t t sc s s ct 1 Oppidi muru ab plani ie a que ini io a en u re a regione . si s amfractu s in t ercederet MCC ss s aberat : uid uid 2 nullu , pa u q q huc ci rcuit us mol l ien dum cl ivum accesserat s t ad , id pa ium

itin eris a u ebat . c l on it u din em u g a medio fere olle in g , t natura 3

t s ferebat ex ran dibus s x s sex u mon i , g a i pedum mur m, qui n os trorum im etu m t ard aret rae du x eran t p , p Galli atque inferiore omni spatio vacuo rel ict o superiorem partem collis u sque ad A GAI NS T THE A R VE RNI . 37

m l ev ran t t s t 4 murum Oppidi d en sissimi s cast ri s co p e . mili e da o signo cel eriter ad m u n ition e m perve n iun t e amqu e tran sgressi t rinis castris potiu n tu r ac t ant a fuit in ca st ris capien dis cele 5

t s u t Teut omatu s rex Nitiobro um s t t abern a cul o ri a , , g , ubi o in

O ressus u t con uieverat s c s t pp , meridie q , uperiore orpori par e nudata vulnerat o equo vix se ex man ibu s praedan tium mil itum eriperet .

c. x l v u.

C a sa s u s t a but th e s a a t r su ss us e r o nd the re re t , oldiery , el ted thei cce , p h

on right u p to the wa lls of the town .

Con secutu s ro osuerat C s rece tui c n id, quod animo p p , ae ar p a i 1 iu ssit l e t on is u e d ecimae u acum t con tion at us s g q , q era , igna con stitu it at rel iquarum milit es l egion u m non e x au dito tubae 2

$011 0 s t s s i n t erce debat t m t ribu n i s , quod a i magna valle , ame ab mil i m is u ut t r c n r tu l e at e C s ae e t u m re tin eba t u . g q , era a ae are p p , se d elati spe cel eris vi ctoriae e t h ostium fuga superiorumque 3 t emporum secun dis proel iis nihil adeo ard uu m sibi ex istima

t t t con se ui ossen t n fin em s ban , quod non vir u e q p , eque priu se u en di feceru n t ortis u e q , quam muro Oppidi p q appropinqua

t t um ex s s c run . vero omnibu urbi partibu s orto lamore qui 4 l on ius aberan t t t umul tu erterriti cum b st t g repen ino p , o em in ra

t s ss ex istimaren t s s ex eie ceru n t m t s por a e e , e e oppido . a re 5 familiae de muro vestem argen t umqu e i actaban t e t pectore

t s ss s man ibus obte staban tur m s u t nudo prominen e pa i Ro ano ,

s arceren t sicu t A e fecissen t n e mul ieribus ibi p , neu , vari i , qui dem at que i n fan tibus abstin ere n t : n on n ul l ae de muri s per 6

s d emi ssae s s mil itibus t rad eban t . c s s cen manu e e Lu iu Fabiu , 7

t l e ion is o d ix isse con st abat urio g VIII , quem int er suo s e die

ex citari se Avarice n sibu s rae miis commissurum ut p neque ,

r s uis u am asc n eret t s s s n an ctu s man i u p iu q q murum e d , re uo p PA R 38 T I I I . THE CAMPAI GN

lares at que ab i 1s subl evat u s murum ascen dit hos ipse rursus sin gul os ex ceptan s in murum e x tul it

c. xlviii .

u a h fi a s rus to the Cries of alarm reach the Ga ls t t e forti c tion (c. who h —Th R m a s m s s -m a rescue of the town e o n find the elve over tched .

t t t ut s In erim ii, qui ad al eram par em oppidi, upra demon 1 st ravimus mu n ition is c s con ven eran t ex au dit o cl a , au a , primo

m t crebris n un tiis c t t s ore, inde e iam in i a i, Oppidum ab Romani

t ss s e u itibu s con cursu eo con t e n deru n t . eneri, praemi i q magno c ut s s ven erat sub con sist ebat suo orum qui que primu , muro p

m n n i m n um rum au at cum m ru qu e pug a t u e geb . quorum agna 3

mul i u con ven isset mat resfamil iae t t t d o , , quae paulo an e Roma

n is s t en deban t s s obte st ari et c de muro manu , uo more Galli o passum capill um o stentare l ib erosqu e in con spectum proferre

coe run t . t s n ec c n ec c con pe era Romani lo o numero a qua 4 t en ti o : simul e t cursu et spatio pugn ae defatigat i non facile

c t in te r s su stin ban re en es atque g o e t.

c . xlix.

a sa hi s an d s s to S ex tius th e a C e r shifts s own po ition end to cover retre t .

C s cu m c u n ari h ostium ue au err c 1 s ae ar, iniquo lo o p g q g op a 1 vide ret raemet u en s s s T t S ex tium l e atu m , p ui ad i um g , quem min oribu s castris raesidi o rel i u erat s t ut c t s x p q , mi i , ohor e e castris cel eriter educeret e t sub i n fimo colle ab de x tro latere hostium con stitueret ut si n ostros c d e ul sos vidisse t , , lo o p , quo

s st s i n se u eren t ur t erreret . s aul um x minu libere ho e q , ip e p e e o

c cum ro ressus con s titerat e ven tum u n a lo o legione p g , ubi , p g e

x t bat e soec a . A GA I NS T THE A R VE RNI . 39

— The A edui come in sight an d cau se a p anic amon g the Romans Fabius — is killed on the wall Gallant condu ct of Petronius.

Cum c commin u s u n aret ur h st s c et 1 a errime p g , o e lo o numero ,

st t t con fideren t s t s t Aedui s t no ri vir u e , ubi o un vi i ab la ere n ostris t s C s x t t ascen su s aper o, quo ae ar ab de ra par e alio manu di in n e c mi r arm rum veh emen st e da au sa se at . hi similitudine o 2 t er n ostros erterruerun t ac t amet si dex tri s s ex sertis p , humeri an imadvert eban tur s acatum ss con suerat , quod in igne p e e , t amen id ipsum sui fal l en di causa milites ab h ostibus factum

d c s c 3 ex istimaban t . eo em t empore Lu ius Fabiu enturio quique una murum ascen deran t circumven ti atque i n t erfecti muro

rae ci itan tur . c s P t s eiusdem l e ion is c t p p Mar u e roniu , g en urio, 4 cum t s ex cidere c t s ss t t t o ressus ac por a ona u e e , a mul i udine pp s d es eran s t s vul n eribu s acce tis man i ul ari us ibi p mul i iam p , p b

‘ ’ ‘ s s il l u m secuti eran t in uit ui , qui , quoniam , q , me una vobis cum s ss vest rae c t t ros i ervare non po um , quidem er e vi ae p p c s cu iditat e l oriae ct s c d ed x i iam, quo p g addu u in peri ulum u .

’ vos u l t s dat a facultate vobi s con s i e . imul in medios hosti s 5 irrupit d uobusque in t erfectis rel iquos a porta paul um summo

’ ‘ vit . con an tibus auxil iari s s st in uit c t ui , fru ra, q , m ae vi ae sub 6

con amin i s s vires ue deficiun t : roin de venire , quem iam angui q p ’ abite est c t s vos u e l e ion em reci ite. ita u , dum fa ul a , q ad g p p g

s t au l um n cidi ac s s s t nan pos p co t ui alu i fuit.

c. li .

m ut R ma s ss 00 m Co plete ro of the o n with lo of 7 en.

st cum u n di u e remeren tur c n uri i No ri, q p , XLVI e t on bus

i i sed in tol ran ti l amissis de ect sunt loco . e us Ga los in sequen tes l e io t ardavit ro s s ae ui r c n g X , quae p ub idio paulo q o e loco o P AR T I I TH E CAM PAI GN 40 I .

i r c ru rsu s l e ion is c t s exce erun t 2 st te at . han XIII g ohor e p , quae ex castris min oribus ed uctae cum Tit o S ex tio legat o locum

ici m tt ce eran t su eriorem . s l an e 3 p p legione , ubi primum p a ige

t in festis c t st s si n is con st it erun t . c t x run , on ra ho e g Ver inge ori 4

mun n r duxit e o die ab radicibu s collis suos intra itio es e .

s s tin en ti s t milit es sunt paulo minu ep g de idera i .

c. 111 .

a a a C esar reproves his troops for disregarding th e sign l for retre t.

Postero die Caesar con ti on e advocata t em eritat e m cupidita 1 t em ue mil itum re reh en dit s s iu dicavissen t q p , quod ibi ip i , quo

roced en d um aut vid ere t ur s c p quid agendum , neque igno re i piendi dato con stitisse n t neque ab t ribu n i s mil i tum l egatisque re

tin ri is x e ot u sen t . e osuit i n i u itas c ss t s p p , quid q lo i po e , quid ip e 2

Avaricum se n sisset cum s c et s e u itat u de reh en ad , ine du e ine q p

sis h ostibus ex l oratam vict oriam dimi sisset n e m p , parvum odo

d etrimen tum in con t en tion e propter in iqu itatem loci accideret .

t c ma n it u din em admiraretu r s quan o opere orum animi g , quo 3

castroru m mu n iti on es al tit udo t s s non , non mon i , non muru

t otuisse t t l ice n tiam arro an tiam ue oppidi ardare p , anto opere g q

re rehe n d ere s se im erat orem ct p , quod plu quam p de Vi oria

atque ex itu rerum sent ire existimare n t n ec minu s se in milite 4 mod estiam et con tin en tiam quam virtutem atque animi magni

t udin em s de iderare .

c . liii . — Cae sar challenges Vercingetorix to fight on the pl ain after tw o skirmishes

a hi a m d i s u s an d m a s a Ae u . he bre k p c p, rche b ck to the

H ac habita con tion e et ad ex tremam oration em con firmati s 1

mil itibus n e ob c c s ermoveren t r , han au am animo p u neu , quod

i n i uitas c attul isset t t h ostium t ribu eren t q lo i , id vir u i , eadem de

rofection e co it an s t sen serat s ex cast ris p g , quae an e , legione

P R T I I THE CAMPAI N 42 A I . G pedimen t oru m magn am partem con tul erat ; hu c magnum 3 n umerum equorum huius belli causa in It alia atque Hispania c m m mi ra e o cum E ored orix Viridomaru s ue ven is oé ptu se t . p q 4 s t et st t c t t s co n ovissen t Lit avicum Bibracte en de a u ivi a i g , ab

Aed uis rece tum e st eos max imae p , quod oppidum apud auctoritatis on victol itavim m a istratum ma n am u e t , C g g q par em s t s eum c ss t s Vercin etori em c ena u ad onveni e, lega o ad g g de pa e et c t con cil ian da c missos raet ermitt en d um ami i ia publi e , non p t t commodum ex istima run ita ue in terfectis an um ve t . q Novio 5

custo i us n ti n i c s c n n r n t duni d b quique eo ego a d au a o ve e a ,

pecun iam atque e quos inter se partit i sunt ; ob sides civitatum 6

Bibracte ma istratum d educen dos curaverun t ad g Oppidum, 7

se t ss iu dicaban t n c quod a eneri non po e , e ui ess et u sui Roma n is in cen d erun t , frument i quod subito potuerun t n avibu s 8 avex erun t reli u um flumin e t c , q a que in endio corruperu n t ipsi 9 e x fin itimis re ion ibus c s co ere s cu stodias u g opia g , prae idia q e ad ripas Ligeris disponere equ itatu mque omnibu s locis i n icien di timori s c s st t coe erun t si t au a o en are p , ab re frumen aria Roma l n os ex c u d ere [au t addu ct os inopia in provin ciam expel l ere]

ossen t . s em t eos adiuvabat p quam ad p mul um , quod Liger ex xc n ivibu s creverat ut omn in o ss t ran siri i r , vado non po e v d e etur. A GAI NS T THE A R VE RNI . 43

c. lvi .

a a a a s a s L s it an d s t o By r pid m rch C e ar re che the oire, ford , proceed

Labien us rejoin .

i m a uran dum s cen suit si 1 Quibus rebus cogn it s Caesar t ibi ,

ss t rfici n di n ibu ericl itan d um u t s e e in pe e s po t s p , priu , quam

2 essen t s eo coact ae co iae dimicaret . n e commu maiore p , nam t t c s t rovin ciam con verteret ut n on t um a o on ilio i er in p , nemo

c ss c ex istim abat cum t quidem ne e ario fa iendum , infamia a que in dign itas rei e t oppositu s mons Ce ve n n a viarumque difficul tas im ediebat tum x abiun ct o Labien o t iis p , ma ime, quod a que l e i n i us u n i r im at ta 3 o b s a m se at t t eb . i ue g , qua , vehemen er q admodum magn is diurn is n octurn isqu e itin eribus con fectis con t ra O i n ion em Li erim i t vad o ue er t s 4 omnium p ad g ven , q p equi e

t ro c ss t t t u t c at inven o p rei ne e i a e Oppor uno , bra hia modo que

sustin en d a ss ossen t dis humeri ad arma liberi ab aqua e e p ,

s t e u itatu flu min i s refrin eret t h ostibus s po i o q , qui vim g , a que primo aspectu perturbatis i n col u mem ex ercitum t raduxit fru men t um u e s et e coris c n an ctus t his q in agri p opiam , reple o

s ex ercitu t S s c in st it ui rebu i er in enone fa ere t. — P AR T I . V . CC. 5 7 62

THE CAMPAI GN A GAI NS T THE P ARI S I I .

11 c . lv .

’ On a sa a u er ovia Labi en us s ts out h C e r s dep rt re for G g ( c. e for t e

Pa s —i s s th e Gau s u a a Camul o e n us ri ii oppo ed by l nder the veter n le der g .

U M c C aesarem erun tur Labien u s e o s hae apud g , upple 1

t n u er ex t ve n erat rel ict o A edin ci men o, quod p I alia , g , ut ss t im edim en ti s rae sidio cum uattu or l e ion ibus t e e p p , q g Lu e

fici itur P ri i r m t ro sc . e st a s o u s t iam p id Oppidum , quod po i um

est n s flumi n is e u an a c s a d ven tu h ostibus in i ula S q e . uiu ab z c t x fin itimis civi tatibu s co iae con ven erun ogni o magnae e p t . s t t C am ul o en o Au l erco con umma imperii radi ur g , qui prope 3 fectus a et ate t ame n propt er sin gul arem sci en tiam rei militaris

eum s u m an ima d vertisset er e e t cat s. i s cu ad honorem evo p p 4 t ss in flueret S e u an am t il l um uam e e paludem, quae in q a que THE CAMP AI GN A GAI NS T THE PARI S I I . 45

omn em c m a n O ere im ediret hic con sedit n ostros u e lo um g p p , q tran situ prohibere i n stituit .

c. lviii . — Labi en us tries in vain to cross a m arsh returns t o M etiosed um (Melun) c aptu res the town an d marches down the right bank of the Seine u pon

Lu a Pa s au s u c G . teti ( ri ) , whi h the l b rn

Labien u s c s cratibus t I primo vin a agere, a que aggere paludem

x l re t c n u r ost u am difficil iu s 2 e p e a que iter munire o abat . p q id con fieri an imad vertit s t castris t t e re ssus , ilen io e er ia vigilia g

eodem ven erat t M e tiosedu m erven it . est , quo , i inere p id 3

en on u m s S e uan ae s t u t t oppidum S in in ula q po i um , paulo an e

e r h n i n a ibu s c c t - 4 de Lut etia dix im u s . d p e e s s v ir i er quinqua gint a cel eriterqu e con iu n ctis atque eo mil itibu s in iecti s et rei n ovitate erte rritis o idan i s n s p pp , quorum mag a par erat ad

c t s con t en tion e otitur . refect bellum evo a a, ine Oppido p o 5

t su erioribu s diebus st s re scid eran t ex ercitu m pon e, quem p ho e , t radu cit et s c Lu t etiam t c coe it e undo flumine ad i er fa ere p .

st s c t iis Metiosed o fu eran t Lu tetiam 6 ho e re ogni a ab , qui a g , in cendi pon t esqu e eius Oppidi re scindi inbent ipsi profecti a palude ad ripas S equan ae e regione Lu tet iae contra Labien i c st con sidun a ra t . T E AM PAI GN 46 PAR T I V. H C

c. lix .

On receipt of unfavou rable rumou rs Labien us considers how he m ay

din cum fall back upon Age .

r via disce ssisse audiebatur Iam Caesar a Ge go , iam de 1 Aed uoru m d efe ct ion e et secundo Gal l iae motu rumore s affe reban t ur col l o uiis in t ercl u sum t e t , Gallique in q i inere Ligere Caesarem inopia frumenti coact um in provi n ciam con

f i n t endisse con firmaban t . Bellovaci autem d e ect o e Ae du o 2

c t t eran t er se in fid el es s co ere rum ogni a, qui an e p , manu g

m a i n u s t atque apert e bellum parare coeperun t . tu L b e tan a 3

commutation e s ca i en dum c s rerum longe aliud ibi p on ilium , t t sen serat i n t ell e ebat u t ac a que an ea , g , neque iam , aliquid 4

uireret roel io u e st s l acess eret se d ut in col umem ex er q p q ho e , cit um A edin cu m reduceret co itabat n am u e t e x g , g . q al era 5

t c c t s maximam t par e Bellova i, quae ivi a in Gallia habe Opinio

t t s in staban t t amul o en us t t nem vir u i , , al eram C g para o a que in st ructo ex ercitu t eu chat ; t u m legiones a praesidio atque im e dime n tis i n t ercl usas x flume n distin eb t t t s p ma imum a . an i 5 subito difficul tatibu s obiectis ab animi virtut e auxili um pet en dum videbat .

c. l x . — H e send s the boats taken at Metiosed um down stream leaves half a — legion to gu ard the camp sends the other ha lf up stream as a ruse a s his s a s t ke three other legion to the bo t below .

I ta ue sub ve s erum c s c c t coh ortat us ut q p on ilio onvo a o , ea , 1

im erasse t d il i en ter in d ustrie u e admin istraren t s quae p , g q , nave ,

s Metiosedo d e du x erat sin ul as e uitibus a tri qua , g q Romani s t buit e t prima con fe cta vigilia quat tuor milia passuu m secundo

flumin e s t ibi u se xs ectari ilen io progredi q e e p in het . quinque 2 c t s s firmas dimican dum s xi im ohor e , qua minime ad e se e st abat,

E AI N T T 48 TH CA PAI G A GAI NS HE P A RI S I I . t in ae virtut is et t ot secun dissimorum proel iorum retin eren t

t s Caesarem c s e t sae e n umero memoriam a que ip um , uiu du u p

st s SU erassen t raesen tem ss ex ist imare n t d at s ho e p , p ade e , ignum

i con cur u x roel i . s t c s t l e i o p primo ab de ro ornu , ubi ep ima g con stiterat st s el l un tur t fu am con iciun tu r , ho e p a que in g ; ab s st c c l e io t en ebat cu m ini ro, quem lo um duode ima g , primi

s h ostium t ran sfix i s con cidissen t t amen c ordine pili , a errime

i an t n c t su s ici n m rel i ui re s steb e o e u is u am . q , daba p fugae q q ipse dux h ostium Camul ogen us suis aderat atque e os coh orta

t . c t t c ex itu vict oriae cu m se tim ae ba ur in er o e iam nun , p l e ion is t ribu n i s ss t n u n tiatum s st c g e e , quae in ini ro ornu gere r n ur st t h ostiu m l e ion em oste n deru n t si n a u e t , po ergum g g q e

l run t n e t uis u m c c ssit e i n tu e . e o a e s d quidem empore q q lo o , 7

mv n ti s i n terfecti u s t f r n a circu e omne q e un . candem o tu m tulit i i amul o en us . at raesid o c t c st Lab e n i e ran t 8 C g ii, qui p on ra a ra

ct cu m roel iu m c ss au dissen t s s s s reli i, p ommi um , ub idio ui iern u t col l emque ceperun t neque n ostrorum militum victorum

in r run sic cum s s fu ien tibu s er- impetum sust e e potue t . ui g p 9

mix ti s s mon t es ue t ex erun t e uitat u s t , quo non ilvae q , ab q un

rf cti h oc n e otio con fe ct o Labien u s revert itur A e din i n t e e . g g

cum t t otius ex erci tu s rel ic eran t cum , ubi impedimen a ta inde

s co iis aesarem e ve n i omnibu p ad C p r t. — P AR T C C. 6 V. 3 90.

CAP TURE OF ALE S I A AND CON CL US I ON OF THE WAR.

— Th e rising of th e Gauls becomes more general The A edui wish to — — be recogniz ed as leaders Th e comma nd of Vercingetorix con firmed Th e

u are saff Aed i di ected . m EFECTI ONE Aeduoru cognita bellum augetur. 1 l egation es in omne s part es circummittun tur : quant um 2

t auctorit ate c t sol l icitan das c t t s gra ia, , pe unia valen , ad ivi a e n itun tur n an cti obsides s s eos d e osuerat ; , quo Cae ar apud p ,

c d ubitan t e s territan e un t Vercin ori horum suppli io t . p t a get ge

i r Aed ui ut se ve n at ation es ue eren di commun icet . , ad q belli g

t t con ten dun t ut i is s tradatur et re impe ra a , ps umma imperii , re 5 in con troversiam d educta t otius Gall iae con cilium Bibract e in dici r d m con ven iun t un di ue t t eo e s. tu . q frequen e mul i 6 tudin is suffragii s res permittitur : ad unum omnes Vercin ge

t ori em t im erat orem. h oc c c i g proban p ab on ilio Rem , Lin 7

s Treveri afuerun t : ami citiam Roman orum gone , illi, quod se ueban tur Treveri aberan t l on ius e t German is q ; , quod g ab

remeban tur : t c s t t abessen t et p quae fui au a, quare o o bello . n eutri s x mitt ere t Ae d ui feru n t se au ilia n . magno dolore 3 deiect os rin ci at u uerun tur f rtun a commut ation em et p p , q o e Caesari s in se in d ulgen t iam requiru n t neque tamen suscept o

s c s rel i uis s au den t bello uum on ilium ab q eparare t. invi i 9 summae spei adul escen tes Epore d orix et Virid omaru s Ver cin et ori i t g g paren . 0 PA R T 5 V. CAP TURE OF ALE S I A

c. Ixiv.

V t a s hi s a s to a an u b ut t o cut ercinge orix expl in — pl n , void enco nter , off the Roman supplies He stirs up the t ribes about the Province to revolt .

Ipse imperat rel iquis civitatibus obsid es diemqu e hui c rei l

con stituit . s t s cel eriter con omne equi e , XV milia numero,

i ubet : editatu t h a u r t s con - 2 venire p , quem an e b e a , e fore t en tum cit fortun am t e m ta ur m au t c di , neque p t u in a ie dimi caturum se d abun det e uitatu erfacil e ss factu ; , quoniam q , p e e frumen tation ibus pabul at ion ibusque Romanos prohibere aequo 3 modo animo sua ipsi frum en t a corrumpan t aedificiaque i n cen

t s iactura t rt dan , qua rei familiari perpe uum imperium libe a

m n ui vi ean t his con stitu tis s A ui t e que se co seq d . rebu ed 5 4

Se usiavi s ue s t fin itimi rovi n ciae c g q , qui un p , de em milia pedi

t h s ra fici fratrem t u m imperat hu c addit equi e s DCCC. i p e t 5

l u e l t x 6 Eporedorigis b el umq e i n f rre Al obrogibus iubet . al era e

t s roximos ue s Arvern oru m H el vios par e C abalo p q pago in , it em Rut en os C adurcosque ad fines Vol carum Arecomicorum

n mi i s cl an destin is n un tiis d epopul a d os tt t . nihilo minu lega 7 ti n ibus ue Al l obro as sol l icitat t s n on d um o q g , quorum men e ab

i i - 8 superiore bello re sedisse sperabat . horum prin c p bus pe

cun ias civitati t m otius rovi n ciae ollicetur. , au em imperiu t p p

c. l x v. — The H el vu an d All obroges resist the G auls Caesar s e n ds to Germany

au a a a r for xili ry c v l y .

Ad h os omnes casu s provisa eran t praesidia coh ortiu m dua 1

e t vi in ti ex s coacta c c s rum g , quae ip a provin ia ab Lu io Cae are

t s t s O on eban tur H l vii sua s t cum 2 lega o ad omne par e pp . e pon e fin itimis proel io congressi p el l un t ur et Gaio Valerio Donno t abu ri fil io c c t t s com l uribu s ue aliis auro, C , prin ipe ivi a i , p q N WA R A D CON CL US I ON OF THE . 5 1

i n m s 3 terfectis intra oppida murosque co pel l un t ur. Allobroge crebris ad Rhodan um dispositi s prae sidiis magna cu m cura e t

itatu su erio 4 t s s tuen tur . C s st s e u diligen ia uo ae ar, quod ho e q p res ss in t ell ebat et in t ercl usis s itin eribus e e eg omnibu , nulla re ex c t subl evari ot erat t s Rhe n um i n provin ia atque I alia p , ran

German iam mittit eas c tat s s su erioribus s ad ivi e , qua p anni

acaverat e uit es u e hi s arcessit et s armaturae edites p , q q ab levi p ,

t r l iari con u ran t . c adven t u qui in er e os p oe s e orum , quod 5

s id on eis s u t eban tur t ribun is mil itum rel i uis u e minu equi , a q q equitibus Romanis at que evocatis equos sumit German isque

distri i bu t .

c. lxvi . — The Gauls muster Caesar m arches e astward t o th e succou r of the

P a n d m s a m V ts his r s rovince eet the r y of ercingetorix, who exhor t oop

a a a R m a n d to tt ck the retre ting o an s secu re their freedom.

I n terea c erun tur h ostium co iae ex A s t , dum hae g , p rverni

ui i r e tes u e t t Gal l ae e an t t con ve n iu n t . q q , qui o i impera i , magno z

coacto n cum C s S e uan os er x t s horum umero, ae ar in q p e remo

Li n on u m s t faceret f cil iu n cia g fine i er , quo a s subsidium provi e

ss t c c t ass u c i s ferri po e , ir i er milia p u m de em ab Roman s trini 3 cast ri s Vercingetorix con sedit con vocatisque ad concilium

r f ti e uit um s ae ec s s t ic ri emon strat . p q , veni e empus v t o ae d

rovin ciam s al lia u xc er s fugere in p Romano G q e e ed e . id ibi ad 4 praesen tem obtin en dam l ibertat em sat is e sse ad rel iqui t em poris pacem atque otium parum profici maioribu s enim . coactis co iis reversur s l an d fa t ro p o neque fin em bel i c uros . p

a min e im edit s a rir n r i edit es s s x inde g p o d o e tu . s p ui au ilium 5 feran t t i n e o moren tur t c ss si a que , i er fa ere non po e , id quod

s t con fidat rel ict is im edimen tis suae s t con magi fu urum , p alu i

ul an t et u su n ecessari arum et t t s ol ia tu m s , rerum digni a e p iri

ui tibu s h ostium e orum 6 n am de e q , quin nemo progredi modo T CAP TURE OF ALE S I A 5 2 PAR V.

t s s t . ex tra agmen au dea , et ip o quidem non debere dubi are id

c s se s ro castris quo maiore faciant animo, opia omne p habi

c c t t s s ct s t urum e t t errori h ostibu s futurum . on laman equi e , an i 7

n firmari o ortere n e t ct c t n e simo i ureiuran do co p , e o re ipia ur, ad

me t s n e x aditum h abeat libero s, ad paren e , ad u orem , qui non

r i ass bis per agmen h ostium pe equ t et.

c. l xv u.

Th e Gallic ca valry a ttack the Roma ns in front an d on bot h flan k s Cae sar meets them with his own cavalry supported by the infantry — — column The Germans outflan k the Gauls on the Roman right Th e

u Gaul s are p t to flight .

Probat a re atque omnibu s i ureiuran d o a d actis po stero die in 1 tres partes dist ribut o equ it at u d u ae s e acie s ab d u obu s l ateribus

t n un t a min e t coe it . os e d , una a primo g i er impedire p qua re n un tiata Caesar suum quoque e qu itatu m t ripertit o divi sum

t b st i ubet . u n at ur s t s con ra o em ire p g una omnibu in par ibu .

s reci iu n ur si con sistit agmen impediment a intra legione p t .

t st l aborare au t n s videban tu r e qua in par e no ri gravi premi , o signa infert i Caesar aciem qu e converti iub ebat ; quae res e t ho stes ad i n seque n dum t ardabat e t n ostros spe aux il ii con

rma a t xt t fi b t . andem Germani ab de ro la ere summum in gum 5 n an cti st s c d e el l u n t fu ien tes s flumen ho e lo o p g u que ad , ubi

c t x cum e destribus co iis con sed erat rse uu Ver inge ori p p , pe q n tur

com l ure s u e i n terficiun t . an imadversa rel i ui n e 6 p q qua re q ,

m r circu ven iren t u veriti se t . s c , fugae mandan omnibu lo is fit

ae s t s n o il issimi A ui ar m c de . re b e d capti ad Caes e perducun 7 t ur : C t s ct s e uit um con troversiam cum o u , praefe u q , qui Con victol itavi rox imis comitii s habu erat et C avaril l us st p , , qui po de fection em Litavici edestribus co iis raefue rat et E ore p p p , p d orix c t ad ven t um ae saris A cum , quo du e an e C ed ui Sequani s

con t n era bello e d n t.

P A 54 AR T V. C P TURE OF ALE S I A

c. l xx .

A cavalry battle again decided by the Germ an s re sults in the au s s pursuit of the G l to their line .

st t t fit st roel ium c a 1 Opere in i u o eque re p in ea plani ie , qu m in termissam coll ibu s tria milia passuu m in l on gitu di n em pat ere

i t 2 r imu s u tr s u n n i . supra d emon st av s. umma vi ab q e co e d tur l aboran tibus n ostris Caesar Germano s summit tit l egion esque

r castris con stituit n e s t irru tio h ostium p o , qua ubi o p ab pedi

fiat raesidio l e ion u m t n ostris s au et ur : tatu . p g addi o animu g 3 ho stes in fugam con iecti se ipsi multitudine impe diu n t atque

l n ur m an gu stioribus portis re ictis coacerva t . Ger ani acrius

fi a u sque ad mun ition es sequuntur . t magna c e d es : nonnulli rel ictis equi s fossam t ran sire eh maceriam t ran scendere co

ul um s s s r i r n n tur. a C o con st tu t a p legione ae ar, qua p vallo e a ,

rom overi nh t . s t mun ition es eran t p i e non minu , qui in ra , 6 pert urban tur Galli : ven iri ad se con festim ex istiman tes ad

c c t ert erriti i rrum u n t arma on laman nonnulli p in Oppidum p .

iu t s cl au i n c c t x b et d e st n uden t ur. t s Ver inge ori por a , a ra mul i 7

n rf ctis com l u ribus s ca tis s s reci i un t . i t e e , p equi p Germani e e p

c . lxxi .

V r s a s his s m t o a s a a m ad ercingeto ix de p tche hor e en r i e relieving r y,

m s m Im a c s s—H e s su s oni hing the of the port n e of the cri i divide the pplie , an d a withdr ws into the town .

c t x riu s uam mu n iti on es n s rfi Ver inge ori , p q ab Roma i pe

cian t ur c s c t om n em se e uitatum n c u , on ilium api , ab q o t dimit

i c n ibu t . d s ede t s t ut s s ere manda , uam qui que corum civit atem

adeat omn es ue er aetatem f ossin t q , qui p arma erre p , ad bellum

co an t sua ill os t ro on it obt estatur u e ut suae g ; in meri a p p q , 3

sal utis , rationem h abean t neu se de communi libertat e optime

r ci um meritum h ostibus in c u at d ed an t . quod si i n dil igen t iorcs PAR T V. CAP TURE OF ALE SI A . 5 5

fuerin t h omin um d el ecta s c in t eritura , milia LXXX una e um

m n t t se ex i ue dierum r de o strat . ra ione ini a g XXX habe e 4

t s ed t l on ius t ol erari ss arcen d o. frumen um, paulo e iam g po e p

his t s man datis s t in t ermissum s c da i , qua opu era , e unda vigilia 5

m it a s referri 6 silentio equ itat u mitt . fru mentum omne d e

iubet c t s u s ui aru erin t con stituit ; api i poenam , q non p ,

ecus c s t C ab Man dubiis c s viritim p , uiu magna era opia ompul a, 7 distribuit frumentum parce e t paul atim m e tiri in stituit ; co 8

s s s ro col l ocaverat u reci it pia omne , qua p oppido , in oppid m p . his ration ibu s auxilia Gall iae ex spectare et bellum parat 9

mi i r r ad n st a e .

1x x 11 c. .

’ a sa u a a — — m — a m nts C e r s lin es of circ mv ll tion trenches ra parts b ttle e .

Quibu s rebus cogn itis ex perfugis et captivis Cae sar haec 1

a ir c is t genera mu n ition is in stitu it . foss m pedum XX d e t la eri bus d uxit ut s ss s tan t u n dem ateret t , eiu fo ae olum p , quan um summa labra distaren t ; rel iquas omnes mun ition es ab ea fossa 2

s redux it h oc c s t t ss t pede CCCC , id on ilio, quoniam an um e e

c ss s t u c x s n e c c t t c s c ne e ario pa i m omple u , fa ile o um orpu orona mil i um cin eretur n e s au t n ctu mun i i n t g , de improvi o o ad t o es hostium mul titu d o ad vcl aret au t in terdiu t n ostros , ela in operi

stin at os con icere ossen h oc in t ermisso s d e p t. patio duas fossas 3

s t s t t erdux it : uarum in eri r m XV pede la a eadem al i udine p q t o c , cam estribus ac d emissis c s ex m t c m p lo i , aqua flu ine deriva a o

eas a er m ac pl evit . post gg e vallum XI I pedum ex struxit ; 4 huic l oricam pin n asqu e adiecit gran dibus cervis emi n en tibus ad commissuras l ut eorum t a eris ascen sum h i p a que gg , qui ost um t ardaren t e t t u rres t t circu md e dit , o o opere , quae pedes LXXX

t se distaren in er t. 6 5 PA R T r . CAP TURE OF ALE S I A

c. x lx iii.

To h ms m a ass Gau s C a sa s s u t r free i elf fro being h r ed by the l , e r devi e f r he tfa s a his m s— — a—s mu pi ll to be dded to entrench ent cippi lili ti li .

Erat eodem t empore e t m at eriari et frument ari et t antas 1 mun ition es fieri c ss d emin uti s n ostris co iis l on ius ne e e p , quae g ab cast ris progre dieban t ur ; ac n on n umquam opera nostra Galli t entare at que eruption em ex Oppido pluribu s port is

r 2 summa vi facere con aban tur. quare ad haec ru su s opera

C s utavit n m mil i um addendum ae ar p , quo minore u ero t muni

i n n it a u t run ci ar r m au a m dum t o es defendi posse t . q e s b o u t d o firmis ramis ab scisis atque horum d el ibrati s ac praeacutis cacumin ibu s er et uae ss al a u eban t ur p p fo ae quino s pedes t e d c . huc st t s d emissi et i n fi o revin cti n e revel l i ossen t illi ipi e ab m , p , 3

in i ran t s n i n t t s s emin eban t . u e co u c i e ab rami q ordine , in er 4

t c t i n traveran t se s acuti ssimis s a que impli a i quo qui , ip i valli

i a l l aban t bl i ui in u a . c t s o s d eb n t h os ppos ppe . an e quo q 5 ordin ibu s in quin cun cem dispositis scrobe s trium in al titudin em

i n ur aul atim an u sti r i n fimum pedum fod eba t p g o e ad fastigio . hu c t eretes st ipites femin is crassit udin e ab summo praeacut i e t 6

raeusti d emitt eban t ur ita u t am l iu s di itis uattuor ex p , non p g q t erra emin eren t simul con firman di et stabil ien di cau sa sin gul i 7

in fimo s s t ex cul caban tur rel i ua s sc s ab olo pede erra , q par robi

l s s s imin i u s ac vir ul tis i n te ebatur ad occu tan da in idia v b g g . huius generis oct on i ordines d ucti t erno s in t er se pedes dist a 8

fl ri a l l n t x s t o s e aba . c bant . id e imili udine lilium pp ante hae 9 taleae pedem l on gae ferreis hamis i n fixis t otae in t erram in fodieban tur m ediocribu squ e i n t ermissis spat iis omnibu s lo cis

r n s imul s n omin aban disse eba t ur : quo s t o t.

8 P R V P R 5 A T . CA TU E OF ALE S I A

c. lxxiv.

Ca sa s u s s m l a s u s hi s s as a f e r con tr ct i i r work on the o ter ide of line , de ence a a s a a m g in t relieving r y .

His rebu s perfecti s regiones secutus quam pot uit aequissimas 1 pro loci natura qu attu ordecim milia passuum complexus pares eiu sd em s m un ition es s s his c t ex teriorem generi , diver a ab , on ra b st erfecit ut n e t t si ita o em p , magna quidem mul i udine, accid at s d iscessu mun ition um s Ci rcumfun di , [eiu ] prae idia

ossen t ac n e cum c ex castris e redi co an t ur dieru m p , peri ulo g g , 2

XXX pabulum frumen t umque habere omnes con vectum inhet .

c. lxxv.

a sw t o a a V Gau s a s an a m In n er the ppe l of ercingetorix , the l r i e r y, amounting (on paper) to

Dum h c Al e siam erun t ur c c rin ci um ae ad g , Galli on ilio p p in dict s eos ossen t u t cen sui o non omne , qui arma ferre p , t

c t x con vocan d os stat uun t sed certum a Ver inge ori , , numer m cuiqu e ex civitate imperan du m n e t ant a multitudine confusa n e c moderari n ec discernere suo s n ec frum en tan di rat ionem

A dui t rum cl i n tibus 2 ossen t . t e s eo e habere p imperan a que ,

e usiavis Ambivaretis Aul erci s Bran n ovicibu s Bran n oviis S g , , , ,

n u merum A s adiun ctis El uteti s milia XXXV ; parem rverni , e ,

a durcis Gabal is Vel l avis ul sub Arvern orum C , , , q imperio

ss con suerun t S s S en on ibus Bitu ri ibus San ton is e e equani , , g , , 3

R t n i arn utibus c s t t u e s, C duodena milia ; Bellova i X ; o idem Lemovicibus ; octon a Picton ibus et Turon is et Parisiis et

H el vetiis Suession ibus Ambian is M e diomat ricis Petrocoriis [ ], , , ,

s s Nitiobro ibus Aul ercis C Nervii , Morini , g quina milia ; eno

Atrebatibus Vel ioca ssis Lex oviis et manis t otidem ; IIII ; ,

Aul erci s Eburovicibus t erna ; Rauraci s e t Boiis bina ; XXX 4 L S I N F TH WAR AND CON C U O O E . 5 9

un i r i itatibus e cc attin un t ua ue c ve sis c v , qua O anum g , q eq orum c t Aremoricae a el l an tur s t m onsue udine pp , quo un in nu ero

C uriosol it es R edon es Ambibarii C ot s Osismi t , , , al e , , [Vene i , ]

Ven el l i. ex h is c s n um eru m n on com l eve ru n t Bellova i uum p , 5 quod se su o nomine atque arbitrio cum Romanis bellum

esturos diceren t cuius uam obt em era u ros g , neque q imperio p t rogat i t ame n ab Commio pro eiu s h ospitio duo milia una

miserun t.

c . lxxvi .

’ Ca sa s assa C ommius s th e st th e Gau s i n t su m e r v l , , join re of l heir pre e — — eff ort for liberty Th e a rmy raised amounts to The command i s

a Commius Vi rid omarus E ore d ori x an d Vercassiv l l a sh red between , , p e un us - m a A s a Full of confidence they rch to the relief of le i .

s G ita u t t d emon stravimu s fidel i Huin opera ommu , an ea , 1 atque utili superioribus annis erat u su s in Britannia Cae sar ;

s ro meritis civi tatem s ss iuss ra quibu ille p eiu immunem e e e t,

l u r ddid erat t s Morin os at ribu ra am iura egesq e e a que ip i t e t . t en 2 t anta u n iversae Gal l iae con se n sio fuit l ibert atis vi n dican dae e t

ri stin ae s recu eran dae u t n ben eficiis p belli landi p , eque neque amicitiae moveren tur omn es ue et e t o i memoria , q animo p bus

t coacti e u itum in id bellum in cumberen . s q VIII mil ibus et 3

dit um c c t CC c Aeduorum fin ibus c pe ir i er XL, hae in re en se

t n umeru s ue in ibatur raefecti con stitueban tur ban ur, q , p : Com

At rebati Viridomaro et E oredori i Aed uis V r mio , p g , e cassi vel l au n o Arvern o c s Vercin etori is s , on obrino g g , umma imperii

t t . his d el ecti ex civitatibus attribuun tur con radi ur . , quorum 4 s admin istraretur s al acres e t fi uciae l n ilio bellum . omne d p e i 5

Al esiam roficiscun t u r n t uis uam ad p , eque era omnium q q , qui 5 as ectum tan tae mul titudin is su stin eri ss arbitraretur p modo po e ,

s t c t roel io cum e x eru tion prae er im an ipi i p , Oppido p e pugna retur s t an tae c0 iae e uit atus editatus ue cern e re n t ur , fori p q p q . 60 PAR T V. CA P TURE OF ALE S I A

x xv . c. l ii — Amongst the besieged distress leads to various counsels Critogn atus s s out as su a - d u th e propo e holding to the l t, even pporting the ble bo ied pon

s su as are u s fle h of ch nfit for ervice .

At 11 Al esiae obsid eban tur raet erit a x 1 , qui , p die , qua au ilia s ex s ectaveran t con sum t o t 1n sc11 norum p , p omni frumen o , quid

Ae d u is erere tur c c coacto e xitu fortun arum in g , on ilio de

r c n ul n v i n n ii 2 sn o s taba t . ac ariis d ct is se e t s uarum s a um t , q par

d e diti on em s s su et eren t e ru tion em cen sebat , par , dum vire pp , p , n on praetereu n da oratio Crit ogn ati videtur propt er eius singu

ac n efariam cru l ita hi c s larem d e tem . ummo in Arverni s ortu s 3

‘ ‘ c et t s auct oritatis in u it eorum lo o magnae habi u , nihil, q , de

s t t dicturus sum t ur issimam servit u te m de diti n is en en ia , qui p o

n t n h os h aben d os civium c omine appellan , eque lo o neque ad

m his r c s adhiben d os cen seo. cu es it on ilium mihi s , qui 4 erupt ion em prob ant : quoru m in con silio omnium vestrum

c n r sid er t t s on sensu pristi ae e e vir u i memoria videtur . animi 5

est st m ol l itia t s in o iam aul is e r ss i a , non vir u , p p p ferre non po e .

n l t ro t offeran t faciliu s re eriu n t ur qui se mor i , p , quam qui

t c s n en d ol orem patient er feran t. a que ego han e t tiam pro 6

t t t s t st si h t barem ( an um apud me digni a po e ) , ullam prae er quam vitae n ost rae i acturam fieri vid erem ; sed in con silio 7

mn em Gal l iam reS iciamus s capien d o o p , quam ad no trum

h omin um mil ibu s 8 aux ilium con citavimu s. quid LXXX uno

n t rfe ctis ro in u is con san u in ei s u e n os tris loco i e , p p q g q animi fore

i imatis si cu i si s cadave ribus roel io d ecert ar e x st , pa e in p p e i co en t ur ? m t b s ve stro x ex s ol iare vestrae g oli e o au ilio p , qui 9

s s c n e l ex erun t n ec stul titia ac sal utis cau a uum peri ulum g ,

t emeritat e vestra aut animi imbecill itate omn e m Gal l iam pro

ic r et er etuae servit uti sub e e . st ernere p p an , quod ad diem I Q

n erun t c fide con stan tia ue d ubitatis n on ve , de orum q ? quid

62 P AR T V. CA P TURE OF ALES I A .

cion em Man d ubii eos rece eran t cum l iberi s . , qui oppido p ,

x ir co u n ur cu m m un ition es t ux oribus e e t . a que g hi, ad

Roman orum accessissen t flen t e s s recibu s orab an t , omnibu p ,

at C s d is ositis u t se in servitut em re cept os cibo i uvaren t . ae ar p 5

V u s ii r ci i rohi ebat in allo c tod s e p p b .

c. lxxix .

Th e a m u s th e st A s a a m m the relieving r y occ pie hill we of le i , ile fro

R ma s—Th e s a t s s a o n line be ieged , overjoyed the ight of relief, di pl y their

a au s ranks in front of the w alls an d prep are to ss lt the line .

I n t rea ommiu s e t rel i u i c s s s m 1 e C q du e , quibu umma imper

ermissa t cum s co iis Al esiam erven iun t et p era , omnibu p ad p colle ex t eriore occupat o non l on giu s mille passibu s ab n ost ris

un i i n i us c n i n st e uit at u ex castri s ed uct o 2 m t o b o s du t . po ero die q om n e m cam l an iciem l on itu din em t p , quam in g ria milia

assuu m d emon stravim us com l en t ed e stre s u e c s p patere , p p q opia paul um ab e o loco abditas in lo cis superioribus con stituu n t .

n erat ex oppido Ale sia d e spect u s in campu m . con curru t his 3 aux il iis visis ; fit gra tu l atio int er e os at que omnium animi ad

i n t u r it a u rodu ctis c s t l aetitiam ex c ta . q e p opu an e oppidum 4 con sidu n t e t prox imam fossam cra tibus i n t egu n t atque aggere

c e xpl en t seque ad eruption em atque omnes casu s omparant .

c. Ixxx .

In a battle w ith the relieving a rmy th e Germ ans again decide the iss ue in ’ Ca sa s a u e r f vo r .

Cae sar omni e x ercitu ad u tramqu e partem mun ition um 1

dis osit o ut - si s s ven iat s s c t en eat e t p , , u u , uum qui que lo um

n verit e uitatu m ex cast ris c e t roel iu m committi i ube t . o , q edu i p

s castris s u n di u e n t 2 erat ex omnibu , quae ummum q i gum ene

t d e s ectus t s m t s t t c roven tum ban , p , a que omne ili e in en i pugna p ex cta an t t s s sa ittarios e x e dit os u e spe b t . Galli in er equi e raro g p q 3

64 PAR T V. CAP TURE OF ALE SI A .

s armaturae in t erieceran t s s ceden tibus x suc levi , qui ui au ilio

urr i 4 c eren t e t n ostroru m equitum impetu s su stin eren t . ab h s

m l r an t cum co p u es de improviso vulnerat i proel io excedeb . suos pugna superiores e sse Galli con fid eren t et n ost ros multi

t udin e videren t ex s t s et premi , omnibu par ibu ii , qui muni

tion ibus con ti n eban tur et x con ven eran t , hi, qui ad au ilium ,

l l atu s ma an t 5 clamore et u u n orum an imos con fir b . quod in con spectu omnium res gerebatur neque rect e ac t urpiter factum c ot erat utros u e et n s cu iditas et t i n omin iae elari p , q la di p imor g

irtut em e x cita a cum s s occasum 6 ad v b t . a meridie prope ad oli

ct u n aretur t con fertis dubia Vi oria p g , Germani una in par e

im m f cerun t eos ue ro ul erun t s 7 turmis in ho stes petu e q p p , quibu

c c v n t i in t erfecti ue s t in fugam con iectis sagittarii ir um e q un . item ex rel iquis partibu s no str i cedent es u sque ad ca stra 8

ui c l l i en i facul tat em d ed eru n t . at i n secuti s o g d non ii, qui ab 9

rocesseran t maesti ct d e s e rata se Alesia p , prope Vi oria p in

rece erun t oppidum p .

c. lxxxi.

The Gau s m a a t a m su t a s mu l ke no her tte pt by night, ppor ed by i ltaneous — a tta ck on t h e p art of the besieged The Romans take up the defensive an d are m s u off relieved fro fort f rther .

U n o i n t ermisso t h oc s t cratium 1 die Galli a que pa io magno , scal arum har a on u m effecto ct s t ex , p g numero , media no e ilen io castris ss c s s mu n ition s acc un s t 2 egre i ad ampe tre e ed t . ubi o c subl at o si n ification e obsi n r lamore , qua g qui in oppido deba tu

suo adven tu c sc ossen t c t s roicere s de ogno ere p , ra e p , fundi , sa ittis l a idibu s n ostros roturbare rel i ua u e g , p de vallo p q q , quae

o u n ation em t t t admin istrare . e od em ad pp g per inen , paran 3 t empore clamore exau dit o d at t uba signum suis Vercingetorix

t ex e ducit . st ut su erioribus diebus ut a que oppido no ri p , 4

ui ue c s t a tributu un i ti n c u c q lo u era t s, ad m o es ac ed n t ; fun dis

66 P AR T V. CA P TURE OF ALE S I A

a u l n i u s in ba c - nius Rebil us legati cu m du b s egio b obt e n t . og 4 nitis per expl oratores region ibus du ce s h ostiu m LX milia ex

d el i u n t c civitatum max imam t t s omni numero g arum , quae vir u i

O in ion em h abeban t ct l aceat cc t S p ; quid quoque pa o agi p , o ul e

se con stitu u n t a d e u n di t s d efin iun t cum meridi inter empu , es 6 hi s co ii s Vercassivel l aun u m Arvern um s t . es e videa ur p , unum

i r in uu m Verci n et ori is raeficiun x uattuor duc bu s o t . e q , p p q g g , p ille e x castris prima vigilia egressu s prope con fecto sub l ucem 7

t st t se occu l tavit mil it es ue ex ct i inere , po mon em q no urno labore

fi r iu i cum m eridies a 8 sese re ce e ss t . iam appropinqu re vide

r ur c st s d em on stravimu s con t en dit eo et , ad ea a ra, quae upra , ; d emque t empore equitat us ad campestres mu n ition e s accedere

c n et reliquae c0piae pro castri s sese ostendere oeperu t .

c. lxxxiv .

V ci t su ts th e at a a s t —A a m R ma s er nge orix ppor t ck by or ie l r of the o n .

Vercingetorix ex arce Al esiae suos con Spicat us ex oppido 1

e reditur crati s l on urios muscul os c s rel i ua ue g ; , g , , fal e q q , quae

i c ar r r z eru tion s s ave at t . u n atur p au a p , profe p g uno t empore omnibu s locis acriter atque omnia temptan tur : quae minime

firm h i s s a est uc con cu rr tur. R m n vi a par , o a oru m manu s tan 3

tis mu n ition ibus distin etur n ec c s c s c t fa ile pluribu lo i o curri .

t t erren dos n ostros val uit c st t mul um ad lamor, qui po ergum 4

u n an tibus ex stitit s c t p g , quod uum peri ulum in aliena viden

t t c st : l erum ue absun t he vir u e on are omnia enim p q , quae , ve 5

m n tius h minum t s e o men e pert urbant .

c . lxxxv . — A supreme effort is made on both sides Th e Romans waver under the

a ta Vercassivel l aun us Mt . Réa t ck of (on ) .

C s idon eum c n an ct us ua ue ae ar lo um , quid q q in parte gera 1

tur co n oscit l aboran tibus summi t t tris , g , t i . u que ad an imum 2 6 AND CON CL US I ON OF THE WAR. 7

cc t ill ud ss t s x c t con o urri , unum e e empu , quo ma ime on endi ven iat : s erfre erin t mu n ition es s t d es 3 Galli , ni i p g , de omni alu e

eran t si obtin uerin t fin em l aborum p ; Romani, rem , omnium

x e n x s s mun ition es l aborat ur e sp cta t . ma ime ad uperiore , quo 4

n travimu s i n i uum c Vercassivel l aun um missum d emo s . q lo i ad t decl ivitatem fastigium magnum habet momentum . alii ela 5 con iciunt t st ct subeun t d efati atis vicem , alii e udine fa a ; g in

ce un t u n i versis mun ition em con 6 int egri suc d . agger ab in iectus et ascen sum dat s et t occul t ave Galli , ea, quae in erra

t con t e it n ec n ostris n ec s s ran Romani, g iam arma , vire uppe t unt

c . . lxxxvi

Caesar sends Labien us t o ch arge the enemy by a sortie from th e lines in

cas c ss —Ga a a a s e of ne e ity ll nt tt ck by the be ieged .

Hi s rebu s cogn itis Caesar Labi en um cum coh ort ibus sex 1 s s l aboran tibus mittit : im erat si sustin ere ss t z ub idio p , non po e , d ed uctis cohortibu s e ruption e pugn aret id nisi necessario me

faciat . s t rel i uos coh ortatur me succ ip e adi q , , labori umban t ; 3 omnium superiorum dimication um fructum in e o die atque

c d r i m r hora docet on sist ere . interiore s espe at s ca pest ibu s locis 4 propt er magn itudin em mu n ition um lo ca praerupta ex ascen su t em tan t : huc araveran t con ferun t : t t p ea, quae p , mul i udine 5 t el orum ex t urribu s ro u n an tes d eturban t et cratibus p p g , aggere

ss s ex l en t fal cibu s ac l oricam rescin dun . fo a p , vallum t

c. l x x x v u.

Caesar sends al l his available forces to the point assailed by th e besieged an d a s ms —Ha n u s s m h rep ir thither hi elf vi g rep l ed the ortie fro the town , e b u m M s La ien us s t . R a . join , with f rther reinforce ent , on é

Mit it t ad ul esce n tem cum coh rti 1 t primo Bru um o bus Caesar,

st cum aliis Gaium Fabium l e atum st s cum 1 po g ; po remo ip e, 68 P R T C P TURE OF LE S I A V. A A A

veh eme n tius u n aren t in te ros s s adducit . st t t p g , g ub idio re i u o 3

roel io ac re ul sis h ostibu s eo Labien um miserat con p p , quo , t t c t s uatt uor ex x c st d educit endi ; ohor e q pro imo a ello , equi 4 t t se s e ui t circu mire x t s mu n ition es urn par em q , par em e eriore

et r t i n u s ost uam t st s adori i n h . Lab e ab ergo ho e i e , p q neque s

s ss vim h ostium su stin ere ot eran t coactis aggere neque fo ae p ,

coh ortibu s s ex roximi s raesidiis d e d uctas s una [XL] , qua p p for

obtul it C ae sarem e r n un tios c t certiorem d c , p fa i , qui fa iendum

ex i sti met . accel erat C s u t roel io in tersit. ae ar, p

c. lxxxviii . ’ — Caesar s arrival encourages his tr00ps Th e appearance of caval ry in their

a u s Gau s fli h t s- D s a s re r p t the l to g e p ir of the be ieged .

E s adven tu ex c vestit u s c t iu olore ogni o, quo in signi in a

roel iis uti con sueverat t urmis u e e uitum p , q q et coh ortibus

visis s se se u i iu sserat ut c s su eriori , qua q , de lo i p bus haec d ecl ivia et devex a cern eban tu r st roelium commit , no ri p t un t .

utrimqu e clamore subl at o ex cipit ru rsu s ex vallo atque 2

m n i n i u n st mi omnibu s u it o b s clamor . o ri e ssis pili s gl adiis 3

t uit rem gerun t . repente post ergum eq atu s cern itur ; co

r in u n st s t hortes al iae app Op q a t . ho e erga vertun t ; fugien

tibu s t s occurrun t : fit caedes. S edul ius d UX equi e magna , 4

t c s Lem ovicu m occidit ur Vercassivel l aun e prin ep , ; us Arver n u s vivu s in fuga comprehen ditur ; signa milit aria LXXI I I I

ad Caesarem referun t ur : pauci ex tant o numero se in col umes

c n s ic i in castra recipiun t . o p at ex Oppido cae de m et fugam 5

su oru m d es erata s t c s mu n i tion ibu s redu c n p alu e opia a u t . fit

rotin us h ac t ex castris Gal l orum 6 p re audi a fuga . quod nisi

crebri s subsidiis ac t otiu s diei labore milit es e ssen t defessi

h ostium c0 iae ot uissen t m omnes p deleri p . de edia nocte 7

missus equitatus n ovissimum agmen con sequitur : magnus

0 P R T C P TURE OF LE SI 7 A V. A A A

Quintum Tul l ium Ciceron em e t Publ ium Sul piciu m Cabill on i 7 et Matiscon e in Aeduis ad Ararim rei frumen tariae causa col 8 l s Bibract e hiemare con stituit . his li t teri s co n itis ocat . ip e g

i in i u l a Romae dierum v g t s pp ic tio redditur. TE NO S .

I .

’

1 . u zeta Gal l i a : the s at the c s a m st am Q tribe , which lo e of l o every c ‘ ’ ai n a a a a h a d to a ua u . h u p g ppe red p c ti , be nn lly reconq ered T e exec tion

A VI . h ad a us s al l K of cco ( c. 44) ro ed the pirit of the eltic nobility ; an d whilst

C a sa w as a far a a m his s s m t o a e r in It ly, w y fro legion , there ee ed be good

u t w off R ma opport ni y for thro ing the o n yoke . i n I tal i am a its s s u a a sa a It ly here in wider en e, incl ding G lli Ci lpin , ’ rm a t Ca sa s c su a Lu ca u his which fo ed p r of e r pro on l r province . c wo ld be r s c n ot u Et u a a of A u u e iden e, being incl ded in r ri till the d ys ug st s . ad com/m m: agendas a s Proconsu l Caesar h ad t o administer j ustice to his . T s u t m t s t u th e province hi he did d ring the win er on h , goin g hro gh ’ s s as a ud c cu t di trict j ge on ir i . ’ a e Gl adi i ca ede cf. Index . ’ S en a/u s u a M q e con su l to we lea rn from Cicero s speech on beh lf of ilo, that by a decree of the S enate P ompei u s h ad been invested with the power (though not the title) of D ictator an d ordered t o make a conscription

u u a . Con su l to de con su l /o a a dc. thro gho t It ly , for , to void repe ting i u n ior es : those from the age of seventeen to forty-si x constituted th e ’ u us an d a to ca out . i vent , were li ble be lled

' com u ra r m t : as a a s a a a c in c e of gener l con cription , the o th of llegi n e sa cr a men t u m w as a m st sa con iurare th e a ta n ( ) d ini ered whole le ( ) , gener l ki g two standa rds (vex il l a ) in the hand an d calling upon al l who wished well to ta i s man out a a the S te to follow h m. Otherwi e one of e ch legion repe ted th e m a an d s a in tu st out an d t a for of o th , the re t, e ch rn , epped ook the o th ‘ ’ in the s i m word de in me .

2 r e: s u um u s s s s . beginner sho ld observe the n ero s en e in which thi word

' Th m m t w de i s used . e English equ ivalent ust be deter ined by the contex ” - s m tw o z i s a s i n ms 1 1 1 2 . o e do en n t nce given the Idio , pp . 9 3

“l en iter a : th e ma c s w as s . . 2 . for nner in whi h new pre d cf c 3, ' ’ uod z za uad id n in a s to the cl au s o l n Ace . q q , bei g ppo ition e f l owi g in the an d Inf. 2 7 N OTE S .

u r éano mot u : cf H a x . s S c . n . i toric l ket h , p

. u i dol eren t : ui S u u cat s a as n 3 q q with bj nctive here indi e re o , ” t a h t they.

. dc A ccon is morte : cf. VI . . A i s ex ecut ed as n a 4 c 44, where cco a ri gle der as r in the l t evolt .

. ui acia n t : S u u c i a s i n ten ti on the P s 5 q f the bj n tive ndic te the , re ent f s H s P s de oscu n t ollow the i toric re ent p .

6 éor u m . . su a Ca sar m a su t u . irreg for , e being the in bject of ho ght

. l e ion es a th e Tre veri am Li n on es six at 7 g two were ne r , two ong the g , A di e n cum VI . 0 g ( .

I I .

1 . n u l l u m er i cu l u m : f a 1 sui a s p re erring to the ch llenge in , 5 , c piti ’ u peric lo . ' — ' 2 . col /a t zr rz m s : G au s G m a s Ta us G ma a g the l , like the er n in cit ( er ni ,

. a t ass m s a ms a n d ms s s m c t ended their e blie in r , to bind the elve ole nly together their cust om w as to m ake a sheaf of their sta ndards an d swear s m m by thi e ble of unity .

u a a mor e as s m ta su s a a q greeing with , or, o e ke it, b t ntiv l ° d . tu m 53 C s s us m a aus s Abl . Abs . an 3 , . entence th for ed of string of cl e (

Pa a s as as su a aus s u R a s are other rticipi l , well bordin te cl e introd ced by el tive )

s s u s s s E s m a a s is be t plit p into hort entence in ngli h, g , vote of th nk given ,

a is a a a an d a s m a s u . the o th t ken, d te fixed the s e bly bre k p

III .

' ’ 1 . ca d z er s a da is a a s m as P s u a is die y lw y c . in ro e , hence in pl r l it m s u a is m never found in the fe inine. In the ing l r it often fe inine in the

s s a x ed date an d a a s so us a er i od o t i me a en e of fi , lw y when ed for p f (poetic lly) . “ Here ea dies refers to the above tempore constituto an d the ap ” “ D m d icun t u a die ad am v d m cf. . . 6 con en ian t pointe ti e, I c ie , q rip .

r . T a d te a a m Kal . A a : di : a . v. o I e erat d . p hey fix for gener l eeting n ” Th e da w as 2 8th Ma the banks of the Rhone. y fixed the of rch . ’ n e oti a n di n e ot iatores men mm u st a an s tt i g : g , , co only of eq e ri n r k , e led n ’ h a - ac s an d a s mercatores at R m c m t e provinces s corn f tor gent to o e , o bin ing “ - N m al l o with this occupation banking an d money lending . e o G rum sine cive Romano quicquam negotii gerit nummus in Gallia nullus sine civi um ”— m v ur Ci c. F . v. 1 1 Roman orum tabulis co mo et . pro ont . ' ' ‘ ma ior at u c z l l w t r z ar : a u su a a mm u se C om 2 . q th n l co on of the

arati e p v . ua e est a erren t : S u u mus a as a a 3. q g the bj nctive t not be t ken th t of ‘ ’ u s as u a audi ve run t ua &c. Th e m dependent q e tion, tho gh it re d q e, ood

74 N OTE S .

m a s . a i s P ma P s th e S u ate edi tely depend If th t ri ry ( re . or bordin V a P s H m r. P u h P m . P s Ao . t e erb will be ri ry ( re or erf. ) if i toric (I pf. or l pf ) V H m — r S u a s P u or Ao . as a n bordin te erb will be i toric (I pf. or l pf. expl i ed in t o 1 A a u a V a com note c . 7, g in, the S bordin te erb will denote ction l eted c m a as i ts a is n ot t o p or not o pleted, ccording ction prior or prior the a th e V c it H t w o P ma an d tw o ction of erb on whi h depends. ence the ri ry

H s T s s S u u ct th e P s an d m f. n ti in com i toric en e in the bj n ive, re . I p de o ng

l ete an d the P . an d P u m t a t . Th e sam ri c s p , erf l pf. co ple ed c ion e p n iple

T s the V c an u na V s if govern the en e of erb on whi h y S bordi te erb depend , it in turn is t on s m V H T ns s , , dependen o e other erb . ere the e e will be best u nderstood by tracing the growth of the sentence from it s simplest

’ m us th e tfiou fit Aedui w as Bituri ibus con sil ii u z t u t for ; th , g of the : g id f , ,

' si t r a m zmemm H u it is s r c an d r s , ere f Hi to i , gove n the

’ T s ci r cu msz ster en t is H s c aus s u u it en e of , which i tori bec e it depend pon f , a n d is m aus i ts a i s but u u a u it I pf. bec e ction not prior ( f t re) to th t of f ; whilst t r a n si ssemu r i s Historic because it depends immedi ately upon ci r u ms r a is a as c iste m t an d i s P u . an d m . aus i ts , l pf not I pf bec e ction reg rded

' ' at cz r cu msz ster en t Th e s a s t r s s prior to th of . next t ge of the en ence epre ent

' the w ords of the Aedui t o the legati : Rew fl z mus Biturigum perfidiam

' ' veriti u us con sil ii u z sse co n ovzmu s u t si tr a m i ssemus , q ib id f g , , , Finally C aesa r describe s the st atement with the effect of

' ' ’ t u n r ever t z mm t re revert i sse an d co n ovz mu s ca n oven n t . Ex r ing in o , g into g P u i s us amin ed in this w ay al l cases will be accounted for in which a l pf. ed ’ ’ ‘ i n t an a ar u u a t a . rel i uissen t c. 1 6 ascen d sse for pp ently f t re c ion, g q , 7, , , c. 2 7, 2 .

i Th e u t th e Aed ui i s of ma (psi : th e Bitur ges. con d c of one ny r a a c a a t instances of thei v cill t ing h r c er.

‘ ’ l m u t o sa Caesari in ta a for th e 1 . i n I t a i a : it wo ld be wrong y I li , ’ ‘ a English t o C aesar in It ly . hi s c su s i a m pr of ect u s est : Pompeius entered u pon s ole on l hip on C a sa mus a a Gau a u Februa ry 2 5 (Ol d S tyle) . e r t h ve left It ly for l by bo t a u a a t o s Ka a t o t h e middle of J n ry, ccording the revi ed lend r for owing the error in the Ka lend a r the I st of janua ry fell on wha t ought t o have been

rd N m the 2 3 of ove ber. ‘ ’ vi r t u t e Gn P om ei : us a to c s s his . p the vigoro ction referred on i ted in

su ss stu a s u mu Cl od i us . ppre ion of the di rb nce following pon the rder of , cf

H s a . Th e a us his a a is a i toric l Sketch , p . xii friendly ll ion to gre t riv l t ken N OTE S . 75 as an indication that the book w as written before the breach took place i n

B. C 49 . ‘ ‘ ’ a rcesser et : n ot arcessisset . t a s ss t c. ause 3. (cf no e on tr n i en , 5 , bec

h e summ s m s a s t m a s ut du r i n w hi t /z t ons to the legion i plie l o heir rch o h, g m u s a t u ta n ac (I perfect) th e s ppo ed b t le wo ld be ki g pl e .

1 i n Rui m os mi ssu s : cf. c. 1 . . 5 ,

2 eru tion em an eru t i o m i th e a c m s . p p fro the point of V ew of inv der, be o e

an i rru tio a m at the a cf. . 0 2 . a p when reg rded fro th of inv ded ; c 7 , In

s er u ti o s t sa cf. 0 . 86 2 . iege p or ie, lly, ,

con sil i i s D a a a n tew r /er e. 3. tive fter ' ’ ’ ' ' Ka ten is r aw m z a l z bus w ae . 4. p Index

VIII .

'

1 . [ 1 1s r ebus r emoto m bl Ab . i s su at : the for er A . s bordin e to the ’

a as . c. 1 1 ex audito am erturb atis ordin ibus . l tter, in II , cl ore p pr aesi dia th e belt of ga rrisons protecting the frontier of the Pro

Lu cteri u s i s su u t a bat vince . [ bject to p ]

2 man s Cavan n a : Ca sa ss a a ass . e r cro ed the r nge prob bly by the p now a a m N m s C m a an at of followed by the r ilw y fro i e to ler ont , re ching elev ion

ft . M l zaec a ma a c n u ut z zs : S S . a but th e t t m s a 4. f the h ve ex re ove

r a a s u a fiaec as su er ru n t u r ve y wkw rd con tr ction , le ving bject to p fl .

u is or t u n is s a s : u e R O . O ua i s so as f the of the eflexive in r t bliq el tic , that the context alone can decide whether it refers to th e subject of the Main V a S u a . . 6 in u ff or to th t of the bordin te erb, cf I, c 3 , which fo r di erent

’

S u c s are to R . S u z s s A r ver n i bje t referred by the eflexive here refer to .

1 A t Ca esa r : s at a m a a . ob erve how l ost invari bly indic tes a change of M ’ ‘ sc as sa a . . 6 62 8 80 82 . ene , we y e nwhile, cf cc 3 , , 77, 7 , ,

’ ’ '

dc : as a s as . Br u t u m a z de reg rd , to Index. : 2 . l on i u s t r id u o l on e a m but cf. . 1 1 1 Ca sa g g r rely of ti e ; cc , 4 ; 7 , 4. e r ’ ma s a m s u u ke pro i e to ret rn q ickly, in order to relieve the young m an s

a b ut a m u u nxiety we he r no ore of the force left with Br t s. ’ . r ecen tem e u i ta t u m s s m a a s 4 q doe thi e n newly r i ed , or recruited by ’ a s b ut a a Th e s s i s a Na re t, or l tely rrived fir t of the e t ken by poleon , b ut a s e . Th e s h as a a a l c. 8 r s at u i w nt forc econd p r l el in 4 , 4 ecente q e n OTE S 76 N .

’ t e ros an d ma a t a ss ma g , y h ve reference to heir re dine for the forced rch in s m Th e as m a n h as su s as m as z th e tore for the . l t e ni g been gge ted e ph i ing ’ a a sa ma V a c as mu l t i s a n t e di ebu s . r pidity of C e r s rch to ienn , by ontr t with de su a sal u te : some design on the pa rt of the Ae dui too ( etia m as ’ as Bitu r i e s s ms s as C a sa s su ort w as n ot well the g ) to hift for the elve , e r pp

to . . 1 0 1 now be looked for, cf c , .

6 . H el veti ca r oel io: a H - el ve t u . 2 26 p the b ttle with the , I cc . 4 . t ’é a tr z uer at the Bon wou ld enjoy th e protection of their powerful n eigh

bou s and a a ut s r , p y trib e in recognition of thi .

d eul /a fem th e mma i s h 1 . gfi dile s expre sed in t e tw o parallel conditionals

’ ' 1 se con ti n er et n e de eer et 2 se edu cer et ( ) , fi , ( ) , n e

l a bor a ret .

' ' st z en di an zs : B011 t s s p the . If even he e e pecial protégé s were n ot s a s Gau mi fe, the re t of l ght well revolt .

'

ex u n a tis z . e. b ca u G or obin a T i a a p g , y the pt re of g . his s solitary inst nce

Ca sa ex u n a r e a erson i t in e r of p g with p for s object .

i n eo Ca sa —se m a a am u us e r ight ppe r big o . ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ab r e r u men ta r i a : a b : s th e s a f on the ide of, on core of, liter lly ‘ looked at f r om the point of view of ' ‘ ’ d u r es su bvection i bu s su b u t o th e t d u r i s aus p fron , bec e of the “ - s a The Abl . ss s th e ca u se m c s u everity of the we ther. expre e on eq ence ’ of.

2 ta men m m a i ts s n a . ore e ph tic in po itio here th n if second word in the s t en ence.

XI .

' ‘ ’ ‘ ’ 1 . Al tero d ee . sam as s but the d a but not the e po tero die , next y one . Vel l au n odu n u m : us a s s a w T ue s i the Ill tr tion how vie of rig re , which s ‘ - a u si x m s m s . L Na s a um distant bo t twenty ile fro S en . poleon rg ents i n

a u s as s Vel l aun odun um are c an d f vo r of thi the ite of very onvincing, the m ta u h a a a s a s a th ti e ken , tho g pp rently long, t llie with the five d y t ken on e

m a Ge r o ia . 6 v . rch to g , c 3

2 i u men ta m u s s s use as a -a ma s . le or hor e for p ck ni l

Boi n i : ad os Gor obi a . t er , for the relief of g

! l on i u s : . . 2 . ea m r em s 4. g cf note on c 9, the iege.

bidu o : s a m T ue s G i s sam a s m 5 . the di t nce fro rig re to ien the e fro the

s Th u s a s s an a former to S en . e Ill tr tion hows the ite of old G llic town ’ a G cf. Cen abu m. bove ien, Index

8 7 N OTE S .

‘ ‘ ’ a ia M a . Ma ab vi a s m Bo . th e S S . su sts s re ding dvig gge , which ee

as m Boi a u o u e ver su s a open to uch objection as the text . A q q will be t ken

as an a a a s s an d u o l zoe s a ti o. expl n tory p renthe i , q with p

8 i sosn e i m edimen t i sn e s a Ca sa a u . p p the only in t nce in e r of do ble ‘ m e for u trum an Th e double n eu (below) i s al so u nusual ‘ ’ n n u for e e .

aest imar : m ss a su ct se s ms a wa d. 1 0. e the o i ion of bje ee wk r

XV .

1 a m l i u s x x u r bes : th e as u r bes i s n ot aff ct a m l i us . p c e of e ed by p , as a a which i s inserted it were p renthetic lly .

2 ma n a cu m dol ore : cu m is a ss an Abl . . g not gener lly expre ed with of ‘ ’ an t cum Manner combined with epithe dolore or magno dolore .

‘ s it a eo er em u r : an T s s a a s t o s m 4. g the ch ge of en e ppe r re e ble the ‘ ’ a a G a S u u an O a v ri tion in reek of vivid bj nctive with pt tive, where the

m . a ii a ss s an a ss s e. T u vi i . 1 . v l tter expre e ide le pre ent to the ind , g , h c. 7 g ' ’ ' i kf v 37 m va v a t a cu ro t daw ot m i oi a r xwhf mt v a ypo v, g p x g r e m p , A91) v i o e

' d wa t w pe . 6 mi seri cor dia vol i mu tu at th e a ss m m ass . g the lti de e bly felt co p ion for ” th e A vari cu m . S u G aus ac m people of bjective enitive, bec e the tion i plied

val us i ts S u t i ts O . h as g for bjec , not bject “ o ido : a D a us Commodi del z u u t u r 1 6 1 l ocu m pp tiv with lg , cf. 0. , el it cast ris d ig .

XVI .

l ocu m cast r i s del it : s s am is a m att m 1 . ig the po ition of thi c p er of so e

ffi u m a a u a D un -l e - a di c lty . It y prob bly be fo nd ne r roi on the left b nk of h e u a s a c i s s a t A ron . In the f ce of the di t n e given in the text , it tr nge how Editors have gone on reprodu cing a map showing two sites ( for the camps 1 8 t o st Avaricum can m here an d in c . ) the we of , neither of which be ore h a s m six m s m th e t s a i s a u m s t n o e ile fro own, whil t e ch bo t three ile inwidth .

2 eer l os ex l or atores : at so at a s a m w s . p being gre di t nce fro the to n, who e as c V t x a z a s st mat c s defence he w dire ting, ercinge ori org ni ed y e i ervice of

u sco ts.

n ecessa rio t o ta n t l on i us . 3. not be ke wi h g u t i r et u r : to be taken as a C onsecutive clause explanatory of m ’ u rr ebat u r i . e . th e R ma s met s a s c s u of e , , o n the ene y t ctic by hoo ing n s n certain times an d varying direction for their expeditio s . N OTE S . 79

XV I I .

’ Ca st r i s asi l i s : s C a sa s am l . p the ite of e r c p, on the ridge lying between (i n ter mi sso) the river Auron an d the still watery ground to the

Y i s as H a u s . a u e st on the co r e of the evre , e ily identified ving s rveyed the

u m Ca a at u s E ob whole gro nd fro the tower of the thedr l ( Bo rge ) , the ditor s r a a cu t u s am an d s e ved ro d newly thro gh the ite of the c p, , on vi iting the

S t s as w as t u m s a a s cut u po , di covered , to be expec ed, n i t k ble trenche thro gh th e c a s s u an d u h lky oil expo ed to view by the new c tting, filled p with the

a th e u a The m asu m s s red e rth of pper l yer. e re ent corre pond exactly with t s t s ssa fasti ata e usua m a u a cam viz ho e of the renche (fo e g ) lly de ro nd p, . ,

Vide u a a ou 1 . . . s b t 5 ft wide by 9 ft deep Ill tr tion .

A . T t w u s am ar am rench, I 5 fee ide, o t ide r p t of c p .

B. Sma am ll trench behind r part .

c. e. e. L a evel of old ro d .

I t may here be remarked that the Romans u sed three forms of t rench

1 ossa astz a t a t s s s a d ( ) f f lg , in which bo h ide ( c rp an countersca rp) are sloping ; ' 2 ossa u m ea s sca an d ( ) f p , with loping rp vertica l counterscarp ; (3) f ossa di r ectis l a f er i ou s h s s a i . e. sam , with bot ide vertic l , , the e width a t the bottom as at as Ca sa a u a s 2 the top , e r c ref lly expl in , c . 7 , 1 .

Caesa r : s s S u ct an d ob erve the po ition of the bje here below an d c.

vi n eas t u r ros : vide F s c an d E u s ronti pie e xc rsu , 1 1 .

ci r cu mva l l a re ro/i ibeoat : Ca sa a a s us s I n fin p e r lw y e the . with ’ r oiz ibere u m us p , never q o in . ‘ 2 . al t er i a l ter i : a Aedui the l tter ( ) th e former cf. ‘ ’ be w t en uitate Boi orum i n dil i en tia Aed uoru lo , g m .

. ca ru er i n t — 3 su sten t a r en t : the Perfect S ubj unctive the S ub uncti e e u a n t f — j v q iv le or both uses of th e Perfect Indicative i s used in Oratio 80 N OTE S .

s s a a t h a P t I n die. Obliqu a an d in Consecu tive clau e ( fter ) , w ere erfec s a m i . e. a (Aorist) would stand in a S i ple Sentence , , to denote ingle ction or

a s m ss s a u u s a ma f ct, whil t the I perfect expre e contin o ction or per nent con ’ ’ Ca r u er i n t i s H s P ma . dition . therefore i toric, not ri ry

a a u dit a but th e s u vox . a b i i s not the gent of , o rce of ’ ’ mer u isse u s a s a a s s a 5 . nder t nd tipendi ; to e rn the oldier p y ’ s erve .

' ‘ r l m s a c t m a u s a cczper em di scede erz t : the perf. denote ction on e por neo u isse with that of the Verb on which it depends (mer ) .

6 r el i u issen t : . . . The s s u ms s . q cf note on c 5 , 5 oldier pict re to the elve h e s am a u s a ter a a a s No t h e th t wo ld be their f h ving b ndoned the iege .

s a u us m f good chol r wo ld here e the I per ect .

. a ren ta ren t : I n fin u m atu a as a a a er 7 p the . wo ld be ore n r l p r llel to p

er r e but u m us am s ma u a S u u a s f , n ero ex ple y be fo nd of bj nctive fter potin ‘ u am P a r en i a r e a m a s ff sa u as q . origin lly e n to o er crifice in hono r of dece ed ’ a s an d s a s au a m u R ma s . p rent , here refer to l ghter to venge the rdered o n

I XVII .

‘ ’ r r s ro i n ua ssen t t a r r es a r mbu l at oria 1 t u e a : e a e i . e. on . pp p q the , ,

s . us a . 20. wheel , cf Ill tr tion , p ‘ ’ m i . r o i u s A va r icu : . e s s a p p , to the colli de cribed in the next ch pter.

T s i s su s a O s S t . us s m m s u Au hi ppo ed to be hill ppo ite J t, o e ten ile p the ron,

M a a n d u s a sh a s n r s t cf. p Ill tr tion , which ow po itio co re ponding with he

1 . description in c . 9

ma i n ter e u i tes : s Ga an d G us m . . . 8 E q for thi llic er n c to , cf I c 4 . very

ma h ad his su a m an t a a a horse n for pport on foot , r ined to keep p ce with the ’ an m e ms s s ma other, on e erg ncy helping hi elf by holding on to the hor e ne.

a s u a m s m m u These were o rce of gre t i chief to the ene y, who they wo ld

u - s s a s a - rus s f a s a ssail with nlooked for hower of rrow or j velin th t c . l o below

6 6 80 . cc . 3 , 5 ,

i n l oco edito wide us a t. 3. Ill tr tion , on the righ

sar ci n as con $377 7 : . E u sus . 4. / cf xc r , 3

XIX.

2 en er al im i . e. as a s mu us t o a an d at sm . . 6 2 . g , ti l br very p rioti , cf c 3 ,

‘ i in u l arum ci vitatium as coll ocaverat at er o ia separat m s g copi ( G g v ) . “ ” sa l tu s : s an d assa s L . Na The d sal t us vada ac ford p ge poleon. wor

n z . a ei u s a l u dis mu s t ak e as i i s pu z ling If we re d p , it t be referr ng to the

s s a ts r l s &c. m t ac l a a c in . Kran r overgrown p r whe e wi low , , igh f i it te ro g e

N TE 82 O S .

i n t er ven er i u t : a s m H s P ma s 6 . the tr n ition fro i toric to ri ry ten es in a s is u mm as s a ua reported peech not nco on, the writer get the l ng ge of the s a r m him so u O a R a t pe ke ore vividly before , in concl ding , the r tio ect wi h i n u i t is a q dopted .

or t u n ae h u ic : a s s a a l icu i us h f in ntithe i , the l tter referring to , t e a uthor of th e in formation .

mitter i e . se m um remittere H a u ff r e e . . e s s 7. , i peri rtf lly o er to re ign

mma a s s h ad s d u h im the co nd into the h nd of tho e who be towe it pon , if they

hi a k m a m s ha m fancied s r n ore profit ble to hi elf t n to the . ‘ 1 si u id assen t : as sa a m a 0. q p we y if perch nce e ning to see if ‘ ’ 2 fi isci s s ss . cf. . 2 . ro c c 3 , p ive ive po et ’ ‘ a a u as 2 8 88 . E s a 1 2 . ex u a . u t f g fter ro t in cc , l ewhere ex f g se e ’ ’ ‘ 2 V ci e re m a u . . 1 I . c. 2 . p to recover fro ro t , II c 7

XXI .

1 a r mi s cou cr e a t : so G rm a s Ta us si l acu it sen . p too the e n in cit p ’ tia m a o ti un . t en , fra e s c n cu t im ’ i n ca in the cas e of h . ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ma i ore r a ti on e : a a s a b ut s not on l rger c le , on better principle , or ’ a with better gener lship .

a i n eo s i D m s a . en e : s au s 3 p , the e on tr tive point to the following cl e . ’ Bi u ri e s S m ad s e os i . e. t s s a o e re pene , , the g ; the en e then being th t the G au ls declined to le ave al l the glory of su cce ssfu l resistance in the ha nds of

Bit u ri es the g .

XXI I .

a l ces : s u a a a s m u a 2 . f the e wo ld ppe r to be the f lce r les of which a t e s a i s u s m an a s m pre ent tion given by j d on fro old engr ving , howing a achine s m a a a -ram bu t a a u l i il r to b ttering , h ving do ble hook in the p ace of the ’ am s a an d a a s an r he d , intended to dr g down wooden p ling d battlements

us a . a s m a r m (Ill tr tion, p or to enl rge opening de by the a in a wall

T a s a u ra efi itur e t a vocatu r ab eo u u a e t r be d nco p g ferro , f lx q od inc rv s , ut ”

u x rah a t a . V de m ro e t l pides ege tius. A sm aller implement i s shown in

re us a t . 1 1 2 a m s m s Mu the Ill tr ion , p , t ken fro peci en in the seu m at Alise S ‘ R T s h ar a on e s u u a eine . he e p g wo ld be s ch s the Gau ls carried down to R ma a a s a t A sia . 8 1 . h the tt ck on the o n line le , c T e falces here u sed by th e R m a s u a a su an as as a o n wo ld be h rdly port ble for ch occ ion the l tter. ’ cu m desti n a ver a n t r ed uceoa n t : so we read in Vitruvius a ccount of s Mass a s a m the iege of ili , how the be ieged let down cord fro the wall , fu rnished with a slip - knot i n which they caught the ram an d raised its head b m a s a so as m s y e n of wheel hig h to prevent it fro triking the wa ll . N OTE S . 83

m s cu n icu l i s so P at a a s T u . 11 . 6 . S t s are t the l e n did , h c 7 orie old of ine an d u -m s su a a a s u sm an d co nter ine , in which bterr ne n b ttle were fo ght, oke even swarms of wasps a n d bees being u sed to drive out the enemy from their m i n h rd ine ( Rhe a ) .

l a i u i u i n st rux ran t us a con ta bu l a ver a n t : i . e. con tab u t s t rr b s e . 3 , , cf Ill tr 20 s u s Gau s h ad a a a s tion, p . . By the e t rret the l pr ctic lly r i ed the height of

a a a a a s r a m a a c the w ll , with the dv nt ge th t every to y or pl tfor c rried for e ’ m en s s &c of fighting with corpione , .

. u otidicm u s a er : m u c u s cf. c. 2 4 q gg the o nd, hiefly b ilt of log ( on 4, ‘ w as a s d a d a s s a s a a a a ert us r i ed y by y in torie , e ch tory h ving g llery ( p

u u us u a r u m en u a a c nic l below) r nning long it, th o gh which the co ld ppro ch

a u ma a s a . Th e the w ll , wheeling p teri l for filling the p ce in front ‘ ’ t rres a mbul atoriae are run u a m a an d as th e u p the terr ce fro the re r,

a as s so u s a a a m a terr ce incre e in height , the t rret d ily thre ten the city w ll fro

T s a a a s m c ss greater elevation . hi dv nt ge the be ieged eet by joining ro

ams u s ma s t u ts an d so con be to the projecting pright pole li of heir t rre , ’ r n m on tabul ation e s st ucti g ore c .

a er t os cu n i cu l os mor a ba n t u r : s a s see a had 5 . p the e g llerie ( bove) s a t a so a s u t their end f cing the own w ll open , th t the be ieged co ld hrow into

s s a s m u a n d t m the opening the ob t cle referred to, to block the p render he us ss ele .

XXIII .

1 t r a bes dir ectae : s t s u s . the following de crip ion will be be t nder tood a a u m a s us a di r ect ae at t a s by c ref l co p ri on with the Ill tr tion . righ ngle to h e a t length of the w ll .

er et u ae i . e. al l th e w a u of h p p , y ro nd the town following the length t e w a a T a bu t a a a . se ll , not end to end long the w ll , p r llel to one nother he ‘ ’ ‘ ’ a s are s fr m th e er et u is trabib us tr be di tinct o p p below , cf. note on 5 ‘ ’ s u ad ra n o pede q ge s.

2 i n t r ors u i . . s : e. , in the interior (thickness) of the wa ll . The p a ra llel

am s are a u am s a 0 an be locked together by do ble row of be e ch 4 ft . long, d ‘ ’ ‘ ’ e r et uae se e i n s s u u s p p ( below) the en e of end to end contin o ly. .

m u l to a er e . a i s u h u an d s gg the interior of the w ll filled p wit r bble oil ,

a a a s s u kept in pl ce by the f cing of l rge tone , which wo ld be locked with the am s a are a be , if the l tter pl ced with their thicker ends ou twa rds an d the s s a s i tone with their l rger ide nwards.

i n l si n s gu ae gu l i s : i n the cas e of a Gallic wall discovered in the dist rict o u C a durci s a s cc pied by the , the p ce between the bea m s a re in every inst ance fi d b h s s an d h a lle y t ree tone , t ree l yers of stones intervene between the 8 4 N OTE S .

a s a ams u l yer cont ining be . In the co rse of age s the timber has entirely a a s u a can c a s the m dec yed, le ving hole thro gh which child r wl , whil t asonry

is ta u a c a . ust a in ct p to ert in height , cf Ill r tion, c .

i usta al t it u de as a m a 4 . we le rn fro the next ch pter that the ‘ a w as 80 . in is a l a a n a a gger ft height, it prob b e th t , llowi g for the f ct th t th e a s u a ss a u 0 0 gger tood pon depre ion , the w ll wo ld be 3 to 4 ft . high .

a r i . m m te a i . e a m u 5 . , the whole fr ework of ti ber, which wo ld hold the

a s a st s out w ll together even if i ol ted one were forced . pedes qua dr agen os : this refers to the length of the cross-beams within th e t a see a th e a a a in erior of the w ll ( bove) , dv nt ge of the length being that so m a m a a ams u as am ny ore of the p r llel be wo ld be f tened into one fr ework . ‘ ’ O u se a s er etuae 1 a a ams [ wing to the of tr be p p , referring ( ) to the p r llel be , n d 2 ss - ams s m a u s s u a ra n a ( ) to the cro be , o e h ve nder tood pede q d ge os to

th e m a u ssa f u m a refer to for er, thereby cre ting the nnece ry di fic lty of king th e wall more than 40 ft . thick . ) ‘ ’ r r u m i di st r a/z i ram an d a s ct pe p : by the f lx re pe ively.

XXI W

‘ 1 l at u m s C a sa m a m t t o a m s . doe e r e n width fro fron b ck , or fro ide t o s a t ? m m asu m must a ide long the fron If the for er, the e re ent be t ken ‘ ’ m a u turres amb ul at oriae fro the beginning of the vi d ct for the , which

u a u sua ss a wo ld be longer th n l, owing to the depre ion in front of the w ll , N a h ad t o . L . a s t a n d which be bridged over poleon t ke the o her view, offers an elaborate pl an from which the ground plan in the Illustra tion i s chiefly taken (showing the e astern half of the whole agger) but it must he

ss a a s an a u a mat t confe ed th t in the b ence of y cc r te infor ion in the ext , the ela boration of th e plan i s not very satisfactory . In favou r of the former

has su s u s 0 a s a m a view it been gge ted (J d on , p . 9 ) th t the di t nce fro the w ll a s u a u u u t which the con tr ction of the gger co ld be beg n , wo ld depend ’ m s m ss s an d u a a u pon the power of the ene y i ile , co ld h rdly h ve been le ss

00 Th e u u ss a s u tha n 400 to 5 ft . b ilding wo ld thence progre forw rd nder

’ ' vz u eae an d test u dz u es a s a a ssau m en cover of , tow rd the w ll to be lted , the in

m m ss s l u tei . us a s 20 the front being protected fro i ile by p , cf Ill tr tion , pp . ,

1 1 2 an d F s . , ronti piece a l t u m the u nusu a l height i s accounted for by the depression to be filled

u see a . 2 . p, bove , on c 3, 4

2 a en e cou t i n er et a ua a a a a . p g for the gr d l ppro ch of the gger to the w ll

a se e note bove . su ccen der a n t : the fact that an agger w a s frequently se t on fire i s an am s a w as s u th evidence , ong other , th t it chiefly con tr cted of wood , e

a s an d s a s be th e s a ss a au g llerie p ce tween log giving cce for dr ght .

86 N OTE S .

ascen dissen t i s t an d h it i s i s m r oemi a dependen to w ich prior , i plied in p , “ i e. . z s. His s u ii s ui ascen d eri n t , the giving the pri e word wo ld be , q ‘ ’ Fu t . rae mi a ro n i o o . cf. aru er n t . 1 6 ( p p p p c 7 , .

XXVI II .

1 cu n ea f i m cu u eu s w as a z m aci es a . the recogni ed for of , the n rrow end

n H s m a a s a cu n ei of the wedge bei g in front . ere it ee s prob ble th t ever l reversed form a circle like the sp aces between the spokes of a

E u sus 8 . wheel, cf. xc r ,

n m : 2 . i ae u u m l ocu i e m m a q . . , by co ing down fro the w ll.

. u is ua m i . e man oru m : . Ro 3 q q , .

. Cen o bi ou ede i . m assa h au s . e. t e G c 4 , the cre by l , 3.

'

6 mzsemcor dia vol i a . 1 . : s 6 . g in c 5 ,

u t cu r a r et : C s u as c. 1 6 . ot . on ec tive in , 3 ; cf n e di spa r a n dos : he h ad them sorted an d cl aimed by their fellow -tribesmen

m n ou l l a e t a s . (they were picked of the tribe , c before they re ched the

am so a m u in an m a s a c p , th t they ight be cond cted orderly nner to their ever l

ca ntonments in the camp .

u ae a rs : ad e am a m u a q p p rte q e .

XXIX .

’ l a t u s i con so : . . 1 con vocat s cf note on c 4, . ’ m l a cu i s sua V i i n u n u a s e . s erc n e tor e . 1 6 4. q p cf di dente g g , c 5 , .

ca st r a m u n i re : s w as a G a a a ar m th e 7. thi novelty in llic w rf re le nt fro

R ma s u a a W u o n , who never bivo cked even for night itho t entrenching their ‘ ’ am . The Gau s had us a aa a s . c p l hitherto only ed l ger of w ggon , cf I .

c. 2 6 .

XXX .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ d r a t s a e teb at . m vi o e f. o set 20. u d ece : c s c. 1 . q f note on pp , c 4, , ma h a a 2 . r e i n t e r a : i . e . R s d s A vari cum g , before the o n l id iege to , when

it w a s still in their power either to destroy or to evacu ate it . ‘ ’ M a on st ern ati s con r m at i : S S . c s 4 . fi the h ve , the en e of which would

: so a s Avari cum be terrified were they by the f te of the defender of , that they were willing to su bmit to an y m e asu res their comm ander thou ght fit

s s a a s u a m a s . T s i s u i n to pre cribe , le t like f te ho ld bef ll the l o hi q ite t el l i ibl e but a a m i u ca g , h rdly in h r ony w th the hopef l tone indi ted in th e pre

Cou r mat i u m a a h u ceding sentence . fi wo ld e n th t t o gh una c cu stomed to h a u s t at su w as in t e l bo r of for ific ion, ch their confidence the foresight an d T S N O E . 8 7

a s i V a u u a gener l h p of ercingetorix, th t they cheerf lly ndertook wh tever he

‘ ’ en m Bu i v u . t . L 2 m u ad a ma con st ern a ti joined pon the cf . xxi . 4, et r .

XXXI .

2 . u em et u a m a n t e di em a s th e rm q q Indirect Interrog tive , fo er of which (qu em n u meru m) is a somewh at awkward repetition of cer t u m n u mer u m

a a i m r as an O e a t . O n u a m d zem cf. 1 lre dy given bject to p q , note on c. 3, . a mz u s 5 . c : the title w a s given by the S en ate to barbarian Chieftains a s a

a s s a s u a a ct . rew rd for ervice , or bribe to ec re their llegi nce ( . I cc . 3,

us as s a K . M or a j t we be tow C . . G . on a Mudir of Dongola

a n Am A a a or eer of fgh nist n .

ex A u i ta n i a i . e. m a ss a n q fro cro the G ro ne .

XXXII .

2 r o e Meme con ect a s A v ari cu m a m . p p f the iege of took pl ce in the onth

Ma an d m a a a a A of rch , the town y h ve f llen e rly in pril , before which the s as w a u a m a e on s nfit for c p igning .

si ve s i ve : . . 20 . S i u id assen t . cf on c , 7 q p

m a i st r a tus i e V u s . . 1 6 u m . . . s c 3 g , ergobret J dge ) , cf I . q e ’ ma ist ratum Ver obre t um a a Aed ui u i creatur a uus . ( g ) g ppell nt , q nn

’ ’ Con w ct ol zt a vem s m an u Ca sa his a 4. thi , tho gh preferred by e r to riv l, ms a w as s s a . de tined oon fter to throw hi elf he rtily into the revolt (cc 37,

d ui S uch were the Ae .

esser i t : a cce er i n t . 1 8 u s a P u as an E s g (like p , c , ) req ire l perfect ngli h

u a eq iv lent .

w a s cu i u s u e R s G amm a a bu t t o 5 . q the eflexive refer not to the r tic l ‘ L a S u a cu i u s u e m s u s u su as the ogic l bject cont ined in q , which i plie q i q e ’ a s h ab b at clientel e .

XXXIII .

l e i bu s A ed u or u m : m s assa a a 2 . g fro thi p ge we le rn the following p rti cul ars with regard to the constitu tion of one of the m ost influentia l of the

a S a s : V ffi a w as G llic t te ( L) their ergobret held o ce for one ye r only, con secrated t h e s s m u hi s a ofli ce u by prie t , ight not d ring ye r of q it the territory

m n h am am m ffi sit (2 ) no two e of t e s e f ily ight hold o ce , or even in the

a so as a S en te long both were live .

i n A edu os : hi s u u a u Gor obin a ro te wo ld prob bly lie thro gh g , whereby he a would le ave to Vercingeto rix al l the cou ntry wes t of the A llier ( El ver) . ’ d s ecet i a m 1 a sari I t al i a m a e D . . 6 C e . cf c , . in ‘ ’ o or t u emt : A s f. n on caru erin t . 1 . u a ar 3. p ori t , c ote , c 7, 3 It wo ld ppe 88 N OTE S .

’ that Cotus cl aim t o office w as bas ed u pon an u nconstitu tional election at a ’ a m at al l a m a s s s t . p cked eeting , which the leg l for litie were di pen ed wi h

r a t rem a r at r e r en u n ti at u m : i . e. C us h ad a V t f f , ot been decl red ergobre

’ i l tia u R en u n t z a r e m h by h s brother Va e c s . i s the technical ter for t e election of a magistrate by the double proclamation by the praeco an d presiding

f P a o ficer ( r etor) .

’

i n t er missis ma i str ot i bu s : O s t o a l z o t em or e t . e. th e 4. g ppo ed p , when magistracy h ad becom e vacant the plu ral being used in reference t o the a ua u a a nn l rec rrence of the v c ncy.

XXXIV .

1 mer u i sse nt n ot at t h ad a a a at th e m of s a . wh hey lre dy e rned ti e pe king , bu su u a a a m e m t as s t s i . . ch they ho ld h ve e rned the ti e poken of, the co plete ‘ ‘ ’ u st Gau d evicta Ga a . ascen di ssen t . 2 2 . conq e of l ( lli cf note on , c 7,

2 La bi eno : am a u a s s ofli cer is . the c p ign cond cted with gre t kill by thi

- at 62 . rel ed in cc . 5 7 sex ipse : the t en legions here mentioned were (taken in the order in ’ s C a sa s s x i l vu vm which they were enli ted in e r ervice) x , xi, , , , ix , xiii ,

i h o h u ua au B h 1 h n x v . T e l t G 8 . C . t e 1 t a d , i, iii he fo nd q rtered in l in 5 ,

1 2th t he sam a an d th 8 an d th summ were enrolled e ye r, the 7 , th, 9 oned

m a m Ga a C sa a. T s six rm 8 B C . h fro lli i lpin he e for ed the y of 5 , w ich con

u t t am a s a an q ered th e Helvetii . In the nex hree c p ign he dded the 1 3th d

1 B C . s 1 th w as s 4th . In . 54, he enli ted the s , which entirely de troyed with in i uriu ab u B C . C a sa l st an d rd a a T t s S s. In 5 3 . e r received the 3 s loan

m Pom eius H ow t en C a sa an d Labien us fro p . the were divided between e r we a m a s a 8 l oth an d 1 h ve no e n of knowing, except th t the th , , 3th were with

a sa . th an d 1 2 th Labi en u s C e r ( cc 47 the 7 with (c. secu n du m fl umen E l a ver to follow the right bank of the Allier he must s L a D i a Th e m r am have cros ed the oire on le ving ecet . ode n n e gives the

ua E l ite/er q ntity, .

i n ter r u tis on ti bus . : as saw 0. ss ss 3 p p being ( we , 33) left in po e ion of the left bank of the river .

XXXV.

1 e r e i on e cast r i s : e r e i on e i s u su a a G t . . g g lly followed by eni ive (cf 6 H D a ca st r i s ca str a s s u t u ter ue c. 3 , ere the tive follow the con tr c ion q m u u u t r i qu e ; but the text is ch disp ted . ‘ ’ - -u bi i bi n e cu bi n ee u b u obi . al icubi . n ecu (not ) q , cf a n t e a u t u mn u m : in the earlier p art of the summer the snows of th e Cevennes an d Puy de Dame would melt an d swell the river ; only after their disappearance would th e water sink so far as t o a llow of a ford ; an d

s ss i n r a Ger ovi Caesar mu t needs cro the Allier o der to re ch g a.

90 N O TE S .

A m a son r o o ido os iti s an d d d a 6 . a 0. p pp p ) , efen ed by ft w ll ( co p ri ’ n with the Illu stra tions an d P la n will throw l ight on the above descriptio .

2 a t : . I . . cf. on c 9, ’ — ‘ m s a e a des ici oter a t : N . B. ss i s n 4 . p p po e ever i per on l exc pt with m s a Verb u sed i per on lly. ‘ ’ ti s sa itt a ri is : . . 1 8 1 u s . i n t er iec g cf on c , inter eq ite

e r e i on e o i di . col l is : i . e . a La R a a s u 5 g pp , the hill c lled oche Bl nche , p r

Ger ovi a w s it s am a s a m of the hill of g , which o e n e to white e c rp ent on the ’ west an d sou th sides (from Ca esa r s description it w as probably more

s a al l s d s a a a e c rped on i e th n now) . By g ining possession of this point C a es r mm a a a a w a an d a The co nded the only ppro ch to the v lley for ter for ge . hill

s i s asa an d a s s a s an d s am s it elf b ltic cont in no con ider ble pring, the tre on the

s u a u . w as u au s Gau s north ide wo ld be of little v l e It , no do bt , bec e the l ’ ms s a m s s aen e circu m val l a ti a felt the elve now l o t inve ted p , c . th t they

so a us s u sa m ma were nxio to ec re the ddle , which for ed the only re ining point

s a s - of egre s (c . 44 ) by the g te till distinctly traceable at the sou th wes t

corner of the town .

. ossa m du l i cem : s w a s L 7 f p the whole length of thi ditch opened by . ’ Na s a a s Th e m u w u poleon exc v tion . o nd thro n p from the ditches would

m a s m G e r ovi a c. . Cast r o for creen covering the view fro g , cf. 45 , 7

mi n or a R a the oche Bl nche .

XXXVII .

1 ad Ger ovia m sam as Ge r ovi ae L a ad am s . g not the e g ( oc tive) with n e ’ mm a i n a s i . e . bu t of pl ce before , , in the i edi te vicinity , not the town ’ s a d A l esi a m as a . 68 2 it elf, cf. c tr fecit , c , .

“ n victol i t a vi s cf. . . Co . c 33 ‘ ’ u t i u stissim a m ca u sa m obt i n u er i t : au sa w as his a m 4 . the c cl i to

m a s a ma w as a m act us the gi tr cy, the confir tion of which ere of j tice on ’ a sa s a an d s a a u a s Con vi ctol it avi s . Th e C e r p rt , therefore no peci l f vo r tow rd clau se doe s not express the con sequ en ce of the a ction denoted by the m ain

a s s u u a u s bu t s m s s as verb , the con tr ction wo ld le d to expect, ee to erve ’ ’

a m a so far a s his a us w a s &c. cf. so as li it tion yet only c e , ( yet by fire , ’ . Cor. obt i n u er it an s a a i s a l i mi t i n I 3, being in t nce of wh t c lled the g

u se S u u of the bj nctive .

d m i l l s mi l l i éu . ece i s : . . 1 . C a sa h ad e 7 cf c 34, e r ord red tha t number to s A e d u i be ent by the .

r el i u a : su a i a us q bject to g , the whole cl e being the Object to con

stitu u n t .

XXXV I I I .

'

, r a t n bu s h a d s a a C a sa 3 f they been ent he d to join e r, c . 37, 7 . TE S 1 N O . 9

’ con si l u a s u s his s ut s con su l at . 7 . he t ke p the word of follower ibi

T s i s m t al k sa s m us doi n con t en der e . hi no ti e for , he y , we t be g ( )

d u ci ves R oma n os : i . e. a s a n u s A e i 9 . , tr der tr velli g nder the e cort of the

r t a a with su pplies (mag n u m n u mer um f u men i ) destined for C es r . ’ 1 0 tota ci vit a te : an A a ss s . bl tive expre ing extended po ition over, cf. ’

s a . 1 . Th e su s m ss is . 2 . hoc p tio , c 4, 5 re lt of thi i ion given in c 4

XXXIX .

1 i n e u i tu m n u mer o : i . e. s summ C a sa 1 . q , tho e oned to join e r, c . 34, .

A s u a s s tw o h ad a fter the di p te between the riv l chief , in which the e t ken

a Ca sa a s sa a a him men am p rt, e r prob bly con idered it fer to h ve ne r who ong

e t o a an s s u a H e t their own people wer likely he d y fre h di t rb nce . herefore

m a am o a ti a s s ev c . . 6 pl ce the peci lly ong the , cf on c 5 , 5 .

r o i n u i : sm u Li tavi cu u i 3. p p q the kin en of the nder s wo ld find t

a ma t u to Ca sa t o th e u s an d h rd to re in r e e r inj ry of their friend in revolt, th e fidelity of th e S tate could n ot be expected to be un shaken under su ch

m a circu st nces.

XL.

2 a d con t r a /z en da cast r a : th e as a a t oo u a . occ ion ppe red rgent t o llow of his a u s z hi s am s u six del ying even to red ce the i e of c p , con tr cted for legion s an d a a t o su s as two s u c v lry, ch proportion the legion left behind co ld pro d f n d T s m ss f u s s perly e e . hi o i ion led to the di fic ltie de cribed in the next

a ch pter.

mil i a x x v : us st Li t avicu s h ad a a 4. th whil only dv nced five miles

8 Ca sa h ad c s hi s s a a n (c . 3 , e r re eived the new of defection , t rted , d

- m arched twenty five miles . versor i so s a t m s s as to 5 . to di pl y he elve prove the hollowness of ’ avi u Lit c s story . cu m su is cl ien ti bu s t s 7 . the ie which bound ret ainers to su ffer w ith their

a s as s a t ar a u e . 2 2 p tron , even in c e of cciden , enl rged pon in III . e .

XLI .

‘ ’ 1 . n octis i s a a m ss . a t um s [ ] h rdly d i ible, cf note below on nte o t olis . ‘ ad Ger ovi am : as . but as r g in c 37, here contr ted with Ge goviam ’ s a Ger ovi ae in te d of g .

2 . er et u a i isdem s a t o u si x p p two legion h ving do the d ty of , the m en u n ot a u sua wi de E u su s co ld h ve the l relief ; xc r , 9.

. tor men ta : a m s m u h 3 co prehen ive ter , incl ding t e variou s kinds of a t vide E u sus r illery ; xc r , 5 . 92 N OTE S .

d u r m is su s K a at eor u m s n ot 4. i scess co u it gge ted by r ner th doe refer to

a s u o mi h t z F a bi i b u t Gau s the speakers (in ste d of , which g ) , to the l , in

s u er it as s a a a evidence of which he adduces the ten e off , howing th t the tt ck ’ r m s s d iscessissen t . a a s w as d a i . e . cu over for the y , , ho te It ppe r howeve s t mu ch more probable that the me ssengers sent by Fabius wou ld be en ‘ n d at whilst th e a ttack w a s going on (not af t er h osti um a th

h ad s u m m t /z ei r a u they wou ld report wh at they een p to the o ent of dep rt re , w hen they l e nt Fa bi u s en gage d upon blocking the ga teways obstruere f eor u m can a s s s i be r thi en e.

a n t e ort u m sol is u a 5 . : th s Caes r completed a m arch of fifty mile s in

m - s si x u s. R s a t m s a o e twenty ho r eceiving the new idnight (c. he t rted

a 2 a . m . m et Lit av icus a u s h is m en a prob bly by , bo t noon , re ted , fter the su A ed ui u s 2 an d a r rrender of the , three ho r ( to re ched G e govia between

an d a . m 4 5 .

XLII .

ri mis n u n tz zs f 1 1 : c . 8 0 . c. . p 3 ,

' 2 i r acu n dz a : u m an a a a t s . the q ick te per d excit ble ch r c er still een in the s a de cend nts of the Gaul s .

4 . pu dea t Con victol itavis h ad already so far compromised himself by acts

a s a s u u a mm ms of tre on , th t he now wi hed to ind ce the pop l ce to co it the elves

a s a a s m irrevoc bly to the revolt, by t ining their h nd with cri e .

idem acer e i . e. ex ire u s m ex o i do ed u cu n t f , ex oppido nder tood fro pp . di em n oct emqu e : the stu bborn resis tance o ffered by the se Rom an mer c a ts i s of um s m u s a s at C a h n evidence the n ber who t h ve ettled h lons.

XLIII .

omn es eor u m mil ites : i . e. t s t out u Lit avicus 1 . , the contingen en nder 8 (cc . 3 , ‘ ’ s u i u r a n di : . sui fal l e n d i . 0 su i aus its m 2 . p g cf (c 5 , , bec e of for ,

r a d i s t reated as a S ingula r (instead of s u i pu g n or u m) . ’ m a su or u m : m asc. s . 3. referring to the ilite bove m m a r es i . e. u a c a u s at c. 2 e , the o tr ge in whi h l rge n ber were i plic ed ( 4 ,

ob Ger ovi a P s sam as as ad Ge r oviam 5 . g } the repo ition for the e re on in g ’ i s m ss t o a s u s C a sa s a a his ( c. 37, It i po ible t ke erio ly e r expl n tion of

e r ovi a T can u hi s fail ure before G g . here be little do bt , even on own

a hi s a m a a cou -de-ma i n w as an showing, th t tte pt to t ke the town by p error

a s an d a susta a s u s . But ma of gener l hip , he cert inly ined evere rep l e to ke hi s failure a ppear p a rt of a preconcerted plan he draws a fine di stinction ‘ ’ rofectio an d u a c is t o m a th e between p f g , whi h worthy be co p red with

94 N O TE S .

n ud at us P a an d a a s st c m a of the l n , no other, ppe r di in tly to for knoll of th e hill itself. ‘ ’ a mzszlrsen t di n : ascen sse t . 2 2 . like , c 7, , note ‘ ’ . omn es : K a su s u s l zomi n es M a . S S . 5 r ner b tit te for the re ding, com ’ a c. 6 m s m un iti on um co iae t raducun tu r as at p ring 45 , o ne illo p , evidence th ‘ ’ a l l a s u But i n m were not yet bro ght to the spot . s it ot ore probable that C aesa r i s gu ilty of a slight inaccu racy ? C ertainly the proposed use of ’ ‘ ’ ’ m s is a a an d u usua as a m co i arum ho ine wkw rd n l for copi or p rte p .

XLV .

1 co de media n octe : MS S . a t t a a s a . the v ry ; the ex ppe r prefer ble to ’ ‘ ’ Kran i m a im rat &c eo er s e s e . as de edi nocte p , will refer to the point l t mentioned . ‘ ’ 2 i m edi men t oru m im edi men t a us i um en ta . p p ed for . st r a men t a : pa ck -saddles such as are still used where mu les are employed

a a s a s a s inste d of c rt in the b ence of ro d .

Ri l l ide P a Hi i col l i bu s i . e. u s so e s w . s t s to , ro nd the height of ( l n) objec an a a s s Gau s so as feign tt ck on the we t ide where the l were fortifying, to draw them in ful l force a way from the town which he w as abou t to atta ck

in reality at the south gate .

ea sdem r e i on es : a s a all 3. g the fortific tion were to be the go l for

a s who were eng ged in thi feint .

ta n to s at io : s a as s m a s Ger ovi a 4. p the di t nce, the crow flie , fro the w ll of g to the bottom of the valley where these manoeu vres were t aking place is a m T us u as a m to over ile (c. h it wo ld not be e y in the e rly orning

u a an d disting ish between sh m genu ine troops .

l e i on em u n a m : a a a a a ust 5 . g to give the ppe r nce of covering the tt ck , j as the real assau lt w as covered by the l oth an d 1 3th ( c . ‘ ’ t r a d uci t : ssa u . 6 w as n ot the fo d plex (c 3 , 7)

u a m u a a s fficient protection to conce l the entirely ; they wo ld creep long ,

a t a m s ia an d s a a s few ti e, with in ign t nd rd drooped in the hollow of the ditch . 8 u t con t in ea n t : i s n ot as t o a s au n w as . it e y believe th t thi c tio ever

Ca sa a su u h i s m en a a ms given . e r g ve no ch inj nction to when he v iled hi elf

d a s m Avari cu m an d s s ms s m su s of a rainy y to tor , he expo e hi elf to o e picion of ma nu factu ring after the event a command to the disobedience of which

sas cf. . 2 1 . he assigns the di ter which followed , on c 5 ,

occa sion i s esse r em : w as a ase s z n an u vi z . 9. it c of ei i g opport nity, , of ‘ ’ - - t Wh a can a matchi ng a victory by a coup de ma n . t he h ve intended ) ther than the capture of the town ? An d yet he affects to h ave gained his N OTE S . . 95

a m t cam m s cf. on c. 1 . obje ct when he had captured few e p y en p ent , note 47,

1 0 a l i a ascen su P a s s a s difl eren t u m at . the l n how lightly ro te fro th given m N a and s . A s c su u a s by L . poleon other e ond rvey of the gro nd , fter o e ’ a a h as suf c m m s s at t a t ye rs interv l , only fi ed to confir the i pre ion th the poin

a 0 0 is u th e u er s u which the Aed ui re seen ( . 5 ) to be fo nd on pp ho lder, the s m a u s u a lower position being out of ight fro the r vine nder the o th g te ,

a But a u s u where the fight took pl ce (c . in order to re ch the pper ho lder a troop of armed m en would be obliged to m ake a longer circuit t o the

- s u as i a a a ss . north , the o th e t corner of the h ll being pr ctic lly in cce ible

I XLV .

i e l a ce a ccesser a t : . . a s 2 . , to the p ce .

a medi a er e col l e : i . e. a w a an d th e tt m 3. f , h lf y between the top bo o the site of the wall i s along one of the terra ces nearer the top than the

ee P a bottom ( s l n) . ‘ den sissimi s ca s t r i s : hardly tallies with me di ocribus in terval l is of

6 2 b ut Ga s m a at A s a th e c. 3 , ; if the llic force re e bled th t le i

am m ts th e a u s s ma a a s enc p en of v rio tribe y well h ve been f irly clo e together.

tr i n is cast r is : s s a u s us 4 . beginner will ob erve th t no n only ed in the ‘ ’ u a a re mu di st r i bu ti ve um a s e a as a n ot pl r l ltiplied by n er l , .g. , bin c tr (

Ea a a h m m uo . s s t e a d ) ch c tr here denote enc p ent of one tribe .

XLVII .

1 u ad a n imo r o osu er at a a a a . q p p it c nnot be seriously believed th t C es r

m a a u m am m s an d never intended to do ore th n c pt re three e pty enc p ent ,

a a Ga C a s frighten w y one of the llic hieft in , cf. on c . 45 , 9 . r ecept u i ca n i : i s it to be credited tha t the retrea t w as sounded before C aesa r saw the hopelessness of his u ndertaking ? If the signal w as rea lly

at s u u m us a aus a a a given thi j nct re , it t h ve been bec e he lre dy knew th t the

a a m u n an d hi s a m u l r wo ld be give tte pt fr stra ted .

i n is deci ma e hi l e o s s an d a u . 2 . g olde t f vo rite legion, cf note on c . 34, 2 va [ es i n t er cedebat . the valley i s the hollow which ru ns down from

s u a as a M a s R a the o th g te , p t the vill ge of erdogne , tow rd the oche Bl nche .

T s i s a 1 00 a s a n d a a m hi h rdly y rd wide , if the dv nced part of the ar y failed

a um - a m so s a s a m to he r the tr pet c ll fro hort di t nce , they ust have been out

s . E i n ter d eba a u of ight in the hollow, not beyond it ither ce t i s not cc rate,

s a w as a ua s u a s s a or the ign l not ct lly o nded t ted . r et i n eba n t u r : the I mperfect denotes an a ction a ttempted but not com l p eted . 96 . N O TE S .

. u i l on i u s a ber a n t : i . e. u t a s . 4 q g , in the f r her p rt of the town ‘ . A va r i cen s ibu s raemiis 2 ii u m mu u m oi sen cf. . 2 s i ascen s t 7 p c 7, q pri i r ’ r mi r it F or a a ae a o osu . F us 0 . p p p the f te of bi , cf. c . 5 , 3

n za n z u l a res : a s a s as s u s m officers p the priv te or legion rie , di ting i hed fro su os his m a an d u of own niple cent ry.

I XLV II .

1 su r a : . 0. . . p cf 44, 5 ea con ten der u n t a level w ay leads from th e saddle u nder the gate u - s t o s u a in the so th we t corner the o th g te .

n ec l oco a e u a con ten t i o : Gau s h ad h a a a the 4. q the l t e dv nt ge of a an d R ma s m wall at their b ck the o n below the .

XLIX .

su b i n mo col l e : col l is s ms t o to Ger ovi a s but it 1 . fi here ee refer g it elf ; ’ m m a R a S ex tius s i s un u ight e n the oche Bl nche, for po ition do btedly in the hollow between the t w o .

a b dex t r o l a ter e : m am u m s a n d u a the ene y c e p fro the we t, wo ld h ve

x s u su R ma s . S e tiu on their right, if they p r ed the o n down the hollow

ro r ess u s : i . e. a s a se e P a so as 3. p g , to po ition ne rer the hollow ( l n) , to ‘ ’ a Gau s u ss a re ressus ma hi s cover the left fl nk of the l [ nle we re d g , king

a s a m m a progress tr tegic ove ent to the re r down hill .

L .

1 a b l a tere a er t o : as a s a s his s arm . p oldier c rrie hield on the left ,

a s a s s i s a l a tu s a er t u m Th e le ving the word h nd free, thi (right) ide c lled p . — — Aed ui probably the very m en who h ad been u nder Litavicus com ing over ’ the shou lder to the eas t would appea r on the Romans right as they faced

As a a a w as u must a north . their ppe r nce nexpected , they h ve been intended onl y to create a divers ion (ma n u s di sti n en dae ca u sa ) by a threatened a a s at as at as . F tt ck on the north ide, or le t the e tern end of the town inding

u a ss s s a the height q ite in cce ible in either of tho e direction , they kept long u a s a m u am s n R m a s nder the fin l e c rp ent , ntil they now c e in ight, givi g the o n

m ss a th e w e re au s m out as the i pre ion th t y G l co e of the e tern end of the town . ‘ ’ 2 . dex t r is ex sert i s : i . e. s m sa um m a a , loo ed fro the g , or ilit ry clo k . A coin fo und on the hill of Ge rgovia represents on one side a chief of th e

an d s a s a an d s u a Arverni, on the obver e oldier with he d ho lder b red.

. su i a l l en i : i . e . as a us R m a s. For 4 f d , r e to deceive the o n the con

s tru . . 2 . ction , cf on c 43,

98 N OTE S .

t at his t at w as t cf. c. 2 repuls e would intensify th e impression h re re fligh ( 4 , so he offers battle where he can rely on his su perior t actics to gain either a victory or the moral advantage of having h is challenge declined.

' on tem r e zci t : sam as at c had ss 4 . p j not the e bridge th by whi h he cro ed a u a V c t s s Ver before, but nother (higher p, ne r i hy) of ho e de troyed by ’ K a s u se a d an d s ts erven it ci n e t orix . ; g (c 34, r ner object to the of , in er p ’ m but t is MS S . aut t so. before ponte , here no hori y for doing

LIV .

1 i sos an teceder e : t a t a n ot . p whe her they here c ed in good f ith or we ar m n ass s have no means ofj udgin g . They e e of the cl pithily de cribed by ‘ ’ m as a s an d c th e t a modern s tates an politic l rodent , their defe tion in nex chapter may have been only d ue to their finding the stat e so far committed to revolt that it would be hopele ss for them to try t o stem the tide .

u os : z/a l es i e a t h ad a m u 4. q q , . . , wh t hey were when he t ken the p

vide . cc. 1 1 20 ( I , ,

1 Noviodu n u m : m N s s a a L . the odern ever , t nding on hill by the oire m s a Novi odun um Bituri es S a some twenty ile bove of the g ( ncerre) . m f u bl i ce : i . e. st a s at au t t n ot as 4. p , with the p of t e hori y, be ore by

ua s private individ l .

a vex er u n t u u a s D ecetia . 8 . no do bt p the river, tow rd

. d r i as Li er i s i e. a sa m s n a : . C s to 9 p g , to prevent e r fro cro i g the north

u a hi s as A edin cum an d Labi en us 6 where he co ld re ch b e ( g ) rejoin (c . 5 ,

ex n i vibu s : w as s s an d s w a u a M 1 0. s a it till pring, no bo nd till l te in y

C s an d M u a s A u L an d i in the evenne o nt in of vergne, where the oire ts tribu taries rise .

LVI .

n am n e 61°C i n a f u s su u him , the f ce of the di fic ltie which rro nded , every

n emo n on su s Ca sa mus s a P bu one ( ) ppo ed e r t need retre t to the rovince , t against such a cou rse there were the following objections ( 1 ) loss of

s 2 f u ss C s his a pre tige , ( ) the di fic lty of cro ing the evenne , (3) nxiety on a Labie n us an d u s him beh lf of the fo r legion with in the north .

vad a i n ven to : a h as a a s s a 4. th t which lw y exi ted ne r Bourbon

Lan e a u t m s a N s. y , bo forty ile bove ever di sposi to equ it a tu : Vege ti us describes the custom as follows : if th e

u t w as s tw o s s a a m u c rren trong, divi ion of c v lry, o nted on the strongest h s s s a a an d th r on or e , were t tioned bove below e fo d , the e body to brea k the N OTE S . 99

f c u t as the t t o u an th e n an r or e of the c rren ( here) , o her pick p y of i f t y who m a a ight be c rried aw y.

. i n S en on es i . e. his as at A edin c um 5 , to b e g .

LVII .

1 . a u d Caesa rem i . e. u Ger ovia cam a h as p , d ring the g p ign, which

- o ccupied the last twenty three chapters .

x I t e al i a . 0. . : cf 7, 5 ’ L u tetia m a a Ca sa s a t s 0. in ccord nce with e r p r ing direction ( 34,

. a l u dem : th e us a a E on n e a m 4 p Ill tr tion of the v lley of the s , t ken fro C i t m s s t S a s a u orbeil , where e ptie it elf in o the eine, indic te the loc lity, tho gh th e precise point at which Labie n us a ttempt ed to cross th e marsh may have e a u a is s s t b en little higher p th n hown in the ke ch .

LVIII .

n avi bus : at s us f rr ac ss t o s a on M t 4. bo ed for e ying ro the i l nd which e io

um M u s a s as a s u s . sed ( el n) t nd , we re d of no bridge on the o th ide By

s a a at u m fastening the e together kind of r ft or flo ing bridge wo ld be for ed .

as ea in e . ‘ ’ a d L u teti a m : . ad Ger oviam . 1 . The t ma i s 5 . cf g , c 37, poin de for s but a a a S i s n ot the town it elf, th t p rt of the right b nk of the eine which

s a viz . a s a s T u S t . a u s . opposite the i l nd , , ne r where now t nd the o r J cq e

6 on tes : u Metiosedu m s a i s t s . p here ( nlike ) the i l nd connec ed by bridge s th e with bot/z side of river .

i ne Lu tet i a e : i .e. a the C té a ut s th e H te C u e r eg o , f cing i , bo the ite of o l l ny.

1 a Ger ov i a : as . . g in 43, 5 a udiebatu r afier eba n tu r : Imperfects implying th e reiteration of the report .

s u n do mot u : as 2 . The s a m u ec in 5 3, ri ing h d beco e s ccessfu l h d a i a s a sta since the Aed ui a t ken t up te .

i n col l o u i is : i . e Labi en u s. q . , with

i t i n er e et Li ere : i . e. m A e din cum st a his g , fro g , the de in tion of intended

ma th e assa L . rch , which involved p ge of the oire ’

a l tera ex a rte ab a a a S e u an ae . 5 . p lter rip q

max imu m l a men a S i s h ad f prob bly the eine intended , which he only ss at M u an d l a h im an d his as a s cro ed el n , which y between b e t Sen on th e

h in h a d Ma Y . R e r v ta s it as onne , howe er, ke the rne . 1 00 N OTE S .

LX .

1 . u att u or mil i a P a O ra a at u q : see l n . pe tions t the point indic ed wo ld

ou t s a n an a m am s u C be well of ight or he ri g of r y enc ped o th of the ité . In ’ n v. Kam en s a a s t m a s m c ssar su t followi g p pl n , ligh odific tion ee ed ne e y to i s a the di t nce given .

ma n a t u mu l t u a s u a i u 3. g the h lf legion ent p the river tow rds ts j nction ’ with the Ma rne w as to divert the enemy s attention from the real crossing below . ‘ ’ . l i n t r es : sma a s a s bu t ua us fu th 4 ller bo t th n the nave , eq lly e l for e us r e.

LXI .

‘ ’ 1 . ut r dis i t i e an t os i : . . 6 ut con u everat an d p cf c 4 , 5 q , II . ‘ ’ c. 1 ut a s as a ci em on i r Ut i s u a t 9 intr ilv c st tue an t . here eq iv len to ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ubi us as us S m s m a i s use of u t , j t j t where . o ething i il r the in c. 68, 1 .

ma ’ u ad n a é c. a s i n o i n a n tes . q g , expl in why they were p ’ t r ibu s l ocis Labi n a 4. if e us s ru se did not entirely divert the ttention of

Gau s m ma s a m s s am a t as i the l fro the in divi ion of the r y ent down tre , le t t w as so far su ccessful that the Gallic forces were divided as though to oppose a c ss at ff s ro ing three di erent point .

LXII .

1 . n ost ri omn es : i . e. s a n d th e a a . The ss , the three legion c v lry cro ing s s i s s but a c a s of the other two divi ion not de cribed , fter the oll p e of the

au s u f u w a G l there wo ld be no di fic lty in their y . cer n eba tu r : the Imperfect seem s to express the gradually incre asing d ay

a R m a s on a m an d light, en bling the o n , who were now the left b nk , ore

a se e m a u s m more cle rly to the ene y dr wn p to oppo e the .

m a Gau s u 6 . ast t er u : th h d u su p g the 7 p r ed the left wing of the l , ntil

h ad ou tflan k ed t he s a n d a s s u they re t , were in po ition to clo e in pon the

a re a r of the Gallic right (see Pl n) .

8 . a t i i : . . 1 . cf on c 9,

l a a as M Pa ass s co l em : prob bly th t known ont rn e, where the we tern

m us s a s L . N a s Va u i rard i s mu railway ter in t nd . poleon give g , which ch the same thing .

0 a d Ca esa r em er ven it : L . N a ma s m a . 1 . p poleon ke Joigny the eeting pl ce

-La an d ma Ca esar h ad crossed the Loire by Bourbon ney (c . de for

a Y n . Labien us m s him on the t i S ens, following the v lley of the o ne eet h rd th e s s a a his own s . T field they erved on hor eb ck , e ch—providing hor e here were tw o classes of evocat i ben efici ar i i who were r equ i r ed to serve when a out a at m s a z s s s c lled , h ving received the ti e of their di ch rge pri e for ervice s a u a an d vol u n t a rii — s r rendered , in the h pe of conq ered l nd who only e ved a ain s s g if they cho e to do o.

LXVI .

i on n u Li n 2 er ex tr emos L n u m es : i . e. s of . p g fi , the o thern border the

s a s a u us u ss A a S adn e aus of gone ; he t ke circ ito ro te to cro the r r ( ) , bec e

s A ed ui s us a s the ho tility of the , who e territory he th void .

. t r i n is cast r i s . . 6 . F or s am see P a . 3 cf on c 4 , 4 the ite of the c p , l n In th e s a m u u a R ma ketch , t ken fro the point occ pied d ring the b ttle by the o n ’ s u a s Vercin et orix s m s am s i s s hollow q re, the po ition of g ore we terly c p een

a T s f a w as on the hills in the dist nce (left) . hi o fer of b ttle in direct conflict

a cam a u . 6 an d su s with the pl n of p ign expo nded in c 4, the re lt both on this

as an d s V a his u m t occ ion on other , when ercingetorix llowed j dg en to be

—c at A vari cu m an d at A s a— his su overru led g . le i only go to prove perior generalship an d in the position he occupied as generalissimo of so m any

s mus a s m a ss independent tribe , we t not too h tily conde n the we kne he

hi s O a his a u H e a showed in yielding own pinion to th t of colle g es . p id for h this weakness with is life . a H ad or i r en tu r : u a u O a . O u a a a s c 4. the reg l r eq iv lent in r t bliq ( fter i tori

T s an m a P s S u u us as m a . en e) for I per tive, or re ent bj nctive ed I per tive

Th e a a f s are a a c um s a c v lry o ficer directed to tt ck the ol n, whil t the inf ntry am s a a a su are drawn u p in front of their c p to give the ppe r nce of pport .

6 de e u i tibus : V s ms a G ma s . q ercingetorix ee to h ve overlooked the er n

C a sa . t a . with e r, cf nex ch pter

id : i . e. a ta s . , the t ck propo ed

v i 1 .

s P r obata r e é e. . . 2 . 1 . , cf on c , 3

i u r iu ra n do i . e. a s u s. e , the o th propo ed by the eq ite

- i n t r a l e i on es : a s u a i s m se e P a . . 3. g hollow q re for ed , l n, p 47 ’ a ci em con ver t i K a a s s u but as i s MS . au t 4. r ner re d con tit i, there thori y

con ver ti h as u a m a a a - for , it been tho ght prefer ble , e ning th t the b ttle front of the legions w as t u rned in the direction from which the cavalry seemed ”

m s ss cf. our a s. o t pre ed, ch nge front

Germa n i : s as th e G rma s th e d a 5 . the econd occ ion on which e n decide y ’ a s a u cf. . 1 0 80 . in C aes r f vo r, cc 3, 7 , ’ su mmu m i ngu m : t aking it as sufficiently e stablished by Napoleon s in a a -fiel d l a th e ri V a an d i ts vestigati ons th t the b ttle y by ver inge nne, t u ar th e a i u a rib t y B d n , in the bed of which q n ’ s s s s u a s titie of hor e hoe s were fo nd , with the n il st t m—s a th e s s ill in he howing th t hoe —were left attached to th e hoofs of dea d horses tu mu li a lso i n the n eighbourhood were fou nd to con ta n es men an d s s am s i bon of hor e , with orn ent — an d weapons one point remains t o be d is ’ uted viz Na s a su m p , . , poleon identific tion of mu m i n u au The us a g m with Monts geon . Ill tr t ion shows that hill t o be unsuited for caval ry ma o u Th a s s n e vring. e e tern lope of it , down which the Germans are supposed to have a is s a a a a a ch rged , o steep , th t ch rge by c v lry could only end in disas ter to the force tha t c u a m t A s h as o ld tte p it . nother ite therefore been sought for that from which the Germ ans ur t ned the flank of the Gallic left wing . Nearly a m ile northward from Mont saugeon the road to Langres runs along a ridge ( shown in the foreground to the right in the Illustra

u s su as u s as a tion) , j t ch wo ld be de cribed i n u m c a u on cer ta i n l i s n ot g (w lz i /z M on ts ge y ) , a n d quite suffi ciently raised a bove the level of

a a c u the pl in , to give force which o c pied it m w a decided a dvantage over an ene y belo . It i s therefore proposed that this ridge i s the ‘ ’ summum n u m s M sau i s e m i g , whil t ont geon ’ a ca roximus s t o b a ph ti lly p colli , which the g 0 gage of the Romans is t aken for safety ( .

68 2 a a t s n a , ) fter the b ttle, while the roop e g ge

a T s in p u rsuit of the Gauls t owards Alesi . hi ’ s i s ma Na o s ma po ition rked on p leon p , on the hill to t h e east of the railway station of Vau x ” s us- A u is d f u t an o bigny . It however i fic l for y one standing on the battle -fiel d to se e how tha t ‘ ’ s o u s as roxim us s po iti n co ld be de cribed p colli , m as s ar a s for ing, it doe , p t of long line of hill stretching a long the west side of the road from

D La s ijon to ngre .

s . E or edor i x ua duce do e s u s 7 p , q , . di ting i hed by th e Relative Clause from the Epored orix

s a Vi rid ma as so o ru s cf . oci ted oftenwith , . Index N TE S 1 04 O .

L XVIII .

1 . a t col l ocaverat : . c. 6 1 1 . T ma st a t off us cf on , hey rched r igh , j t as st u tu am s s they ood, witho t re rning to the c p on the hill behind them . se su bsequ i : the baggage m ust have taken a diff erent route from that

u su th e a m u a p r ed by flying r y, or it wo ld inevit bly have fallen into the R ma s T i s al l m hands of the o n . his the ore certain a s there i s an old ‘ R m a a a t u T - Chét tel A s a the a Ga c o n ro d le ding hro gh hil to le i , to re r of the lli m ca ps.

2 al ter a die L . Na s c s at Ca sa mea s . poleon bring eviden e to how th e r n

h secon d da a ter sta rt i n . . 1 1 1 . t e y f g , cf c , ‘ ’ m . a d A l esi a m a d G e r ovi a 1 . A s a vi de us a s like g , c 37, le i ( Ill tr tion ) , whose name i s still preserved in connection with that of a medieval saint

u at a R ma l a au M tort red to de h by o n governor, covered the whole p te of ont

- - - s a u an d a a m s an d a a m a . The Auxoi , bo t one h lf ile in length , h lf ile bro d excavations condu cted from 1 862 - 1 865 prod uced a rich h arvest of anti

u ities an d us s a s s m st m m a q , concl ively e t bli hed the ite of one of the o e or ble

s r . A s a u w as s mm sieges in hi to y t t e then erected on the u it of the hill,

u c Gau w h o a so m in hono r of the heroi l , fter fighting nobly for the freedo

hi s u s m s a a R m a u a s a of co ntry peri hed i er bly in o n d ngeon five ye r l ter, when h um hi s u he h ad graced t e tri ph of conq eror.

LXI X.

s i obsidi on e : t u a s o st a s t as G er ovia 1 . n i ho gh not ne rly rong po i ion g t m a C a sa h ad aus s (about half the heigh fro the pl in) , e r c e for declining to ri k Th e a a a s m a as u another repul se . following topogr phic l det il y e ily be nder

m a s Ma an d us a s . 6 6 . stood by co p ri on with the p Ill tr tion , pp 5 , 3

' macema m : a a s s s a c m . 5 . w ll of loo e tone neither l id in order nor e ented

u s mu n it i on i s i . e. s s c. 2 . 6 . ei , the inner line de cribed in 7

LXX .

Ger ma n os : a a G ma s u of. . 6 . 2 . g in the er n t rn the tide, on c 7, 5 i sus bu t u ss th e aus s . r u tio cf. . 2 i r p on c 7, the gen inene of cl e pected ’ or tis r el i ct i s a a s ma a a 3. p the g tew y in the ceri , only the n rrower of

P or tas s a s t a e . which were left open . (below) refer to the g te of the own bov

6 u i i n f ra mu n i ti on es era n t i . e. a . . q , the inf ntry

LXXI .

’ mil ia l x x x : t s i s r a as Ca sa s m ast ex a era 3. hi eg rded one of e r bo b ic gg

106 N OTE S .

a b r a mi s i e. m t at th e b a s a t . , fro the poin which r nche p r ed they projected h e s m u a u t . us a . 6 . bove gro nd, te being b ried , cf Ill tr tion , p 5

u in i or di n es : u i n i 4 . q there were everywhere five (q ) ditches for

s s a s u s s but so s a u s o the e t ke , r nning ide by ide, clo e th t the projecting bo gh f a s th e K a s t w s one interl ced with tho e of next . r ner think here were five ro a of cippi in e ch ditch . ’ ci os a t ci rros h as su st must pp if the re ding be correc been gge ed) , we u s a ci u s a m a s a st s nder t nd the pp , which ordin rily e n po of wood or tone u s as a ma a m a m s a ac a us ed rk (l nd rk or to b tone) , to be pplied to e h v ll but s s m a u a a a it doe not ee p rtic l rly ppropri te .

6 r a eust i am a m a . p the f ili r ode of h rdening wood . ’ ’ d itis u a tt u or d z z t u s a fin er s - br ea dt/z ig q the lg g .

s i n a l i edes : a t t m a s as an d 7 . g p the bo to of e ch pit oil w thrown in am tr pled down to the depth of one foot to m ake the post stand firm .

l il i u m a a i 8 . : the ide of lily s seen in the form of the pit widening m u an d m Tra s t a s its s s m s a . ow rd o th , with the po t to re e ble the t en ce of s a s are s s at am s s b ut su s ever l of the e till to be een the c p on the hill , the re lt

f a a s a o most of the exc v tion h ve been ob literated by agricult ure . ‘ ta l eae : s a s an d al l a s se e us a for the e c ltrop the bove device , the Ill tr

t . 6 . ion, p 5

LXXIV .

i v rsas a b bi s n ot ff m cf. a r es but on the s 1 . d e di erent in for ( p ) , oppo ite M m a as s s s h is s a a m . ide of line , w y fro the town odern ilit ry phr eology tyle ‘ ’ ‘ s u m a a an d s s a c u these the line of circ v ll tion , tho e de cribed bove o nter ’ The u s u al l his am s m a s vallation . o ter line incl ded c p , ny of which (tho e of

h a r s u A s a an d s u m a t e inf nt y) were on the height ro nd le i , con eq ently e br ced

m s a w id er circuit (fourteen ile ) .

’ ‘ ei u s di scessu : could only rerer to C aesar s absence from an y particular

a s E uitatus d isce ssu h as su s p rt of the line . q been gge ted the reference

h a a r 1 ma s r s s . t o the desp atch of t e G llic cav l y (c. 7 ) ke ve y good en e

x x L v .

ro ei us bos i t io : l zos i t i u m t a/fa h as En s u a t 5 . p p p , like E , no gli h eq iv len ’ ‘ ’ ‘ s ms mu ua s ta a re ss ns relat ions of friend hip , ter of t l ho pi lity, expre io

representing th e meaning . LXXVL

n Br ita n n i a : of. I V. . 2 1 2 . 1 . i cc , 7 A at s as a a for M ar i n as a ttr i bu er a t : not only were the treb e , rew rd ’ m al l t a a an d a i ow n C ommius s services, free fro x tion , llowed to enjoy the r

u M e a a u m . laws, b t the orini wer obliged to p y trib te to the 1 07

en seba n t u r : at a a m u s - w as ta an d u m s 3. r ec review ter roll ken , the n ber

s s . a a d e d rrcti on corre pond with tho e given in c 75 , llowing of

B a ellov ci .

a d A l esia m as . 1 1 . 5 . in c 4 , ‘ ’ 6 a n ci i ti r oel i o : i t s usua s s s but t an . p p not in l en e of indeci ive, wi h d e m s s an d i . e. th e s a s an ne y on both ide , behind before, , with be ieged g rri on

a m the relieving r y .

L XXVII .

1 . A t : . c. 1 . cf on 9,

raeter i ta di e of. . 1 . p on c 3,

ad con sil i u m a a i s u m t u n ot t o 3. the ordin ry re ding concili ho gh be

us ma s s s . conf ed, either ke en e

6 di n it as i e s a ss i s . . g . . , of tho e who h ve expre ed th opinion h ad ta bos u i n e l ex er u n t i e . Gau s 9. q g : . , the other l who ken u a ms s p r for the relief of the be ieged . ‘ ’ n imi u sa V m l a i u u a 1 0 a ca cf. . . 1 2 a vo u t t s e a s . . c ni i p q c

1 1 il l or u m n u n t i us : i . e. m ss s m s u run . , if no e enger fro their friend co ld

a m at as a a R m a s on the block de , they ight le t re d in the ctivity of the o n their ou ter lines circumvallation proof of the speedy arrival of relief. ‘ ’ 1 2 . mei con si l ii : . . u us id con si l i i u ss co n overin t . cf c 5 , 5 q ib f i e g ‘ 1 simil e : u s a u i l l i bel l i n o t a 4. nder t nd h ic bello o s t to be ken with simi l e but u it , withf in illo bello) .

1 6 . secu ri bu s su biecta : P a a u s a of the rovince, being lre dy nder the w y

' ’ ‘ ’ th e R ma su w as as it u t s asc s an d o n procon l , , were, nder the lic or f e ‘ ’ s cu e res .

LXXVIII .

r eci i r ohibebat Ca sa a s a th at the u tu at 5 . p p e r dr w veil over e f e of nfor n e

an d ub a ha s m M ii . is s t Dio Cas s us r It t ed by i t t , neithe ide receiving the , m s a m s they perished i er bly between th e city walls an d the Ro an line .

LXXIX .

l i a m 1 ad A es : . . 6 . cf c 7 , 5 .

col l e es ter ior e i . e. a s s a . Th e i , th t on the we t ide of the pl in v ew of the m s s i s mma vide us a n . whole po ition fro thi hill very co nding ( Ill tr tio , p There is s ome diff erence of opinion wh at site on the hill w as occupied by

au s v Kam s a u a a the G l . pen cover the whole pl te a with them b ut it ppe rs

m a at c u the s s a A s a aus 1 ore prob ble th they o c pied lope f cing le i , bec e ( ) the view towards the besieged town i s no more comprehensive from the top of

h e a m s 2 a so an d s o far m m th t hill th n fro the ide ( ) hill , high re oved fro e 1 08 N O TE S .

sc act u u u su a m a u s s s ene of ion , wo ld be q ite n it ble for ilit ry p rpo e , e pecially for cavalry ; (3) C aesar expressly gives a mile ( n an l on gi u s mil l e pa ssi bu s)

m R ma s as s a at Gau s am an fro the o n line the di t nce which the l enc ped, d th e f oot of the hill at the nearest point is abou t a m ile from the Roman ’ s a a s a a s Kam en ma work (4) the re enclo ed by line of e rthwork in v . p s p appears ou t of proportion to the needs even of so large a force a s that of ’ R m a a a u su Gau s u s u ad as a the text (5 ) the o n c v lry p r e the l q e c tr , which w ould be pra ctically impossible if the camp were on the top of so steep a

vi de P a . hill, l n

2 demon str a vimu s : . 6 . c 9, 3.

. rox i mam ossa m i . e. st t n c 20 . . 2 4 p f the fir re h of ft wide (c 7 ,

LXXX .

1 a d u tr a m ue a r tcm : i . e. ua s a a n st an at a m . q p , to g rd the line g i t ck fro either the besieged or the relieving force .

ex edi t as l evi s a r ma tu r a e : of . . 1 8 1 6 . 3. p on c , 5 , 4

R m a s . m r s i e . co l u e . 4 . p , o n

re te a c t u r it er act u m a m an u the a 5 . c p f e ch , by the p blicity of eng ge

m w as st mu a a s an d a s a . ent , i l ted to g in di tinction void di gr ce

r man i u m s am a th e ma s 6 . Ge : for the fo rth ti e in thi c p ign Ger n decide

d R ma s . . 1 6 0. the ay for the o n , cf cc 3, 7, 7

sa itt ar i i : i . e. s m s s am the ca a a 7 . g , the kir i her fighting ong v lry, bove

8 s ui col l z en di : . . 2 . . lg cf on c 43,

LXXXL

’ ‘ ’ m a r a Ga th s 1 . Gal l i : a e e te s the r y of relief c lled lli , be ieged in riore ,

u i obsideban tur . 8 1 8 2 q in oppido (cc 77, , ,

cr a ti u m sca l a ru m b a r a on u m : . E u sus 1 1 an d c. 2 2 2 . , , p g cf xc r , , , , note

i i n es : i e s a ss a i n t a est r es mu n t o . . n c c mp , the li e cro the pl in, fron of whi h a h ad u the battle of t w o d ys before been fo ght .

u t s u er i or ibu s di ebu s a re m t u th e m u of 4 . p we only infor ed hro gh o th ma a a rit o n atus . a R s C g (c 77, of the d ily drill of the o n in nticip tion of

a this a tt ck . f u n dis l i br il i bu s slings for hu rling large stones ( 1 A large number of such stone b alls of severa l pound s weight fou nd in the excava tions may

um a A s T s ma a us be seen in the little m use t li e. he e y h ve been ed chiefly

ba l l i sta e for the .

sud z bu s : a general term for the various st akes described in c . 73.

s a -s a a s a a a u gl a ndibu : corn h ped b ll of le d, or e rthenw re, which co ld be ’ - an d u s se t m s am &c. V. . . heat ed white hot, ed to fire to the ene y c p, , c 43

1 1 0 N OTE S .

mn ibus a h 2 . o l oci s : this c n only be applied t o t e whole length of the

h a s a T i s lines from Mont Réa to t e hill of Fl avigny cro s the pl in. here no reason t o suppose an y atta ck w as m ade by the relieving force or the besieged

an h R ma s a s s s on y other part of t e o n line th n the e on the we t ide .

i n al ien a vi r t u te : a R ma s u 4. the d nger of either line of o n (who fo ght

ac a u a u t asmu as b k to b ck) , depended pon the v lo r of the o her, in ch the

a s u s a S m a sal u te. defe t of the other wo ld expo e the re r of the one . o e re d

- ‘ am n i a en im : . th e s a Ta tus m um 5 . cf well known ying of ci , o ne ignot ’ ma n ifico a pro g h bere .

LXXXV .

1 idon eum l ocu m : a t - st s the of . prob bly on the nor h we lope of hill

he u s a s a i s a m a t F a . T t t l vigny Ill tr tion howing the b ttle ken fro th poin , comm anding a view of the whole length of the line s exposed to the att ack (vide Plan

' s i n z u u m l oci do e. . . 8 2 . s a a s s 4. q , cf c 3, Beginner lw y find thi sentence

u z z b ut m s s . Th e m a is : m th e R ma p ling , o t editor ignore it e ning fro o n u a u a u a u th e u sl o rn as point of view the nf vo r ble ( neven) n t re of gro nd, p g,

s m s a at s a a a a t o it doe , down to the botto of the hill , give gre tr tegic dv nt ge

u H th e d iscomfiture h e R ma s. th e force on the higher gro nd . ence of t o n ‘ ’ ‘ ’ M omen tu m th e a s a . For as um . . inclin tion of the c le f tigi , cf c 73, 5 ‘ ’ ‘ ’ n u i re ad in fimum ast s m a us n as a g st o f igio , i il rly declivis loc te ui f tigio

I . ‘ ’ 6 . a scen su m da t Ga ll is : as . 8 1 Ga s f s t o the here , before (c , lli re er

i u V ca i l l aun u r arm . e . er ss ve us T t a e y of relief, , the force nder . ho gh hey

u s R m a mu n iti o h as t o su m u F or on the higher gro nd , till the o n be r o nted . this purpose the Gauls pu t their shoulders together to make a bank that will ' ‘ ’ a s an d u s an a a th e ram ar Th e stu cover the pitf ll f rni h ppro ch to p t . te do

h e Gau s h ad a m R ma s E u sus 1 1 . t l le rnt fro the o n , cf. xc r ,

LXXXVI .

‘ ’ 2 . er u tion e u n et Labi en us i s as a s to p p g directed only dernier re ort , a his six s an d u s m a a s h t ke cohort , , q itting the line , ke ortie into t e ranks m of the ene y.

r el i u as s a t a s th e a a a au 3. q tho e the fortific tion on pl in, tt cked by the G ls

V iv l l au n not with ercass e us .

des erat i s ca m est r i bu s l ocis a u su ss u a m 82 4 . p p fter their n cce f l tte pt (c . ,

s t al l ss s a u al l when they pen night in cro ing one trench , the be ieged g ve p hope of m aking an a ttack on the lines to the west where the grou nd gave R ma s a s a a a a n ot mu h a n the o n po ition of gre ter dv nt ge , ch d bee done by f s tc w ay of de ence beyond the ingle di h. N OTE S . 1 1 1

l oca a ru ta h a s su u to s pr e p t e p rt of the hill rro nding the town , which thi

s t a s i s F a s i s s a de crip ion pplie , the hill of l vigny, who e northern edge e c rped T s with a line of cliffs running almost the whole length of the hill . he e

’ cl ifls u s R ma a n d u s wo ld be enclo ed between the o n inner o ter line , the

m at i s n ot s the for er being the foot of the hill, where it very teep ; yet

s m sa tem t are t s s assa the s be ieged ight be id p he e height , if they iled line , the ss u a m is a s at cro ing of which wo ld le d to the . It l o to be inferred th the a s s w as s u s aus Ca sa s s fin l ortie of the be ieged on the o th ide , bec e e r end h Labien us t o th e 0. 86 s ms c. 8 2 t e north ( , then goe hi elf ( 7, ) to repel

s m an d a as s Labien us . 8 ortie fro the town , fin lly h ten to join (c 7,

Lx x x v u .

ex r ox i mo castel l a t o ua a a s al l m m u a 4. p g rd g in t e ergencies there st h ve

a a s a u s u ra been g rri on left in e ch of the redo bt , which co ld be withd wn now

a l l s Gau s a s the force ofthe l were evidently concentr ted on one or two point .

Th e u u s a M t R a redo bt referred to wo ld be one of tho e ne r the foot of on é . equ it u m pa r t em ci r cu mi r e : this body of cavalry must h ave come

m am a n d s a a fro the northern c p kirting the hill , where ro d now

u s s u a Verca ssi vel l aun us see P a r n , de cended pon the re r of ( l n) .

x l cobor t i bu s i s f u 5 . [ ] it di fic lt to believe in the ch ance a rrival of four

— - legions more tha n one third of the whole army occupying the fou rteen m s um a a Can a ile of circ v ll tion . the correct re ding be xi instead of xl ?

Lx x x v n r.

1 . li a ce decl i via : Ca sa m s u m s a an d i e r co e p fro the line on the pl in , s

t as s his ms a Gau s M R herefore e ily een in cri on clo k by the l on ont éa .

. e uit at us cer n it u r i . e . at m 8 3 q , th entioned in c . 7, 4.

LXXXIX .

i se con sedit : at s a s 4. p l er hi tori n describe how the Gallic hero ’ u a m u u Ca sa s t u a th e am a s nobly rode in f ll r o r p to e r rib n l on r p rt , d is

m u an d a u his s an d s an d at o nted , g ve p hor e word , knelt the steps of the ’

c u s a . . 68 onq eror ch ir (cf on c ,

forfn . t ota s D a u s V . . an d a s a 5 thi of the tive occ r in III c 34 ; perh p bove, ‘ ’ c 6 i s D a a . 3, 7, toto bello tive with besse .

ca i ta si n ul a : s s u sua st ut am s p g pri oner were lly di rib ed ong the oldiers, ma at u s m as s a s who de wh they co ld by elling the l ve .

XC .

8 su l i catio : a a s . pp th nk giving fe stival of fifteen d ays w as without pre ’ t Ca sa s m a c s c a Gau . eden before e r e ond c p ign in l (II c.

1 1 4 E X C URS US ON THE R OMAN A RM Y.

- a a im edi men t a u in t s s &c. a a a ma s b gg ge ( p ) , incl d g ent , tool , , c rried by p ck ni l

i u men t a a u a 2 u m ( ) , of which there were bo t 600 to e ch legion ( ) the eq ip ent

ac s sa rci n ae u hi s a s a m m s an d of e h oldier ( ) , incl ding r tion of gr in, i ple ent

a a m m S p re clothing . A legion ry w as at t i es required to carry as uch as

0 l bs . T s u w as as a u r ca mu l us ma r i a n us 4 hi b rden f tened to pole (f or ) , an d h ad to be laid aside before the soldier became ready for a ction (expo

dit u s . . 1 8 c. 2 2 . ) , cf c , 4 ; 7,

. Th e a w a s c t h a s ss s tu n i ca 4 legion ry lo e d in leevele woollen hirt ( ), next to which came the leathern coa t strengt hened by bands of metal

l or ica . s w as t bad a a m a a sa u m ( ) Over the e hrown in we ther ilit ry clo k ( g ) , a s a Br accae s n ot i a s ort of bl nket . (breeche ) were worn t ll the d y of the

m S s s a a s ca l cei . For n s v e e pire. hoe or nd l ( ) protected the feet defe i — a rm o u r the legionary wore a helmet ( cassi s or ga l ea ) officers being dis tin uish ed a um cr i st a — a s z ocr ea e an d a s g by pl e ( ) , gre ve of bron e ( ) , hield

cut u m a m a For w a o s (s ) of wood covered with le ther or plates of et l . e p n o f o ff en c e the infantry soldier carried a sword (g l a di us ) an d a spe ar il u m s s a w as a t m a (p ) , who e h ft wooden , with long poin of iron ter in ting in s a - a an d so s u t a u u the pe r he d con tr c ed th t , when h rled , the point wo ld bend ’

m a an m a . G . on co ing into cont ct with ene y s rmour or shield (cf. B . I

u s ss as a a his ha A a a il a u an d so be ele we pon in nd . fter b ttle the p co ld be

an d a a Th e m collected e sily rep ired by the engineers (f abri ) . botto of the

S a w as a s a so a m m a s s u pe r l o provided with point , th t it ight ore e ily be t ck

u A a il u m i s m . 8 2 il a mu r a l i a into the gro nd . [ he vier kind ofp entioned (c p )

ca s I n u in the defence of fortifi tion ] the Ill stration (p . of the two

a s s i s ma r ex edit a s . legion ry oldier one in rching order, the othe p

For A rt r R ma s u a a . s us e 5 ille y , the o n ed v rio engines denoted by the g ner l

m tor men t a . Of s cat a u l t ae scor i on es w as us ter the e , one kind ( p or p ) ed

a a s a bal l istae a s s s l a n des . for l rge rrow , nother ( ) for he vy tone or bolt (g ) These two kinds of a rtillery would serve th e p u rposes of Gatling gu ns an d

a s s ru th e sam field ordn nce re pectively. Both were con t cted on e principle,

an d s s a am - a a m ss an d a s m con i ted of fr e work , tr ck for the i ile , pring for ed

s a s a t h e a s m a a ss - b u t u i of tr nd of h ir, ction re e bling th t of cro bow, req ir ng

u a . Fron ti s i ece . h as s ma a a m ss powerf l lever ge, cf p It been e ti ted th t i ile

u d ba l l i sta t o a s a 00 a s s th e co l be projected by the di t nce of 4 y rd , whil t

r a as m sco pio could c rry any feet . ’ Ca sa s arm C a v a r s s e au a s Ger 6 . In e r y the l y con i t d of xili rie , chiefly

m an s m a as s s u s s . Th e , who rendered , on ny occ ion , di ting i hed ervice

a a al a e an d s a a t a r ma c an d decur ia e c v lry were divided into , the e g in into , m A u a r s s s m a a r a ct us e u it u . an d com nded by p efe q xili ie , con i ting of light d m s s l evi s a r m a t u r ae mi l it es s s ar cherf arrn e skir i her ( ) , linger

i t t a r i i d a m a s (sag ) . were r wn fro the llie . E X C URS US ON THE R OM AN ARM Y. 1 1 5

I n Ba e usu a a a m t w as th e t r i l ex a ci es 7. ttl the l rr nge en of the legion p , w a u u hereby the ten cohorts were dr wn p fo r in the front row, three in the

an d as a ss a a u z n cu n x . T s next, three in the l t , in che bo rd p ttern (q ) hi order w as f u a req ently v ried. 8 O n t h e M a usua w as a s um a men a . rch , the l order ingle col n ( g ) , e ch

e its a a a a at s l gion being followed by own b gg ge, the c v lry keeping the ide

a a as m s m s or in the re r, ccording ight ee be t for the protection of the

um . A s u a or bi s a ci es t r i l ex w as s m m s col n hollow q re ( ) , or even the p , o eti e resorted to in the presence of a thre atened a ttack .

Th e a m w as a m a a mu u C a m - ers cal on es r y cco p nied by ltit de of p follow ( ,

m u l i on es l i x a e a t o a a an d u s s s . T s , ) , to ttend the b gg ge f rni h provi ion he e ,

as m a s ua u a w s ua . in the c e of for ing hollow q re , wo ld be pl ced ithin the q re

. The C a m w as u sua s ua a a a a s 9 p lly q re , with g tew y in e ch ide, su u a an d am a an d rro nded with ditch r p rt, divided in the interior by two

a w as broad pass ges running parallel to the front . In the centre the ’

P r a et or iu m a s fa n a . Ea an d u , or gener l tent , ci g the front g te ch cohort cent ry

had its a a t s a a ur . The llotted pl ce, eight ent being llowed to e ch cent y ca m w as ua u s s r ocu bit ar es ex cubia e ts station es p g rded by o tpo t (p , ) or picke ( ) , an d at s s a s u a s vi i l i ae a a t night by entinel l o in fo r w tche ( g ) , ver ging hree

u s a . The m vi i l ia e as us s s i s a sma ho r e ch ter g , ed for the entrie , pplied to ll

s ua sta t i on es s s a custodes or bodie on g rd, to whole divi ion keeping w tch ; u st di m c o ae are s a ua s s et a a u a e. . or t a ru . peci l g rd over p rtic l r object , g , p

1 0. u S e a n m s m ur In cond cting the ie g of tow , three ethod ight be p sued ‘ ’ 1 a u - -m a su assau o u n at io r e en ti n a ( ) co p de in, or dden lt ( pp g p ) , which u ss in th e as a a C a sa wo ld only be po ible c e of pl ces we kly protected . e r a m t s m t at er ovia tte p ed thi e hod G g .

2 F ma s a u n a tzo as s but ( ) or l iege ( pp g ) , in the c e of trongly fortified, not

im a l s s . I n t i s m a Avar icum w as a pregn b e po ition h nner t ken.

B c a absidi a obsessio ci r cu mva l l a tia cas s di d n ot (3) lo k de ( , , ) , in e which a m m m T s w as a a s d it of either of the for er ethods. hi dopted in the c e of ’ A s a a C a sa s a e r via le i fter e r experience t G go . Th A a a u s u h a 1 1 . e pp r t sed in these operations consisted of t e sc ling

a sca l a . w m a s u a t A s a l dder ( , c of hich the et l portion were fo nd le i

us a . 1 1 2 m u s cr a tes ss c s an d ( Ill tr tion , p , ) , h rdle ( ) , for cro ing dit he , hooked

- l ce z s a s a s b a a on es us a . 1 1 2 d pike like bo t hook (f or p g , cf. Ill tr tion , p ) , for tearing down fences ; these would be followed by battering -rams (a r i et es)

t c e t - us s muscu l i an d s s vi n eae a u m pro e t d by pen ho e ( ) , hed ( ) le ding p to the , ’ u the men u sa a a m s a nder which co ld fely ppro ch the ene y w ll, either to

a u m it. For a ast a a a testudo m b tter or nder ine h y tt ck , would be for ed by ’ h e s d rs s s a - l t ol ie hield pl ced together so as to resemble a tortoise she l (cf. 1 1 6 E X C URS US ON THE ROMAN A RM Y.

F s n an a er a ti a c u f u in ronti piece) . O gg , ddi on l prote tion wo ld be o nd the use m a s s l ut ei usua s s st tu s of ov ble creen (p ) , covered lly with kin , whil rret on wheels (tu r r es a mbu l a tor i ae) were used as a means of clearing the wall Th s s Avaricum an d A s a u s u s of its defenders . e iege of le i f rni h f ll de criptions th e at m s s a s are s of l ter two ethod of iege , det il of which noticed in the note .

For a u l l er accou n t o tbc or a n i z a tion a n d o er a ti on s o tire a r m tb c f f g p f y , ’ ’ stud en t is r e er r ed to tire i n t r oduction t o Kr a n er s edit i on a nd to u dson s f , y ’ ” aesa r s A r m r w /z iclz tlt mat er i al s r t ab E x cu rsu s nave C y , f om e f o he ove

been ma i n ly deri ved.

1 1 8 MS I D ] O .

To aspire to the crown

To a a d s u a m sen ten t ia m erd ucere g in over p (cf.

con cil ia r e , c .

a u i n d ma n er e To remain f ithf l fi e .

c i m e m a d er i t r To invest with supreme power d er r e p r i u (cf. p m t e e

mma m m r su i e i i . p , c

l i u z d u men t To be a warning t o the rest esse r e q s oc o.

m s su mma im er ii sever i tas Th e o t rigorous discipline p . ” coercion j

C . V .

l i cu i u s esse i n de To be i n alliance with some one a fi .

m co ias su bsidio a l ien i mitt ere To despatch a contingent t o so e p . ’ one s aid M a i s to i d mi/t i con sil n est u t u id y pl n (cf. q

mei con sil ii est c .

’ m a ass ma n a d cu lta te a ci r es mil u To be greatly e b rr ed g ifi fi (cf.

T a a mma st i n ma n is di cu l tat ibu s o be pl ced in dile g fi ,

c . T0 t a c at r oel io dimica r e figh pit hed b tle p .

c. vrr.

i t I t i s of p a ramount import ance t o omn ibus con sil i s a n evert en d u m est u t

’ ti n r To be some one s neighbou rs fin es al icu i us con ge e.

0 . . viii

n i m r To take by surprise i n opi a n t es oppr e e. or t u n s al i cu i u s n l r To take measures for the protection f i co su e e. ’ of s ome one s property cast r m e i n al i uem ver sus To m ake a move in the direction of a ov re q . some one

n i To h appen u su ve re.

as a t c at o i n i on e r a ecz er e. To forec t , n i ip e p p p i n mn es a rt es er a a r i To scour the country in al l dirce a p p v g . I DI M O S . 1 1 9

To e a u ta a e da r e o era m. nde vo r, ke c r p I arrive by forced m arches qu a m ma x i mis possu m iti n er i bus er ven io p .

c. X.

To aus at ma n a m d cu l tatem a r re c e gre perplexity g ifi fi .

o suff m ffi u du r i s su bv ct i on i bu s l a bor a r e T er fro the di c lty of get e . ting supplies to the front

To u an a s omn es d cu l ta tes er et i end re y h rd hip ifi p p .

T u m t an con tu mel i a m a cci er e o s b i to indignity p .

To a a s m vol u n t a tes a l i cu i u s a l i en a r e lien te o e one .

e .

T mma a m a su ex editior e r e r u men tar ia u ti o co nd ore re dy pply p f . of provisions To st a a ci r cu mva l l ar e o idu inve town (block de) pp m. To besiege absider e To assault To storm

s us u th e u s u ae a d r em u s ui si n t Thing ef l for p rpo e q . Ou tposts P ts cf. icke

S t s custodi ae cu stodes. en inel ,

S u s ex l ora tores co t p . Night -watches Almost the entire number are cap perpau ci des ider a n t u r qu i n cuncti r d ca ia n t u r t u e p .

x 11 c. .

To i n s em a u x il u ven i r conceive hope of relief p e.

To t a s m s n ovi a l i u id i n i r e con s ii en ert in o e new de ign q il .

man a m u ru m com /ere To the w ll p .

To a s l ad i u m dest r i n er e dr w the word g g .

c. xiii .

W a ss mu l t i s a mi ssi s ith he vy lo .

TO a a u th e m a um se ad a men r ece er e f ll b ck pon in col n g p .

To u su i n otest atem r edi er e red ce to bjection p g .

xi v. c .

To m t at s con ti n ua in commoda acci er e eet wi h repe ed check p .

Pr at t sts r ei a mil ian ls commodo iv e in ere f . 1 20 I D ] OMS .

A town by its art ificial defences an d oppidu m mu n it i on e et l aci n at u ra

its atu a s m a ab mn i eri cu l o t u tu m n r l po ition i pregn ble o p . A hiding -place for shirking military a d detr ecta n dam mil itia m receptacu s c l u m ervi e .

c. x v.

’ W t v ct a m st n s as r o e ex l or a ta vi ctor i a ex l i h i ory l o in o e gr p p p p (cf. p a

r a ta m vi ctor i am dimitter e , c. ’ To repair one s losse s ’ To s s m s r ocu mber e a l i en i a d edes set be eech o e one on one p p , (or knees to t ven i am To gran a petition .

c. xvi . From hour to hou r i n To t a ss u n ma n a i n commodo a cer e inflic he vy lo po g fi . To provide by a scheme

c. xvrr.

m a s ex t remam a mem su sten ta r To relieve the extre e p ng of f e. hunger ’ To retire withou t achieving on e s object ’ sta u n n mi n iae er r l oc To regard as a in po one s ig o f e o. reput ation

c . xviii . ’ s su a n su mer e a bu l u m To exh aust one pply of for ge co p .

r ma ex edi r e To get ready for a ction a p .

c. xix

a s am a l u s d cil i s a t u e i m edita An almost imp ass ble w p p ifi q p . ua m ar te di mi ca re To fight a battle on eq l ter s aequ o m . H ow many brave lives victory costs qu ot vi r ar a m f ort i u m morte con stat i a vi ctor .

t r us t To be so firmly resolved as to refuse si c a n i moparatus esse u ec e .

c. xx .

di t i n i s i n si mu l a r . To accu se of treason pr o o e

t a o ort u n i tas . S o critica l a moment ta n pp

a n i mi mol l i ti es mol l i t ia c. Eff eminacy , ( i n e sa n u i ne Withou t shedding a drop of blood s g .

1 2 2 I D] M O S .

c. i xxvii . An u nexpected occurrence

To a tota u n di u e mu r o ci rcu m u n di throng long the whole length of q f . the wall

P -m t -s t con t i n en t i i m etu ell ell, hel er kel er p .

a s aet at e con ectu s Bowed down with ye r j . At a l at e hou r of the night T o have people sorted an d con di spa r a n dos dedu cen dosque ad su os duct ed to their friends

c . . xxix

To s a t se a n imo demi r lo e he r tte e.

To a a c r th e i n acie vi n cer e g in vi to y in open field . To repair a loss by m ore substantial i n commadu m maior ibu s commodis gains

To s a a m th e st a b r el i u i s di ssen ti re t nd loof fro re q .

c. xxx . ’ To s s s m a n imo de cer e er mover i lo e one pre ence of ind fi , p (c .

To s a m n cu l t u m a bder eek conce l ent se i oc e.

To a s a con s ect u m mu l tit ud i n is c er e void ob erv tion p fi g .

To s ss s t a n imo rovid er e et r aesen t i r e be po se ed of fore igh p p . sagacity With fortunes still u nimpa ired r e

No u t i n suetus l obaris t in red to oil .

c xxxi .

m th as un rtrn a n ima l a boro u t a di u n a m I apply yself to e t k of g g .

a u s or a t i on e su bdol a a u t a mi citi a ca er e To win by rtf l word or friendly p . deeds To provide arms an d clothing for a r ma n du m vest i en du mqu e a l iqu em some one

To m a th e ss s demi n u ta s co i as redi n te ra r ke good lo e of the field p g e.

' i uo c n du x z t H s mercenaries q s o .

x xx rr c . .

‘’ T u t a t an d a n ex l abor e at ue i n o i a r e z cer e o recr i fter oil depriv tio q p y .

A m u t s s ma x i me n ecessa r iu m tem u s ost rgen cri i p . m r su mmo est i n ericu l r Th e position i s ost c itical p o es . 2 I D] OMS . 1 3

ffi a str at um er er e To hold o ce m gi g . n s t i l l u st r i s adul escen s A promising an d distinguished you th fl or e e .

a l ere c t r versi a m To keep up a quarrel on o .

c . xxxiii .

mn i bu s rebus orn ar e To decorate with al l kinds of dis o . t in ction s

i e a descen d r To have recourse to force of arms a d v m a tqu rma e e. ’ i n e s first atte n ti on t o a m a t t e i a erter e 0 To g ve o r r e pr ev (cf. . ’ To s m s s d mi n u er e a l i u id de i u re a l i cu i us infringe o e one right e q .

c . xxxiv.

To a n a e on t em i n ter r u m er e r esci n der e c bre k dow bridg p p , ( 35 )

To a r a e on tem re cer e c rep i bridg p fi ( .

c. xxxv .

To t out tt s di s on er e ex l or at or es cu stodi a s c hrow vede e p p , ( .

5 9 0

T f vada t r a n si re u men o ord a river fl .

To m a u s n iect u ra m ca er e for g e s co p .

c. xxxvi . ’ To a r e a five a s ma u i n tis cast r i s erven ire r iv fter d y rch q p . To reconnoitre a position

To ffi u a ss al l s s omn es a ditu s d cil es Iza bere be di c lt of cce on ide ifi .

To c mm ssa at r em r u men tar i a m ex edi r e get the o i ri in order f p . ’ A general s staff quos si bi (du x ) ad con sil i u m capien du m del e i t 0 g (cf. . To l et no day pass without testing n u l l u m di em i n t er mitter e qu i n per s i ciat p . O s a t e r e ion e o idi ppo ite own g pp .

R c m s a rr su bsidi o ven it u r einfor e ent ive .

c. x x x vrr.

To e ecu n i a sol l icita re cf. ra emi a de brib p , p

To put under an obligation

c. xxxviii . To ut to at u a d i n dicta ca usa i n te cere p de h nhe r rfi . 1 24 [ D I OMS .

c. xxxix . f i a mm l oco n a tus O h gh r nk su o . us Of humble origin bu mil i l oco n at . To a u l m men ta aest i ma r e take no cco nt of evi o .

’ ! u a m m t s s a n u l l a i nt er osi ta du bi ta tione Witho t o en he it tion p . u a cel erit ate osi ta est S uccess depends pon r pidity p . To make overtures for surrender To cry quarter

c . xli . res est i n er i cu l o Th e situation is critical p . To prepare for a repetition of the se i n poster u m di em si mil emq d a casu m a ar are occu rrence on the following y pp .

xii . c. i To allow oneself time for inquiry spa t i u m sibi ad cog n oscen du m r el i u

To treat a casu al rumou r (mere l evem a udit i on em pr o r e comper ta

hears ay) as an e stablished fact ba ber e.

To add u th e r em rocl i n a t a m adiu vare f el to fire p .

u m s sa da ta de edu cere To entice out nder pro i e of fe fi . conduct

c . xliii .

ts a z ca ere com en dio ex di re ti s bon is To fascinate with the profi re li ed p p p . from the spoil

c . xliv. ’

u a s a cu l t as ben e r ei er en dae. An opport nity for chieving one f

c. xlv. i e u t u m s eci es a c simu l ati . A display of sham cavalry q p a

x c. lvi . In a straight line si n u l l u s a n r a ctu s i n ter cedi t A s the crow flies f . To make the as cent more gentle a tu r a l oci er t As the nature of th e ground allows ut n f . To take a sies ta

1 26 I D M S ] O .

S tat u s ecu n ia u bl ica e f nd p p .

c. lvi . A godsend u nder embarras sing quad pro rei n ecessit at e oppor t u n u m

circum stances est .

To s an a m r u men to ex l er e ex er ci ta m provi ion r y f p .

c. l vrr.

h u m mma s u mma i m er i i T e s pre e co nd p . u m si n u l ar i s scien ti a r ei mil it a ris Uneq alled ilita ry knowledge g .

a d lz on or em evoca r e To summon to a pos t (of honou r) .

a m sa ocu m i m edir e To m ke a district i pas ble l p .

c. lviii . r n r To make a road ite mu i e. ad bel l u m evoca r To ca ll out (res erves ) e. si ne con ten tion e O ida oti r To capture a town without striking pp p i. a blow

c . lix . er u m c mmu t at Change of circumstances r a io.

m a a a a s m co ita r e ut al i u id a c u i r at To ai t territori l ggr ndi e ent g q q .

r To assume the offensive bost es pr oel io l acesse e.

m t a ux i l i u m etere To rely upon pre sence of ind ab a n i mi vi rt u e p .

c. lx .

a t su b ves er u m Tow rds nigh fall p .

s am secu n do u mi ne Down tre fl . ad verso l u mi n e Up stream / . At full speed

a t u a cf. f ll g llop To pu t in (of ships)

l xi c . . To entrust with an undertaking

i s an u usua mm t r a et er con su et ud in e m t u mu l t uat u r There n l co o ion p .

c.

’ To be ar in mind one s former pres pr ist i n ae vi rt ut i s r et i n e r e memor ia m tige r ra e, c. I D ! OMS . 1 27

di s a r e i Brilli ant successes in th e field secu n s i m p o l a .

To s s r a esen s a desse be pre ent in per on p . The issue of the battle

0. lxiii .

P a s a am a r a tion es bel l i er en di l n for c p ign g . To refer a question to a plebiscite mu l t itu di n i s sufir agu s

All a man a d u n u m omn es to .

Y uths a r m s su mma e s ei a du l escen tes o of gre t p o i e p .

c . . lxiv

A r as ma er a i l e a ct ve y e y tter p f c f u . S acrifice of private interest

c. lxv . B oss n u l l a r e y no p ibility .

l evi s a r m at u ra e ed i t s p e (cf. l eves a r ma tu r ae [ eves a r mi , s, l evi bus

a r mi s edi tes ‘ c p , & .

c. lxvi .

Last a a n d m m r el i u i tem or i s ax at u e oti u m ing pe ce freedo fro q p p q . molesta tion A sul c t a id u od u tu r u m con ida re t which I onfiden ly ntici q f f . pate ’ To a s uae sa l u ti c n su l ere t ke to one heels s o . r i r To deprive of the necessaries of life u su r er u m n ecessa r i a u m spal a e.

l x v u. c . To a m s an a m i u rei u ra n do al i u em ad i er d ini ter o th to so e one q g e.

c. lxviii . As as a rm s u a n tu m diei tem u s at i t u r long d ylight pe it q p p .

C. lxix. TO' be impregnable

To a e th e as ad or i en tem s l em s ectare cf ver f c e t o p ( .

er e c. g , I . To s a c ts t at i o s d t tion pi ke s ne isponere. 1 28 [ D I OMS

e . lxx.

A a n t l s l a n ities i n ter m ssa pl in lyi g be ween hil p i col l i bu s .

B s s u m s su mma vi ab u t r i s u e con ten di t u r oth ide do their t o t q .

c.

To an a e m ar s er a et at em a r ma r r e asse be of g for ilit y ervice p fl p (cf. a etat e ad bel l u m i n ut il es , c . ’ To ma s s r e o ti me de commu n i l iber ta te mer er do yeo n e vic for the p i . commonwealth

To a s r at i on em i n ir e t ke tock .

r m r To deal out sca nty rations of corn f u en t u mpar ce et pa u l at im met i i .

l xx rr c. . In order to guard against a su rpris e n e de i mproviso l zosti u m mul tit udo

Men told off to th e works Lo w -lying meadow-land ca mpestr i a ac demissa l oca

C. lxxiii.

o a a a ss - a a r i n u i n cu n c di s o re T rr nge in che bo rd p tte n q em p ne . Gradually narrowin g t o the bottom pa u l at i m a ngustiare ad i nfi m u m

l x x . c . iv I keep on th e level as far as r egi on es sequar qua m possu m aequ is possible

xx c. l v. moder ari To maintain discipline . To play second fiddle to no one

c . lxxvi . To rega in a lo st prestige pr i sti n a m bel l i l a ud em recuper a r e

(cf. c.

a as a s ben e ci i s mover i T0 have a reg rd for p t oblig tion fi .

n d a n i ma et o i bus i i d b r To devote oneself hea rt a s o ul to p n al iqu i n cu m e e. a caus e ’ ' A general s stafi

sil i a bel l u m admi n i st r et ur cf. ( c .

1 30 I D ] OMS .

c. lxxxvi . ’ Th e issue of one s labours h angs f r u ct u s l abar u m i n atque lz or a upon that d ay an d hour

c. l xx x vrr.

T s u s th e da r estit u er e r oel i u m o re tore the fort ne of y p .

To a a a a t roel io i n ter t ke p rt in b t le p esse.

c. lxxxviii .

a s ut ex ci er e cl a mar em To t ake up ho p .

Worn out by constantly returning crebr i s su bsidi i s def essus . to the fray

c . lxxxix .

a ad u t r a m u m For either a ltern tive q e r e . DE A E IN X OF PROPER N M S .

Acco : a S s u as a a si n of chief of the enone , exec ted ringle der in the ri g

B VI . C c. 1 . 5 3 . . ( , c

Aedu i : a K a u s L an d S aOn e eltic r ce occ pying the di trict between the oire , an d a s m a am st Ga s at holding po ition of i port nce ong the llic tribe , ’ t m s am u a m s a m bu t C a sa s rocon i e o nting l o t to hege ony, before e r p

su a a a h R m . T a a a a a l te in lli nce wit o e hey were of v cill ting ch r cter,

an d a Ca sa w as Ge r ovi a but joined the gener l revolt while e r before g ,

a i were tre ted by h m with special indulgence (c . A edi n cu m S s S s s ua a g chief town of the enone ( en ) , it ted on height on the

a I caun a Y a u a D u left b nk of the ( onne) , trib t ry of the S eine . ring the

- cam a n B. C . 2 C a sa m a his a u a s p ig of 5 e r de it he d q rter , being con ven ien tl y situated by a wide valley off ering facilities for the transport

an d s an a m of. us a provi ioning of r y, Ill tr tion (p . t e — Al esi a (Alise S Reine) chief town of the Man d ubrr covering the summit

M t Au s a a au s Ose an d Oserain u of on xoi , pl te ri ing between the , trib

tari s Of S ass P a s an d D . A e the eine , p ed on the line between ri ijon

u s s i s . us a s . f ll de cription of the ite given in the text, cf Ill tr tion (p Al l obr oges : a powerfu l tribe of Keltic origin between the Rhone an d the A s— V n a R — u t o su lp chief town , ien on the hone red ced bjection by

m in 6 Po t us B C 0. p . .

’ mbzd n i : Am s a m a m A ( ien ) riti e tribe in the north of Gaul (c .

mbi ba ru Ambi re s A ( e ) one of the tribes of Aremori ca (c . 7

'

Ambz va rEti a t ib a Gau a s A e d u i . r e of centr l l , dherent of the (cc 75 , A u di : An u a K L ( jo ) eltic tribe on the lower oire (c.

An t on i us : Ma A S a s a sm a Ca sa an d the rk ntony of h k pere , kin n of e r, one

hi s l e a ti in Gau a a s his Ma s H s At P a of g l fterw rd ter of the or e . h r ’ sa a c mma C a sa s a m an d a li he o nded one wing of e r r y, on the de th of

the att m T um a a u an d L s l er, for ed the ri vir te with Oct vi s epidu (c . Aqu ita n ia : th e portion of Gau l lying sou th an d west of th e Garonne A u a ( q it ine) . 1 2 I ND E X F P R P R N M 3 O O E A E S .

Ar a r S aOn e S aucon n a a a am uta R the ( being l ter n e) , trib ry of the hone .

A r emor ica : a K am s m a m Lat ad m a — eltic n e ignifying riti e (cf. . re) the

w as a an d N rm a district kno Britt ny o ndy .

A r i st i us a m a u u a at C abil l on um an treach e ilit ry trib ne q rtered , object of

u s a s at a s Aed ui . 2 ro de ling the h nd of the (cc 4 ,

A r vern i : Au a s u L u th e a c ( vergne) tribe o th of the oire , occ pying volc ni

a s s a s a m s m s an d e n r nge who e cr ter h ve been extinct fro prehi toric ti e , joying u nder the le adership of Vercingetorix the hegemony of G au l

e r o via chief town G g . ’ — A t r ebat es : (Artois) a Belgic tribe in the north of Gaul produ ced Com

m us a u s a Ca sa 0. 6 mm a i , once tr ty lly of e r, now ( 7 ) in co nd of the

a m a s Al s a Gallic r y r i ed to relieve e i . A u l erci : a tribe of which we find several branches : ( 1 ) Br a n n ovices

Bri en n ois a s A ed ui 2 Cen oma n i Ebu rovices ( ) , dherent of the , ( ) , ( 3)

E u S an d L . ( vre x) , between the eine oire (c 7

A a r i cu m : u s Bituri es A a a Y v (Bo rge ) chief town of the g , on the v r ( evre) ,

us a . cf. Ill tr tion (p

Basil us : a a a f s u s am a n B. C . an d c v lry o ficer, di ting i hed in the c p ig of 5 3, a ssociated with Fabius in com n ran d of troops stationed amongst the

m at s am a 2 Re i the clo e of the c p ign of 5 (c .

’ Bel l aci : au a s a S st u s ov (Be v i ) Belgic tribe north of the eine , di ing i hed for

a u an d u a a su a s their v lo r (c . hence nwilling to t ke bordin te po ition ( 0 7S)

d ui Th e h as a a Bibr act e (Beuvray) chief town of the Ae . hill been exc v ted

s su s Not u s Bibrax a with intere ting re lt . to be conf ed with , town of R m the e i .

Bi tu ri es : u s a K u a s r s u g (Berry, Bo rge ) eltic tribe occ pying di t ict o th of the

L m s . a V u al l oire, rich in ine By the dvice of ercingetorix they b rnt

s s a A vari cu m s a 0. their citie , p ring , the pride of the t te ( Boi i : a feeble branch of a Keltic tribe which h ad migra ted from southern

ma an d h ad a C a sa . a t u Ger ny, been pl nted by e r (c 9) the j nction of

L an d A E a . 2 8 . the oire llier ( l ver) , cf I . c .

a K m 0 as a ts Br a n n ovii : (Blanot) eltic tribe entioned ( . 75 ) dheren of the

— u a A e d ui position ncert in .

Br u t us : D mus Ma us a u o fli cer C a sa a m s ( eci , not rc ) , yo ng left by e r ong t m A at 2 B. C . an d a a h i the rverni the beginning of 5 , g in with before ’ H e w as s a ma s C a sa s a u Alesia . the recipient of ever l rk of e r f vo r in

a s b ut s a s his m u . la ter w r , joined the con pir tor in rder (cc 9,

’ bil l on u m : C a -su r - S a On e a Aed ui Ca ( h lon ) town of the , in which we find

Roman traders settled (c .

1 I ND E P R E 34 X OF OP R NA M E S .

ra ed ui H e w as s a u at a t cy of the A . one of the noble c pt red the b ttle

V a by the inge nne (c .

Cr ito n a t u s : a a au s e s at A a H e s at g le der of the G l b ieged lesi . propo ed th the garrison shou ld be fed upon the flesh of those who were un fit

for a ma an su R s . fighting, r ther th rrender to the o n (c

Cu r iosol ites rs ul t rib r m (Co e ) a t e of A e ori ca (c. 7

D ecetia Dec z a w A e d ui L ( i e) to n of the on the oire (c . ’ D i vi t i acu s a Druid chiefof the Aed u i wh o e spou sed an d cl ung t o Ce asar s ’ d H w a sa s frien ship . e it as who brought Vi ridomarus before C e r

notice (c.

Don n ota u ru s : a Hel vrr am Va us a C . Va us chief of the , n ed leri , fter leri

Fl accus h ad r s his a C ab urus R m a z , who p e ented f ther, , with o n citi en 6 ship (c .

E l dver : A a t u a th e L s C s an d ( llier) rib t ry of oire , ri ing in the evenne , a Au f dr ining vergne (c . p . E l eu teti a neighbou r tribe to the Arverni (some read Eleu theri Cad urci)

( c.

E oredorix : 1 a u th e Aedui s am is a a s u p ( ) yo ng noble of , who e n e lw y co pled ’ ’ Vi rid ma T a o rus . s a a m a sa s a with th t of hey fir t ppe r a ong C e r evoc ti,

as s a a u a s bu t a c a ac peci lly f vo red llie , h ving the fickle h r ter of the Aedui they readily join in th e revolt when i t a ppears to be gaining u an d are a u C mm n s an d Vercassi vel l aun us gro nd , fin lly fo nd with o i

m ma a m a s A s a . 8 in co nd of the r y r i ed to relieve le i (cc 3 , 39, 5 4, 5 5 , 6 3. 76)

2 a a Aed ui st u s m a 1 as ( ) nother le der of the , di ing i hed fro the bove ( ) be under who se leadership the tribe h ad fought with the Sequ ani

a sa am He i s a u before C e r c e into Gaul . one of the nobles c pt red in a V a the b ttle by the inge nne (c .

Fa bi u s Ga i n s : a l e atu s C a sa h is am f Ger , g of e r, who defended c p be ore

A s a . an d af a cc. 0 ar s govi ( 4 , took p t in the iege of le i (c ter the R m campaign w as left with Bas il us among the e i .

i u s Luci us : a tu the st his Fa b , cen rion of eighth legion , who lo life in the

m a u er ovia . atte pt to c pt re G g (cc 47,

a a a t u Ca ba l i (Gev ud n) ribe so th of the Arverni . i a : A s a a m u ta a au Gergov the chief town of the rverni , t nding on o n in pl te a th e a E a a m s s u C ft. bove v lley of the l ver, few ile o th of ler

- F a an d st its R i a am . Th e s i s u mont err nd, ill known by on n n e ite f lly

s b in t t cc. 6 . al so us a t s . 2 an d P an . de cri ed the ex ( 3 , cf Ill tr ion (p 9) l I ND E X OF P R OP E R NA M E S . 1 35

’ Goba n n itio u V su ss his s the ncle of ercingetorix, who tried to ppre nephew m m a of au ove ent for the liber tion G l (c.

or bi n I ts s i s s u . G g o a chief town of the Boii . ite di p ted

Gu tr u at u s Co tuatus ass a Con con n etod umn us the atta (or ) , oci ted with in ck

a a en abum upon th e Rom n colony t C (c .

el v ti i a K u u ast u a H e wa rlike eltic tribe occ pying the co ntry e of the J r ,

u s am a 2 -2 6 conq ered in the fir t c p ign , I . cc . 4 . I l el vii : a K t e s s C s th e eltic rib , dwelling on the lope of the evenne within P rovince .

La bi en us : a l ega tus of C a esar who took a prominent part in the Gallic w ar b ut Pom eius a a st h is C w ar , joined p g in old chief in the ivil 6 2 (cc . 5 7 ,

Lemovi ces L m u s L m s a K c s u L . ( i o in, i oge ) elti tribe o th of the oire (c

Lex ovi i : L s u a t Are m orica at m u S . ( i ie x) ribe of , the o th of the eine

Li er : L th e a s a au s a at Aedui g ( oire) river which dr in centr l G l, ep r ing the an d Bituri es g (c .

Li n dn es L d g : ( angres) a Keltic t ribe north of the Ae ui (c . Li ta vi cu s a noble of the Aed u i sent in command of troop s to join Caesar

er ovia u his m en mu ma bu t before G g ; he ind ced to tiny on the rch , , Ca sa Ger ovia a n d to when confronted by e r , fled to g , thence proceeded

Bib rac s u a m his - 0 te s . to tir p revolt ong t tribe (cc 37 4 , 5 Lu cter i u s a chief of the Ca d u rci employed by Vercingetorix to gain the

a a th e Ru cc. lli nce of teni ( 5 , L u teti a : a a Pa s Pa s s tua s a the c pit l of the ri ii ( ri ) , i ted on the i l nd in the S ca l a C eine , now lled ité (c .

M a n d u bi i a K t st th e Lin on es s t w as eltic ribe we of g , who e chief own

A s a Th e a t u a a le i (c . f te of the ribe d ring the block de oftheir c pital

is a a only d rkly hinted t (c . M a t isco Ma a t Aedui S ao . ( con) own of the , on the ne M edioma trici MEt z a l h M ( ) tribe dwel ing on t e oselle . M et i osedu m : probably the correct reading for Mel od un um (Melun) which M a a s s m S S . an d has su s u t o ppe r in o e , been b tit ted owing the influence of the m odern n ame origin a lly applied to a l ater settlement on the right

a S an d a a s ff a am b nk of the eine , fterw rd e cing the n e of the older town

an s a i n . us a c. on i l nd the river, cf Ill tr tion ( M or i n i a s a s D Belgic tribe on the tr it of over (c . 7

Na r ba : Na an m a m um V a Are comici ( rbonne) , i port nt e pori of the olc e , on

Gu L s m a a Roman col Crass us 1 1 the lf of ion , de ony by ( 8 an d 1 6 I ND E X R P 3 OF P O E R NAM E S .

ca a th e P e am a a pit l of rovince , which thenc took the n e of G lli Nar

bon en sis .

Nerv ii a s M u s Belgic tribe we t of the e e (c . 7 Ni t i obr o es : a a T T g tribe dwelling on the G ronne . heir king e utomatus

V an d h ad a a joined ercingetorix (c. n rrow es cape at Gergovia

(c .

Novi odun u m a Bitu ri es C en ab u m an town of the g , between d Avari

cu m c. I t s s i s s u N a . s S a ( ite di p ted poleon III decide for ncerre ,

an u a i of which Ill str tion s given (p .

Novi od u n u m N s a w A ed ui L ( ever ) to n on the , on the oire , close to it s u A j nction with the llier (c. 5

Ol l ovi co : a Teut omatus Nitiobro es an d u f ther of , king of the g , hono red by

R a a Am u the om n Sen te with the title of ic s (c .

si smi m s Aremori a O : the o t westerly of the tribes of c (c . 7

P a risi i : Pa s a S s w as Lu in ( ri ) tribe on the eine, who e chief town tetia, a Labi n v ded by e us (cc . ' P etr ocor i i P a ( erigord) a Keltic t ribe on the G ronne (c.

P et ron i u s : a u n s a c s cu us cent rion of the eighth legio , who di pl yed on pi o

a a u e r ovia br very in the disastrous att ck pon G g (c .

’ ‘ P i cton es P u a mar m a s u Loi re c ( oito ) iti e r ce o th of the ( . 7 ’ Pompei as : Caesar s grea t rival an d opponent in the C ivil w ar sole con sul

2 c. . for the ye ar 5 B. (c P rovi n ci a : P s u - as r Gau a s a Ga a ( rovence) the o th e te n portion of l , l o c lled lli ’ Na s s C a sa s su a h ad ma a rbonen i , which before e r procon l te been de R ma o n province .

R a u r aci a u th e s u a A sac c : tribe occ pying o thern p rt of l e ( . 7 ’ Rebil u s : C a sa s l e a ti Re i n u s mma cam one of e r g , who with g co nded the p A s a At a t the foot of Mont Réa in the siege of le i . the close of the H u m a w as s R u cc. 8 e a d ca p ign he ent to the teni ( 3, c pt re

T a sus A a w ar an d w as su a u rs at h p in the fric n , con l for few ho the end ’

a B. C as C s s n i/z il of the following ye r ( . 45) giving occ ion for icero je t ‘ on su l e mal i a ct u m est u it en i m mir a v i l a n ti a ui sua t t a ea c f f i/ ig , q o

con su l a t u som n u m n on vider i t .

r m ri Reddn es (Rennes) one of the tribe s of A e o ca ( c . 7 il u H e w a s i am Ambi vareti R egi n a s : see Reb s . s ent to w nter ong the 0 (cc 83. 9 ) Remi : ( Rheims) a Belgic t ribe who submitted at once to C aesar an d

m a a u hi m 6 en tri es al re re ined f ithf l to ( c. 3) wh the other b gener ly

v ol t ed.

1 8 F 3 I ND E X O P R OPE R NAM E S .

ra ised to the consul ship by C aesar the year before the assa ssination of

a T us a A s A s a the l tter, in which reboni took p rt . governor of i in the

a w as assass a D ol ab el l a a S m following ye r he in ted by t yrna.

Tr everi T e s a K w M s u con ( r ve ) eltic tribe d elling on the o elle , in freq ent fli ct G ma u s with their er n neighbo r (c . ’ Tu ron i T K u a a L cc. ( o r ine) eltic tribe on the lower oire ( 4, 7

Va l etiacu s a Vergobret of th e Ae d ui who u nconstitutionally nominat ed

hi s C us as his su ss an d so aus s u Con brother ot cce or, c ed the di p te with

vi ct l it avi s o (c .

Vel ioca ssi : V a Are m orr a ( exin) tribe of c on the north of the S eine (c. 7 Vel l avi : V a a C s a s A n ( el y) tribe north of the evenne , dherent of the rver i c ( . 75)

' Vel l a u n odnn u m a town of th e S enones between Agedin cum a n d C en abum

is s u s i ue s c. I ts s Na . T ( ite di p ted poleon III decide for r g re , which

s n u a is repre e ted in the Ill str tion (p .

Ven el l i s Ar morica one of the tribe of e (c . 7

Ver ca ssi vel l au n u s a u s V an d the u a s co in of ercingetorix , one of fo r gener l mma a s H e w as en in co nd of the rmy rais ed for the relief of Ale ia. tru sted with the fin al attempt to break through the line s on the l pes

M R u 6 8 éa b t a s u s . of ont , fell into the h nd of the conq eror (cc 7 , 3, 8 5 ,

Ver ci n etori x : A s a a s u g the heroic king of the rverni, who e g ll nt tr ggle for ’ the liberty of Gaul form s the subject of the seventh book of C a esar s

A hi A w a R m mm a s . s su at s a s a Co ent rie fter rrender le i , he t ken to o e , ’ n d a C a s a s um a s a His a w as a gr ced e r tri ph five ye r l ter. f te no exception

to u su a a s w ar w as m l ss ut a the l lot of c ptive in , for he erci e ly p to de th l m m in the Tu l i an u a fter the triu ph .

en n a V A s R . Vi ( ienne) chief town of the llobroge , on the hone (c Vi r idoma r u s an Aed uan of humble origin introd u ced to C aesar by Divi

t iacu s an d a a ss a al l a s h is m a , thenceforw rd oci ted in the ct of co p nion i 6 E ored or x cc. 8 p ( 3 . 39. 54. 5 5 , 3, Vol ca e A r ecomi ci : that portion of the tribe of the Volca e which dwelt

- a R an d sea as . 6 Th e a a l ne rer the hone co t , c 4. [ other p rt were c l ed

V T sa s . Th e V a u a a P . ecto ge ] olc e occ pied th t p rt of the rovince which ’ s R an d s s Han a s assa a l av we t of the hone , re i ted nib l p ge of th t river. U N I F O RM WITH TH I S VO L U M E .

r t t/n vo w i t /z 2 I l l u st r a t i on s a [ fl a O S i ci l a n d P l a n o C o 8 , 3 , p f y , f

s d n et . S r a cu se 2 . 6 . y , T H E A T H E N I A N S I N S I C I L Y

B e i n g S e l e ct i o n s fr o m T h u cy d i d e s B o o k s V I a n d V I I

ED ED I N OD U C I O N NO ES D O S ETC . BY IT , W TH I TR T , T , I I M , , M A w KW RT HY PT . . . COO O COM ON ,

FR M T HE P R EFA E O C .

I T i s to the good fort une th a t h as enabled m e to pay three visits to Syracu se tha t I am indebted for a nything t h rs volu me m ay conta in by w ay of a pictu re squ e pre senta tion of the story of the Athenia n s in S icily a s t old in the S ixth an d S eventh Books of u d W a s m s m u Th cydi es . here ketch ight ee likely to contrib te to a rea liz ation of the story I have a vailed myself of photogra phs taken expressly for the pu rpose of this editio n I ha ve endeavou red in the notes a t the end to dwell m ore on wha t ’ ma s m ssa u a au s m a im y ee nece ry to el cid te the thor e ning , or to a hi s s a amm a u s u s a p rt life to tory , th n on the gr r r le ill tr ted or a an d s s a a s a n d au s viol ted , tho e reference to p r llel thoritie , which ha ve been u su ally considered the necessa ry constituent s of an a a an nnot ted edition of y of the cl assics .

D LON ON : GEORGE BELL AND SONS . C HI S WI C K PR ES S : C H A If LE S WH ITTI NGHA M A ND OO S C O U C A NCE A NE O ND O N T K RT , H RY L , L .

‘ ’ ‘ lBeII s l l ustrateoi Lattn l Reaoers .

n i w i t/e t be [ LL S TRA TE D CLAS S I CS U f or m U .

P r i ce On e S ki l l i n ca eli g .

R AE S S t s for S CALAE P I M . imple orie

N a n d V a u a T a s a s . r n l tion , with ote oc b l ry By

’ - B A. Vt i th T u s . G . S E NCE . J P R , wenty nine Ill t ra t i on s th E . 7 dition .

MEDIAE Ex t cts Eu S CALAE . ra from

i u s an d a sa W t N s an d V a u a t ro C . p e r i h ote oc b l ry . M W T P E C A . U N E I . A . By R Y D RH LL , ith wenty

th E . Ill u stra tions . 7 dition

T t Ex t cts S CALAE T ER IAE. Gradua ed ra

V s an d P s m P a us O d N s in er e ro e fro h edr , vi , epo , V a u a W N s an d . an d Cicero . ith ote oc b l ry By M M A W T - h E . C . A C A N . R H T, . ith wenty eig t

u t s rd E . Ill stra ion . 3 dition

‘ A b et t e r book for u s e i n S e con d a ry S ch ool s could n o t be ‘ —E d u t i a l N ew s oc r e . ca an pr u d . No i n t e llige n t b oy ca n fa il t o be i n te re s t e d a s w e ll a s i a s t r uct e d by t h e u s e o f s uch b ook s The w h ol e s e rie s i s w o rt hy ‘ — o f t he e s t ra is e . c/t l a r i high p S oa G u d a n .

PR E A st e d r C LI MAX OT . Fir Gr ek Rea e .

Tw o P ss Pa s W H s an d In rogre ive rt . ith int

. MA C AN M V a u a E C . . A oc b l ry . By R H T, . 8 T t us a C vo s . S rown , with hir y Ill tr tion econd

1 s 6d . E dition . .

‘ Tiri s a t t ract ive l itt le book i s t he a n a l ogu e o f t h e sam e ’ “ ! r S ca P r im ae . Mr a n t r i h t l t a ubl rs he s l a e . March y ke s u n u i s a t a a s t e r a t e t a n i s o ss rb e i n L at i n i s y o g p p l f r h p . Wit h t h e i llu s t r at i on s i n t he t e x t t he bu dd rn G re cia n s w ho a re l u cky e n ou gh t o u s e ' t his bookl e t s h ou l fin d t h e i r first ’— e a in G re e ea sa n t oin . t/t en a eu m y r k pl g g A .

b E . C . A C AN LATI N U NS EEN S elect ed and arranged y M R H T,

M . A . C 8 vo I s . rown . ‘ is i s a re a r a t o r c ou rs e n ice l ra du at i r rom se n t e ce s o f a l in e t o a s s a e s o f Th p p y , g f n p g re e ml c e t o t he m t t s i n t w e n t i n e s ro m Vi r i Li & c. i e n e a a u a e r r ve b a n y l f g l , vy , l g y n i s a i n The e x t ra ct s a re w e c ose n a n d ca e u ra ua e rn i ffi cu t E gl h h e d g . ll h r f lly g d t d d l y ’ n l n h u r n al O E d u ca ti on . a s w e ll a s i e gt . j o f ' r e P a r s W t /c u d l te n d n u mer ou s oflz er [ n l e t . z Col o r e P a s a

u s a t . P r i I /z H /r i on s ce . 6 ea e [ S d . . BELL’ S LA TI N C O U RS E

F H E F RS T Y A OR T I E R .

HAN T M A . D PE N E R MAR C . AN . G . S C B. A BY E . C . , , J , .

HI S La tin Course i s intended to be u s ed for the instru ction of child ren who

a a n La . Th e C u s i s m i n s a n d h ve not hitherto done y tin o r e co plete it elf, m a us u a id a a mm a y be ed witho t the of diction ry or gr r .

‘ Al t oge t h e r i t i s on e o f t h e m o s t s ucce s s fu l a t t e mpt s a t L at in w it h o u t t e a rs w hich ’ ’ - t ic E d n ca /z on cz l T z m es . h ave com e u n d e r ou r n o e .

C r ow n 8720. Tbi r d E dit i on . P r i ce as.

’ P 1 E . E t . C . BELL S C O NC IS E LATI N C O U RS . ar By

E N E B A M A M A an d G S C . A C N . . . . . R H T , , J P R ,

i n a ou rs e a re com r e ss e i n o o n m Th e ss e n t ia s The t h r e e par ts o f t he o rig l C p d t e vol u e . e l o t e ra m m a r s ta n ou t is t i n ct a n d t he e x e rc is e s a ve b e e n cu t o w n a n d a t t he f h g d d ly , h d ; s a m e t i m e t he m ore ra pi d a d va n ce i n g ra m m a r give s s pa ce fo r fu rt h e r e x e mpl ifica t io n s o f ' r n T he vo u m e s ca re u a e t h e t he s im l e r s u bor d in a t e s e n t e n ce co n s t u ct o s . l i f lly gra d u t d ; p ’ ’ i ’ — r e a re u l oca b u a r e s a n d i n e x e s E d u ca /z on a 1 Tz m es . m a t t e r i s in t ere s t in g ; a n d t h e f l v l d .

Cr ow n 8 790. P r i ce 2s . 6d .

’ P E C . T N R t . . BELL S C O NCIS E LA I C O U S E. ar II By

M A a n E . W NB LT MA C A N d S . I O M. A R H T , . . , , .

This work i s intended as a continu a tion not only of the C onci se Latin ’ C u s Pa b u t a s s us a La C u s a s o r e , rt I , l o of Bell Ill tr ted tin o r e, three p rt . In ’ ’ s a m i s a s a s a a ccz o en ce bu t thi p rt the ethod b ed not , before , on the ordin ry , on — a s n mx . A s a d su as a u m a s the ordin ry y few point of cci ence ch the h rder n er l , so- a m a u u u s an d su n — a re m the c lled i per tive f t re , the ger nd pi e now entioned a n d us th e s m ed for fir t ti e .

Cr n 871 P r i ce 25 . ow 0.

A T R s P s K N L N EAD . G A ER . ES L I (Ver e and ro e) By W I GI LI ,

M . A . B A S C ass a Ma s H . . enior l ic l ter in the igh School

d HE A E M . A B G as an C O ND SON . . A . of l gow , T R J . R , W N s an d V u a ith Brief ote oca b l ry .

‘ is o o f e x t ra ct s w i m a n x e n t i n t ro i n r s h Th b k o ll for e c ll e d uct o t o t he a ut h o . I t a s s u ffi c ie n t n ot e s a n d v o ca u a r a n d u rn is e s a s u it a b e s e e ct i o n o f e a s a n d i n te re s t i n b l y , f h l l y g re ad in gs for s e co n d a n d t h i r d y e a rs Am o n g t h e m a n y bo o ks o f t he ki n d w h ich h a ve ’ a e a re d of a t e t i s L a t in R e ad r s s u re t o st a n i i n a v u w t t eac e rs — cfiool p l h e i d h gh f o r i h h . S ’

n o r d z a n . BELL’ S I LL S T ATED C LAS S I C S U R .

special object of the S eries i s to make the edition s a s i n ter es ting a n d helpf ul a s pos s ibl e to the i n tell ig en t l ea r n er a n d w ith this ob ect n u mer ous I l l us tr a ti on s ; , j , ha ve been i n tr oduced The t d r om the bes t s ources . s e a re a her e g f , a n d a r e chos en w ith a vi ew to ex l a in in the tex t a n d ma hin the p g , g r ea der mor e a milia r w ith r eek a n d R o a n l i e f G m f .

Ma s a n d P l a n s a l o p r e a s i n s er ted wher ever they a r e r equ i red .

The vol u mes a r e ' e u i ed w ith I n tr odu ction s Notes Gr a m q pp , ,

ma tica l A en dices a n d in s ome o the r os e a u thor s E x er cis es pp , f p ,

on the Tex t Voca bul a r ies a re a ls o iven bu t the vol umes ma . g , y be ha d w i ho l e d t u t the Voca bu a r ies r e r re . , if p f

The vol u mes a r e r i n ted a t the Ox or d Un ivers it P r ess p f y ,

ott 8 vo a n d a r e is s u ed w i th or Wi th ou t Voca b ul a r i es a t p , , ,

I s . 6 d . ea h h l which a r e 25 . ea h c ex ce t t e Gr eek P a s c . , p y ,

‘ The i n t ro du ct io n s a n d e x pl a n a t ory m at t e r a r e t o t h e fu ll a s g oo d a n d s a t is fa ctory as i n i a e it i on s w i e t h e i us t ra t io n s a r e w e fit t e t o ive out m o re vi i con ce r v l d , h l ll ll d g y h v d p t i on s o f a n cie n t l ife a n d t h ough t t h a n ca n be g a t h e r e d f ro m a n y a m ou n t of l it e ra ry i — The ot o de s cr pt ion a t l e a s t s u ch de scr ipt i on t h e w ill ve ry u se fu lly s u l e m e n t . ph raph i c ca m e ra a n d a l l t h e m u seu m s o f Eu rope h a v e c on t ri bu t eppt h e ir qu ot a t o t h e se

g1 ust ra t ion s w ic ave t h e a it io n a m e r it o f e a e aut i u e x e cut ion . The oo s l , h h h dd l r lly b f l b k , m o e o e r a r e an i n o r m a n d fo r t he i er s c oo o o r t he u n e ra u at e t e r v , h dy f , h gh h lb y d rg d h y ‘ — a re ar t o e at . l H er a l h d b G asg ow d . The m ast e r of jun ior fo r m s a n d r e pa ra t o ry s ch o ol s s h ou ld m a k e t h e a cqu ain t a n ce of p ‘ - i i l l l a e s e l z ool u a r d i a n . t h s S e r e s o f Illu s t ra t e d C l a s sics ; l: s urpa ss e s a w e h v en . S c G Of a l l t he five vol um e s w h ich a re b e fore u s i t m a b e sa id t h a t t h e ill ust ra t i on s a re

e x ce e n t a n d t a t n o e x e n s e h a s bee n s a r e t o m a e t he S e r ie s a s u cces s. Th e n ot e s ll , h p p d “ a re m os t ] s im e a n d t o t he oin . The i n t o u ct ion s a re c e a r an d n o: t oo u pl , p t r d l f ll a m br i R e v i C g e ew .

' The e it o s n ow t e i u si n e ss a n d t h e u i s e r s a e s e con e t e i r e flor t s i n a most f d r k h r b , p bl h h v d d h ’ — s a l mes . i i e a s i The ce e a w e come . Ed u c t z on a Ti p r t d f h on. S e ri es is sure t o re iv l

BE ’ L L S I L LU S TRA TE D C LA S S I CS .

R ELI N P C O N US E O E a m o d a t H L . S n n s Ha n n C a . . . p i , i b al , o By M A E A . . RL ,

B E PI . s an d 1 VO G E N E A . . UT RO S L . S C . St U . . Book I II ( ) By P R , , ’ J P au s P a a l rep r tory S chool .

' ’ M D u L WA N M . A S t Pa s S H R . . I I . O E S I L . . AD . I . Book I By WR GHT, , l chool

’ G M A ’ DE . C HO RAC E S O S . . . N . . t P au s l S . S . Book I By BOTTI G , , l choo

. M C G . O N A Book II. By B TTI G , . . ,

H L A . M A . . E . C am C Book III By TT R , , heltenh ollege .

H L E I V A M . A Book . By . TT R , . — W X . i . I . C . F A S EA D WA E S M A . r Y. P o LIV . Book , cc xix By L M T LT R , , K ’ fesso r C a ss s s C L . of l ic in ing ollege, ondon

’ F r t a m a t m n ba s s C n i n a S XXI . Ha n i l i p ig I ly . ( elected fro Book ) F E A T A E S M A By . . . R Y , . .

R E Y E S B. A N t a . . . A m H H s o r i a S . I AN e ra . LU C V i By T , , ottingh igh chool

' H WE S M M G . M r RPH E . A . TA O O S . . e D ME S . O VI S Book I By LL , , ’ ch ant Taylors School .

. M W E P E A C E . A m t h e Me t a m o r h o s e s . . . S e e ct io n r o . l f p By J R , E E B A H e a c S e e ct o n s . F . CO S . . S El g i l i By V RL Y MITH , , igh chool , am Nottingh .

E B S M T r s t a . . A . . RO E . A . i i Book I By RT ,

H A. B R WO OLRY M . T r s t a . . C H i i . ook III . By ,

R v R . M A H a P HAEDRUS . A S e e ct o n . e . H . C A BE S . l i By the H M R , e d ’ C Ma s C s s . ter of hri t ollege , Brecon

R v. M . A M ME e F . C O N A S T R ES O F G REAT N. . a O I By W Y , , erch nt ’ Ta ylor s S chool .

’ R E H . S E CO M A AEN El D. . ev . . . S . . D u h VE RG I L S Book I By TT, , lwic

C ollege . P ’ W N M . A S t au . I I . L. D . A I . . s S Book By WRIGHT , , l chool L D A I I—I T M A W NW RI G . Book III . By . . , . m m a WA N B. A G a S Ma n s V A S . A . . I . . Book By RM , , r r chool , che ter ’

T P N M A . H a Ma h . I I SO . s s s C V . . C Book By J H LL P , , e d ter of ri t ollege, Finchley .

T P SO N M . A . VI . . I I Book . By J H LL P ,

I L D WA N M A . V . . I I . I . Book By WR GHT ,

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