Initial Environmental Examination
November 2011
NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Damak Town Project
Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 November 2011)
Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR) NPR1.00 = $0.012 $1.00 = NPR83.312
ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.
(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (Batch I, Package III)
November 2011
Submitted to: Ministry of Physical Planning Works Government of Nepal Singhdurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Submitted By: Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Panipokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal
Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS…………………………….…………………………………………………………….….iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Nepali)………………………………...... ……………….………..v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (English)…....……………………………………….……………………………..viii A. INTRODUCTION ______1 1 Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report ______1 a. Name of the Proposal ______1 b. Name and Address of the Proponent ______1 c. Consultant Preparing the Report ______1 2 Basis and Extent of IEE Study ______2 a. ADB Policy (ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 And ADB’s Environmental Policy, 2002) 2 b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ______3 c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study ______9 d. Relevancy of the Project ______10 e. Approach and Methodology ______13 B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ______16 1 Location and Accessibility of the Project Area ______16 2 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure ______17 a. Water Supply ______17 b. Existing Sanitation Situation ______17 3 Type, Category and Need of the Subproject ______18 4 Size and Magnitude of Operation ______18 5 Proposed Schedule of Implementation ______19 6 Description of the Subprojects ______20 7 Project Components______23 a. Transmission Pipeline ______24 b. Distribution Main ______24 c. House Connections ______24 d. Treatment Facilities ______26 e. Service Reservoir ______26 f. Mechanical Works ______26 g. Pumps ______27 h. Electrical Facilities ______27 i. Other System Appurtenances ______27 8 Sanitation and Drainage ______27 a. Sanitation Improvement ______27 b. Sanitation Sector Master Plan ______28 c. Drainage Master Plan ______28 9 Project Requirements ______32 i. Land Area ______32 ii. Materials Required ______32 iii. Electricity Requirement______33 iv. Human Resource ______33 v. Project activities ______34 10 Community Participation ______35 11 Support Activities______36 C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ______37 1 Physical Resources ______37 a. Geophysical Profile ______37 2 Ecological Profile ______38 a. Flora, Fauna and Protected Areas ______38 3 Social and Cultural Resources ______38 a. Population and Communities ______39
ITECO – UDAYA - JV Page i Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
b. Gender/Sex Wise Population ______39 c. Ethnic Composition ______39 d. Health and Sanitation ______40 e. Education Facilities ______41 f. Physical Cultural Heritage ______42 g. Employment ______43 4 Economic Development and Prospects for Growth ______43 a. Land Use ______43 b. Transportation ______43 c. Drinking Water Supply ______44 d. Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage ______44 e. Electricity ______44 f. Communication ______44 g. Quality of Life Values ______44 D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ______45 1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts ______45 2 Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures ______45 3 Adverse impact and Mitigation Measures ______47 4 Implementation of Mitigation Measures ______60 a. Project Design ______60 b. Project Contract ______60 c. Bill of Quantities ______60 E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT ______61 1 Alternatives for Implementation of Project ______61 2 Alternative in Project Location ______61 3 Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials ______61 4 No Project Option ______61 F. INFORMATION DICLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ______62 1 Public Consultation ______62 2 Focus Group Discussions ______62 3 Information Disclosure ______63 G. GRIEVANCES AND REDRESS MECHANISM ______65 H. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ______66 1 Monitoring Indicators ______66 a. Physical Indicators ______66 b. Biological Indicators ______67 c. Socio-economic and Cultural Indicators ______68 2 Environmental Monitoring Cost ______70 a. During Construction Phase ______70 b. During Post Construction Phase ______70 3 Environmental Procedures and Institutions ______70 4 Work Plan and Reporting ______71 I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ______72
ITECO – UDAYA - JV Page ii Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project List of Tables Table 1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE ______12 Table 2: Population of the Project Area ______18 Table 3: Total Water Demand ______19 Table 4: Salient Features ______21 Table 5: Details of Structures Proposed for Tapping Ground Water Source ______24 Table 6: Summary of Distribution Pipeline Designed ______24 Table 7: Percentage of Different Categories of Consumers ______25 Table 8: Number of Households Using Various Types of Connections in Base and Design Year ______25 Table 9: Summary of Service Reservoir Capacity ______26 Table 10: Electro Mechanical Facilities ______26 Table 11: Summary of Other System Appurtenances Proposed for the Project ______27 Table 12: Components of Subprojects ______29 Table 13: Materials Required ______32 Table 14: Human Resource ______34 Table 15: Project Activities ______35 Table 16: Distribution of Households and Population and Family Size by Wards ______39 Table 17: Gender/Sex Ratio ______39 Table 18: Distribution of Households by Ethnic Group ______40 Table 19 : Status of household latrines ______40 Table 20 : Main Diseases during the Year 2007 ______41 Table 21: Location and staff of Health Institutes ______41 Table 22: Educational Institutes in the Area ______42 Table 23: Distributions of Households by Occupation ______43 Table 24: Evaluation of Anticipated Environmental Impacts ______55 Table 25: Overview of Environmental Impacts and Augmentation/Mitigation Measures ______56 Table 26: FGDs Held at Different Locations ______62 Table 27: Monitoring Indicators for Physical Environment______67 Table 28: Monitoring Indicators for Biological Environment ______68 Table 29: Monitoring Indicators for Socio-Economic and Cultural Indicators ______69 Table 30: Annual cost for EMP ______70 Table 31: Institutions Involved in the Proposed Project ______71 List of Figures
Figure 1: Location Map of Damak, Jhapa______16 Figure 2: Implementation Schedule of the Project______20 Figure 3: Schematic Drawing of the Deep Wells, Treatment Plant and Reservoirs of each Damak Water Supply Sub Systems______20 Figure 4: Layout Map of Damak Water Supply Project______31
Annexes: Annex 1: Approved Terms of References Annex 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment Annex 3: Public Notice Annex 4: Deed of Inquiry (Muchulka) Annex 5: Recommendation Letter from DWSS Annex 6: List of Persons Contacted Annex 7: Survey Questionnaire Annex 8: Water Quality Test Reports Annex 9: Photographs
ITECO – UDAYA - JV Page iii Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank asl above sea level DDC District Development Committee DSC Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage EIA Environnemental Impact Assessment EMP Environnemental Management Plan EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan EPA Environmental Protection Act EPR Environmental Protection Rules GoN Government of Nepal GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HH Household lpcd litres per capita per day IEE Initial Environmental Examination MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NEA Nepal Electricity Authority NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standard NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation PMO Project Management Office REA Rapid Environmental Assessment RP Resettlement Plan STWSSSP Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project SSTWSSSP Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF Town Development Fund WUSC Water User and Sanitation Committee VDC Village Development Committee ES Environmental Specialist of DSC
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ITECO-UDAYA-JV Page vi Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project lgisz{ tyf ;'emfjx? o; kl/of]hgsf k|s[lt, kl/of]hgf >f]tsf] jftfj/)f Pjd\ cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yf / :ynut lgl/If)f Pjd\ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+usf] ;/;NnfxnfO{ dWo gh/ /fVbf o; kl/of]hgfaf^ To; >f]tdf Go"lgs/)fsf gsf/fTds jftj/)fLo c;/ kg]{% . ;+efljt k|efjx? w]/} h;f] :yflgo %g / ;'emfj ul/Psf ;xL Go"lgs/)f pkfo / lgoldt cg'udg ul/Pdf oL k|efjx?nfO{ ;lhn} Pjd\ sd vr{df Go"lgs/)f ug{ ;lsg] % . o; kl/of]hgfaf^ :yflgo afl;Gbfx?n] ;'/lIft / k|;:t dfqfdf vfg]kfgL kfpg] %g \ / ;/;kmfO{sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g]% h;n] ubf{ bds afl;Gbfx?sf] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/ cfpg] % . o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ prLt tl/sfaf^ sfof{Gjog ul/Pdf, :yflgo afl;Gbfx?sf] :jf:y / jftfj/)fdf dxTjk")f{ ;'wf/ x'g] b]lvG% . To;}n] k|f/lDes jftfj/)fLo g} k'Ug] b]lvG% / kl/of]hgf sf/)f nflu plrt b]lvG% .
ITECO-UDAYA-JV Page vii Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Project Management Office (PMO) of Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) is the proponent of the current project. The sub-project is a part of the second phase of the Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (STWSSSP) of the Government of Nepal which aims to construct/extend drinking water supply systems, drainage and sanitation facilities as well as provide sanitary health education to the community in the small urban centres of the country. The project embraces the community managed demand responsive approach and is being implemented under ADB finance. The proposed project will provide drinking water facilities and to establish a sustainable sanitary and drainage system to the rapidly urbanizing center of Damak Municipality. The proposed project will facilitate the inhabitants of ward 1, 2, 4, 9-15 of the Municipality.
Purpose of IEE, ADB policy, GoN Acts and Rules
The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to examine the environmental implication of proposed project and its activities to ensure that it will not damage the environment and to provide measures to remove or reduce those impacts if any into acceptable limits.
Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process.
The statutory requirement of the Government of Nepal, that has to be adhered to for the proposed project, is the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 (and amendments 2007). The present IEE study fulfils the requirements pertaining to Rule 3, Annex G of Schedule 1 of EPR, 1997 (including amendments). Similarly, as per ADB guidelines on Environmental Assessment requirements, the project is classified Environment Category B and IEE is required as per the checklist suggested by ADB.
The main objective of IEE study for Water Supply and Sanitation Subproject of Damak Municipality is to follow Rule 7 and Annex 5 of EPR, 2054 (1997) including its amendment, 2055. The norms for this study will be guided by the National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993 and the spirit of EPA, 2054. Similarly the main purpose of IEE is to help decision makers to balance the pressure of immediate gain from exploitation of natural resources with sustainable utilization of resources and the protection of human wellbeing and the environment.
Components of Subproject
The proposed Damak Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project’ is a ground water based water supply system. The project comprises of two major components-Water supply and Sanitation. The water supply part is divided into three independent schemes. The Municipality will be divided into three parts. The existing water supply system will be rehabilitated and consolidated to supply the eastern part and the rest of the Municipality will be supplied by a southern and northern systems. There shall be five new deep tube wells- one new one for the existing area and two each for the new areas. Each scheme consists of water treatment facilities, storage tanks and overhead tanks from which water will be distributed through distribution pipe lines. The second component is sanitation services which include constructing school and public toilets. There has been proposal to construct sewerage system and solid waste management system for which a master plan has been prepared but the implementation will be decided by the town in the future.
ITECO-UDAYA-JV Page viii Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Baseline Information
There is an existing water supply scheme based on deep well supplying piped water to the inhabitants of wards 1, 10-14. The population of the rest of the municipality are dependent upon dug wells and shallow tube wells. Such water is prone to be contaminated with infectious microorganisms and observed to have appreciable level of iron ions. About 87 % of the population have latrines in their houses, whereas those with flush system are very rare. Open defecation is quite common practice in this area
The socio-economic condition of the area is moderate. Majority of the people depend on agriculture, service, business and remittance for their source of income. The community has good ethnic diversity (Rai and Limbu are slightly in majority), with people from various ethnic groups living together in harmony. What area of forest remained after deforestations at different times of the history was completely wiped out by clean felling to construct Bhutanese Refugee camps. But since the concept of community forests was introduced, there has been an improvement in the forest cover
Environmental Impacts, Mitigation and Monitoring
No significant adverse environmental impacts have been predicted and the anticipated negative impacts are of local in nature and low in magnitude. The main environmental concern for water supply system is related to construction activities such as digging of boreholes for ground water intake and distribution line such as unsettling of street surfaces due to excavation and trenches which could lead to soil erosion and silt run off. The mitigation measures are precautionary types such as proper back filling of the excavated trenches and avoiding cutting of vegetation. The main issues related to the sanitation component is during the operational phase such as nuisance due to sludge drying bed and the mitigation measures are related to the periodic maintenance and proper disposal of sludge and soak pits. The locations of major structures have been acquired in consultation with the user committee and no households or community have been displaced or resettled. Therefore there are very less possibilities of adverse impacts on the biological and socio economical environment of the project area.
Monitoring is necessary to check the implementation of mitigation measures and a detailed monitoring schedule has been designed specifying the regular and periodic monitoring activities during the project construction and operation phase. Before the operation of the project, PMO will develop detailed work plan for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans based on Environmental Management Plan which will be incorporated into the construction and operation contracts.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Considering the nature of the project; environmental and socio-economic situation of the area and based on the detailed field survey and consultation with the relevant stakeholders, it can be concluded that the proposed project will have only minor negative impacts on the area. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring schedules. Implementation of the project will benefit the local people with safe and sufficient supply of drinking water and improved sanitary situation thereby raising the living standard of the people in Damak Municipality. If the project is properly implemented and environmental issues are duly considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the environment and people. Hence, IEE is sufficient and proposed project is suitable for implementation.
ITECO-UDAYA-JV Page ix Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
A. INTRODUCTION
1 Name and Address of the Individual Institution Preparing the Report
a. Name of the Proposal
1. The name of the proposal is „Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Damak Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project’ in Jhapa District.
b. Name and Address of the Proponent
2. The project proponent Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) will be the responsible agency for the implementation of the proposal. The name and address of the proposal is given below.
Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Government of Nepal Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 4423848, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwssp.gov.np
c. Consultant Preparing the Report
3. ITECO Nepal (P) Ltd. has and Udaya Engineering Consultancy Firm in joint venture has worked on behalf of the proponent for conducting IEE studies and preparing IEE report using all the prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and regulations. The name and address of the consultant is given below.
A N D ITECO Nepal (P) Ltd. P. O. Box 2147, Shree Panchakanya Marg 96 Udaya Engineering Consultancy Firm Min Bhawan, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal P.O. Box 12419 Tel: ++ 977-1-46 21 764 Phirke, Pokhara Fax: ++ 977-1-44 82 298 Tel: 061 52 44 00 E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: www.iteconepal.com
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2 Basis and Extent of IEE Study
4. Government of Nepal has prepared a fifteen years development plan to implement the water supply and sanitation programmes in emerging towns or small towns in order to improve the health and the quality of life of the people living in the project towns by constructing and extending water supply system, drainage and sanitation facilities and providing health and hygiene education programmes in the towns. The project follow the community managed demand responsive approach where the community will be involved from the very planning phase to implementation phase then to operation and maintenance of the subprojects soon after it being completed. The project, „Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, STWSSSP’ is the outcome of that effort. Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been providing the financial assistance to implement the project in both the phases. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency whereas Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) is the executive agency.
5. Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental implications of individual developments are taken into account in the planning and decision making process and that action is taken to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide.
a. ADB Policy (ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 And ADB’s Environmental Policy, 2002)
6. ADB’s Environment Policy is to consider environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank’s operations. ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans and private sector investment operations.
7. The nature of the assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impacts and are assigned to one of the following categories:
8. Category A: A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environment impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required.
9. Category B: A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination is required.
10. Category C: A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed.
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11. Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through FI (Financial Intermediaries).
12. The Bank has classified this sub project as of Category B and following normal procedures for project loans and accordingly an IEE was conducted.
13. The subprojects comprise of water supply and sanitation improvement works. An initial Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) was undertaken and the Project classified by ADB as Category B and following normal procedures for project loans, an IEE was conducted.
14. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) affirms that environmental and social sustainability is a cornerstone of economic growth and poverty reduction in Asia and the Pacific region. Therefore, ADB’s Strategy 2020 emphasizes assisting developing member countries (DMCs) as they pursue environmentally sustainable and inclusive economic growth. In addition, ADB is committed to ensuring the social and environmental sustainability of the projects it supports. The goal of the Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 is to promote the sustainability of project outcomes by protecting the environment and people from potential adverse impacts of projects. ADB has ADB Policy addresses the following objectives in its safeguard policy:
To avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people, where possible; To minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is impossible; and To help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the capacity to manage environmental and social risks.
15. ADB’s SPS sets out the policy objectives, scope and triggers, and principles for three key safeguard areas:
Environmental safeguards, Involuntary resettlement safeguards, and Indigenous Peoples safeguards.
16. A project’s environment category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive component, including direct, indirect, induced, and cumulative impacts. Each proposed project is scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, sensitivity and the magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. The level of detail and comprehensiveness of the EIA or IEE are commensurate with the significance of the potential impacts and risks.
b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines
i Policy Measures
17. The current policies of government of Nepal (GoN) stress the importance of environmentally sound economic development and growth through economic liberalization. The proposed Water Supply Project is in line with these policy measures to the extent possible. Some of these policies relevant to the proposed project are described below.
Three Year Interim Plan, 2007-2010
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18. The interim plan provides the most recent guidance on urban sector priorities highlighting, in particular, the need to address the effects of rapid urbanization on service levels, water quality and scheme maintenance. It proposes the full integration of sewerage, on-site sanitation and solid waste management in all urban schemes and specially endorses cost recovery from consumers. Local authorities are responsible for overseeing project implementation but with private sector organizations playing increasing roles.
National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy, 2009
19. It was formulated to provide the overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required. It aims to ensure that the roles and responsibilities of central and local government bodies, external development partners, private sector including NGOs and user groups are clearly defined in scheme implementation and regulation and performance management in accordance with national decentralization policy.
National Policy on Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004
20. Provides guidance on water and sanitation service provision in rural areas using community led participatory approaches. While partially relevant in the urban context, particularly around the integration of inputs and local capacity building, it generally fails to address the complex operational challenges to be faced by Municipal authorities in implementing and managing urban services.
National Urban Policy (2007)
21. Highlights the historical imbalances and haphazard nature of urban development in Nepal. It views urban centres as catalysts for economic development linked to north- south and east-west access corridors and flags poor sanitation, environmental degradation and lack of services by the urban poor as requiring urgent attention. The Urban Policy proposes building the capacity of municipalities to plan and manage integrated local development activities including the preparation of urban master plans to be moderated by central and regional authorities. Private sector involvement and investment in infrastructure development is specifically sought.
National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy (2009)
22. Was recently formulated to provide the overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required.
ii Acts and Regulations
Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007
23. The interim constitution of Nepal realized environmental protection as the policy of the state. Clause (4) of Article (35) of the constitution states that „The State shall, while mobilizing the natural resources and heritage of the country that might be useful and beneficial to the interest of the nation, pursue a policy of giving priority to the local community’. The Clause (5) states that „The State shall make necessary arrangements to
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maintain the natural environment. The State shall give priority to special protection of the environment, and rare wildlife, and prevent further damage due to physical development activities, by increasing awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity, their sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefits derived from them.
Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act, 2001
24. The section 3 of the act prohibits a child from engaging in work, sub clause 1 of the clause 3 states “Nobody shall engage in work a child who has not completed fourteen years of age as a labor and sub clause 2 states “Nobody shall engage a child in a risk full occupation or work set forth in the Schedule”. The section 4 states “Child not to be engaged in work against his will by temptation or fear or pressure or by any other means”
Local Self Governance Act, 1999 & Local Self Governance Regulations, 2000
25. The Act empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental conservation activities. It also describes about the user group formation to implement the programs in the local areas. The Regulation has provisions for Village Development Committee (VDC), District Development Committee (DDCs) and municipality to coordinate and implement development projects/programs and to provide approval or clearance of the proposed project.
Water Resources Act, 1992 & Water Resources Regulation, 2000
26. Water Resource Act is an umbrella act governing water resource management. It declares the order of priority of water use; vests ownership of water in the state; prohibits water pollution; and provides for the formation of Water User Association and system of licensing. The Regulation sets out the procedure to register a WUA and to obtain a license and sets out the rights and obligations of WUA and license holders.
Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1997 & Environmental Protection Regulations (EPA), 1999 (and amendments)
27. EPA and EPR have several provisions to institutionalize environmental consideration in development projects. Section (5) of EPA stipulates that „a proponent who is desirous of implementing any proposal shall have to submit such a proposal, accompanied by the report on Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposal, to the concerned agency for the approval of such a proposal. The EPR elaborates provisions to prepare and submit the scoping report, Terms of Reference (TOR), and IEE/EIA report for approval and includes public consultation processes. As per the EPR, the Environmental Assessment report, in general, should include detail information on impacts and environmental protection measures, including implementation plan, monitoring and evaluation and environmental auditing. Public consultation is a pre-requisite in all the prescribed projects.
Soil and Water Conservation Act (1995)
28. The Article 2 (B) of the Act defines the soil and water conservation. According to the Article 3 of the Act, GoN can acquire area/land by giving written notice for the purpose of water conservation. But for such acquisition, compensation shall be paid in case of private land in consultation with the local authorities (MUNICIPALITY/
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MUNICIPALITY). Article 10 of the Act elaborates the activities that are considered illegal in the area which are suspected for natural disaster.
Drinking Water Regulations, 1998
29. Regulates the use of drinking water and deals with the control of water pollution and maintenance of quality standards for drinking water. It also sets out the conditions of service utilization by consumers
Forest Act, 1993 & Forest Regulations, 1995 (including amendments)
30. Since forest has an important role in managing water resources, Forest Act has many provisions effecting the integrated water resources management of the country. The basic objective is developing and conserving the forests of the country. The government can provide parts of any type of forest for the implementation of national priority plan with the assurance that it does not adversely affect the environment. The Regulation further elaborate legal measures for the conservation of forests and wild animals.
Labor Act, 1992
31. The Act emphasizes on occupational health and safety of workers and stipulates provision of necessary safety gears and adopting necessary precautionary measures against potentially hazardous machine/equipment in the workplace. It also stipulates to make arrangements such as removal of waste accumulated during production process and prevention of dust, fume, vapor and other waste materials, which adversely affect the health of workers
Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989 (and amendments) & Water Supply Management Board Act, 2006 & Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act,2006
32. These acts facilitate the improved management of water and sanitation services. They establish the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation applicable to all urban schemes
Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act, 1987 & Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization Rules), 1990
33. As solid waste has direct impact on water supply system, discharge of solid waste in either public or private places have been prohibited under this Act. The rules entrusts Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Centre, established under the Act, to provide necessary service to individual or institution in managing solid waste. As such any water resource projects may obtain such service and maintain the water resource clean.
Town Development Act, 1988
34. The Act has provisions about the formation of town development committee in any town area to implement town planning and in carrying out the developmental and reconstruction work of that town.
Land Acquisition Act, 1977 & Land Acquisition Rules, 1969
35. These are two main legal instruments that specify procedural matters of land acquisition and compensation. Under these, the Government is allowed to acquire any private land
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paying reasonable compensation to the affected party for any public purposes or for operation of any development project initiated by government institutions and the water resources laying and originating within such acquired area is spontaneously acquired under this process.
Water Tax Act, 1966
36. Under the Act, the water user who use water through a tap distributed by the government is obliged to pay water tax as fixed by prevalent laws and charges are levied if the tax is not paid within the time as fixed by the law.
iii Standards and Guidelines
National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) and Directives, 2005
37. Provides details of the water quality standards to be applied to all water supply schemes. These set out the water quality parameters, which the water suppliers should adhere to. The directives also ensures that the water sampling, testing and analysis procedures used to certify that the drinking water supplied or to be supplied conforms to the NDWQS and also sets the monitoring and surveillance procedures to certify that the quality of supplied water conforms to the standards.
National Environmental Impact Assessment (NEIA) Guidelines, 1993
38. The NEIA Guidelines were endorsed by GoN on 27th Sept.1992 and gazette on 19th July 1993, Vol. – 43, No. 5. This guideline was developed in the process of establishing a national system of EIA in Nepal. This guideline provides criteria for project screening, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment. This also includes scoping, preparation of ToR for IEE/EIA, Methods of IEE/EIA report, Impact identification, prediction, impact mitigation measures, review of draft EIA report, impact monitoring, evaluation of impact studies, impact auditing, community participation and schedules & annexes to IEE and EIA.
Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan (NEPAP)
39. The NEPAP recognizes that a growing number of people are exposed to pollution from industrial enterprises. The action plan for infrastructure development within NEPAP recommends the finalization of draft EIA guidelines for water resources, the development of EIA guidelines for road construction and the use of EIA when designing hydroelectric projects.
The Ninth Plan
40. One of the policies and implementation strategies of the Ninth Plan is to make necessary provision for voluntary initiatives of local bodies, communities as well as governmental, Non-governmental and private sector in raising public awareness and common participation in the field of environment and EIA.
EIA Guidelines for Water Resources Sector (1996)
41. Based on the NEIA Guidelines, EIA Guidelines for Water Resources Sector (1996) has been developed by the Ministry of Water Resources. The proposed AWSSP has been conducted in accordance with the guideline for water resources sector.
EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector (1996)
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42. GoN in keeping with the spirit of the NEIA Guidline,1993 framed EIA Guidelines for the Forestry Sector (1995) with an aim to facilitate the sustainable use of forest resources for socio-economic development and for meeting basic needs of the communities for the forest products to make proposals socio-culturally acceptable, economically feasible and environmentally benign to conserve genetic resources and biodiversity and minimize environmental damage in forest areas and facilitate in identification of positive and negative impacts of programs to be implemented by another agencies in forest areas. The guideline emphasizes the need of carrying out EIA study of development projects and programs proposed for implementation in forest areas.
GON’s Approach Paper for 2011-2014
43. It aims to provide reliable drinking water and sanitation services to all by 2017. The main programs and strategies, it has outlined are to complete projects which give return in a short period and are incomplete; promote local participation and ownership in the process of designing and implementation of projects; launch Quality improvement programs in the drinking water projects of urban and small town areas in order to meet the quality of distributed drinking water as per the national drinking water standards; construction of Sewerages with treatment system in urban and semi urban areas ; establishing and operating small sewerage processing systems before discharging into rivers.
44. Special attention, for the reduction of effects of climate change, will be paid while implementing the programs of drinking water and sanitation.
45. Sanitation program will be implemented in the form of a campaign by integrating household toilet construction works with the drinking water projects. "Open defecation Free Zone" will be developed, in the places which are not covered by the projects. Activities of the agencies related to drinking water and sanitation sector will be mobilized according to the Sector Wide Approach (SWAP).
46. The cost recovery scheme will be adopted in the construction and improvement of urban and sub-urban drinking water system.
Land Acquisition Guideline (1993)
47. This guideline was issued by GoN pursuant to the Section 16 and 27 of the Land Acquisition Act, to assist the land acquisition process for the Arun III Project. The measures provided by the guidelines are more progressive that the parent Act itself. Section 3 © of the Guidelines states that the Acquisition and Rehabilitation Committee (ARC) shall establish rehabilitation measures to the project affected families. This includes compensation in cash and in kind for the assets to be compulsorily acquired or damaged by the project and rehabilitation grants for the suffering and hardship caused. In addition, includes employment and training to affected families to ensure that after a reasonable transition period, they will be able to regain, if not enhance, their previous standard of living.
Policies and Legal Framework of KUKL
48. The Government of Nepal remains fully committed to the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation services for all of its citizens which are considered as a fundamental human need and a basic human right. The Government is committed to providing improved water supply and sanitation services of medium and higher levels
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that are commensurate to affordability of the townships. In the 1990s, political liberalization and a focus on decentralization saw important new sector actors emerge, namely community groups, local government and the private sector including non- governmental organizations. However, the ever-growing urban population and increasing water demand has been placing a strain on the existing urban water supply and sanitation services. There have been a number of efforts to streamline planning and investment in the sector. Some of the major efforts are examined below.
The Government’s 3 Year Interim Plan (2007- 2010)
49. Provides the most recent guidance on urban sector priorities highlighting, in particular, the need to address the effects of rapid urbanization on service levels, water quality and scheme maintenance. It proposes the full integration of sewerage, on-site sanitation and solid waste management in all urban schemes and specifically endorses cost recovery from consumers. Local authorities are responsible for overseeing project implementation but with private sector organizations playing increasing roles.
c. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study
50. IEE is a tool for incorporating environmental concerns at the project level and is carried out as a part of the feasibility study. The objectives are:
Provide information about the general environmental settings of the project are as baseline data; Provide information on potential impacts of the project and the characteristic of the impacts, magnitude, distribution, affected groups and duration Provide information on potential mitigation measures to minimise the impact including mitigation costs Assess the best alternative project with most benefits and least costs in terms of financial, social and environmental aspects Provide basic information for formulating management and monitoring plans
Scope 51. This is the IEE for the water supply and sanitation subproject proposed for Damak. It discusses the environmental impacts and mitigation measures relating to the location, design, construction and operation and management of the scheme.
52. Both the Nepali law and ADB policy require that the environmental impacts of development projects are identified and assessed as part of the planning and design processes, and that action is taken to reduce those impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through the environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide.
53. The scope of the study is to study and prepare IEE report as per the format indicated by EPR 1997 together with the instructions provided by the project management office. The task during the preparation of this report included description of the project with reference to the physical, biological and social environment, and identification of potential impacts, mitigation measures and monitoring plan and related topics. However, the study does not limit itself only here, but has strived to completeness and objectiveness.
54. The proposed sub-project is classified as environment Category B project as per the Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Projects Impacts of Asian Development
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Bank (ADB). Hence in accordance with ADB's Environmental Assessment Requirements and Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Development Projects, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has to be carried out.
55. However, after the enforcement of GoN's Environmental Protection Acts 2053 and Environmental Protection Regulation (EPR) 2054 (First amendment 2055), all projects under consideration are required to fulfil either IEE or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) applications. The screening criterion for the application of IEE or EIA is clearly mentioned in the schedule 1 and schedule 2 of EPR. The points of the schedules determine whether the project should undergo IEE or EIA.
56. On the basis of the desk study of the various related literatures, the structural components of Sub- Project including the intake structure at the water source, the transmission line through the forest and shrubs and most of distribution lines of the proposed project passes along the existing road tracks. As a whole, the project does not fall in any restricted areas, places of cultural, historical and archaeologically important/monuments, conservation areas, wildlife national parks, and other places where the law of the land prohibits any construction activities. Also the scale of human settlement or human lives affected because of project activities is quite insignificant.
57. In this way, all the criteria lie within the range of schedule 1 of EPR. As per the ADB's Environmental Assessment Requirements and Environmental Guidelines for selected infrastructure Development Projects and GoN's Environmental Protection Regulation, 2054, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is sufficient for the proposed project.
58. The current studies have been conducted as per the TOR prepared by this consultancy and approved by MPPW. The environmental issues identified by the TOR have been looked into in detail by this study and EPM and has been designed to address these issues.
59. The impacts of providing infrastructure in the areas have been assessed and the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Reports and Environmental Monitoring Plans produced. Studies were conducted according to ADBs Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (which came into effect on 20 January 2010) and GONs Environmental Protection Rules (1997) and Amendment of 20 August 2007.
60. The desk study also involved the preparation of questionnaire/checklists/matrices for detailed field study to collect the primary data within the Zone of Influence (ZOI). In order to specify the area that would be covered by the assessment, the geographical boundary of the influence area was delineated on the topographical map. Depending upon the nature and extent of the expected impact area, the Zone of Influence (ZOI) was categorized into Direct Impact Zone (DIZ) and Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ).
d. Relevancy of the Project
61. As per the TOR, it is stated that the project needs to be studied from the environmental point of view as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed water supply and sanitation project is an extension of the existing DSTWSS which is meant primarily for the market area but has also been supplying a part of the proposed service area. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be able to avail of adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not resort to use of unsafe hand pumps to fulfil their water needs. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project shall be using ground water sources (bore holes). The treatment
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capacity of the proposed units is more than 25 lps. The Project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, and construction of river training works (more than 1 km) is not required. The project shall benefit more than ten thousand persons in the area with higher and better water services.
62. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007) Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE should be done. The regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3.
63. Table 1 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA.
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Table 1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project EIA Required as IEE Required as Condition described in per the Conditions in the S. N per the Regulation the Act and Regulations Regulation Project Annex 1 g Annex 3 h 1. River Control (training) Up to 1 kilometer Over 1 kilometer NA Channeling Water from Applicable Applicable NA 2. one Watershed to Another Rain Water Collection and Up to 200 hectares More than 200 NA 3. Use of Spewing Wetland hectares
Supply of Water in Dry Up to 1 cusec and More than 1 cusec NA Season from Surface utilizing up to 50 % and utilizing the 4. Water Source with a safe of the available total available yield of quantity quantity Ground Water Recharge Up to 50 % of total More than 50 % of NA 5. aquifer aquifer 6. Water Treatment More than 25 liter More than 25 liter per per sec sec 7. Construction of Tunnel for Tunnel constructed Not constructed Channelling Drinking Water 8. Water Resource 25 to 100 people Over 100 people Not done Development which Displaces People Permanent Residents) 9. Settlement of People Settlement of up to Settlement of Not done Upstream of Water Source 500 people above 500 people
10. Supply of water to a 5, 000 to 50, 000 Over 50, 000 Not Applicable population of 11. *Connection of New 10, 000 - 100, 000 More than 100, The proposed system Source to Supply Water to 000 will have two new existing water supply sources (2 boreholes system for a population of each in ward no 1 and 15) and one new borehole in the existing office compound to supply the extended subareas in the northern and southern subareas. 12. Operation of a drinking Installed Installed Sewage treatment plant water supply system with not yet installed. There inclusion of sewage is a discussion going disposal system with on as to the addition of sewage treatment system a sewage treatment plant on the east side of the bridge over Ratuwa Mai.
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EIA Required as IEE Required as Condition described in per the Conditions in the S. N per the Regulation the Act and Regulations Regulation Project Annex 1 g Annex 3 h 13. Extraction of ground water Not done Done No non point and point from sources which are sources of pollution in located at point and non- the vicinity of the point sources of biological water source and chemical pollution and/or their influenced areas. 14. Operation of water supply Not operated Operated This is not a project included in a multipurpose project multipurpose project and is solely for water utilizing a source of 25 supply liter per sec water. (Construction of Multiple Purpose Reservoir Required)
e. Approach and Methodology
64. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the Terms of Reference (TOR) approved by the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, of the Government of Nepal. The study has followed the provisions outlined in the Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulation, 1997 and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2066 B. S. (2009 A. D) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The major activities undertaken during the preparation of IEE are outlined below.
i Desk Study
65. Existing secondary data relevant to the proposed project was collected from various published and unpublished sources from different governmental and non-governmental organizations. All the related maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles were gathered and studied. The engineering report of the project and other relevant documents were thoroughly reviewed. Policies, legislations and guidelines relevant to the project were also refereed to.
66. The desk study also involved the preparation of questionnaire/checklists/matrices for detailed field study to collect the primary data within the Zone of Influence (ZOI). In order to specify the area that would be covered by the assessment, the geographical boundary of the influence area was delineated on the topographical map. Depending upon the nature and extent of the expected impact area, the Zone of Influence (ZOI) was categorized into Direct Impact Zone (DIZ) and Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ).
Direct Impact Zone (DIZ)
67. The project area directly affected by the project activities are demarcated as Direct Impact Zone. The area bounded by Ratuwa river in the east, Himalayan Tea Garden in the west, along the East-West highway in the Damak Municipality was delineated as the Direct Impact Zone.
Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ)
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68. The area around the DIZ that could be indirectly affected due to project construction and implementation activities such as mobility of people, equipment, vehicles, noise, dust, vibration are demarcated as the Indirect Impact Zone.
ii Field Work
69. A detailed field investigation was carried out during April, 2011 to collect baseline information on the physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area. The local communities were consulted to understand the social and physical nature of the area. A walkover survey was carried out to identify the environmental structures and to gather relevant baseline information. The details of the field study on various aspects (physical, biological and socio-economical) are as follows and the questionnaire used for socio-economic survey of the project area is included in Annex 7
Physical Assessment
70. Existing physical attributes of the project area were studied through topographical map and site observation, complemented by secondary source of information from reports and interviews. Information on the location, topography, land use, geology, and soil hydrology were collected during field work and from the reports obtained from different institutions.
Biological Assessment
71. The ecological attributes of the area was gathered during the field survey. Information on vegetation pattern, wildlife, parks and reserves, sensitive habitats were collected. Identification of wild flora and fauna, rare and endangered species were done during filed observation and by questionnaire survey. The scientific names of the flora and fauna were later recorded suing secondary data/books.
Socio-economic Assessment
72. Socio-economic and cultural environment of the project such as population, community structure, distribution of income and sources of livelihood, and expected water users obtained through various secondary and primary sources of data. These included literature review, questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, and the suggestions and comments obtained from all relevant stakeholders though public notices and public hearing process.
iii Data Processing
73. The information obtained from the desk study and field works were processed in a standard format to maintain consistency. The data were tabulated and maps were interpreted. The mitigation and monitoring measures were then proposed based on the impacts identified during the study.
iv Consultation and Information Dissemination
74. Public consultation and information dissemination process has been necessary to inform the local people and concerned agencies about the project and to obtain their concern, issues and suggestions. The methods adopted for conducting public consultation included holding meetings with district officials, concerned departments institutions and NGOs. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and meetings were also held with the stakeholders within the Zone of Influence (ZOI). Written form of comments and suggestions were collected from all the concerned stakeholders.
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75. Similarly the information about the project was disseminated through publication in national newspaper giving details about the project and by inviting any comments and concerns (Annex 3). A copy of the publication was also displayed in the VDC offices, educational institutions, health institutions and other public area in the project and the deed of inquiry was collected (Annex 4). The recommendation letter from the concerned authorities i.e. Damak Municipality was obtained (Annex 5).The final IEE report, after incorporating the comments from concerned department and ADB, will be made available in their respective websites and will be made available to anyone interested upon request.
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B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
76. The main objectives of the project are to:
Improve water supply and sanitation facilities and provide a health and hygiene education program in the town. Support community participation in the development of water supply and sanitation facilities. Facilitate sustainable development of the facilities thereby help improve health and quality of life of the people living in the project area.
1 Location and Accessibility of the Project Area
77. The proposed Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Project are located at Damak Municipality in Jhapa district of Mechi zone. The proposed service area of the project covers ward no. 1, 2, 4, 9 to 15 of Damak Municipality situated along the East-West National highway in Jhapa district. It is 35 km. east if Itahari in Sunsari District, the town at the crossing of the East West Highway and the road between Biratnagar and Dharan, and 25 km west of Birtamode. Its altitude varies from 116 m to 148 m above msl. This is one of the rapid growing Municipality of Jhapa district.
Figure 1: Location Map of Damak, Jhapa
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2 Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure
a. Water Supply
78. The proposed area has no piped water supply system except for the existing small area of the Pani Tanki area. i.e. ward no 1, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. Under the current situation, the contribution of HH connection tap water is 40.3 per cent. The rest have been using drinking water from other available sources as hand pumps, nearby wells, streams etc.
79. This water supply system was developed by DWSS, some 25 years ago and has been rehabilitated in 2054. Due to rapid urbanization and extension of the area, the system is outstretched. More than 500 households have been requesting for private taps connection and are kept pending in the WUSC office. Thus, the consumers are not getting sufficient water as per their requirement. However, this Damak Municipality Water Supply project is considered to be one of the successful model projects of the country that is being operated and maintained satisfactorily by WUSC.
80. The present Water Supply situation in the project area is therefore not satisfactory both from quality and quantity points of view
81. Major problem faced by WUSC are:
Increasing demand for private connection. Water quality as well as quantity problem.
82. This project is running in profit and currently has more than Rs. 115 lakhs in its bank account. The WUSC and member of different political parties expressed the need of drinking water as their top priority and they assured that beneficiaries are ready to pay their part of contribution.
Consumption Level
83. The average water consumption has been observed as 24 lpcd in dry season and 23 lpcd in wet season. About 68% of respondents were somehow satisfied with the existing water quality but about 32% were completely unsatisfied. Their major complaint is the physical appearance (colour, odour, and taste) of the supplied water. (Field Survey 2010). The 100 lpcd is taken as domestic demand with 10% for non domestic demand and 10% as system loss for the design of the water supply component used in Damak small town water supply project to address the future water demand.
b. Existing Sanitation Situation
84. The HH survey of the Project area revealed that 87 % of the households have toilet facility. The remaining households have no latrines built, that is why they defecate outside in nearby private or open fields.
85. The drainage systems for collection of storm water exist at core market area; rest of the service area has no drainage system. Damak Municipality collects and transports solid wastes of Damak market area but there is no land fill site Individuals are disposing their solid wastes themselves haphazardly without considering health and hygiene aspects. There is one public toilet within the project area or at the Bus stop.
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3 Type, Category and Need of the Subproject
86. This water supply project falls in category B of ADB environmental categorization. This is going to be a groundwater based water supply system with a pumping system, treatment plant, reservoirs at height and pipe system to provide house connection to the majority of the household and institutions.
87. The major part of the proposed area has no piped water supply system except for a part in the Pani Tanki area (Wards 1, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14). The rest have to depend upon shallow hand tube wells to meet their drinking water requirements. The present Water Supply situation in the project area is therefore not satisfactory from both quality and quantity point of view.
88. Major problem faced by WUSC are:
Increasing demand for private connection. Water quality as well as quantity problem.
89. More than 500 households have been requesting for private taps and are kept pending in the WUSC office. The current water supply system is running in profit and currently has more than Rs. 115 lakhs in its bank account. The WUSC and member of different political parties expressed the need of drinking water as their top priority and they assured that the beneficiaries are ready to pay their part of contribution.
4 Size and Magnitude of Operation
90. The scheme is designed for a base population of 37,731 in households (year 2013) and a design year population of 63426 in households (in the year 2027). There will be three subsystems. Each will have two wells each from which water will be drawn at the rate of 20lps. The total water supply capacity for the total service area will be 7752 cum per day serving a population of 63426 in the design year (2027).
Table 2: Population of the Project Area Design year S. Land Base year 2013 Service Area System 2027 N. Area(ha) Population Population 1 Eastern 261.38 12,303 20,682 Damak Subsystem Municipality Northern 2 Wards- 766.32 12,091 20,325 Subsystem 1,2,4,9 and 10 South 3 to 15 273.31 13,337 22,421 Subsystem Grand Total 1301.02 37,731 63,428
91. The total domestic demands in base year 2013 & design year 2027 are 3018 m3/d & 6342 m3/d respectively. The nondomestic demand is calculated at 10 % of the domestic. The total system loss is taken as 10 % of the total demand.
92. The total water demands, comprises of both domestic and non-domestic demand. The details of the total water demands have been presented in the following table. According to which the total water demand in the base and the design years are 3689 m3/d and 7752 m3/d respectively.
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Table 3: Total Water Demand Base Year 2013 Design Year 2027 System Domestic Non Leakage Total Domestic Non Leakage Total Eastern 984.2 98.4 120 1203 2068 207 253 2528 Northern 967 96.7 118 1182 2032 203 248 2484 Southern 1067 107 130 1304 2242 224 274 2740
93. The cost of the Project including 13%VAT, 10% physical contingencies and 5% price contingencies is estimated at NPR 416,140,462 (water supply component only) and 429,290,113 (total with sanitation).
5 Proposed Schedule of Implementation
94. The details of components proposed for the project has been presented as follows:
Deep Tube wells Pumps Electrical facilities Chlorination Unit Overhead reservoir Distribution system House connection Community stand posts System Appurtenances Generator House/Pump house Water Quality Testing Laboratory Guard quarter Boundary wall, etc 95. The work will be contracted to a contractor, the standard procedure for selection and tendering will be followed as per the norms of the Fiscal Act and Regulations. These will comprise of tendering and approval of contract; presentation of security performance, field mobilization of workers, technicians, and professional of the contractor; procurement and transportation of materials, installation of structural works, mechanical works, pipe works and finishing works. The proposed schedule is presented in bar chart in Figure 2.
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Figure 2: Implementation Schedule of the Project
6 Description of the Subprojects 96. The Damak Town WSP has been conceptualized as a piped, pumping water supply system based on ground water as the source with an overhead tank for distribution. (comprising of more or less three independent subsystems with emergency connections) The system has been formulated for a reliable continuous 24 hours drinking water supply in adequate quantity and quality to the consumers of the service area at the desired service level. The schematic system layout for each subsystem is given in figure 3 for easy conceptualization.
Figure 3: Schematic Drawing of the Deep Wells, Treatment Plant and Water Reservoirs for each Damak Water Supply Sub system
Chlorine Dosing
Air Compressor
To distribution
OHT
Aeration Pressure Filter
Deep Tube Well
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Table 4: Salient Features S.N. Items Description 1 Name of the Project Damak Town Water Supply Project 2 Type Ground Water –OHT Scheme Study Level Final Detailed Engineering Design 3 Study 4 Location Area Region Eastern Development Region Zone Mechi District Jhapa MUNICIPALITY/Municipality Damak Ward 1,2,4,9,10,11,12,13,14,&15 of Damak
Municipality 5 Available Facilities Road East-West National Highway Airport Chandragadhi in Jhapa & Biratnagar in
Morang Water Supply System (existing) Deep Well-OHT system conducted
about tow decade ago Electricity Available Communication Available Health Services Available Banking Facilities Available 6 Source Characteristics Source Name Deep Tube Wells Source Type Ground Water Source Location Ward#1 and 15 Safe yield (lps) Tapped yield 25 lps for each system 7 Project Components Storage Tank Existing- OHT-1 No.450m3 capacity
Proposed : OHT 2 Nos. 450m3 each Boreholes 4 Nos. Proposed, 1 test bore hole, 4
existing Valve Chamber (Nos.) 474 proposed Household Connection (Nos.) 4083 Total Length of pipe Distribution (Km) 142.206 Treatment Unit Pressure Filter 2 sets 8 Social Status Present Population (2010) 33,756 Base Year Population (2013) 37,330 Design Year Population (2027) 63,428 Growth Rate % 3.78(Average) Household Numbers 7520 for survey year, 2010 9 Total Water Demand Base Year (m3/day) % Domestic – 3,018 Non Domestic - 301
Leakage/ wastage – 368 Total -3,687 Design year 2027(m3/day)% Domestic – 6,342 Non Domestic - 634 Leakage/ wastage -775
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S.N. Items Description Total Water Demand- 7,751 Cost of water supply component (NRs) 416 million With 20% contingencies & 10 VAT 13% 11 Average Per Capita Cost for the project Base year (NRs.) 11025 Design year (NRs.) 6558 Cost Sharing Arrangement for water supply 416 million 12 component (NRs) 1) Government of Nepal 50% Rs. 208 million 2) WUSC Contribution a) Up-front cash contribution 5% Rs. 20.8 million 13 b) Loan Through TDF 45% Rs. 188.2 million 13 Cost for Sanitation component in NRs. Rs. 12523478 14 Cost sharing arrangement for sanitation component (NRs) 1)Government of Nepal- 85% Rs. 10644956.0 2)Local Government/ DDC- Municipality Rs. 1878522.00 15% 15 Total project cost including sanitation Rs. 428523478 (NRs) 16 Tariff 0-10 cum / month 25.00 11-20 cum/ month 32.50 20>Cum / Month 42.50 17 Economic / Financial FIRR 4.47% EIRR 36.84% AIFC 30.32 AIEC 42.83 18 Environment ADB Category Category B IEE Finding No Adverse Effect IEE Required 19 Project Status Started (date) February 2011
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7 Project Components
i Water Supply System
Water Source 97. The source of water for the proposed system is ground water. Two deep tube wells each are to be bored for each of the northern and the southern subsystems. One new borehole is to be added to the existing eastern subsystem in addition to the existing four deep wells as one of the existing deep tube wells is not providing the required yield.
Source Location 98. The designated source to serve the service area of the Northern subsystem are 2 deep wells to be located at ward # 1, which lies at north tip of Damak Municipality The source for the Southern subsystem will be located at ward # 15 on the south of the highway. The additional bore hole for the eastern subsystem will be located near the existing 4 boreholes in the office compound.
Intake 99. Two numbers of 250 mm diameters with 125 meter deep boreholes for northern sub- systems, one test borehole and one borehole in the southern sub-system and one borehole in existing sub-system will be constructed.
Well Design 100. The wells will be drilled either by percussion rig or by a suitable rotary drilling rig. The casing material will be mild steel with stainless steel screen. The size of the casing will be 200 mm ID and the pump housing pipe will be of 300 mm diameter. The continuous production capacity of each well will be 20 litres per sec, i.e., 100 cu. m. per hour. Major part of the geological formation of the borehole consists of boulder mixed gravel and coarse sand.
Source Yield 101. As the yield from existing deep tube well has confirmed a safe yield between 25-30 l. p. s., it is expected that safe yield of the proposed deep tube wells is also of similar capacity.
Borehole Platform 102. A RCC borehole platform will be constructed at each borehole with GI pipe gantry for the installation and removal of pumps from boreholes, if required. All the required fittings have been estimated which will be installed on the top of the boreholes.
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Table 5: Details of Structures Proposed for Tapping Ground Water Source Quantity/ S.N Structures proposed Remarks Numbers 300-200mm diameter 150 meter deep Including test 1 5 Borehole borehole 2 Borehole platform 5
a. Transmission Pipeline
103. The water from the deep wells is designed to be transmitted to the treatment plant by 150 mm and 200 mm D.I. pipes. Transmission Mains/Pumping mains have been provided as per requirement of the project.
b. Distribution Main
104. About 195 Km pipeline has been designed for this system. HDPE pipes with external diameter up to 180mm and DI pipe is proposed for the higher diameter. About 15 km of existing pipe network with 50mm and 63 mm HDPE pipe is proposed for reuse. The summary of distribution pipeline is presented in table 6.
Table 6: Summary of Distribution Pipeline Designed Series Existing New Total Estimated Length 50 mm HDPE 6 kg/cm2 5012 40,284 45,296 63 mm HDPE 6 kg/cm2 10101 36,233 46,334 75 mm HDPE 6 kg/cm2 25,757 25,757 90 mm HDPE 6 kg/cm2 12,011 12,011 110 mm HDPE 6 kg/cm2 16,795 16,795 125 mm HDPE 6 kg/cm2 7,717 7,717 140 mm HDPE 6 kg/cm2 10,933 10,933 160 mm HDPE 6 kg/cm2 4,357 4,357 180 mm HDPE 6 kg/cm2 18,607 18,607 200 mm DI 5,182 5,182 Total 15113 179,688 194,801
c. House Connections
105. The system has been designed, predominantly as house to house connections. The system is analyzed for a design capacity of providing a total of 14,132 house connections. However, initially during construction phase, only 6,641 house connections are provided to fulfill the need for the base year population.
106. Consumers have been classified in three categories depending on their willingness for the type of connection. The consumers with good income are placed in fully plumbed category, consumers having medium income and medium consumption level are
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categorized in yard connection and consumers of low income group and who can’t afford the tariff of private connections are delivered service through community connections. The details of percentage of consumers considered for the demand calculation has been presented in Table 7.
Table 7: Percentage of Different Categories of Consumers Percentage of Consumers Service S. N. Total Year Fully Yard Community Not Plumbed Connections Taps Connected 1 2010 33.40 41.00 5.60 20.00 100.00 2 2011 34.00 42.00 4.00 20.00 100.00 3 2012 34.50 42.50 3.00 20.00 100.00 4 2013 35.50 43.50 1.00 20.00 100.00 5 2014 36.00 47.00 1.00 16.00 100.00 6 2015 36.50 50.50 1.00 12.00 100.00 7 2016 37.00 44.25 0.75 18.00 100.00 8 2017 38.00 57.25 0.75 4.00 100.00 9 2018 39.00 58.25 0.75 2.00 100.00 10 2019 40.00 59.50 0.50 0.00 100.00 11 2020 41.00 58.50 0.50 0.00 100.00 12 2021 42.00 57.50 0.50 0.00 100.00 13 2022 43.00 56.75 0.25 0.00 100.00 14 2023 44.00 55.75 0.25 0.00 100.00 15 2024 45.00 54.75 0.25 0.00 100.00 16 2025 46.00 54.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 17 2026 47.00 53.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 18 2027 48.00 52.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
107. Fully plumbed and yard connections have been provided for each individual household and the community connections has been provided for 5-13 HHs as agreed with the WUSC. The projected numbers HHs of different types of connections in base year and design year has been presented in table 8.
Table 8: Number of Households Using Various Types of Connections in Base and Design Year Number of Consumers S. Service Fully Community N. Year Yard Connections Total Plumbed Connections 1 2010 2512 3083 72 5667 2 2013 2984 3657 15 6656 3 2018 3947 5895 14 9856 4 2023 5361 6792 6 12159 5 2027 6783 7349 0 14132
Community Stand Posts
108. Fifteen numbers of community tap stands will be provided to serve about 750 population of the service area at the beginning of base year 2013. These tap stands shall be made of brick masonry with facilities for washing, drainage and placing vessels for water collection. Altogether 15 community taps has been recommended for implementation and their locations will be finalized in consultation with the community
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and the WUSC in construction phase. It is projected that the ultra-poor group number will decrease gradually and with it the number of community tap required will also decrease. It is expected that by the end of the design period there will be no community taps.
d. Treatment Facilities
109. The treatment unit consists of aeration chamber followed by pressure filter and chlorine dosing. Air pressure will supply air in the aeration chamber. The objective of pressure filter is to reduce iron content in water. After chlorine dosing the water flows to ground water as further supplied in overhead tank of 450 m3 capacity.
Aerator
110. Aerator will be designed and operated for 40 lps water discharge for each system, two aerators will be installed.
Pressure Filter
111. Pressure filter will be designed and operated for 40 lps water discharge for each system, two pressure filters will be installed.
e. Service Reservoir
112. A service reservoir has been designed for intermittent inflow for 10-18 hrs. From the boreholes and continuous supply to the service area. The provision of a reserve water tank has been fulfilled by providing OHT. The OHT is to be constructed of RCC and is designed as Intze-type tank to make it economical. Its capacity is standardized as 450 m3. It shall be supported on RCC columns of 20 meters height which are braced together, to make them into a single unit. The summary of service reservoir proposed is summarized in table as follows.
Table 9: Summary of Service Reservoir Capacity Sub System Reservoir/Type Size Northern Sub System OHT 450 m3 Southern Sub System OHT 450 m3
f. Mechanical Works
113. The Eastern subsystem has all related infrastructures for electro mechanical works. Only the treatment plant requires some maintenance / rehabilitation works and one new chemical dosing system.
114. Submersible pumps of design capacity (20 HP – pumps 2 nos.) will pump the water from the boreholes to the treatment plant and then to the OHT. Air compressors are provided for the aeration in the treatment plants. Water from OHT will be used directly used for back washing. The summary of electro mechanical facilities for the three separate subsystems are hereby presented.
Table 10: Electro Mechanical Facilities Boreholes/ 11 KV line/ Generator Electrical Treatment Systems Pumps Transformer Panels Plant
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11 KV line-1 Aerationn-1 North Deep Tubewells-2 100 KVA- Transformer100 New 1 set RSF-1 Subsystem Pumps- 4 1 KVA-1 Chlorination-1 11 KV line-1 Aerationn-1 South Deep Tubewells-2 100 KVA- Transformer100 New 1 set RSF-1 Subsystem Pumps- 4 1 KVA-1 Chlorination-1 Existing- to be East Existing Existing Existing Existing rehabilitated and Subsystem Chlorination-1
g. Pumps
115. Submersible pumps will be fitted on each of the wells of design capacity to lead to the service tanks through the treatment system. Altogether five pumps with accessories are included.
h. Electrical Facilities
116. The 11 kV transmission line through an 11/0.4 kV - 100 KVA step down transformer to the generator/pump house is supplying electrical power to the existing system. One number each of 150 KVA transformers and one number of 160 KVA generators will be installed for the Northern and Southern sub schemes. A three-phase power line will connect the control panel to the pump. The control panel for generator and pumps will be installed in the generator house.
i. Other System Appurtenances
117. Some other components have been proposed for the project in addition to components explained above. Valve chambers at branch points and connections points where settlement is very dense (especially in Bazaar areas) in distribution system, fire hydrant at main corner and junction of main road, watchman quarter, generator, pump house etc have been proposed which are essential for smooth and effective service delivery. The details of structures proposed have been summarized in table 11.
Table 11: Summary of Other System Appurtenances Proposed for the Project S. N. Components Proposed Numbers Proposed Remarks 1 Valve Chamber 104 2 Generator Shed 2 3 Watchmen quarter/WQ Lab 2 4 Three phase electricity line extension 1000 m 5 Fencing work of OHT compound 500 m
8 Sanitation and Drainage
a. Sanitation Improvement
118. For the improvement of environmental sanitation combined with water supply facilities in the project area, the SSTWSSSP has considerably addressed the issue in the TOR and during the orientation program organized by PMO on 30 April 2010.
Waste Water System
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119. A preliminary design of the waste water system has been presented for the core bazaar area for about 200 to 300 HHs. This could be later extended if the community in other areas so desire. A schematic layout drawing of the proposed sewerage system with details on the other requisite components as manholes, house connection chambers, screens, and grit chamber and treatment units are also incorporated in the project.
Surface Drain
120. Some linear storm water drainage exists in the market area. More drainage is required to carry storm water so that sanitation is improved. Additional 1300 meter storm drainage has been proposed by this project to the linear storm water drainage that is existing and under construction by the Department of Roads.
Public Toilet
121. A public will be constructed in WUSC office premises.
Solid Waste Management
122. The project proposes to conduct a number of training and awareness generating programs. These software programs will help to reduce, reuse, and recycle the wastes from the households. The refuse collection program has to be administered through contractors or licensed individuals as per consensus of the beneficiaries or by other satisfactory arrangements on cost/ charge basis.
123. Refuge storage bins will be designed and provided in sufficient quantities for temporary storage in the market area. Suitable training will be provided.
b. Sanitation Sector Master Plan
Sewerage Master Plan 124. A master plan that includes sewer line covering the core bazaar area of the Municipality has been prepared. This system covers the existing eastern water supply system and the proposed northern water supply system areas. Over this area the main trunk sewer and lateral sewers are marked.
125. The treatment plant site for sewerage system has been identified through topographical map to make sewerage system short and less expensive.
c. Drainage Master Plan
126. A drainage master plan for Damak Bazaar has been prepared. This drainage system consists of drains on both sides of main road along the longitudinal section of the road. On minor feeder roads only one side drain has been provided. This drainage area coincides with sewerage area but covers more area. The master plan has been presented in the map.
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Ta ble 12: Components of Subprojects Infrastructure Function Description Location Deep wells (5 Source of water for the 125m depth, 300/200 mm 2 each in Wards # numbers) system diameter 1 and 15, and 1 in the current office premises Borehole platforms For safeguarding the with GI pipe gantry for At each well ( 5 numbers) intake and support for the installation and installed equipment removal of pumps from boreholes Treatment facilities For bringing the quality Aeration chamber Before each (2 sets) of water to Nepal followed by filter and OHTs after the standard of drinking chlorine dosing (all of deep well inside water capacity 40 l. p. s.) the OHT compound. Overhead storage Fo r water supply at the RCC, of 450 cu m Wards # 1 and 15 Tanks 2 numbers required pressure capacity Submersible pumps For drawing water from 30 H.P. Fitted in the deep (5 nos.) deep wells to treatment wells plants Step Down For supplying power to 1300 m transmission line From the supply transformer and the pumps of 11 KV from supply points in Wards 1 transmission line, point and a step down & 15 switching system (2 transformer of 11/0.4- Nos.) 100 KVA , switching system and distribution to different equipment Generator, (2 Nos) As standby for the time 3 phase of 100 KVA At the electric during power cut capacity power supply house at Wards 1 & 15. Transmission mains To transmit water from Ductile Iron 150 mm 200 Between wells to (1.15 KM) wells to the storage tank mm Diameters treatment plant and subsequently to the subsequently to storage tanks through storage tank in treatment system Wards 1 & 15. Distribution For connecting from the DI (150 mm to 250 mm) From OHT to the pipeline (195 KM) storage tanks to ultimate and HDPE pipes (180 to points for house users through a network 50 mm). connections throughout the service area House/Yard For connecting to the Pipes connections from Throughout the connections consumers from service the service points near to service areas points consumers Non domestic For non domestic Throughout the connections consumers service area of the project Other system Appurtenances Valve To house flow control Different Locations at different chambers/connector valves locations in the boxes distribution pipe network
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Infrastructure Function Description Location Generator Shed For accommodating the The operator of the In the overhead generator electric equipment will tank compound be given a room in the near to the pumps generator house. in Wards 1 & 15 Pump house/ To accommodate the A main building for In the OHT tank Operator/Guard operator/s, Guard and accommodating different compound in Quarter/office office including persons related to the O wards 1 & 15 administration and & M, security of the revenue collection water supply and sanitation system for the service area will be required. Water Test For monitoring the A laboratory for In the office laboratory treatment system and conducting basic tests for building. the quality of water monitoring the treatment supplied by the system. system including chlorine dosing of water just prior to entering the storage tanks for distribution, Three phase For connection of the Power supply to the From the point electricity line electric supply water supply system will where the electric extension be connected to the power will be existing transmission line tapped to the by this extension. OHT compound. Fencing work of For the security of the The OHT compound will The OHT OHT compound system infrastructure have the all the compound and the property of the infrastructure for drawing system. water from the source, treatment, water storage and supply, persons and materials for O & M. These need to be safeguarded from vandalism and theft. Sanitation and Drainage Surface drain To solve drainage Core area problem of the core area Public Toilet one For the general public In the office visiting the WUSC building. office Design of low cost preliminary drawings of latrines toilets Solid waste Trainings and awareness To the general Management campaign people
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Figure 4: Layout Map of Damak Water Supply Project
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9 Project Requirements
i. Land Area
127. Locations of proposed components especially Overhead Tank (OHT) and Tube well boreholes including pump house and treatment facilities are in wards 1 & 15 within the vicinity of respective OHT compounds.
128. The location area of the major project structures were decided by the WUSC after successful one no. of test boring ward no. 15. The land was then subsequently purchased by the WUSC and the location had been accordingly surveyed and used for detailed engineering design and estimate.
129. The proposed sites for boreholes and OHT have been purchased by the users group. No additional land is required for construction of any other structures of the project. No temporary land is likely to require during the project execution. The construction camp will be located within the compound wall of the land owned by the project.
130. The project, especially during distribution, will not entail relocation of any existing public and private facilities such as power lines, communication lines, water supply and sewerage pipelines, canals, foot-trails etc. The desire of the community was to have pipe lines on both sides of main roads especially black topped roads. This will prevent frequent trench digging on this black topped road for service connection.
131. Additional electricity line, stretching around 500 meters, is necessary on the location of bore holes in Wards 1 and 15 in order to pump water and operate the filtration plant. The additional electricity line will not entail disruptions of any public utilities as the adjacent area has no settlement and cultivation.
ii. Materials Required
132. The sand is available at Mawa Khola situated 5 Km away from the project site & for aggregate Chisang Khola 25 Km away in from the project site & Chachiya Khola located 35 Km away from project site. The cement, iron rod, pipes and fittings are available within the Damak market and in bulk are purchased from Biratnagar. The following table gives the main materials required during construction and operation of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
Table 13: Materials Required Particulars Unit Unit Wt.( Kg./unit) Reinforcement M. Ton - Cement Bag 9460 Bricks Nos. - Aggregate Cu m 1100 Sand Cu m 2254 Wood Cu m - Other Kg - Stone Cu m -
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iii. Electricity Requirement
133. The power supply is basically required for the following applications:
(a) Light and power to the guard house, (b) Light and power to the office building, (c) Light and power to the generator/pump control room, (d) Light and power to the treatment plant/shed, (e) Light to the SSTWSSS compound/site, such lighting to be provided by fitting an arm to the PCC poles or Poles provided solely for compound light. In general, each well and Reservoir site is considered provided with; (a) One guard house, (b) One office building (c) One guard/operator house, (d) Two unit of treatment plant (e) Two generator shed (f) Two Pump house and (g) Outdoor lighting for the compound.
134. The electrical load demand of such facilities is assessed assuming lighting loads in the Guard House and Office Building for average 6 hours a day, Diesel Generator/Pump control room, Treatment plant shed and SSTWSSP compound illumination for average 8 hours a day, while all pumps are considered operated as per the operation for 10 hrs a day.
135. At Damak Wells and Reservoir sites, the power supply will be availed by extending the existing NEA 3 -phase 11 kV feeder line from (ward 1 & 15), where NEA distribution transformers are located on the H-pole structures about 500m away from the proposed OHT location. Each of the sites will be provided with an H-pole structure for mounting a distribution transformer of adequate capacity. The capacity of each transformer is determined on the basis of the average operational loads of the respective sites. At existing reservoir location there is already NEA 3 phase line with transformer so no need of additional facility to operate.
136. The line extensions will use 30 sq. mm. (Weasel) ACSR conductors on PCC poles with cross-arms as per the accepted norms and practices of NEA. The PCC poles will be of 11 m. long Type for 11 kV lines and 9 m. long Type for LV lines and both these poles will be of NEA standard.
iv. Human Resource
137. The following table gives the details of human resource (skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor) required during the construction and operation and maintenance of the project.
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Table 14: Human Resource Type of Labor required (Quantity ) S.N Activities Unskilled labor Semi-Skilled Labor Skilled Labour Construction work 1. Earthwork 36.05 1.5 2. PCC work 122,445 8.4 3. Form work and scaffolding 57.22 40 4. Concrete admixture and water proofing 0.90 0.75 work 5. Reinforcement work 171 144 6. Brick work 36.525 11.25 7. Door and window work 9.758 97.59 8. Cement and Plaster 187.5 147 9. Floor and wall tiles 51.75 42 10. Painting work 35.7 49.2 11. Railing work 36.78 17.205 12. HDPE piple laying and jointing(butt 33 16.5 15.8 welded joint) including fitting 13. GI pipe laying and jointing (Socket joint) 24,75 16.5 10.05 excluding fittings. 14. Ductile Iron Pipe Laying & Jointing 84.75 18.375 18.375 (Tyton joint) exculding fittings. 15 Miscellaneous works 220.289 O.315 85,04
S.N. Personnel (monthly) 1. Engineer/Manager 2. Administrator Chief/ Accountant 3. Plant / Supervisor/ Mechanical Overseer 4 Plant Operator/ Pump Operator 5 Office assistants, meter readers 5. Plumber 6 Junior Office Assistants, Cashiers,
Helpers 7. Meter readers 6. Watch man/peon
v. Project activities
138. The following table gives the details of the project activities during the construction and operation and maintenance phases of the project.
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Table 15: Project Activities
S. N. Description Construction Phase A Preliminary and General Requirements 1 Work related to transportation facility, survey equipment and filed assistance B Civil work 1 Land Development 2 Operator / Guard House 3 Office building 4 Boundary Wall (260 m) with 2 Nos. Gate for Office Complex with Treatment facility and 144 m barbed wire fencing 5 Overhead Water Tank (450 cu m) 6 Mechanical Water Treatment Plant 7 Ground Reservoir (400m3) 8 Bore hole platform 9 Bore hole drilling ,well development and pumping Test works 10 Pump House 11 Shed for Generator 12 Pipe Valve Chamber 13 Concrete Valve Chamber (600 x 600 x 1000) 14 House connection 15 Pipe Trench 16 Pipe laying & joining 17 Pipe laying across bridge crossings 18 Fire Hydrant C Pipe & Fitting Works 1 Cost of Distribution Pipe (82.50 Km) 2 Cost of Transmission Pipe (0.992 Km) 3 Pipe fittings 4 Tools & Plants D Electrical Work / Mechanical 1 Total Electrical Work 2 Pumping main work including pumps with installation cost F Environmental Mitigation Work Supply, plantation and caring of different species of flowers and plants (As per layout of the reservoir/OHT premises) and other measures as described in environmental management plan of the project and as directed by engineer O&M Phase Operation and Maintenance activities including operating the system and managing personnel, energy, chemicals, office and water safety plan.
10 Community Participation
139. One of the major financial objectives of the project is to encourage the financial responsibility of the users for the improved facilities by requiring upfront co-financing of 5% of the capital cost of water supply, with additional 45% cost recovery of the loan funds for the construction. The consultants have been encouraging community participation during planning for the upfront cash and in the construction phase in the form of cash. This has been done to prevent probable conflict between the works of the contractor and the community. Commitment for contribution and participation is high in the project area. All the surveyed household samples are willing to contribute for the development of the water supply project. The works of collecting cash is continuing. During the field visit, contribution aspects were also discussed. It has been inferred that there would not be any problem for collecting cash from the community for the project.
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140. There are quite a few clubs and local NGOs in the project area doing some kind of social programs. They will be effective for future use especially in awareness generating programs provided they are given the required training. School children and community social workers will also be used in the awareness generating programs. The RSN has already identified many local NGO based in Damak Municipality.
11 Support Activities
141. The project has the following training and awareness generating programs in the service area. These will be implemented through an NGOs
Health Awareness Campaign School Health Education Program Training of Community Motivators Training of Community Health Workers Training of WUSC Members Training of School Teachers Solid Waste Management Training Animal Waste Management Training
142. The training to WUSC covers areas such as matters of financial management (fixing of water tariff, collection of water revenue, accounting etc.) and purely technical aspects (water quality testing, monitoring, metering, maintenance, estimating cost etc.)
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C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
1 Physical Resources
143. The proposed service areas of the project cover ward no. l, 2, 4 and 9 to 15 of Damak Municipality. The location of the project district is situated between 26° 20' north latitude and 87° 39' East longitude. Damak Municipality is surrounded by Ratuwakhola to the East, Mawakhola in the West, Lakhanpur Municipality in the west and Illam district in the north. Damak is one of the fast growing town of Jhapa district, located on the East-West highway. The elevation of the town is varying from 128-136 m above the sea level.
a. Geophysical Profile
144. Topography: The proposed DTWSP lies in the Terai belt in the Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The elevation varies from 128 to 138 msl. The topography has a gentle slope towards the south. The area comprises of gravel, sand and clay. Tropical type of climate prevails; summer is very hot, while winter is cool. Annual precipitation is about 2472 mm.
145. The proposed area lies in the terai plains and is composed of thick alluvium deposits which consist of alternate layer of sand, gravel, clay layer of Pleistocene. These permeable layers in different horizons are considered as a huge ground water basin. Geologically the whole area, which is known as Bhabhar zone, consists of coarser sediments (boulder, cobble, gravel and sand).
146. Geology and Soils: The service area is situated on upper terai region of the indogangetic plains with the Siwalik Hills to the north. The area is composed mainly of gravel and boulder along with sand, and close to the Ratuwa khola that run along eastern side of the project area, whereas the rest of the area is composed of silty loamy soil, which is highly fertile.
147. Climate: The climate of the area is tropical with average yearly minimum and maximum temperatures being 2.5oC and 41.2oC, respectively. The mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures are 8.5oC and 37.4oC. It receives an average annual rainfall of 1667mm. The highest recorded is 3060 mm.
148. Air quality of the area can be considered to be fairly less polluted. The main pollution source is the traffic in the highway. There is a brick kiln in the area which will also be contributing to carbon and irrespirable particulates to the atmosphere. However the number is limited and the topography of the area does not prevent free exchange of gases to the surrounding area.
149. Surface and Ground Water: The proposed project area is situated in between two perennial streams: on the east Ratuwa khola in the east and Mahuwa khola in the west. A small stream Darpani khola meanders through the central market area the northwest to south and east-wise and finally empties into Ratuwa khola. Another tiny streamlet, Hat khola flows near the eastern border of the city. Beteni khola is another stream that flows near the western border of the City and flows through the Himalayan Tea Garden. Ground water is available in the area. The existing water supply scheme is based on
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deep ground water. There are a number of dug wells and shallow tube wells installed in the project area which supply water to the rest of the population which is not covered by the existing water supply scheme.
2 Ecological Profile
a. Flora, Fauna and Protected Areas
150. Deforestation has decreased the flora of the project area. Most of area in the periphery is now agricultural farm land. The northern part of the Municipality used to have some forest. The area was clear felled and the camp for Bhutanese refugees was constructed there. The Ratuwamai Aforestation Project forest exists about 8 Km in the east of the Municipality.
151. Flora: It can be expected that three types of forests would be the natural habitat of the area, namely Shorea robusta (sal); Acacia catechu (khayar)-Dalbergia sissoo (sisau), other riverine forests and grasslands.
152. The Shorea robusta forest is dominated by the Shorea robusta species with common associates of Terminalia tomentosa (Asna), Adina cordifolia (karma), Anogeissus latifolia (bud dhayera), Lagerstroemia parvifolia (botdhaiyero), Dillenia pentagyna (Tantari), Syzygium cumini (jamun) and Semecarpus anacardium (bhalayo), etc.
153. The Acacia catechu-Dalbergia sissoo forest is found on newly deposited alluvium, often gravelly along streams and rivers.
154. The other riverine forest consists of tropical evergreen forest dominated by Syzygium cumini (black plum) tropical deciduous forest usually dominated by Bombax ceiba (simal), Holoptelia integrifolia (chepte pagro) and Trewia nudiflora (pindar) species.
155. Medicinal plants of significance that would be expected here are Sikakai (Acacia concinna), Assuro (Adhatoda vasica), Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum), Kureelo (Asparagus racemosus), Harro (Terminalia chebula), Barro (Terminalia belarica) and Amala (Emblica officinalis), etc.
156. Fauna: Wild life has decreased to a considerable extent. However some wild animals like wild boar, deer, Porcupine along with other animals are found. Elephants are known to migrate seasonally from Indian forests. Common birds as Ploceidae passer, Pava cristatus, Corovous corone, Diurnilis neophron and Gallus gallus are some of the bird species seen in the area.
3 Social and Cultural Resources
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a. Population and Communities
157. Table 13 indicates that the total number of population in the project area is 45,553 residing in 7,520 houses.
158. There are 7,520 households in the area project area. The total permanent population is 33,756. The male and female ratio is 1:0.99 (male 50.68% and female 49.32%). The average family size is 4.49 the detail of HH and population is presented in Table 13.
Table 16: Distribution of Households and Population and Family Size by Wards Population Ward House Hold Male Female household Rented Total No Nos. % Nos. % Female % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % 1 1114 14.8 2405 14.1 2283 13.7 4688 13.9 1026 8.7 5714 12.5 2 343 4.6 871 5.1 823 4.9 1694 5.0 58 0.5 1752 3.8 4 22 0.3 73 0.4 62 0.4 135 0.4 0.0 135 0.3 9 493 6.6 1254 7.3 1161 7.0 2415 7.2 132 1.1 2547 5.6 10 1411 18.8 2985 17.4 3076 18.5 6061 18.0 2808 23.8 8869 19.5 11 737 9.8 1288 7.5 1243 7.5 2531 7.5 2844 24.1 5375 11.8 12 882 11.7 2175 12.7 2125 12.8 4300 12.7 932 7.9 5232 11.5 13 1444 19.2 3516 20.6 3345 20.1 6861 20.3 3188 27.0 10049 22.1 14 633 8.4 1413 8.3 1438 8.6 2851 8.4 733 6.2 3584 7.9 15 441 5.9 1127 6.6 1093 6.6 2220 6.6 76 0.6 2296 5.0 Total 7,520 100.0 17,107 100.0 16,649 100.0 33,756 100.0 11,797 100.0 45,553 100.0 Source: Socio-Economic Survey 2010
b. Gender/Sex Wise Population
159. The total population of the project area is 33,756. In which, the gender ratio was found to be 50.68 per cent male and 49.32 per cent female.
Table 17: Gender/Sex Ratio Household Head Gender Total % Male 6117 81.3 Female 1403 18.7 Total 7520 100.0 Source: Socio-Economic Survey 2010
c. Ethnic Composition
160. Each caste and ethnicity is characterized by its customs, traditions, culture and nature of occupation with which they are associated. In Damak Municipality, Brahman 28 present. Chhetri 56.5 percent, Rai 8 percent Newar 7 percent and Gurung / Magar 3
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percent are the most prevailing groups, others important caste / ethnic groups include Damai /Kami / sarki7 percent and others including Limbus are 26 percent. The details are presented in Table 15.
Table 18: Distribution of Households by Ethnic Group Caste /Ethnicity Total % Dalit 424 5.6 Indigenous Population 2791 37.1 Others (Brahmin/Chettri) 4247 56.5 Muslim 58 0.8 Total 7520 100.00
d. Health and Sanitation
161. Nearly 6.1 percent of the households do not have latrines of their own. The status on household latrines is presented in Table below.
Table 19 : Status of household latrines Types of Latrines No. of HHs Having Latrines Percentage Pit Latrine 431 6.1 Ventilated Pit Latrine 1484 20.9 Pour flush with water seal 4277 60.2 Cistern Flush 907 12.8 Total 7099 100.0
162. The baselines socioeconomic survey conducted in Damak 2010 shows that water borne disease are prominent in Damak municipality. The quality of water consumed by the people may be the main cause for the water bone disease. The following table shows the status of various disease in study area.
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Table 20 : Main Diseases during the Year 2007 children Below 5 Diseases Women Men Year Population % Population % Population % Diarrhea 88 36.8 146 22.4 135 22.1 Dysentery 7 2.9 8 1.2 3 0.5 Worms Infestation 44 18.4 21 3.2 12 2.0 Typhoid 33 13.8 138 21.2 100 16.3 Cholera 5 2.1 27 4.1 31 5.1 Skin Diseases 8 3.3 99 15.2 70 11.4 Malaria 0.0 14 2.1 21 3.4 Jaundice 8 3.3 39 6.0 45 7.4 Others 46 19.2 160 24.5 195 31.9 Total 239 100 652 100 612 100 Source: Socio-Economic Survey 2010
163. The Regional and district hospitals are located in Birtamode, which is 25 km from the project area. There are a few private clinics and NGO supported hospitals in the project area. The location and No. of staff are presented in the table below:
Table 21: Location and staff of Health Institutes SN Name Ward No. of Staff 1 Damak Hospital 13 10 2 Amda Hospital 1 20 Z3 Damak Health post 1 7 4 Pathibhara Eye care 1 4 5 Bhattarai clinic 11 24 6 Dr. Dinanath Clinic 11 6 7 Lifeline Hospital 10 134 8 Amda Hospital 2 40 9 Nameste Health Care 13 20 10 Quality Hospital 14 25 11 Aausha Diagnosis 11 6 Centre 12 Om Mechi Hospital 11 40
e. Education Facilities
164. There are four campuses, five higher secondary schools, 27 schools and two hostels in the project area. Details of the existing educational institution are as below.
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Table 22: Educational Institutes in the Area S.N. School/Campus Ward No Remarks 1 Brighter Star secondary 14 School 2 Bahumukhi campus 14 Campus 3 Sarada HSS 13 Higher secondary school 4 Surodaya English school 10 School 5 Damak IT college 10 Campus 6 Motherland School 10 School 7 Nursing Hostel 2 Hostel 8 HI.MA.VI 2 School 9 Sunrise Boarding 2 School 10 Biddoya NI MA VI 9 School 11 Purbaanchal HSS 9 Higher secondary school 12 Dream land School 10 School 13 Model college 10 Campus 14 Mechi Boarding 10 School 15 Lifeline Hostel 10 Hostel 16 Green way school 15 School 17 Siddhartha HSS 12 Higher secondary school 18 Gyatri Bidhapith 11 School 19 Depeni school 10 School 20 Saraswati HSS 14 Higher secondary school 21 Hamsa Bahini NI MA VI 14 School 22 Narendra Memorial MA VI 11 School 23 Global HSS 11 Higher secondary school 24 Prajita Boarding 1 School 25 Surodaya Boarding 11 School 26 Bhrikuti NI MA VI 1 School 27 Chula chuli MA VI 1 School 28 Bekon Boarding school 15 School 29 Mahalaxmi primary 15 School 30 Halesi eng. School 12 School 31 Prithvi NI MA VI 12 School 32 Elite English school 3 School 33 Janata NI MA VI 13 School 34 Pashupati sanskirti Ma VI 13 School 35 Everest MA VI 13 School 36 Adarsha Boarding School 13 School 37 Jhapa Model school 13 School 38 Unique College 13 Campus
f. Physical Cultural Heritage
165. There are several temples and worship places in the Municipality. Some of the significant ones among the Hindu temples are: Pashupati Temple, Radha Krishna Temple, Durga temple, there are also holy places like Gumba of Tibetan type Buddhist temple. Masjid of Muslims. There are two churches Kirant worshipping place one in ward no. 1 & 10.
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g. Employment
166. The occupation structure of people living at Damak Municipality of the total population in the Municipality, having Business as their main occupation form 13.29 %; Remittance is the next major occupation which has 7.15%., 11.55 % of the households have service /job. About 13% work in agriculture and 6 % are wage labour and 3.5% works in industries. Sizable part comprise of students (18.68%), house wife (4.80%), industries (3.51%), Retired/ Pension (9.74%), null (age under 5 years) (7.15%) and others (mixed worker, not identified work and not have any work) 8.13%.
Table 23: Distributions of Households by Occupation Total Main Occupation No % Agriculture 3,289 9.74 Bu siness 4,485 13.29 Service / job 3,900 11.55 Industry 1,186 3.51 Remittance 2,412 7.15 Wages 2,110 6.25 Retired/Pension 3,288 9.74 Others 2,746 8.13 Student 6,305 18.68 Housewife 1,620 4.80 < 5 yrs 2,415 7.15 Total 33,756 100.00
4 Economic Development and Prospects for Growth
a. Land Use
167. No planned land use has been observed. Damak Municipality does not have specific plans and is developing spontaneously without any plan by itself. The land of the area is fertile and good for cultivation of many crops. The main use of the land is cultivation. As this is a fast growing urban centre in this region with high rate of migration, agriculture land is getting converted to commercial and residential area. On the west side there is a large area covered by Himalayan Tea State.
168. No specific area has been designated for industries. There are a few small scale industries as rice mills. Agriculture is the main characteristics, the main product being paddy, maize and wheat. Horticulture and livestock raising including poultry is practiced but not in a commercial scale. The people of Damak Municipality have been also been attracted towards foreign work providing remittance.
b. Transportation
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169. Damak Municipality lies in the East-West Highway and is 33 km north-east of Biratnagar Sub-Metropolitan city. It is connected to Biratnagar by a north south road. There is network of roads going in all directions in the Municipality. It is also linked by earthen roads to other areas.
c. Drinking Water Supply
170. There is pipes water supply in a part of the project area in wards 1, 10,11,12,13 & 14. Forty per cent of households are covered. The rest depend upon hand pumps, dug wells & streams
d. Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage
171. Drainage system for collection of storm water exists in the market area only. Damak Municipality collects & transports solid wastes from the market area but there is no land fill site. Individual disposing solid wastes themselves haphazardly. Many inhabitants lead sewers to pits in the backyards or wherever convenient.
e. Electricity
172. The Municipality area has electricity facilities and is connected to the 132 KV sub- station.
f. Communication
173. Most of the institutions in the area and some private houses have telephone connections. There is a postal system in the Municipality.
g. Quality of Life Values
174. The project is not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will increase it. The existing quality of life values will increase due to the improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices and community health and the saving of the time spent by women and children in fetching water.
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D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts
175. The potential impacts of the proposed Damak small town water supply and sanitation project are physical, biological, and socio-cultural in nature. They can occur at various phases of the project such as preconstruction, construction and operation and maintenance phases. The magnitude of the impacts can be small, moderate, or high depending upon its severity, and can be temporary or long term, reversible or irreversible, local or wide. The impacts need not necessary limit to negative but can be positive as well. The objective to Environment Management is to attempt to augment positive impacts and to minimize negative impacts by sustainable mitigation measures.
176. The quality of the raw water from the boreholes is also crucial. The quality of the water from the test drill has shown that the arsenic content is well below the international limit (10 ppb). Please see the Annex for the water analysis report. This component which is considered to pose a grave risk in the terai region is not a risk for this project. Other components that require to be addressed were found to be iron content and bacterial contamination. Treatment system has been accordingly designed.
2 Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures
a. Construction Phase
Employment Generation and Increase in Income
177. Impacts: One of the major direct beneficial impacts of the water supply and sanitation project at construction stage is the creation of employment opportunity to the local community. The amount of money that is earned by the wages will directly enhance various economic activities and enterprise development with multiplier effect. This is one of the direct and significant impacts of the project but it is of short term and local in nature.
178. Measures: The local people particularly poor; dalit (occupational caste), ethnic minority and women will be given priority for employment. They have to be given the required training to do the job.
Skill Enhancement
179. Impacts: Although many people in the project area are unskilled at present, the construction of the water supply system and the distribution network is likely to enhance their skills in plumbing, and large number of people will get practical or hands on training. Furthermore, the project will also organize training on plumbing and social facilitators and supervisors. This will enhance the technical skills of the local people. The skill and knowledge acquired from the project during construction will enhance employment opportunities of such manpower who can earn livelihoods from similar project in future. This impact is indirect, medium, local and long-term in nature.
180. Measures: pipe laying persons should be given on the job training on plumbing bathroom fittings, construction.
Enterprise Development and Business Promotion
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181. Impacts: During construction period, different types of commercial activities will come into operation in order to meet the demand of workers. Since they will have good purchasing power, they will regularly demand for different types of food, beverage and other daily necessary items. To meet these demands, many local and outside people may operate a number of small shops and restaurants around the vicinity of the construction sites. Various farm based enterprises including wide range of agricultural and livestock products will also gain momentum as a result of increased demand by labors during construction period. This will increase local trade and business in the area. This impact is also direct, low significance, local and short terms in nature.
182. Measures: Providing support to local entrepreneurs, promotion of cooperatives and linkage with bank and other financial institutions.
b. Operation and Maintenance phase
Improvement in Health and Saving of Time
183. Impacts: After the water supply and sanitation project is completed, the people living within the project area will benefit from the supply of good quantity of good quality water in their own house premises and improved sanitary conditions The women will have to spend less time in fetching water and thus have more time to do other works including income generating activities.
184. Measures: Regular maintenance of the water supply system will be done by the users group
Enhancement of Market Centre
185. Impact: The availability of good supply of drinking water will give more confidence of visitors and potential immigrants to settle and start business in the project area so that the rate of development of this place will be enhanced.
186. Measures: DDC/Municipality shall manage planned growth with required infrastructure facilities for healthy and hygienic environment in the market areas.
Appreciation of Land Value
187. Impacts: The land price would increase due to the availability of reliable safe drinking water and sanitation system throughout the area. This place is already on the cross road of the east west highway and the north-south road leading to important market area in Ilam and to such agricultural production centers like Gauradaha and Gauriganj. The limited availability of good drinking water in the project area could be one of the reasons for some persons to opt for conducting their business from a different location. When this infrastructure is available such persons would be attracted to this place for their operation. The present rate of immigration from nearby places will be enhanced by the operation of improved water supply and sanitation system in the area. The impact is indirect, medium, local and long term in nature.
188. Measures: Promotion of land development: The local people will be made aware that high value lands are acceptable to the banks and microfinance institutions to provide loans for them to start their own economic/social ventures.
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Enhancement of Community Development Services
189. Impacts: Supply of good quality water in a small area of the core market has been a handicap for such service such as education, health, government offices, saving and credits. The improvement by of the situation by the installation of a reliable drinking water and sanitation system in this area can also be expected to enhance the activities in this aspect as well. Offices of such agencies can be established in wider area of the Municipality.
190. Measures: Maintenance and operation of the scheme should be managed efficiently.
Women Empowerment
191. Impacts: Women in particular may be benefitted from this project, as they are the ones who spend a great deal of time in fetching water. As contaminated water can lead to infection by several diseases the women of the family have to spend a good deal of their time to care for the sick in the family. With the improvement of water supply, there will be marked reduction in the occurrence of infectious disease in families in the area. They will have more time to spend on other activities including income generating activities. Source of income is one of the basis for empowerment of women.
192. Measures: Efficient management of the system after it goes into operation and inclusion of women in the WUSC
3 Adverse impact and Mitigation Measures
a. Preconstruction Phase
193. Damage/disturbance to utility line, community services, and infrastructure temporarily/ permanently to a part of or the whole system
194. Within the project area, only Pani Tanki area has piped water supply. The area occupied by Beldangi Refugee camp and it adjoining areas in Wards 3, 4 and 5 have water supply system. The latter area will not be involved in the project. Rest of the Municipality does not have piped water supply. Sewerage is nonexistent. Some drainage for storm water exists in the core area and along the highway. Electric power supply exists. These can be damaged or disturbed during the construction activity of the project causing inconvenience to the public.
195. The structures of the project can be disturbed/ damage the structure of the buildings, obstruct free access, adversely affect the smooth functioning of Clinics, hospitals and other medical service, educational establishments such as schools and colleges etc.
196. The east west highway runs through the project area. There is a network of internal roads and north-south roads connecting Ilam district in the north and Gauradaha and Gauriganj in the south. The Highway and other roads can be damaged/disturbed and traffic obstructed by the project.
197. Measures: As far as possible, structures of the project should be designed to avoid electric poles and storm drains. Wherever there is no alternative for distribution lines to cross storm drains, it should be designed to pass through culverts or hume pipes. When required permission from concerned authorities needs to be obtained and the people notified well ahead of the construction time.
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198. Impact: Obstruction of project activity due to inability to get permission/agreement at the required time for digging public roads, or drainage, stopping water supply, cutting trees (not so evident), switching off power supply, etc., may cause delay in implementation of the project.
199. Measure: Letters of Approval and agreement for (i) acquisition of land and properties, (ii) disruption of water supply, and irrigation canals, (iii) cutting trees from the District Forest Office and digging of roads shall be taken in advance.
b. Construction Phase
Physical Environment
Erosion and land Surface Disturbance
200. Impacts: Excavation, digging of trenches, etc. associated with construction has high potential to cause erosion and caving soil erosion, silt runoff, and settling of street surfaces. Unorganized disposal of the excavated earth can disturb the disposal area and decrease the value of the area where it is disposed. The activity as such will be a nuisance and discomfort to the road users and local inhabitants.
201. Measures: Most of the project area is level ground without erosion prone spots and should not pose landslides or erosion while digging trenches for the distribution lines. Proper backfilling of excavated trenches should be done and construction activities should be, as far as possible, avoided during the rainy season; temporary diversions and sign boards for pedestrians should be provided properly.
Air Quality, Noise Pollution and Vibrations
202. Impacts: The construction activity will comprise of drilling of deep wells, laying of pipes, construction of storage tanks, intake pipes, transport and installation of pumps. These do not involve heavy machines and are undertaken manually. There will be some activities such as transportation, loading/unloading of construction materials such as sand and aggregates, quarrying operations, and operation of crushers, stockpiling of construction waste and construction materials and earthworks. These will cause some deterioration of air quality due to dust generation and vehicular emission as well as noise pollution. The construction works can cause vibrations causing structural damage to buildings and structures in the vicinity. Use of power horns and movement of heavy vehicles at speed can cause a serious disturbance to the community, educational institutes, hospitals, residences etc.
203. Measures: Construction materials (aggregates and sand) should be transported only when and as required and avoid temporary storage; tarpaulins/plastic sheets/jute bags should be used to cover the materials during transport; dust suppression measures on surroundings by sprinkling water as required at regular intervals should be done; routine monitoring for TSP. PM10, and SPM to meet air quality standards (Annex 5) should be conducted: vehicle speeds should be limited; vehicles should be checked to comply with the National Vehicle Mass Emission Standards, 2056 BS (Annex 7): fitting of mufflers in vehicles to control noise; and regular maintenance of equipment and vehicles.
Aesthetics of the River Streams/ Canals in the Area
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204. Impacts: Quarrying of construction materials may change the morphology of the rivers and scar the environments.
205. Measures: Obtain construction materials from quarries approved by the municipality/DDC; borrow pits should be leveled so as to suit the aesthetics of the area as to restore it to its original state after the project is complete.
Biological Environment
Forest Product/land Destruction
206. Impacts: There are no forests within the project area itself. The then existing forest in the north of the Municipality was cleared to establish Refugee camps for the Bhutanese refugees. Now some forest remains on the north of that area. This has been handed over to Humse Dumse Users’ Group Community Forest. The project area does not include the Bhutanese Refugee camp and lies on its south. Trees have been planted to provide shade to the tea plants in the Tea gardens. So forest destruction will not arise at the sites of construction. However the work force can cut trees for fuel wood. Some may be involved in cutting trees for timber purpose. Some may conduct illegal trade of NTFP found in the region.
207. Mitigation measures:
Cut only trees that are marked and have been given permission by the District Forest Office. Plant and rear tree saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for each felled tree. Prohibit the use of fuel wood and timber collection. Prohibit illegal collection of NTFPs and trade. Provide LPG/kerosene to the workforce. Stockpile felled trees and take permission from concerned authority for its use Compensate all private trees and community forests affected.
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Socio-Economic Environment
Disturbance to Community Activities Festivals and social events may be affected Free movement of vehicular traffic and pedestrians will be affected Excessive noise will affect the peace and serenity, health and sleep time in the neighborhood of construction areas. Business in the market place will be affected
208. Mitigating measures are:
Provide information to the public about the work schedule Monitoring of noise levels regularly at site to meet the noise standards Fit mufflers in vehicles to control noise. Limit the speed s of vehicles. Ban the use of power horns in vehicles. Regular maintenance of equipment and vehicles. Prohibit the operation of plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM in residential areas. Compensate the damages caused by vibration to structures if caused by construction activities. Avoid working at sensitive times (during religious festivals in the area) Increase the work force in sensitive areas so as to finish the work quickly Provide wooden bridges for pedestrians and metal sheets for vehicles to allow access across open trenches
Social Dispute
209. Impacts: There is possibility of influx of outside workforce and with them money from the construction work and unwanted communities can cause some strife with the local community. Local population may not get employment benefit from the project causing dissatisfaction and conflict in the area.
210. Measures: An employment policy should be prepared so that the local people may not be deprived of the opportunities, thereby raising tensions and dissatisfaction. The local people and women above the age of 14 should be given preference for employment. Wages should be settled based on DWEC (District Wage Evaluation Committee) with the list of employees,
211. Impact: Haphazard Workforce camps cause stress to the community and degrade the local environment.
212. Measures: Workforce camps with sanitary amenities at designated areas should be established.
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Health and Safety
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
213. Impacts: There is a possibility of adverse effect on the health of the workers and technicians involved in the construction activities of the project.
214. Measures: Provide regular health checkups, proper sanitation and hygiene, health care, and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. Launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and signboards; make available first aid kits. Make available personal protection equipment (PPE) to all construction workers and compensate for the loss of life or any type of injuries and provide insurance to the workers and training on OHS and Community Health and Safety. Make available first aid kits, ambulance and fire extinguishers in camp sites.
215. Before construction begins the contractor will inform and provide training to its workers on the potential occupational health and safety impacts/hazards and mitigation measures to be used during construction. The training must be done in Nepali (or local language of the workers) with handouts distributed and information posters. As most of the workers would be uneducated, pictorial presentations should be used during the training depicting the hazards and the mitigation measures,
Community Health and Safety
216. Impacts: the adverse health and safety impacts are summarized below:
Poor drinking water quality supplied and polluted drinking water sources. Pollution of air on agricultural land, vegetation, houses and humans due to dust and vehicular emissions. Wastewater pollution on land, humans, receiving waters and the environment. Possibility of the spread of communicable diseases among the community due to poor sanitation and living conditions, sexual transmission and vector-borne infections in construction labor camps. Possibility of the spread of vector-borne diseases due to stagnant water pools (creating mosquito breeding habitats) during construction. Spread of food borne diseases due to street side hawkers (selling unsanitary food) along the construction sites. 217. Measures: Required hygienic conditions shall be maintained in the labour camps and awareness created through appropriate means.
218. Impact: Bystanders and pedestrians can be harmed by the construction work. Dust and wastewater can affect their health.
Mitigation: To avoid risks from accidents on site due to the movement of public and workers, ensure that health and safety measures are part of the contract which includes:
o Following standard and safety procedures e.g. shoring in trenches o Prohibit entry at construction sites to the public; barricade the area and provide warning signs o Provide PPE to the workers o Avoid manual cleaning in very deep and narrow sections of the drains to avoid hazardous working conditions o Provide First Aid kits at the site
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o Keep records of accidents o Provide health and accident insurance to the workers
Traffic
219. Impacts: Traffic congestion and temporary disruption to local access due to open trenches, excavation across roads or road closures due to construction could have impacts on pedestrians, vehicles and businesses. Local traffic volume is not so high. The east west highway passes through the area with Urlabari to the west and Birtamode to the east; and there a north south road connecting to Gajurmukhi bazaar in Ilam district and to Gauriganj bazaar and Gauradaha settlements in the south. These will be disturbed by the construction activities of the project.
220. Measures: A detailed Traffic Management Plan should be developed for areas along the construction works to minimize traffic flow interference from construction activities. Advance local public notifications of construction activities, schedules, routings, and affected areas including road closures via the Municipality should be made. Erect signage in Nepali and English languages. Use steel plates or other temporary materials across trench facilities in key areas such as footpaths; arrange for pedestrian access and sidewalks and parking areas and arrange for night-time construction for activities in congested/ heavy daytime traffic areas. Arrange for onsite 'grievance handling". Undertake trench closure and facilitate rehabilitation as quickly as feasible. Coordinate with the authority in charge of traffic management. Get permissions from the Municipality for digging roads.
c. Operation and Maintenance Phase
Risk of Pollution of the Water Distributed to the Users
221. Impact: There is possibility that the consumers will be at a risk of getting polluted water due to inadequate measures to protect the system.
222. Mitigation Measures: Safe intake sites with minimum risk of pollution shall be selected. The well point should be located at a slightly higher elevation from drainage point of view; and the annular space between the drilled hole and well casing should be sealed off and provision for grouting the well casing should be made. After completion of the construction, the well should be capped tightly. The deep well bored should be well protected with a concrete platform so that surface water does not enter the well. Furthermore, it should be made sure that once the boring is completed, the well must be chlorinated according to the standards so as to disinfect the pipes and screen that have been placed underground. The storage tanks should be protected and the distribution pipes located away from drains. Treatment systems (iron removal, chlorination) should be well designed.
Increase in Sewage Production
223. Impact: The increase in availability of water to the consumers from the project will result in increase of sewage in the project area. This will cause a risk in epidemic due to inability of the existing sewage disposal structure to cope with the increased sewage volume.
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224. Measures: To avoid ponding, a good drainage system shall be provided.
Risk of Inadequate Yield
225. The yield of the deep wells may be inadequate to meet the requirement of the proposed system. Excessive abstraction may exceed the sustainable yield depleting the aquifer and causing subsidence.
226. A program for yield monitoring shall be designed; redesign the project with alternative water sources if the proposed abstraction rate exceeds the sustainable yield. Extraction of the new well shall be limited to 20 l/s. This way the interference with the existing tube wells will not be a serious concern. Further, all wells shall not be operated at the same time as the design water demand.
Inadequate Disposal of Sludge
227. Inadequate disposal of sludge at the reservoirs, and treatment plants will cause nuisances to the surrounding areas.
228. The location and designs for sludge disposal sites shall be made accordingly.
Inadequacy of Drainage Planning
229. Inadequate draining will result in formation of pools at different locations and contamination of drinking water.
230. The drainage facilities and septage pumping facilities (from septic tanks) shall be improved to meet the new requirements.
Inadequate O & M
231. Impact: Under suboptimal operation of the Project creates hazards in term of overall delivery of the outputs and safety of the personnel. The very existence of the Project will be at risk. The people consuming water from such source will be at higher risk as the whole population will be consuming the same water.
232. Measures: Regular O&M of chlorinators; regular water quality monitoring of water in the distribution system; immediate action in case of water quality problems; and training and operational supervision of system staff.
Water Borne Disease Hazard
233. Any contamination of the water is likely of cause epidemics of water borne disease. As the consumers will believe to be getting safe water they will not be taking the precautions that they are taking prior to the project implementation, any case of neglect/mistake in this aspect from project operators can result in serious consequences.
234. Conduct regular monitoring of the quality of water supplied and the operation of the system. Conduct campaigns to raise awareness on health and environmental sanitation issues as public health may not improve without improved practices.
Toxic Chemical Hazard
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235. Bleaching Powder which is employed for disinfection of water during water treatment is toxic to humans. Ingestions, inhalations, application to body parts, especially to such parts as eyes nose mouth are of extreme hazard.
The storage, in-plant handling and dosages must be addressed and procedures set up and guidelines developed for the handling of chlorine (bleaching powder as gaseous chlorine is not used) and first aid measures to be introduced for emergencies and the training and operational supervision of system staff.
Repair and Maintenance
236. Repairs of pipe networks will disrupt business in the market area and will be a nuisance to the public. The workers and the public are at risk from accidents when such activities are conducted.
Inform of any work in advance and avoid work in sensitive times: provide walkways/bridges for people and vehicles if trenches have to be dug; provide diversions with the help of the police; and complete works quickly in sensitive areas.
237. workers and the public are at risk from accidents at site during pipe repairs and installation of new connections
Provide health and safety measures
238. Environment pollution due to haphazard sludge disposal
Dispose sludge at designated areas only.
d. Resettlement, Relocation and Compensation Issue
239. The various system alternatives do not require resettlement of households or relocation. The major structures are to be built either in public land or in area that have been chosen by the WUSC. The location area has been finalized after consultation with the local community and those areas have been chosen where no households are located. Similarly, the system network for the distribution of water will follow public property line. Therefore any issue of resettlement or relocation is not evident with any need to compensate.
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Table 24: Evaluation of Anticipated Environmental Impacts Project Significance of the Impacts Anticipated Impacts Stage Type Magnitude Duration Water Supply Component Damage to utility lines, community local Significant permanent services and infrastructure Risk of pollution of raw water (deep local small permanent tube well water) Risk of inadequate yield of the local small permanent Phase aquifer; excessive abstraction could (during dry deplete aquifer and cause ground seasons) Pre-construction Pre-construction subsidence and shortage of well water Physical Environment Erosion and land surface disturbance local moderate temporary Air and Noise pollution local moderate temporary Impact due to quarrying local significant permanent Biological Environment Loss of vegetation local significant permanent Socio-economic Environment Disturbance to community activities local moderate temporary Construction PhaseConstruction Social dispute and dissatisfaction local moderate temporary Occupational Health and Safety local significant temporary Physical Environment Risk of contaminated water in the local significant permanent distribution system Biological Environment Impact on aquatic life regional small permanent Socio-Economic Environment Toxic chemical hazard local significant permanent O & M PhaseO & M Repairs to pipe networks will disrupt local small temporary business and will be a nuisance to the public Sanitation Component Health hazard due to location of local moderate permanent (sewerage system) and sludge drying bed Impact
Location Pollution of ground water from the local moderate permanent seepage of sludge drying bed Physical Environment Erosion and land surface disturbance local moderate temporary Biological Environment Loss of vegetation local significant permanent Socio-economic Environment Occupational Health and Safety local significant temporary Construction PhaseConstruction Physical Environment and ation Oper Blocking of storm water drainage local small temporary
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Nuisance due to operation of sludge local moderate permanent drying bed and public latrines Nuisance due to transportation of solid local moderate permanent waste Biological Environment Impact on aquatic life due to discharge regional small permanent of effluents Soco i -economic environment Health hazard to workers due to local significant permanent cleaning of toilet, septic tank Table 25: Overview of Environmental Impacts and Augmentation/Mitigation Measures Impact Augmentation/ Implementation Responsible Mitigation S.N. Anticipated Impacts Mitigation Measures Timing Institution Cost(NRs) Beneficial Impacts i. Employment Priority to local people Construction Contractor No extra cost generation and particularly unprivileged phase increase in income group will be given On job training will be given whenever necessary ii. Skill enhancement On job training especially Construction Contractor No extra cost on plumbing, bathroom phase fittings, and other construction activities will be given iii. Enterprise Training programmes on Construction PMO 50,000 development and skill augmentation and phase business promotion entrepreneurship development Promotion of cooperatives and linkages with bank and other financial institutions will be done iv. Improvement in Regular operation and Operation and WUSC No extra cost health and saving of maintenance of the water Maintenance time supply and sanitation Phase system v. Development of Regular operation and Operation and WUSC No extra cost market centre maintenance of the water Maintenance VDC/DDC supply and sanitation Phase system vi. Appreciation of land Awareness programmes Operation and WUSC, PMO No extra cost value to the local people Maintenance (covered by Phase cost for S.N. iii) vii. Women Health and awareness Operation and WUSC, PMO 50,000 empowerment programmes to the local Maintenance people Phase Adverse Impacts Water supply Component 1. Damage to utility The location of project Pre- DSC, DWSS No extra cost lines, community structures will avoid construction services and electric poles, power Phase infrastructure supply structures and infrastructures Letter of approval and agreements will be obtained
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2. Risk of pollution of Properly protected intake Pre- DSC No extra cost raw water (deep tube and storage tanks will be construction well water) constructed and Phase distribution pipe will be located away from drains (to avoid infiltration of drain water) 3. Risk of inadequate A yield monitoring Pre- DSC, DWSS No extra cost yield of the aquifer; program, will be construction excessive abstraction developed, especially for Phase could deplete aquifer the abstraction percentage and cause ground during dry season flow subsidence and Project will be redesigned shortage of well with alternative water water source if the proposed abstraction rate exceeds sustainable yield. 4. Erosion and land Precautionary measures Construction Contractor 30,000 surface disturbance will be taken during Phase construction to avoid caving Excavated soil will be placed against erosion Reuse of excavated soil and backfilling of trenches will be done As far as possible construction activities will be avoided in the rainy season. Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided for the pedestrians 5. Air and Noise Construction materials will Construction Contractor No extra cost pollution be transported only when Phase require and temporary storage will be avoided Tarpaulins/plastic sheets/jute bags will be used to cover the desilted material during transport. Dust suppression at the site will be done by sprinkling water at regular intervals. Use of old and worn out equipments and vehicles, low quality fuel will be prohibited to reduce the noise and air pollution 6. Impact due to Unstable and erosion prone Construction Contractor, DSC 30,000 quarrying sites will be avoided and Phase only approved quarrying sites will be used Quarrying activities from rivers/streams will not be done so as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles -Quarry site will be levelled to suit the local landscape after extraction is complete
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7. Loss of vegetation Prohibit the use of fuel Construction Contractor 50,000 wood and timber Phase collection. Prohibit illegal collection of NTFPs and trade. Provide LPG/kerosene to the workforce. Plant shrubs and trees wherever possible 8. Disturbance to Traffic Management Plan Construction Contractor No extra cost community activities will be developed and Phase work will be conducted as quickly as possible to minimize disturbance Residents will be consulted and informed about the disturbances in advance
9. Social dispute and Local people will be given Construction Contractor No extra cost dissatisfaction priority for the Phase employment All the workers will be instructed to act in a responsible manner Prohibition of alcohol, gambling Local people will be employed as far as possible 10. Occupational Health A site health and safety Construction Contractor 100,000 and Safety plan including safety Phase measures such as provision of mask, helmet, hand globes and rubber boots to workers will be prepared and implemented First aid will be kept at hand in working area General public will be excluded from all construction sites Insurance will be provided to the workers 11. Risk of contaminated Regular testing and Operation and WUSC 100,000 water in the maintenance of the Maintenance PMO distribution system aeration plant, pressure Phase filter and chlorinator and testing of residual chlorine will be done on a routine basis and recorded Regular water quality monitoring of water of the distribution system System staff will be trained and supervised 12. Impact on aquatic life Regular monitoring of Operation and WUSC 50,000 river water quality Maintenance Phase
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13. Toxic chemical Usage, handling and Operation and WUSC 50,000 hazard storage of chlorine will be Maintenance prescribed and guidelines Phase developed First aid measures will be located in emergencies Sanitation Component 14. Health hazard due to Sludge drying bed will be Pre-construction DSC No extra cost location of (sewerage located after consulting Phase WUSC system) and sludge all the stakeholders Municipality drying bed 15. Pollution of ground Sludge drying bed will be Pre-construction DSC No extra cost water from the properly developed to Phase seepage of sludge avoid possibility of drying bed pollution (Use clay liner or geo-membrane liner at the bed) 16. Erosion and land Disposal against erosion Construction Contractors No extra cost surface disturbance and re-use of excavated Phase (covered by soil S.N.4) Sprinkling of water to avoid dust Temporary diversions and signboards will be provided to the pedestrians 17. Loss of vegetation Provision of minimization Construction Contractor No extra cost of vegetation clearing and Phase WUSC (covered by careful cutting of ground cost for S.N. vegetation 7) Plantation of tree and shrub where ever possible 18. Occupational Health A site health and safety Construction Contractor No extra cost and Safety plan will be prepared and Phase (covered by implemented S.N.10) 19. Nuisance due to Regular O&M of the Operation and WUSC 50000 operation of sludge sludge beds (lime Maintenance PMO drying bed and public spreading on beds) will be Phase latrines done Vector breeding sites and resting sites will be modified (e.g. using appropriate chemicals, spray) Providing buffer zone around the area and plant trees in the buffer zones to cover sludge drying area Properly covered transportation systems will be provided 20. Blocking of storm Periodic flushing of the Operation and WUSC No extra cost water drainage drain lines will be done Maintenance (covered by Providing awareness to Phase cost for S.N. local on not to dump 19) waste on drainage
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21. Nuisance due to Waste sorting and Operation and WUSC No extra cost transportation of disposal will be managed Maintenance PMO solid waste Proper transportation Phase systems will be provided (waste will be properly covered in the vehicle) 22. Impact on aquatic life Strong monitoring unit Operation and WUSC No extra cost due to discharge of will be set up Maintenance (covered by effluents Phase cost for S.N. 12) 23. Health hazard to A health and safety plan Operation and WUSC No extra cost workers due to will be prepared and Maintenance (covered by cleaning of toilet, implemented Phase S.N. 10) septic tank
4 Implementation of Mitigation Measures
240. Most of the mitigation measures specified are part of contractual obligation during the project constructions and therefore will be integrated into project design and tender documents. By including mitigation measures in the contract of in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and supervision of mitigation implementation will be covered under the normal engineering supervision provisions of the contract. The mitigation measures implementation elaborated in Table 25 will be monitored through direct observation, records of contractors, consultation with people etc weekly or daily as required.
a. Project Design
241. For most of the adverse environmental impacts likely to occur during project construction and operational phase, mitigation measures will be integrated in the design of the project itself so as to strengthen the benefits and sustainability of the project. This will enhance the mitigation measures in terms of specific mitigation design, cost estimation of the mitigation measure, and specific implementation criteria. The proponent will ensure that the mitigations measures are included in the design of the project.
b. Project Contract
242. The project contract will clearly specify the mitigations measures that are part of the project construction and the contractor will be bound by the parameters identified in the environmental assessment pertaining to specific mitigation measures. The proponent will ensure the compliance of the proposed measures from the contractor and the final acceptance of the completed work will not occur until the environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented.
c. Bill of Quantities
243. The tender instruction to the bidders will explicitly mention the site-specific mitigation measures to be performed, the materials to be used, labor camp arrangements, and waste disposal areas, as well as other site specific environmental requirements.
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E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT
1 Alternatives for Implementation of Project
244. The alternatives analysis of the project in terms of project location, technology, implementation procedures, and the raw materials used have been studied and analyzed. Similarly, comparison between with and without project or the "No action option" is also studied and analyzed.
2 Alternative in Project Location
245. No significant adverse environmental impacts are found with present location of project. The deep well and reservoir site have been proposed at a location where no or minimum environmental effects will be seen. The alignment of pipelines is also fixed with minimum impacts on environment. No better sites than proposed have been found. The anticipated impacts due to location of the structures in environment are very small and insignificant.
3 Alternative in Technology, Implementation Procedure and Raw Materials
246. Most of the technologies proposed in the project are labor intensive. Minimum mechanical equipments will be used during construction work. Drilling well and Pipe line excavation and refilling work are some of the major components of project. All those work will be done by labor force without any mechanical equipment except in the case of deep well drilling. Obviously, this action will produce minimum environmental impacts. During drilling period sound pollution may occur which will adversely affect the workers and operator exposed to drilling machine. Care should be taken and adequate protective measures should be applied for the working persons at and nearby the drilling site. Rest of all works is labor intensive.
247. The working procedures proposed are participatory one. In each and every activities of the project, the beneficiaries will be participating actively. The project will use the local raw materials as far as possible. Except for some mechanical equipment necessary for pipe fitting materials, most of the construction materials will be local. The sand, stones, wood and labors are some of the examples.
4 No Project Option
248. The analysis has also been done with and without project scenario. Implementation of proposed project will create lot of positive impacts on health and hygiene of people, public environment and socio-economic status of community as well. Provision of good quality water and sanitation facilities will help to enhance the quality of life of the people. The project will also help to create job opportunities to considerable number of people. The Implementation of the proposed project will produce only negligible and insignificant environmental impacts.
249. On the other hand, if the project is not implemented, the people of the project area will have to continue to suffer from various problems they are facing today. There are no systematic water supply systems in project site. People are forced to use the ground water using hand pumps and shallow dug wells. This water contains biological impurities. Due to polluted water and unhygienic environment, the community is facing high level of diarrhoea incidence every year.
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F. INFORMATION DICLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
1 Public Consultation
250. In order to ensure the public involvement, the following procedures were followed during IEE report preparation:
251. Publication of notice- a 15 days public notice was published on March 2011 in the Annapurna Post, a national daily newspaper seeking written opinion from concerned Municipality, schools, health posts and related local organizations. A copy of the public notice was also affixed in the notice boards of the above mentioned organizations and deed of enquiry (muchulka) was collected.
252. IEE team also conducted interaction meetings with the local communities and related stakeholders like District Forest Office, District Soil Conservation Office, District Agricultural Development Office, District Water Supply and Sanitation Office, etc during field survey to collect the public concerns and suggestions. Moreover, Focus Group Discussions were conducted to collect and solicit information regarding the bio-physical and socio-economic and cultural aspects of the water supply and sanitation Project. Written forms of suggestions were collected during the meeting and from relevant government agencies. The recommendation letters from the concerned agency has been attached in Annex. During the public consultation, the project objectives were explained and people were requested to give their opinions and suggestions.
253. Summary of minutes of meeting with local people is given in Annex. The FGDs were held at different places in the project area and the route where the transmission line is planned. Existing environmental conditions and socio-economic data are tabulated.
254. Draft IEE report was sent to Damak Municipality for Public disclosure. After reviewing draft IEE report and incorporating the suggestions from the concerned stakeholders. After reviewing draft IEE report and incorporating the suggestions from the concerned stakeholders, final IEE report will be prepared and sent to PCU for approval from MLD and ADB.
2 Focus Group Discussions 255. Several major Focus Discussions took place to identify the status of the Project area, environmentally sensitive spots and issues; the opinion of the stakeholders on the conservation of environment, and their commitment towards making the project sustainable form environmental perspective. The lists of participants in the Focus Group Discussions are given in Annex 6. The FGDs were held at different settlements along the Zone of Influence(ZOI) of the project
Table 26: FGDs Held at Different Locations Date Activity Address Shrawan 7, 2067 Interaction, discussion with local people Pani Tanki, Ward no. 11 Magh 24, 2067 Interaction, discussion with local people Thapa Tole, Ward no. 15 Falgun 16, 2067 Interaction, discussion with local people Jirait, Ward No. 2
256. It was found that the stakeholder have a highly positive attitude towards development of their town as a healthy and environmentally sustainable place in physical, ecological and socioeconomic aspects. They were interested in building various amenities. A children’s
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park named as Saheed Park. was under construction near the existing water tank area. As they lacked a stadium they told us that they were using the stadium in the adjoining Lakhanpur VDC.
257. They are keen to establish a water supply system in their area which would provide water of good quality in adequate quantity. They have already purchased the land required for the boreholes, treatment plant and boreholes at the two sites (at ward # 1 and 15).
258. On the sanitation side, they were very positive for starting a sewerage, solid waste management as well as drainage system. They suggested that they would like to have the waste water treatment plan to on the banks of Tipeni Khola. They had prepared a master plan for solid waste management the Nagar Bikash Samitee (Town Development Committee). They were ready to contribute their matching fund (15%) of the budget if the Government/ADB would provide fund for the total project. In fact the existing drainage in the main roads has been built by the contribution of the local inhabitants. The house owners have contributed the required fund for the storm water drain in front of their houses. As adequate fund was not available for the drainage system, solid waste management and sewerage for the project area, they have gone for public toilet and ODF which will provide subsidy (15%) to build latrines to households which cannot afford. They also provided their suggestions on the site for the solid disposal and for the sewage treatment plant.
259. They have given suggestion to have parallel distribution pipes for water supply in the East West High Way and the main roads so that the roads need not be excavated for giving connections to households. They also requested that that pipe crossings from road should be done though culverts, bridges or hume pipes.
260. The lists of participants in two of the Focus Group Discussions are given below:
261. Meeting held on Shrawan 7, 2067
Pashupati Raj Gautam Sumitra Bhandari Upadhya Dhanawa Bhattarai Sanjaya Koirala Chudamani Nepal Krishna Kumar Bhandari Shankar Prasad Dahal Ram Thapa Mahendra Basnet
3 Information Disclosure
262. Draft IEE was kept at the information centre of DDC Jhapa for public disclosure. Information was also disseminated through person to person contacts and interviews and group discussions. Available institutions at the local level were informed through notice distribution or pasting on notice boards of the concerned Municipality, school, health posts and public places. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and general public through website www.sstwsssp.gov.np .Following offices will get the IEE report:
1 District Development Committee, Jhapa 2 District Technical Office, Jhapa 3 District Project Office, Jhapa
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4 District Implementation Support Team, Jhapa 5 Damak Municipality office 6 Ministry of Works 7 Asian Development Bank, Nepal Resident Mission
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G. GRIEVANCES AND REDRESS MECHANISM
263. The projects also aim to facilitate a grievance and redress mechanism to address the environmental and social concern of the community who are affected by the project activities. The proposed project doesn’t involve resettlement of any community, and a Resettlement Plan that addresses the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is not necessary. However, all the stakeholders are to be made aware of the project-specific GRM so that there is an appropriate channel of communication and a formalized procedure to settle dispute.
264. The process requires a GRM committee to be established as a local level to assure accessibility to the Affected Person or Stakeholder. The committee should consist of members with sufficient knowledge about the project, with technical know-how and expertise and someone aware about the socio-cultural dynamics of the community. The GRM requires that issues and comments are first lodged with the local level GRM committee for handling of grievances at project site. The GRM committee should conduct their meeting within 3 weeks of receipt of complaint and solution needs to be provided at meeting or within 3 weeks.
265. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, the GRM committees need to submit it to the PMO. The PMO with assistance from Environmental Specialist and WUSC experts should resolve the grievance. If the grievance cannot be solved by the PMO, it will be referred to the municipality and district DWSS
266. In conditions where the district DWSS is not able to solve the grievances the case will have to be referred to the relevant level of court of law.
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H. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
267. The Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) shall be implemented in such a way that the contractor is monitored during the construction phase. The EMP also requires regular monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during project operations over the years following project completion. These impacts that have been monitored should be compared with the anticipated impacts at the time of the preparation of the project.
268. In order to promote monitoring activities as an integral part of the project, types of monitoring its indicators schedules and responsible agencies are given below:
Types of Monitoring:
269. The EIA guideline under the implementation in Nepal outlines three types of monitoring:
Baseline monitoring Compliance monitoring Impact monitoring
270. Baseline monitoring aims to identify collect and verify the additional environmental base line data, which is scientific or sociological in nature and needed to augment information on baseline conditions initially generated during IEE. In case of Water Supply sub-project most of the baseline data has already been collected and there is very little chance for its change till the implementation phase. Hence it will not be necessary to conduct it unless some striking new scenarios in terms of physical or socioeconomic conditions emerge.
271. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to encourage and promote the proponent to comply with the requirements as listed in the mitigation measures and any condition set forth during the project approval. Hence it is desirable to ensure the integration of mitigation measures in the document, if any, which should fully reflect environment obligation to be complied with by the proponent or the contractor.
272. Impact monitoring is necessary in order to know the actual level of impact in the field during the construction and operation of the project in the alignment as the environmental impacts are predicted based on value judgment through with some valid assumptions.
1 Monitoring Indicators
273. The following are the monitoring indicators during the construction and operation stages:
a. Physical Indicators
Water Quality 274. Dissolved oxygen, turbidity, BOD, COD, suspended solids, dissolved solids, volatile solids, heavy metals concentration, pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, hardness, alkalinity, coliform bacteria concentration Physical observations: Observation of soil disposal area Observation of excavation techniques Air quality:
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Use of mechanical equipment and heavy vehicles of good condition Periodic maintenance of mechanical and crusher etc, during construction Use of quality fuel Sprinkling of water during excavation, wherever required Use of ear protection devices by the workers
Land System
Minimum removal of vegetation cover Controlled disposal of oil, grease, unused construction material and equipment/parts Safe disposal and back filling of excavated materials Restoration of degraded sites by plantation and protection of sites
275. Following Indicators are proposed for monitoring of the physical environment during the various stages of project implementation:
Table 27: Monitoring Indicators for Physical Environment
Period of Predicted Method of Responsible Mitigation measures Indicators monitoring and Impacts monitoring Agency frequency Erosion of Excavated soil placed Soil properly Direct Weekly during DSC/WUC/Contra land and safely against erosion placed observation construction ctor stability Reuse of excavated Excavated soil Direct Weekly during DSC/WUC/Contra soil reused observation construction ctor Water and Safe disposal of Soil properly Direct Daily during DSC/WUC/Contra soil quality excavated soil disposed observation construction ctor change Prohibition of littering Monitoring of Direct Weekly during DSC/WUC/Contra and discharge of toxic waste observation operation ctor as well as nontoxic waste Prohibition on leakage Monitoring of Direct Operation weekly DSC/WUC/Contra of oil and grease leakage of such observation ctor waste Noise and Provision of Monitoring of Direct Weekly during DSC/WUC/Contra vibration restriction on horns, the said observation operation ctor equipment provision maintenance , fitting of mufflers for noise abatement and speed restriction
b. Biological Indicators
Flora
Number of cut stumps: By counting the number of cut stumps Extent of plantation: by estimating the area of plantation Introduction: extension of weedy and exotic species if any
Fauna 276. Reported case of hunting, poaching of wild animals including mammals, birds, and reptiles in the nearby jungle area (this may not apply here as there is no forest area within the project area)
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277. Following indicative parameters are recommended for monitoring the biological environment during various phases of the project implementation and operation
Table 28: Monitoring Indicators for Biological Environment Predicted Methods of Period of Responsible Mitigation measures Indicators Impacts monitoring monitoring Agency Loss of Provisions of minimisation of Monitorin Direct Weekly DSC/ vegetation vegetation clearance by g of the observation during WUC/Contractor pegging, afforestation said operation restriction on the use of fuel provisions wood at the camps, etc Impact on Collection of toxic wastes, oil Monitorin Direct Weekly DSC/ domestic and grease , etc., in sealed g of the observation during WUC/Contractor animals and water said operation aquatic provision ecology due to the pollution of water and soil
c. Socio-economic and Cultural Indicators
278. With the help of the following indicators, impacts on socio-economic and cultural environment may be monitored
Land and Property Acquisition
. Compensation payment . Socio-economic condition of the people . Crime and socially undesirable activities . Impairment of aesthetic resources . Fuel-wood and timber extraction . Water supply and sanitation . Public health . Involvement of local and child labours . Implement of safety measures 279. The following indicators are proposed for monitoring the social, socio-economic, and cultural environment
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Table 29: Monitoring Indicators for Socio-Economic and Cultural Indicators Methods Period of Predicted Mitigation of Indicators monitoring and Responsible Agency Impacts measures monitorin frequency g Social Instruction to Checking Direct Construction, DSC/WUC/Contractor structures and all workers to the above observatio operation, daily cultural act in a options n practices responsible manner Prohibition of Alcohol Direct Construction, DSC/WUC/Contractor alcohol and and observatio operation, daily gambling gambling n Water supply Awareness Awareness Direct Construction, DSC/WUC/Contractor sanitation and campaign on campaign observatio operation phase, health sanitation and n of such once in three health campaign months education to public and workers Occupational Employment Safety Direct Construction/operat DSC/WUC/Contractor health and of measures observatio ion(weekly) safety occupational adopter n safety and First aid is health at hand in Direct Construction/operat measures the observatio ion(weekly) working n area Visual Development Final Direct Construction DSC/WUC/Contractor impacts of land with landscape observatio operation pleasant n landscaping
Construction Phase
280. It is assumed at this stage that during the construction phase, the parties involved will be DWSO, SPSO (Sub-project Site Office), WUSC and the Contractor. The Contract Document shall contain all the mitigation measures and precautions that are required to be taken by the Contractor written explicitly. The SPSO and WUSC shall be responsible to see that the works carried out by the Contractor are according to the contract documents and that mitigation measures are carried out accordingly, with the overall guidance of the DWSO and the Project Management Office.
Operation Phase
281. The four parties that will be active during the post-construction or project duration phase are DWSS, the Regional Directorate, DWSO and WUSC. The DWSO and WUSC should regularly monitor (and remedy) the system for leakage, water quality (residual chlorine, chemical (for turbidity and iron content and microbiological analyses), pump maintenance and disease outbreaks etc. and prepare a monthly report that should be sent to DWSS via the Regional Directorate.
282. It is suggested that the Sanitation Sub-section Unit that exists in the DWSO ultimately be given the responsibility, after training, for executing the EMP. At the moment, it may not be capable of handling the tasks of regular sanitary inspections. Inputs from the Central/Regional levels are required in building its institutional capacity. This unit should be equipped with a portable water quality (especially for bacteriological tests) kit. It could be renamed into Environmental Monitoring Unit and one of its objectives should be to train
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and help WUSC members as WUSC would be the ultimate owner and implementer of the system.
2 Environmental Monitoring Cost
a. During Construction Phase
283. Monitoring cost has been estimated for two years of construction period. The monitoring will be conducted on physical, biological and socio-economic aspects. So the cost has covered all these parameters.
b. During Post Construction Phase
284. During post construction phase, monitoring will be done on water quality, maintenance system and outbreak of diseases.
285. The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities is as shown in the following Table xx. Cost of mitigation measures directly linked to the construction activities (such as erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates as most of these are already included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the project.
286. An independent Third Party Monitoring environmental consultant will be hired once a year for the duration of the project to monitor whether the EMP of the project has been effectively implemented.
Table 30: Annual cost for EMP S.N. Item Cost 1. Mitigation Budget Training for WUSC staff 30,000 - Water quality testing - Chlorine handling and management Environmental Awareness Campaigns 30,000 2. Monitoring Budget Environmental Management Specialist 2,50,000 Sociologists 1,00,000 Support Staff 50,000 Cost for monitoring by MPPW/DWWS 2,00,000 3. Independent Third Party Monitoring 50,000 Total 710,000
3 Environmental Procedures and Institutions
287. Institutions have a crucial role to play during monitoring. There should be firm institutional commitment by the agencies responsible for monitoring. The Ministry of Environment (MOE) is in charge of environmental control and management for all sector agencies. The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) has the overall responsibility for environmental monitoring of all water supply and sewerage projects. In case of an EIA, it has to be finally approved by MOE. In case of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), the final approval lies with MPPW.
288. The different agencies involved in the Damak Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project are as explained in the following table.
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Table 31: Institutions Involved in the Proposed Project S.N Organization Roles and Responsibilities 1. Ministry of Physical It is the executive agency for the implementation of Second Small Town Planning and Works Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project. It is responsible for monitoring (MPPW) of project design, construction and operation activities according to the approved IEE report. It is also responsible for approving the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the IEE and approving the IEE studies.
2. Department of Water Supply DWSS is the implementing agency for the SSTWSSP. It is responsible for and Sewerage (DWSS) ensuring that all the environmental measures to be adopted during different phases of project implementation and operation have been fully adhered to. It is also responsible for water quality monitoring. 3. Project Management Office PMO under DWSS implements the project. It ensures that all the mitigation (PMO) measures prescribed by approved IEE have been fully adopted. It acquires permits and approval for project construction and assists WUSC on source registration and transfer of land ownership. It also ensures that responsibilities of other stakeholders are incorporated as per agreements. 4. Town Development Fund TDF provides funding to the WUSC. It ensures that necessary (TDF) environmental screening and assessments have been carried out during the funding decisions. 5. Water User and Sanitation WUSC is responsible for forming member based water user group and Committee (WUSC) registering it. It is responsible for ensuring the implementation of environmental measures recommended especially during the construction and operation phase. Activities such as public awareness on sanitation and maintaining record of the water quality data are some of its responsibilities. 6. Design and Supervision DSC is responsible for conducting the feasibility study and detailed design. Consultant (DSC) It ensures that all the mitigation measures are incorporated in the final design of the system and the environmental prescriptions are being met by the construction contractor. 7. Contractor It is responsible to ensure that the mitigation measures are specified during the construction
289. Apart from the above mentioned agencies, there are other institutions that are directly and indirectly involved in the project and during the IEE studies. Local bodies such as Municipality and District Development Committee help in disseminating information about the project to local people and related stakeholders and in giving permits to conduct the IEE studies.
4 Work Plan and Reporting
290. The agencies responsible, period and frequency of monitoring and taking the required mitigation measures have been given in the above sections. It is summarized below.
291. During the design phase PMO and the consultant should see that mitigation measures are included in the design and contract documents in compliance with Environment Protection Act and Regulations.
292. During the construction phase the parties involved should see that all mitigation measures and precautions that are required to be taken by the contractor are written explicitly SPSC and WUSC shall be responsible to see that works carried out by the contractor are according to the contract documents and mitigation measures are taken accordingly with the overall guidance of the DWSO and the PMO.
293. During the operation phase, DWSO, and WUSC should monitor the system for leakage, water quality, pump maintenance and disease outbreak etc. and prepare a monthly report should be sent to DWSS via the Regional Directorate.
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I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
294. It is expected that the planned water supply and sanitation project for Damak Municipality will have only minor adverse impacts on the environment which can be easily and cheaply mitigated through adequate mitigation measures and regular monitoring during the design, construction and operation phases.
295. Because of this Project, there should be significant improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices, and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health.
296. From this IEE, it can be seen that no adverse or harmful impacts of any significance are expected and so a full scale EIA is not required. The project falls under Category B (no major environmental impacts expected) for which only an IEE is required.
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ANNEXES
Annex 1: Approved Terms of References Annex 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment Annex 3: Public Notice Annex 4: Deed of Inquiry (Muchulka) Annex 5: Recommendation Letter from DWSS Annex 6: List of Persons Contacted Annex 7: Survey Questionnaire Annex 8: Water Quality Test Reports Annex 9: Photogrpahs
Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Annex 1: Approved Terms of References Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Government of Nepal Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Second Small Towns Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu
IInniittiiaall EEnnvviirroonnmmeennttaall EExxaammiinnaattiioonn for Damak Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Jhapa District
[ADB GRANT NO. 41022 – (NEP)]
TTEERRMMSS OOFF RREEFFEERREENNCCEE
December, 2010
Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 ORGANIZATION PREPARING THE TERMS OF REFERENCE ______1 2 BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ______1 2. 1 Relevancy of the Project ______1 2.1.1 Existing Water Supply System ______3 2.1.2 Major Problem Faced by WUSC ______3 2.1.3 Existing Sanitation Situation ______3 2.1.4 Water Sector Institutions and Capabilities ______3 2.2.1 Introduction ______4 2.2.2 Salient Features of Proposed Proposal ______5 2.2.3 Components of Sub Project ______7 2.2.4 Water Supply System ______7 2.2.5 Sanitation Improvement ______11 2.2.6 Delineation of Service area and population coverage ______12 2.2.7 Total Water Demand ______13 2.3 Base Line Condition of The Project Area ______14 3 PROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT ______16 3. 1 Environment Assessment ______16 3. 2 Socio-Economic Assessment ______16 4 POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, DIRECTIVES AND GUIDELINES ______17 5 TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET, AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED ______18 5. 1 Time ______18 5. 2 Estimated Budget ______18 5. 3 Resource Persons ______18 6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ______19 7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT ______19 8 MITIGATION MEASURES ______19 9 MATTERS TO BE IMPLEMENTED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT _ 19 9. 1 Environmental Management Plan ______19 9. 2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ______19 9. 3 Information Disclosure, Public Consultation and Participation ______20 9. 4 Grievance Redress Mechanism ______20 10 REPORT ______21 11 RELEVANT INFORMATION ______21
Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 : Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project ______2 Table 2.2 : Summary of Water Quality Test Results (Result Expressed as mg/l) ______8 Table 2.3 : Reservoir Capacity and Type ______9 Table 2.4 : Electro Mechanical Facilities ______11 Table 2.5 : Service Area, HH and Population ______12 Table 2.6 : Service Area Systems and Population Projection ______13 Table 2.7 : Total Water Demand______13 Table 2.8 : Water Demand of Eastern (Existing) Sub-System ______13 Table 2.9 : Water Demand of Northern (Bhangbari) Sub-System______14 Table 2.10 : Water Demand of Southern Sub-System ______14 Table 5.1 : Proposed Work Schedule ______18
Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank BPT Break Pressure Tank CAD Computer Aided Design CAP Community Action Plan DDC District Development Committee DWSO District Water Supply Office DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMAP Environmental Management Action Plan EMP Environment Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Act EPR Environment Protection Regulation FGD Focus Group Discussion FIDIC Federation Internationale Des Ingenerus Conseils GoN Government of Nepal HH (s) Household (s) HMG/N His Majesty's Government of Nepal IEE Initial Environmental Examination KUKL Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited LPCD/lpcd Liter per capita per day lpd Liter per day lps Liter per second MOPE Ministry of Population and Environment MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NGO Non Government Organization PMO Project Management Office PWD Public Work Directories QOL Quality of Life RWSSP Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program S.N Serial Number STWSSSP Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF Town Development Fund ToR Terms of Reference TPO Town Project Office VDC Village Development Committee WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WSST Water Supply and Sanitation Technician WUC Water Users' Committee WUG Water User's Group WUSC Water User's and Sanitation Committee
Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Initial Environmental Examination Terms of Reference for the Damak Town Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation Project
1 ORGANIZATION PREPARING THE TERMS OF REFERENCE The Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 (amended in 2007) mentions that a ToR for an IEE is required. This ToR is prepared to carry out Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Damak Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Jhapa District. The project proponent, STWSSSP of Government of Nepal, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is responsible for the preparation of IEE report. Name of the Proponent: Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Physical Planning Works Government of Nepal Address of the Proponent: Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 4423848, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwssp.gov.np
2 BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
2. 1 Relevancy of the Project As per the TOR issued to the EDCs, it is stated that the Project needs to be studied from the environmental point of view as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed water supply and sanitation project is an extension of the existing DSTWSS which is meant primarily for the market area but has also been supplying a part of the proposed service area. It is expected that on implementation of the project the users of the area will be able to avail of adequate amount of safe drinking water and need not resort to use of unsafe hand pumps to fulfill their water needs. The project needs to go through IEE process as stipulated in EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007). The proposed project shall be using surface water sources (river). The treatment capacity of the proposed units is less than 25 lps. The Project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, there is no need to settle any households above the gravity source, and construction of river training works (more than 1 km) is not required. The project shall benefit more than ten thousand persons in the area with higher and better water services. As the proposed project falls within the definitions provided in the EPR 1997(Amendments 1999 and 2007) Annex 1 (G) for drinking water projects; only an IEE shall be necessary. The regulation stated in Annex 1 (H) shall only be applicable, if the proposal does not fall under categories (A) through (H) of Annex 3. Table 2.1 compares the status of the project point by point against the conditions defined by Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Regulation 1997 (and its amendments 2007) for which a drinking water would require IEE or EIA.
Page 1 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Table 2.1: Criteria for Requirement of IEE and/or EIA for Drinking Water Supply Projects as per Annex 1 and Schedule g and Annex 3 schedule h of Environment Protection Regulation 1997 Amendment 2007 Compared with the Situation of the Project IEE Required as EIA Required as S. Condition described in the Conditions in the per the Regulation per the Regulation No. Act and Regulations project Annex 1 g Annex 3 h 1. River Control (training) Up to 1 kilometer Over 1 kilometer NA Channeling Water from one Applicable Applicable NA 2. Watershed to Another Rain Water Collection and Up to 200 hectares More than 200 NA 3. Use of Spewing Wetland hectares Supply of Water in Dry Up to 1 cusec and More than 1 cusec NA Season from Surface Water utilizing up to 50 % and utilizing the 4. Source with a safe yield of of the available total available quantity quantity Ground Water Recharge Up to 50 % of total More than 50 % of NA 5. aquifer aquifer 6. Wa ter Treatment Up to 25 litre per sec More than 25 litre Within 25 litre per per sec sec 7. Construction of Tunnel for Tunnel constructed Not constructed Channelling Drinking Water 8. Water Resource Development 25 to 100 people Over 100 people Not done which Displaces People Permanent Residents) 9. Settlement of People Settlement of up to Settlement of above Not done Upstream of Water Source 500 people 500 people 10. Supply of water to a 5, 000 to 50, 000 Over 50, 000 This is an extension population of of the existing system. Newer service areas have been added and new sources are to be tapped. 11. Connection of New Source to 10, 000 - 100, 000 More than 100, 000 The current Supply Water to existing population is and water supply system for a the project is 33979 population of designed for a final population of 63667 12. Operation of a drinking water Installed Installed Sewage treatment supply system with inclusion plant not yet of sewage disposal system installed. There is a with sewage treatment system discussion going on as to the addition of a sewage treatment plant on the south side of the bridge over Ratuwa Mai. 13. Extraction of ground water Not done Done No non point and from sources which are point sources of located at point and non- pollution in the point sources of biological vicinity of the water and chemical pollution and/or source their influenced areas. 14. Operation of water supply Not operated Operated This is not a project included in a multipurpose project multipurpose project utilizing and is solely for Page 2 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
IEE Required as EIA Required as S. Condition described in the Conditions in the per the Regulation per the Regulation No. Act and Regulations project Annex 1 g Annex 3 h a source of 25 liter per sec water supply water. (Construction of Multiple Purpose Reservoir Required)
2.1.1 Existing Water Supply System The existing water supply system of Damak water supply was developed by DWSS in 2042, some 25 years ago and it was again rehabilitated. However, due to rapid urbanization and extension of the area the system has been outstretched. The consumers are not getting water as per their demand. The piped water supply system covers part of the project area, i.e. ward no 1, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14. However the Damak water supply project is one of the sample projects of the Nation, being operated satisfactorily by WUSC. The contribution of HH connection tapped water is 40.3 percent while the rest have been using drinking water from other available sources as hand pumps, nearby wells, streams etc. The average water consumption for the total year has been observed as 62 lpcd. As indicated by sample water quality tests conducted during feasibility study , the physical quality of water delivered in the area is more or less satisfactory for household usage but its bacteriological quality is poor Total coliform is in ranges of 0-40 CFU/100mL. Iron content is also on higher side ranging from 0.16 to 1.96 mg/L and Ammonia and Manganese are also observed high in a few water samples.
2.1.2 Major Problem Faced by WUSC Increasing demand for private connection. Water quality as well as quantity problems. More than 500 households have been requesting for private taps and are kept pending in the WUSC office. This project is running in profit and currently has more than Rs. 115 lacks in its bank account. The WUSC and member of different political parties expressed the need of drinking water as their top priority and they assured that beneficiaries are ready to pay their part of contribution.
2.1.3 Existing Sanitation Situation 89.8 % of the households have toilet facility. The remaining households have no latrines built, that is they defecate outside in nearby private or open fields. The drainage system for collection of storm water exist at the core market area, rest of the service area does not have any drainage system. There is no defined agency to handle solid waste properly in an organized way. Individuals are disposing their solid wastes themselves without considering health and hygiene condition of the area. There is no public toilet within the project area.
2.1.4 Water Sector Institutions and Capabilities There are a few NGOs and INGOs - Lutheran and UNHCR working in Jhapa but mainly with Bhutanese Refugees. However, DWSO Jhapa is the only organization that is playing a major role in water supply in Jhapa district as a whole. Specifically for Damak, a water user committee exists with 15 members at present. It has been playing effective role in planning and implementation of the proposed project including the operation of the existing systems. Presently Mr. Pashupati Raj Gautam is the chairperson and there are three female members as well in the
Page 3 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project committee. The Water Users Committee has newly reconstituted on B.S. 2064. It is registered as per Water Resources Act.
2.2 Essential Features of the Sub-Project
2.2.1 Introduction The Damak Town WSP has been conceptualized as a piped, pumping water supply system considering ground water as the source and with ground level reservoirs/ overhead tank for distribution. The system has been formulated to provide reliable and continuous 24 hours drinking water supply in adequate quantity and quality to the consumers of the service area at desired service level. Because of topography, layout of the land, settlement pattern and the existing system, three subsystems have been designed for the area: Eastern Subsystem (Existing Area- Pani Tanki), Northern Subsystem (Bhangbari OHT) and Southern Subsystem (Campus Area OHT) Details of the service area, population, water demand, proposed water sources, treatment and storage and conveyance system and other infrastructures of the project are presented in the consequent paragraphs
Page 4 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
2.2.2 Salient Features of Proposed Proposal Salient features Salient features of Damak Town Water Supply Project S.No. Items Description 1 Name of the Project Damak Town Water Supply Project 2 Type Ground Water –OHT Scheme 3 Study Level Final Detailed Engineering Design Study 4 Location Area Region Eastern Development Region Zone Mechi District Jhapa VDC/Municipality Damak Ward 1,2,4,9,10,11,12,13,14,&15 of Damak
Municipality 5 Available Facilities Road East-West National Highway Airport Chandragadhi in Jhapa & Biratnagar in
Morang Water Supply System (existing) Deep Well-OHT system conducted about
tow decade ago Electricity Available Communication Available Health Services Av ailable Banking Facilities Available 6 Source Characteristics Source Name Deep Tube Wells Source Type Ground Water Source Location Ward#1 and 15 Safe yield (lps) Tapped yield 25 lps for each system 7 Project Components Storage Tank Existing- OHT-1 No.45m3 capacity Proposed : OHT 2-200m3,and 2- 300 m3 capacity ; Ground Tank Boreholes 5 Nos. Proposed, 4 existing Valve Chamber (Nos.) 474 proposed Household Connection (Nos.) 4083 Community Stand Posts (Nos ) Nil Total Length of pipe Distribution (Km) 142.206 Treatment Unit Conventional Treatment Plant – Aeration followed by rapid filtration and chlorination-2sets new proposed 8 Social Status
Present Population (2010) 33979 Base Year Population (2013) 37728 Design Year Population (2028) 63667 Growth Rate % 3.55 (Average)
Page 5 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
S.No. Items Description Household Numbers 7520 for survey year, 2010 Average Family Sizes 5.08 9 Total Water Demand Base Year (m3/day) % Domestic – 2720.2 Non Domestic - 282
Leakage/ wastage – 300.2 Total -3302.4 Design year 2028(m3/day)% Domestic – 4911.05 Institutional/ Industrial 282.0 – Leakage/ wastage -519.30 Total Water Demand- 5712.3 Cost of water supply component (NRs) 328979079.43 With 20% contingencies & 10 VAT 13% 11 Average Per Capita Cost for the project Base year (NRs.) 8720 Design year (NRs.) 5167 Cost Sharing Arrangement for water supply 326752576 12 component (NRs) 1) 1) Government of Nepal 50% Rs. 163396288.2 2) 2) WUSC Contribution a) Up-front cash contribution 5% Rs. 16339628.82 b) Community Contribution (in cash/ kind Rs. 49012886.46
loan) (15%)49012886.46 c) Loan Through TDF 30% Rs. 98025772.92 13 Cost for Sanitation component in NRs. Rs. 105945875.04 Cost sharing arrangement for sanitation 14 component (NRs) 1)Government of Nepal- 85% Rs. 90053993.75 2)Local Government/ DDC- Municipality Rs. 15891881.25
15% 15 Total project cost including sanitation (NRs) Rs. 432698451 16 Tariff 0-10 cum / month 14.05 11-20 cum/ month 21.07 20>Cum / Month 33.55 17 Economic / Financial FIRR 6.76% EIRR 17.71% AIFC 33.55 AIEC PO 18 Environment ADB Category Category B IEE Finding No Adverse Effect IEE Required 19 Project Status Started (date) February 2011 Completion March 2013
Page 6 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
System Details: Eastern Particulars Northern System Southern System Total System Ward # 1,2 Ward # 10, 11 Ward # 13, 14 Coverage area (75%), 4 (?), 9 and 12 and 15 (20%) (50%), 10, 12 Population Nos. 11007 10814 11932 33,753 Survey Year 2010 Design Year 2027 20682 20320 22421 63,423 Household Nos. 2641 2365 2815 7,821 Survey Year 2010 Water demand 2553.130 2508.362 2767.688 7829.18 M3/day (lps) (29.55) (29.03) (32.03) (90.61) (design year 2027) Cost Estimate NRs 44,065,216.77 141,406,254.22 141,281,105.45 326,752,576.44
2.2.3 Components of Sub Project Damak Town Water Supply Project has been conceptualized by three different systems as per the layout of the land and as controlled by the existing system. Accordingly, it consists of deep boreholes with pumping/ gravity supply system. The main components are the deep tube wells as water source, OHT / ground tanks for water reservoirs, pumping main / distributions mains, house connections, and system appurtenances. Besides, electro / mechanical works as pumps, generators and treatment plants are also considered. In addition to the above water supply component, the subproject also includes sanitation component. Social mobilization and health hygiene education awareness program is the integral art. Besides construction of household latrines by users themselves, it includes a sewerage system in the core area of the existing eastern subsystem in the proposed project as a pilot program. Details on these components are described below
2.2.4 Water Supply System a. Source Location The designated source to serve the service area of the Northern subsystem are deep wells to be located at ward # 1 and lies almost at north tip of Damak municipality. Ward # 1, 2, 4, 9, 10 and 11 are served by this system. Similarly, service area of ward # 13, 14 and 15 are served by Southern subsystem. The proposed deep well for this, is to be located at ward # 15 and to the south side of the highway. The eastern subsystem already has 4 boreholes and no additional boreholes are required. b. Source Yield Two numbers of deep wells depth 150 m each has been proposed on each subsystem to meet their design year requirement. The deep well size is proposed as 300 mm X 200 mm diameter. Borehole diameter for the construction of the tube well shall be 0.45 m so that the thickness of the gravel pack at the position of the screen shall be about 125 mm. Such a borehole is expected to provide a 25 lps flow as existing tube wells in most of the plain/ terai area nearby. c. Water Quality Assessment / Treatment facilities The character and the degree of treatment depend upon the nature of available water or indirectly the raw water quality of the water source. The raw water source of proposed project has been considered as the ground water from deep tube wells. Because of high iron content there is a
Page 7 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
compressed aeration unit and pressure filter in the existing system at present. The water delivered is however not up to NDWQS. It is hence necessary to adopt measures for its improvement. For other subsystems at other sites, the consultants had studied for options of a packaged WTP versus a conventional WTP. Finally the conventional system with aeration and rapid sand filter was the selected choice by the PMO.
Table 2.2 : Summary of Water Quality Test Results (Result Expressed as mg/l) Deep Well Raw Water Parameter Parameter Guidelines Quality NDWQS/ TW #3 TW #2 WHO Appearance Clear pH 6.23 6.56 6.5-8.5 Temp oC 20.6 20.6 Colour Hazen 0.06 0.34 15-May Turbidity NTU 15.71 0.71 10-May Conductivity mS/m 198.6 247 1500 Total Alkalinity mg/l 74.48 78.4 - Total Hardness CaCo3 mg/l 12 24 500 Calcium Hardness CaCo3 mg/l 10.02 18.04 - TDS mg/l 109 121 1000 Ammonia mg/l <0.001 <0.5 1.5 Nitrate mg/l <0.001 <0.001 10 Fluoride mg/l 0.23 0.19 0.5-1.5 Soluble phosphate mg/l 0.01 0.03 - Iron mg/l 1.96 1 0.3 Chloride mg/l 0.99 0.99 10.-50 Manganese mg/l 0.21 0.07 0.1 Arsenic mg/l <0.005 <0.005 0.01 Total coliform CFU/100 mL 0 24 Nil Faecal coliform CFU/100 mL 0 0 Nil DO mg/l 3.5 4 ≥ 5
Free Co2 mg/l 40 35 - Refer Annex IV – Laboratory Report on water quality. Date of collection of sample- January 8, 2008 d Treatment Process As per the feed water source and expected quality, the following treatment stages have been provided for the two new subsystems. Aeration Tank: to reduce the concentration of taste and odor causing substances and various organic compounds by volatilization / oxidation; to oxidize iron and manganese rendering them insoluble; to dissolve a gas in water i.e. addition of oxygen to ground water. Filtration: To remove colloidal particulate matters and suspended particles by percolation through a bed of granular media. As the water passes, the the particles are entrapped in the pore spaces of the media and thus removed. Chlorination: Similarly, to make the water safe from bacteria considerations, disinfecting or killing of pathogenic bacteria is required, and therefore chlorination has been provided.
Page 8 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Primary disinfections is a key step in water treatment. Disinfections by using chlorine include taste and odor control, algae control, filter media conditioning, iron and manganese removal. Besides, chlorine residual should be from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L in distribution systems as per locations/ and time frame.
A schematic diagram is presented below:
Proposed Water Treatment System Chlorine To OHT for Chlorine distribution Pressure Filter CWT
Aeration
Pump
Deep well e Ground Reservoir / Overhead Tank The existing tanks are adequate for the eastern subsystem. A ground water tank 1- 700 cum + 1 – 200 cum OHT for the Northern subsystem and a ground water tank of capacity 650 cum + 1- 200 cum OHT southern subsystem is to be constructed.
Table 2.3 : Reservoir Capacity and Type Name of System Capacity M3/ Nos Type Remarks 1 Eastern Sub-System 450 - 1 OHT – RCC / round Existing 700-1 GWT - / RCC / round 2. Northern Sub System and 200 - 1 OHT – RCC / round Proposed 650-1 GWT - RCC / round 3. Southern Sub-System and 200 - 1 OHT – RCC / round Proposed f Transmission Line/ Pumping main The water from the deep wells at proposed subsystems will be transmitted to the treatment plant by 200 mm diameter DI pipes. Transmission line / pumping mains with requisite fittings have been provided as per requirement of the project. g Distribution Pipe Lines / Pipe Network The distribution system comprises of pipe network, which consists of mainly loops and branch. The design year water demand has been assessed and provided as input data in nodal points. The entire system has been designed mostly using High Density Polythene (HDP) and Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes. For some distribution mains, DI pipe also has been provided along main roads as requested by WUSC/ PMO. The distribution pipelines comprise of a network of looped as well as branched pipes. The pipe sizes ranging from 32 mm – 315 mm diameters have been used in the Page 9 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project net work. Existing pipes have been used wherever possible including reuse of these pipes which are in good condition in the existing system. Parallel lines have been also laid in some roads as demanded by the beneficiaries. The total pipe length of the proposed systems is about 136.598 Km. h House Connections The system has been designed, predominantly as house to house connections. The system is analyzed for a total design capacity of 11,111 H/Hs in the 3 systems. The initial house connections is assessed as 4083 numbers out of which 733 are existing and may need holes change only. i Community Stand Posts There are 179 below poverty line HH (with an annual income of Page 10 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project The summary of electro mechanical facilities for the three separate subsystems is hereby presented. Table 2.4 : Electro Mechanical Facilities Generato Boreholes/ 11 KV line/ Electrica Treatment Systems r Pumps Transformer l Panels Plant Deep Tubewells- 11 KV line-1 Aerationn-1 North 100 KVA- 2 Transformer10 New 1 set RSF-1 Subsystem 1 Pumps- 4 0 KVA-1 Chlorination-1 Deep Tubewells- 11 KV line-1 Aerationn-1 South 100 KVA- 2 Transformer10 New 1 set RSF-1 Subsystem 1 Pumps- 4 0 KVA-1 Chlorination-1 Existing Existing- to be East Existing Existing Existing rehabilitated and Subsystem Chlorination-1 O&M Equipments and Tools WUSC Damak is suffering due to inadequate repair tools and equipment. The leakage repairs also are not being carried out in time. An assessment was therefore done for the needed items. The STWSSP has also some guide lines on it. The list of tools required for the operation and maintenance of the DTWSP has been listed in Quantity/ Cost Estimate Volume. Besides, the following equipment have been also considered in the project so that project works during construction and for operational activities are effectively carried out. a) Motorbike – 1 no. b) Leakage detecting equipment - 1 set c) Submersible sludge pump - 1 no d) Computer including printer - 1 set e) Water Quality testing laboratory equipment - 1 set f) Four wheel drive vehicle - 1 no 2.2.5 Sanitation Improvement a. Waste Water System A preliminary design of the waste water system has been prepared for the core bazaar area of the existing east subsystem area coverage only, as a pilot scheme. Required component details of the system such as manholes, house connection chambers, screens, and grit chamber and reed bed treatment tanks have been incorporated in the project. b. Toilets No specific sanitary hardware component to build individual latrines has been included in the Project. Sanitary awareness packages software has been included in the overall Project. HH latrines exist in most of the areas. It has been ascertained by WUSC that the HH, which have no latrines at present will build it so that there is a100% coverage at the completion of the project. A typical preliminary drawing of latrine is presented in Drawing Volume. c. Surface Drain Some linear storm water drainage exists in the market area. More drainage is required to carry storm water so that sanitation is improved. However, this activity has not been included in the project. There is a possibility of extending the existing storm water drainage with the municipality funds as the users are not in a position to raise the matching fund from their own source. Page 11 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project d. Public Toilet Public Toilets (2 numbers) have been provided in the project. A typical drawing is presented in the Drawing Volume. e. Solid Waste Management The project proposes to conduct a number of training and awareness generating programs. These software programs will help to reduce, reuse and recycle the waste from the households. Properly designed refuse storage bins shall be provided in sufficient quantities for temporary storage. This refuse then shall be transported to sanitary land filling site and disposed off satisfactorily. A spot on the banks of the River Ratuwa Mai on the south side of the Bridge has been suggested for a suitable site for the sanitary land filling site. 2.2.6 Delineation of Service area and population coverage a. The proposed service area includes the uncovered portion by existing water supply system [i.e. wards no.-1(partially), 2, 4(partially), 9 to 15(partially)].The total service area is demarcated in the Map and is inclusive of the area served by the existing system. The ward numbers / the cluster settlements and the survey year 2008 households / population figure is presented in Table below. Table 2.5 : Service Area, HH and Population Ward Clusters Settlement HH No. Population Numbers Wa rd No. 1 Devkota Chowk, Falgunanda Chowk etc. 1115 4789 Shrijana tole, Sharaswati tole, Sugam tole,Chaudhari Ward No. 2 341 1708 tole, Shanti tole, Himali tole.etc. Ward No. 4 Partibari tole 22 134 Janasewa tole, Shivasunder tole, Kanchanjanga tole Ward No. 9 Jalpadevi tole, Sunder tole, Santi tole, Manakamana 494 2454 tole, etc. Sudhar tole,Shrijana tole, Adrasa tole, Model tole, Ward No. 10 1409 6091 Patagati tole, Gorkhali tole, Munal tole,etc. Anmol tole, Bhirkuti chowk, Pasupati chowk, Ward No. 11 Jutebikas tole, Koloni tole, Dhan gadhi tole, 738 2478 Radhakrishna tole, Gurash etc. Sungava tole, Rajatjanti tole, Pathibhara tole, Budha Ward No. 12 883 4350 tole, etc. Shanti tole, Laxmi tole, Munal tole, Subhalaxmi tole, Ward No. 13 1443 6976 Milan tole, Himal tole, etc Campus Mode, Mitra tole,Ittabhata, Adharasa tole, Ward No. 14 634 2803 Jitpur tole,etc Janajagri tole, Laligurasha tole, Kanchanjunga Ward No. 15 tole,Janajati tole, Shiva tole, Chndrama tole, Indradi 441 2196 tole, etc. Total 7520 33979 b. The projected population for base year and design year for the individual three subsystems are summarized in Table below. Page 12 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Table 2.6 : Service Area Systems and Population Projection Land Base year 2013 Design year 2028 S. No. Service Area System Area(ha) Population No Population No 1 Eastern 261.38 10,724 15,246 Damak Subsystem Municipality Northern 2 766.32 11,521 20,757 Wards- 1,2,4,9 Subsystem and 10 to 15 South 3 273.307 11,743 20,441 Subsystem Grand Total 1301.017 33,988 56,444 The entire population of the service area is not evenly distributed due to variations in land usage pattern and available facilities. The population density indicating the number of persons per unit area and the distribution of population also has been studied for the efficient design of the distribution system. Four types of zoning (low, moderate, medium and high growth potential) has been done to arrive at the realistic water demand for designing of pipe lines for the proposed project. 2.2.7 Total Water Demand The project has been conceptualized on the basis of above said water demands. Because of quality reasons and easy availability of connected pipe system, there shall be enough demand. Thus, the amalgamation of various demands described above has been considered for establishing the total demand in a low profile scenario for the project. Table below summarizes the total water demand scenario for survey year 2010, base year 2013 and for the design year 2027. Table 2.7 : Total Water Demand Demand (m3/day) S.N Demand Type Year 2008 Year 2012 Year 2026 1 Domestic 2483.64 2859.26 4952.96 2 Institutional 186.38 201.51 272.36 3 Industrial 93.95 97.18 112.00 4 Leakage and Wastage 276.39 315.79 533.74 Total 3040.36 3473.74 5871.06 The respective water demand for the three subsystems is presented in Tables below: Table 2.8 : Water Demand of Eastern (Existing) Sub-System Demand (m3/day) S.N Demand Type Year 2008 Year 2012 Year 2026 1 Domestic 820.44 902.16 1337.83 2 Institutional 111.58 120.51 160.17 3 Industrial 86.52 88.51 97.19 4 Leakage and Wastage 101.85 111.12 159.52 Total 1120.39 1222.29 1754.71 Page 13 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Table 2.9 : Water Demand of Northern (Bhangbari) Sub-System Demand (m3/day) S.N Demand Type Year 2008 Year 2012 Year 2026 1 Domestic 820.44 969.21 1821.43 2 Institutional 67.28 72.22 97.31 3 Industrial 1.00 1.16 2.04 4 Leakage and Wastage 88.87 104.26 192.08 Total 977.59 1146.85 2112.86 Table 2.10 : Water Demand of Southern Sub-System Demand (m3/day) S.N Demand Type Year 2008 Year 2012 Year 2026 1 Domestic 842.76 987.89 1793.70 2 Institutional 7.52 8.78 14.88 3 Industrial 6.43 7.51 12.77 4 Leakage and Wastage 85.67 100.42 182.14 Total 942.38 1104.60 2003.49 2.3 Base Line Condition of The Project Area 1 Physical Environment Geophysical profile Topography, Geology, and Climate The proposed DTWSP lies in the Terai belt in the Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The elevation varies from 128 to 138 amsl. The topography has gentle slope towards the south. The area comprises of gravel, sand and clay. Tropical type of climate prevails; summer is very hot, while winter is cool. Annual precipitation is about 2472 mm. The proposed area lies in the terai plains and is composed of thick alluvium deposits which consist of alternate layer of sand, gravel, clay layer of Pleistocene. These permeable layers in different horizons are considered as a huge ground water basin. Geologically the whole area, which is known as Bhabhar zone , consists of coarser sediments (boulder, cobble, gravel and sand) Surface and Ground Water The area is situated in the banks of two streams (Ratuwa Khola and Mawa Khola). These streams are of perennial type, their sources being the Siwalick Mountains. There are a number of dug wells and shallow tube wells installed in the project area, which supply water to the population. Besides, there exists a piped water supply system in the eastern part of the project area. 2 Ecological Profile Flora, Fauna and Protected Areas Deforestation has decreased the flora of the project area but since the concept of community forests has been introduced, there has been an improvement in the forest cover. Most of the project is now agricultural farm lands. The User Group Community Forests in the area are BP UGCF in Ward # 3 where the proposed TP and the main storage tank is situated; Singha Devi Page 14 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project UGCF in Ward # 5; Deurali UGCF in ward # 4 and Danda Gaon UGCF in Ward # 4. The vegetation in the area is mostly mixed and is predominantly Pinus, in the drier areas, Chilaune (Schima wallichi) and Utish (Alnus nepalensis) in the wet areas in the middle altitudes. Dhupi, Khari, are found in the higher part of the valley, sal (Shorea robusta) and salla (Pinus roxburghhi) and Khayer in the lower side of the valley. Wild animals are not so prevalent. Chituwa and foxes have been reported in these forests. Monkeys, for some reason is not so prevalent. Varieties of deer such as ghoral, chital are found. Common birds as house sparrow, crow, and jungle fowl (kaliz) are some of the bird species seen in the area. Another bird found in the area is pea cock. 3 Geo Hydrology The proposed project area lies in hilly valley and is composed of thick alluvium deposits which consist of alternative layer of hard rocks, gravel and clay layers. The phyllite is found predominantly to give lateritic soil including granite to give rise to sandy soil.. Similarly limestone also has given calcareous soil. There are hence a number of springs and streams that flow in the region. 4 Human and Economic Development Population, Communities and occupation The population of the project area is around 29403 with the total household number as 5779. The ethnic composition consists of Brahimins, Chhetris, Newar, Rai, Magar, Gurung, Limbu and others. The principal occupation is agriculture, followed by trade and industry. Remittance also plays a vital part. Health and Sanitation Houses in the bazaar area and institutional buildings have latrines. A length of linear storm water drainage exists in the market area, but the rest of area does not have drainage system. The general communicable diseases are prevalent. The general health condition of the females is observed to be bad in comparison to that of the males. Economic Characteristics No specific area is designated to industries. One important industry in the Project area is Tea Processing Industry. Himalaya Mahalaxmi Tea Estate occupies a conspicuous part of the area in its west part. A few small scale industries such as rice mills and hotels, restaurants and shops exist in the area. Agriculture is the main economic activity, the main products being paddy, wheat, and maize. Horticulture and livestock raising including poultry is also practiced but not in high commercial scale. Income from foreign work is in the increase. Infrastructural characteristics The area lies along the east-west national highway. It is linked with earthen/gravel reads all over. Most of the institutions and some private owners have telephone connections. The project area has electric facilities and is connected with national grid. There are 27 schools, 38 government and nongovernment offices and 3 health posts, Land Use Planning The municipality has specific plans for land use and development is following proper planning. Planned land use is observed. Page 15 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Quality of Life Value The project is not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will increase their value. The existing quality of the life values will increase due to the improvement in personal, household and community hygiene practices and community health and saving of time spent by women and children in fetching water. 3 PROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT The consultant will follow the following methodology for preparation of the report: Prepare a comprehensive data base on the corridor of influence on the biophysical and socioeconomic environment Collect Secondary data from published and unpublished reports, maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles, etc. from different Government and non-government organizations. Prepare Questionnaires/checklists/matrices for collection of primary data for both the bio- physical and socioeconomic assessments. Provide a description of relevant parts of the Project, using maps with appropriate scale and photographs and aerial photographs, where necessary, including the following information: location, alignment, alternatives, design, standards, pre-construction, construction and post-construction activities, work schedule, staffing and support facilities and services. Include information on mitigation, costs associated with construction activities (during design construction, and operation and maintenance activities) should also be included. 3. 1 Environment Assessment The consultant shall study the existing environmental constraints and potential impacts in the Project area through filed surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with a number of government officials, representatives of NGO and international organizations (IO) supported projects and researchers. The consultant shall collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the pipeline routes and its corridor of influence, including the following information: Physical Environment: topography, soils, climate, and meteorology, geology, surface and ground water hydrology, noise, air and water quality Ecological Environment: flora, fauna, rare and endangered species, religious trees and sensitive habitats (including parks and reserves) 3. 2 Socio-Economic Assessment Social assessment of the project tries to determine the social implication (issues) in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts related to location, design, construction, and operation. Preparation and actual implementation of the construction activities will create some nuisance and inconvenience for the communities in the area. Primary data shall be obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with communities, along the pipeline routes under consideration. Additional data shall be collected from various Committees (VDCs, DDCs, NGOs, Community groups, etc) through which the respective pipe alignment pass. The Consultant shall collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the along the pipe routes and its corridor of influence, along with the following information: Page 16 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project a. Population, land use, planned development activities, community structure, government services, demography, employment, distribution of income and sources of livelihood, goods and services produced, water supply, public health, education, extension services, cultural sites and heritage, tribal people, customs, aspirations and attitudes, expected water users and those benefitting from it, different needs and demands of VDCs, and the present quality of life (QOL), etc 4 POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, DIRECTIVES AND GUIDELINES The consultant shall describe the pertinent regulations, standards that govern environmental quality, health an safety, protection of sensitive areas and endangered species etc. at international, regional, district, VDC and Ward levels. Nepal is a signatory to many international conventions, including those concerning habitat, biodiversity, cultural heritage protection. These issues shall be considered during IEE and their avoidance/mitigation measures shall be identified. The IEE should also be conducted in compliance with the following Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations Standards and Guidelines: Law Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.) Policies Rural Water Supply and Sanitation National Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 A.D.) Three Year Interim Plan 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.) Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.) ADB’s “Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS)” 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.) Acts and Regulations Land Acquisition Act 2034 B.S. (1978 A.D.) Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Acts 2044 (1987) Solid waste (management& resource mobilization), Rules,2047 (1990) Water Resources Act 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) Water Tax Act 2023 (1966) Water Resources Regulations 2050 B.S. (1993) Labor Act 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.) Forest Act 2049 (1992 A.D.) Forest Regulations 2050 (1993 A.D.) Environmental Protection Act 2053 B.S. (1997 A.D.) Environmental Protection Regulations 2054 (1997 A.D.) with Amendment Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.) Local Self Governance Regulations 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.) Drinking Water Regulations 2055 B.S. (1998 A.D.) Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 B.S. (2001 A.D.) Town Development Act 2045 (1988 A.D.) Page 17 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Standards and Guidelines National EIA Guidelines 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.) National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2062 B.S (2005 A.D.) Water Resources Strategy, 2055 B.S. (2002 A.D.) 5 TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET, AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED 5. 1 Time After the approval of the TOR, it is expected that the approximate time needed to complete the final IEE report will be 6 weeks. The Proposed work schedule is as follows: Table 5.1 : Proposed Work Schedule S. Activity / Work 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. 1 Approval of IEE TOR 2. Public Notification 3. Desk Study 4. Field Work 4.1 Physical Environmental Assessment 4.2 Biological Environment Assessment 4.3 Socio economic and Cultural Assessment 5. Analysis of Field information and Impact Evaluation 5.1 Alternative Assessment 5.2 Development of Mitigative Measures 5.3 Development of Environmental Auditing Process 5.4 Preparation Environmental Monitoring Plan 6. Preparation of Draft report and submission 7. Final Submission after incorporation of comments 5. 2 Estimated Budget The total estimated cost for the IEE study of Damak Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is NRs. 225,000.00 exclusive of all taxes. 5. 3 Resource Persons As the IEE requires different personnel for specific tasks, the following inter-disciplinary manpower will be required. A team leader will be required to co-ordinate the different tasks of the personnel involved. The Team will be consisting of: 1 Water Supply and Sanitation Engineer Page 18 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project 2 Environmentalist 3 Sociologist 4 Geo-hydrologist 5 Botanist/Forrester 6 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT A distinction shall be made between the potentially significant positive and adverse impacts and immediate and long term impacts. Impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible shall be identified. Wherever possible, the significant impacts shall be quantified in terms of environment costs and benefits. 7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT Alternative alignments to the proposed project to meet the same project objectives shall be described (siting, design, technology choice, construction techniques, operation and maintenance). Alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs and institutional training and monitoring requirements shall be described. Costs and benefits of each alternative shall be quantified (wherever possible), incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation measures. 8 MITIGATION MEASURES Mitigation measures to adverse potential impacts due to location, design, construction and post- construction shall be proposed. Mitigation measures shall be incorporated from the planning stage onwards. These measures shall be outlined in the Environment Management Plan (EMP) and Resettlement Plan (RP) 9 MATTERS TO BE IMPLEMENTED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT 9. 1 Environmental Management Plan The EMAP shall be based on the mitigation measures for the project induced impacts. The EMAP shall include the responsibilities of different stakeholders based on preliminary plans and schedules. This program shall include measures required during the project design, construction and operational phases and shall include recommendations on allocation of components of the EMAP to the various parties involved. The EMAP shall also give due consideration to and document the involvement of affected communities. Integral to this IEE would be the implementation of a public consultation and participation program focused on the directly or indirectly affected communities and the stakeholders. All these things shall be commenced prior to the formulation of the program. 9. 2 Environmental Monitoring Plan Environmental monitoring plan, which is required under both EPR, 2054 - Annex 6 and NEIAG, 2050 - Chapter 10, helps to provide timely warning of the potential environmental damage and also to check the implementation of mitigation measures to see whether it confirms to the approved plan. The monitoring plan shall include the following critical contents: i. Identification of environmental parameters/indicators ii. Development of general monitoring program for assessing the impacts of the project on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. iii. Outline a monitoring program for public health in the project camps and surrounding communities during the construction phase Page 19 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Monitoring Mechanism The monitoring mechanism during construction will be of regular type whereas baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and process monitoring shall have to be done during the operation and maintenance phase. The monitoring team shall visit the project site and monitor the effectiveness of the implementation of mitigation measures. Monitoring is one of the components of EMP. Monitoring of physical, biological and socio- economic parameters of the environment of the project site should be carried out. The outcomes of the monitoring activities should be maintained in a database. The results of monitoring should also be disclosed in the form of demonstration, charts, figures, graphs, and samples, etc., to the local people, school students and other interested stakeholders. In the process of compliance monitoring of the project construction, local people and construction workers should be consulted. 9. 3 Information Disclosure, Public Consultation and Participation Public consultations will be held in the entire process of IEE study. Stakeholders should be consulted regarding the scope of the environmental study before work has commenced in earnest, and should then be informed about the likely impacts of the subproject and proposed mitigation once the draft IEE is under preparation. The report should record the views of stakeholders and indicate how these have been taken into account in project development. Information is disclosed through public consultation and more formally by making documents and other materials available in a form and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders. This normally involves making draft reports available (in the local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism for the receipt of comments and making documents available more widely. For Category B-sensitive projects, SEIAs and SIEEs are made available to the public through the depository library system, and are placed on the ADB website no later than 120 days prior to the Board considerations. The full IEE (B-sensitive) is also made available to interested parties upon request. For other category B projects, the environmental analysis is posted on the ADB website as part of the RRP. The full IEE reports are also made available to the interested parties upon request. Public consultation and involvement should be given highest priority in the implementation of mitigation measures. Public consultation should take place and on the basis of decision of the consultation meeting, implementation of mitigation measures should be prioritized and should be carried out with the involvement of the local people. Public consultation program in the project area will be organized to inform the broader communities and to collect the feedbacks and suggestions regarding the issues. This program mainly focus on the awareness about the project plans and programs, building of mutual consensus about the implementation of the project, identification of the key issues to be considered during IEE study and project design. In this regard, a 15 days’ public notice shall be issued in a national daily newspaper as well as in the VDC offices covered by the project to inform the concerned and affected stakeholders about the project and receive the related comments and feedback from them. 9. 4 Grievance Redress Mechanism A Grievance Redress Mechanism will be suggested. This will assist the project management in handling of grievances/ complaints raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation issues during implementation of the project. This mechanism will incorporate procedure to redress grievances such as collection of grievances/ complaints from the affected community and to resolve them. This procedure will describe the mechanism through Page 20 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project planning, implementation and management stages. The agencies, which will be responsible for conducting the above activities, will also be defined. 10 REPORT The format for the IEE report shall include the following: Executive Summary (in English and Nepali) Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures/Photographs Appendices List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction Description of the Project Description of the Environment Anticipated environment impacts and mitigation measures Analysis of alternatives with and without project situations Information disclosure, consultation and participation Grievance and redress mechanism Environment Management Plan Conclusions and Recommendations References Annexes 11 RELEVANT INFORMATION Tables, figures, maps photographs and references shall be included in the IEE Report. Page 21 Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project \ Annex 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project WATER SUPPLY Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist Instructions: (i) The Project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer. (ii) This Checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) Checklists on involuntary resettlement and indigenous peoples; (b) Poverty reduction handbook; (c) Staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) Gender checklists. (iii) Answer the questions assuming the "without mitigation" case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the "remarks" section to discuss any anticipation mitigation measures. Country / Project NEP/ Damak Second Small Water Supply & Sanitation Project Title: Sector Division: Water supply and Sanitation Sector Project SCREENING QUESTIONS YES NO REMARKS A. Project Sitting Is the project area…… Densely populated? Densely populated in market √ area and others are scattered and rural in character Heavy with development activities? Only small developmental √ activities like building construction and so are going on Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas? √ Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage site √ within or nearby the project area Protected Area No any protected area √ within or nearby the project area Wetland No wetland area within or √ nearby the project area Mangrove No mangrove area within or √ nearby the project area Estuarine No estuarine area within or √ nearby the project area Buffer zone of protected area No buffer zone within or √ nearby the project area Special area for protecting biodiversity No special area for √ protecting diversity within or nearby the project area Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project SCREENING QUESTIONS YES NO REMARKS Bay No any bay within or nearby √ the project area B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project causes….. Pollution of raw water supply from upstream Since ground water being wastewater discharge from communities, √ abstracted in the system, industries, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff? possibility of pollution of raw water supply is not possible. People have their own toilet and has no drainage facilities and there are no big industries Impairment of historical/cultural All pipes will pass through monuments/areas and loss/damage to these √ road side and no any sites? industrial/cultural monuments/area will be damage by the project within the project area Hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive Only required amount of ground water pumping? √ water will be pumped Social conflicts arising from displacement of Communities will not be communities? √ displaced Conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water Since raw water being supply with other beneficial water uses for √ ground water possibility of surface and ground waters? conflict do not exist Unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. Water quality after excessive pathogens or mineral constituents)? √ treatment, meeting with NDWQS standard will be supplied , treatment has been proposed Deliver of unsafe water to distribution system? Treatment facility is √ provided to ensure quality of supplied water Inadequate protection of intake works or wells, Boundary wall has been leading to pollution of water supply? √ provided Over pumping of ground water, leading to Only required quantity will salinization and ground subsidence? √ be pumped Excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? Only treated water will be √ collected and reservoir will be cleaned periodically Increase in production of sewerage beyond Most of the household have capabilities of community facilities? √ their own toilet and not connected to drain. Conceptual design of waste water management has been prepared Inadequate disposal of sludge from water As water quality is as per treatment plants? √ NDWQS standard only minor sludge will be produced Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project SCREENING QUESTIONS YES NO REMARKS Inadequate buffer zone around pumping and Pumps have very minimal treatment plants to alleviate noise and other √ noise and treatment plant possible nuisances and protect facilities? will not make noise and other nuisance Impairments associated with transmission lines Tr ansmission line passes and access roads? √ with in the area of WUSC Health hazards arising from inadequate design Trained manpower will be of facilities for receiving, storing, and handling √ used to receive, store and of chlorine and other hazardous chemicals. handling of chlorine. Adequate measures will be taken to store it properly. Health and safety hazards to workers from Only chlorine will be used handling and management of chlorine used for √ as disinfectants. Required disinfection, other contaminants, and training will be provided to biological and physical hazards during project handle it properly and construction and operation? trained manpower will be deployed Therefore health and safety hazard to workers will not arise Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of No settlement of people people? √ required Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women All households will have and children, Indigenous Peoples or other √ their own private tap. vulnerable groups? Besides this, these people will get opportunity to work and earn during project implementation Noise and dust from construction activities? During construction some √ noise may be created and some dust may be produced but this will be managed to minimize using appropriate construction practices Increased road traffic due to interference of During excavation and back construction activities? √ filling of pipe trench traffic interference may occur for short period. Traffic management will be taken care of Continuing soil erosion/slit runoff from Flat terrain and no big construction operations? √ amount of earthwork in one place Delivery of unsafe water due to poor O & M Regular monitoring of plant treatment processes (especially mud √ operation will be carried out. accumulations in filters) and inadequate Trained manpower will be chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring deployed through users of chlorine residuals in distribution systems? committee for O&M of the project. One well equipped lab will be established to check water quality on Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project SCREENING QUESTIONS YES NO REMARKS regular basis. Hence these type of problem do not arise Delivery of water to distribution system, which Regular monitoring of plant is corrosive due to inadequate attention to √ operation will be carried feeding of corrective chemicals? out. Trained manpower will be deployed through users committee for O&M of the project. One well equipped lab will be established to check water quality on regular basis. Hence this type of problem does not arise. Accidental leakage of chlorine gas? Chlorine gas is not being √ used Excessive abstraction of water affecting Only required quantity of downstream water users? √ water will be abstracted Competing uses of water? No such possibilities exist. √ All will get water for all time since system is continuous Increased sewage flow due to increased water Most of HHs have their own supply √ toilet and conceptual design of structures for waste water management has been done Increased volume of sullage (wastewater from Volume of sullage and cooking and washing) and sludge from √ sludge may increase in small wastewater treatment plant quantity. It may not cause serious problems Large population influx during project Population will be increased construction and operation that causes √ as per the anticipated increased burden on social infrastructure and population growth rate. No services (such as water supply and sanitation need to hire people from systems)? outside during construction period. Local people will be used as far as possible. Skilled manpower if not available locally may be hired from outside Social conflicts if workers from other regions Since local people will be or countries are hired √ sued for the implementation of the project as far as possible, such conflict may not arise Risks to community health and safety due to No need to use explosive the transport, storage, and use and / or disposal √ and other danger chemicals. of materials such as explosives, fuel, and other Fuel will be properly stored. chemicals during operation and construction? Community safety risks due to both accidental Proper safety measures and and natural hazards, especially where the √ precaution will be adopted Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project SCREENING QUESTIONS YES NO REMARKS structural elements or components of the during construction period. project are accessible to members of the The project structures will affected community or where their failure be made inaccessible could result in injury to the community providing compound wall throughout project construction, operation, and and fencing or few structure decommissioning? underground Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Annex 3: Public Notice Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Annex 4: Deed of Inquiry (Muchulka) Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Annex 5: Recommendation Letter from DWSS Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project List of Persons Contacted S.No. Name Designation Address 1 Pashupati Raj Gautam Local 2 Sumitra Bhandari Local 3 Dhanas Bhattarai Local 4 Sanjay Koirala Local 5 Nar B. Shrestha Local Karkare Tole - 2 6 Tanka Shrestha Local Karkare Tole - 2 7 Khagendra Rai Local Karkare Tole - 2 8 Ram Thapa Local 9 Mahendra Basnet Local 10 Indra Kumar Aangdembe Local Pathivara - 1 11 Kamala Rai Local Pathivara - 1 12 Hoom Nath Baral Local Karkare Tole - 2 13 Chundamani Nepal Local 14 Krishna Kumari Bhandari Local 15 Sankhar Prasad Dahal Local 16 Bidur Mani Dhital Local Hi.Ma.Bi. - 2 17 Tirtha Raj Sigdel Local Panni Chowk - 2 18 Nishan Lawati Local Panni Chowk - 2 19 Hari Pandey Local Jayat Tole - 2 20 Gyan Pd. Bajgain Local Jayat Tole - 2 21 Pabitra Aangdagbe Local Jayat Tole - 2 22 Anita Limbu Local Amda - 2 23 Brihaspati Timilisina Local Karkare Tole - 2 24 Raju Gautam Local Dakani - 4 25 Hari Bdr. Bhandari Local Da kani - 4 26 Hari Dhorsane Local Dakani - 4 27 Tejendra Bhandari Local Dakani - 4 28 Makhara Dhimal Local Adyamal - 9 29 Tung Prasad Dahal Local Adyamal - 9 30 Tek Bahadur Dahal Local Madan Aashrita -9 31 Harendra Dahal Local Chia Dokan - 9 32 Khadka B. Rokka Local Chiya Bagan - 9 33 Narad Limbu Local Buspark - 11 34 Sujan Shrestha Local Santi Marga - 15 Annex 6: List of Persons Contacted Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Annex 7: Survey Questionnaire bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ If]qut cfof]hgf 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f k|ZgfjnL lhNnf======gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;======j8f g+======gu/ cfof]hgfM ======3/ g+======cGt/jftf{ lng]sf] gfd M ======cGt/jftf{ ldlt M ======;'kl/j]Ifssf] gfd M ======!= ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljj/0f -pko'Qm sf]7fdf - _ of] lrGx nufpg' xf];\_ !=! cGt/jftf{ lbg]sf] gfd M !=@ 3/d'lnsf] gfd ======lnË M k'?if dlxnf !=# o; kl/jf/df ckfËtf ePsf] s'g} ;b:o x'g' x'G5< 5 5}g !=$ hfthfltdWo] s'g xf]< s_ cflbjf;L hghflt v_ blnt u_ cNk;+Vos 3_ cGo -cGtjf{tf lng]n] y/sf] cfwf/df pko'Qm ju{df lrGx nufpg] _ !=% cGt/jftf{ lbg] JolQmsf] gftfM ======!=^ o; kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] ljj/0f lbg';\ qm=;+= 3/d'lnl;tsf] gftf÷gfd pd]/ lnË lzIff :t/ k]zf ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( Gff]6M k]zf M != s[lif @= Jofkf/ #= gf]s/L $+= pBf]uwGbf %= /]ld6]G; -a}b]lzs /f]huf/_ ^= Hofnf &= cGo lzIff M != lg/If/ @= ;fIf/ #= k|fylds;Dd $= dfWolds;Dd %= P;=Pn=;L= plt0f{ ^= cfO{=P= &= lj=P= *= Pd= P= (= cGo !=& o; kl/jf/df a;f]af; ug]{ cGo ;b:ox?sf] ;xof]uL 8]/fjfn s'n ;+Vof !=* o; gu/÷zx/df slxn] b]lv a:b} cfpg' ePsf] 5 < jif{ :jjf;L a;fO ;/]sf] a;fO{ ;/L cfPsf] eP s'g lhNnfaf6 ======< !=( a;fO{ ;g'{sf] sf/0fM k|fs[lts k|sf]k Jofkf/÷Joj;fo lzIff åGb lhljsf]kfh{g ;fdflhs ljnog !=!) slxn] b]lv o; 3/df a:b} cfpg' ePsf] xf] < ;fn÷aif{ !=!! of] 3/ cfk\mg} xf] < xf] xf]Og olb xf] eg] xfnsf] d'No slt xf]nf cg'dflgt ?= v_ ef8fdf a;]sf] xf] xf]Og xf] eg] dfl;s 3/ efF8f slt ltg'{x'G5 < ?= u_ ;'s'Daf;L xf] xf]Og Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project !=!@ o; 3/df efG5f sf]7f afx]s cGo slt j6f sf]7fx? 5g\ < ! sf]7f @ sf]7f # sf]7f $ sf]7f jf ;f] eGbf jl9 !=!# 3/sf] cjnf]sg u/L 3/sf] lsl;d n]Vg] . kSsL cw{ kSsL sRrL -kSsL M 5t 9nfg, cw{ kSsL M 9'Ëf÷O§fsf] ufx|f], 6Lgsf] 5fgf÷9'Ëf÷:n]6,lemu6L÷6fon cflb, sRrL M df6f] ufx|f] / v/÷6fonn] 5fPsf]_ !=!$ o; kl/jf/;+u hUuf hdLg 5 < 5 5}g olb 5 eg] % /f]kgL -)=@% x]S6/_ eGbf jl9 jf % /f]kgL eGbf sd !=!% oxfFsf] hUufsf] lsl;dM s_ v]t jf af/L ÷cl;+lrt hUuf -======lj3f÷/f]kgL_ v_ v]t jf af/L ÷l;+lrt hUuf -======lj3f÷/f]kgL_ !=!^ oxfFn] ufO{÷e};L kfNg' ePsf]5 < 5 5}g , 5 eg] sltj6f < Pp6f b'O{j6f jf jl9 !=!& tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df tn pNn]lvt s'g s'g ;fdfg 5g\ < -ePsf] ;fdfgsf] ;+Vof n]Vg]_ qm=;+= ;DkQL ;+Vof s}lkmot ! ;fOsn÷l/S;f @ Dff]6/;fO{sn # a}nuf8f $ sf/÷lhk % ldgLa;÷a; ^ 6«ofS6/÷6«s & /]l8of]÷Sof;]6 * 6]lnlehg÷lel8of];]6 ( :6f]e÷Uof; r'nf] !) /]lk|mh]6/ !! jfl;Ë d]lzg !@ jf6/ lkmN6/ !# sDKo'6/ !$ Od]n÷OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr !% cGo eP pNn]v ug]{ . !=!* olb d'n k]zf s[lif eP slt dlxgf vfg k'U5< # dlxgf ^ dlxgf !@ dlxgf olb gk'u ePdf s;/L wfGg' x'G5 < k;n÷3/ef8f tnj k]G;g cGo Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project !=!( tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cf};t jflif{s vr{ slt 5 pNn]v ug'{xf]; . vr{sf] lzif{s / lsl;d dfl;s vr{ ?= s}lkmot -s_ s[lif tkm{ /;folgs dn, ljp, ls6gfzs cfbL vl/b ug{ Dff6f]sf] t}of/L, /f]Kg], uf]8\g], afnL sf6\g], leqfpg], 9'jfgL / laqmL ubf{ x'g] vr{ cGo eP -pNn]v ug'{;\_ -s_ sf] hDdf -v_ u}x| s[lif tkm{ vfBfGg -cGg / b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'_ sk8f lzIff 3/ ef8f÷3/ dd{t oftfoft÷;+rf/ ljB't kfgL kf]t ÷dd{t ;Def/ Cf}{iflw÷pkrf/ -kfgLaf6 x'g] /f]u_ ======jflif{s vr{ Cf}iflw÷pkrf/ -cGo /f]u_ ======jflif{s vr{ cGoM rf8ka{ sd{sf08 ;+:sf/ cflb pNn]v ug]{ ======jflif{s vr{ -v_ sf] hDdf s±v sf] s'n hDdf !=@) tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cf};t dfl;s cfo slt 5 < pNn]v ug'{xf]; . ;+nUg kl/jf/ k|fKt x'g] cfo cfo;|f]t s}lkmot k'?if dlxnf -?= dfl;s_ -s_ s[lif tkm{ s[lif pTkfbgsf] ljqmLaf6 cfo -ds}, ux'F, wfg, t/sf/L, kmnk"mn_ kz'hGo pTkfbg -b'w, bxL, £o", afv|f, s'v'/f cflb_ -s_ sf] hDdf -v_ u}x| s[lif tkm{ gf]s/L ÷ hflu/ Hofnf dhb'/L k]G;g÷pkbfg cfbL j}b]zLs /f]huf/ -/]ld6]G;_ Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project ;+nUg kl/jf/ k|fKt x'g] cfo cfo;|f]t s}lkmot k'?if dlxnf -?= dfl;s_ k;n÷Jofkf/ pBf]u k;n÷3/ ef8f uf8L÷9'jfgL Joj;fo cGo eP pNn]v ug]{ -v_ sf] hDdf s±v s'n hDdf !=@! oxfFsf] kl/jf/n] s'g} 7'nf] C0f af]Sg' k/]sf] 5 < 5 5}g @= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ Joj:yfkg @=! tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] nfuL vfg, vfgf ksfpg, g'xfpg, efF8fjt{g tyf n'uf w'gsf nfuL k|of]u ul/g] kfgLsf] >f]t Pp6} xf] < xf] xf]Og @=@ tkfO{sf] vfgkfgLsf] d'Vo >f]t sxFf 5 < 3/ sDkfp08 leq} ;fj{hlgs :yndf @=# tkfO{sf] kl/jf/n] lkpg, vfgf ksfpgsf] nfuL k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] >f]t s'g xf] < b}lgs slt ln6/ kfgL vr{g' x'G5 < s[kof tnsf] sf]7fdf-_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . ln6/÷ qm=;+= jiff{ofddf ;'Vvf ofddf ln6/÷ b}lgs b}lgs != O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ Á O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ Á @= O{gf/÷s'jf -9Ssg ePsf]_ Á Ogf/÷s'jf 9Ssg ePsf]_ Á #= 6\o"a]n÷x\of08kDk Á 6\o"a]n x\of08kDk Á $= l8k 6\o"a]n Á l8k 6\o"a]n Á %= O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgn] tfGg] Á O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgn] tfGg] Á ^= ;fj{hlgs wf/f Á ;fj{hlgs wf/f Á &= lghL wf/f Á lghL wf/f ] Á *= d"n, vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L Á d"n vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L Á (= laqm]tf;Fu kfgL lsg]/ Á laqm]tf;Fu kfgL lsg]/ Á !)= jiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ Á aiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ Á !!= cGo Á cGo Á !@= yfxf 5}g Á yfxf 5}g Á @=$ b}lgs vfg]kfgL cfjZos k"lt{ kfgL ;+sngaf/] lgDg lj:t[t ljj/0f lbg'xf];\ . jiff{ ofddf ;'Vvf ofddf qm=;+= ljj/0f k'?if dlxnf aflnsf Affns k'?if dlxnf aflnsf afns != slt v]k÷k6s @= ln6/÷v]k #= s'n kl/df0f $= kfgL Nofpg nfUg] ;do - ldg]6_÷v]k kfgLsf] d'xfg ;Dd k'Ug d'xfgdf kv{g' kg]{ ;do kms{bf nfUg] ;do %= k|lt v]k nfUg] ;do gf]6 M cGt/jftf{ lng] JolQmn] kfgLsf] efF8f] x]/L ;f]sf] Ifdtf olsg ul/ pNn]v ug]{ . Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project @=% efF8f dfem\g, g'xfpg / n'uf w'g tyf cGo sfdsf] nfuL s'g >f]ts]f kfgL k|of]u ug'{x'G5 < slt kfgL vkt ug'{x'G5< s[kof lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . ln6/÷ qm=;+= jiff{ofdddf ;'Vvf ofddf ln6/÷ b}lgs b}lgs != O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ Á O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ Á @= O{gf/÷s'jf 9Ssg ;lxt Á O{gf/÷s'jf 9Ssg ;lxt Á #= 6\o"a]n x\of08kDk ;lxt Á 6\o"a]n x\of08kDk ;lxt Á $= l8k 6\o"a]n Á l8k 6\o"a]n Á %= O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgaf6 tfGg] Á O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgaf6 tfGg] Á ^= ;fj{hlgs wf/f Á ;fj{hlgs wf/f Á &= 3/s} lghL wf/f Á 3/s} lghL wf/f Á *= D"fn, vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L Á d"n vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L Á (= kfgL laqm]tf;Fu lsg]/ Á kfgL laqm]tf;Fu lsg]/ Á !)= cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ Á cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ Á !!= cGo Á cGo Á !@= Yfxf 5}g Á Yfxf 5}g Á @=^ n'uf w'g / g'xfpg 3/af6 kfgLsf] d'xfg ;Dd hfg slt ;do nfUb5 . -olb >f]t÷d'xfg 5'§f5'§} ePdf ;do -ldg]6df_ pNn]v ug]{_ s_ n'uf w'g hfg] g'xfpg efF8f dfem\g v_ jiff{ofddf nfUg] ;do ldg]6 ;'Vvf ofddf nfUg] ;do ldg]6 @=& olb wf/fsf] kfgL oxfFsf] cfjZostf kl/k'lt{ug{ kof{Kt 5}g eg] s;/L cfk'lt{ ug'{ x'G5< kfgLsf] >f]t kl/df0f vr{g' kg]{ ;do -306f_ b}lgs Yfk vr{ dfl;s ln6/ s'jf Ogf/ cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng lghL 6}+s/af6 kfgL lsGg] Xf08\ kDk,6\o'jj]n ldgn/ jf6/ hf/ cGo @=* ufO{a:t'sf] nflu rflxg] kfgL s'g >f]taf6 slt dfqfdf pkef]u ug'{x'G5 . s_ k|of]u ePsf] ;|f]t======v_ kl/df0f -ln6/÷b}lgs_ ======u_ >f]t;Dd hfg cfpg nfUg] ;do -ldg]6_====== Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project #= lghL wf/f h8fg #=! s] tkfO{n] 3/df kfOk wf/f h8fg ug'{ ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g olb 5 eg] slt vr{ nfUof]< ?= #=@ s] tkfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df wf/f hf]8\g rfxg' x'G5 < rfxG5' rfxGg rfxg' x'G5 eg] s:tf] k|sf/sf] wf/f h8fg ug{ OR5f /fVg' x'G5 < s_ 3/leq lghL wf/f v_ sDkfp08leq lghL wf/f u_ ;fd'bflos wf/f #=# olb tkfOsf] 3/df lghL wf/f h8fg ePsf] 5}g eg], lsg h8fg gu/]sf] < s_ vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf gePsf]n] v_ h8fg z'Ns w]/} kg]{ ePsf]n] u_ dfl;s kfgL lan w]/} cfpg] ePsf]n] 3_ kfgLsf] dfqf kof{Kt gePsf]n] ª_ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ lgoldt gePsf]n] r_ o; If]qdf kfOknfOg h8fg ug{] Joj:yf pknAw gePsf]n] 5_ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] gePsf]n] h_ cGo sf/0f pNn]v ug]{ em_ yfxf 5}g #=$ xfn tkfO{n] kfghL wf/f afkt uPsf] dlxgfdf kfgLsf] dxz'n slt ltg'{ eof] < ? #=% uPsf] dlxgfdf lt/]sf] lan b]vfpg ;Sg' x'G5 < -lan pknJw eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f eg]{_ s_ lt/]sf] /sd ? v_ vkt ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf ln6/ #=^ kfgLsf] lan s'g cfwf/df ltg'{x'G5 < lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . s_ dfl;s lglZrt tf]lsPsf] /sd v_ ld6/ l/l8Ë adf]lhd u_ vfg]kfgL sfof{non] eg] hlt 3_ ltg'{ kb]{g ª_ cGo r_ yfxf 5}g #=& tkfO{nfO{ kfgLsf] lan ltg{ s'g tl/sf dg k5{ < s_ lglZrt tf]lsPsf] dfl;s z'Ns v_ ld6/ l/l8Ë lan cg';f/ #=* 3/sf] wf/fdf kfgL gcfpFbf klg kfgL dxz'n ltg'{ k5{ < k5{ kb}{g #=( lghL wf/fsf] kfgL afx]s tkfO{n] slxn] yk kfgL lsGg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 < jiff{ofddf ln6/ ;'Vvfofddf ln6/ kb}{g #=!) lghL:t/sf kfgL laqm]tfaf6 lsGbf slt kl/df0f s'g b/df kfgL lsGg' ePsf] 5< ln6/ ?= ÷k|lt ln6/sf] b/ ?= #=!! tkfOsf] 3/sf] wf/f slt e/kbf]{ 5 < s_ kfgL lg/Gt/ cfp5 v_ kfgL slxn] cfpF5 / slxn] cfpFb}g u_ kfgL Ps lbg la/fP/ cfpF5 3_ kfgL k|To]s lbg s]xL 306f cfpF5 #=!@ vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL cj?4 x'bf dd{t ;Def/ ubf{ nfUg] vr{ Joxf]g]{ lhDdf s;sf] xf] < s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ v_ vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;/;kmfO ;ldlt u_ ;d'bfo ÷ 5/ l5d]sL 3_ cGo pNn]v ug]{ ======#=!# vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk÷wf/f dd{t ;'wf/sf] nflu jflif{s slt /sd vr{ ug'{x'G5 < u5'{ ulb{g #=!$ ;fj{hlgs wf/f k|of]u u/] jfkt kfgL kf]t ltg'{ k5{< kb}{g k5{ , k5{ eg] slt < /sd dfl;s÷jflif{s Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project #=!% kfgLsf] u'0f:t/M tkfO{n] k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/k|lt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5< 5' 5}g olb 5}g eg], kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;DalGw ;d:of s:tf 5g < c_ kfgL uGxfpF5 cf_ :jfb g/fd|f] 5 O_ kfgL k|b"lift÷wldnf] 5 O{_ cGo s]lx ;d:of eP pNn]v ug]{ ======#=!^ o;/L k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ s] ug'{ x'G5 kfgLsf] k|zf]wgsf 3/]n' ljlw Yfk vr{ dfl;s pdfNg] lkmN6/ ug]{ 5fGg] Snf]l/g -lko';_, cfnd, kf]6f; o'/f] uf8{ ;f]l8; ;x–nufgL cjwf/0ff ;DaGwL k|fyldstf $=! olb tkfO{sf] gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;= df ljleGg of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ /sd pknAw 5 eg] lgDglnlvt dWo] s'g s'g @ of]hgfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'x'G5 < s_ ;8s aQL v_ sfnf]kq] ;8s u_ ljBfno 3_ c:ktfn ª_ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL r_ k}bnofqL ;8s 5_ ljB't h_ ;+rf/ em_ ;/;kmfO{÷;'ljwf `_ l;rfO{ 6_ kf6Lkf}jf wd{zfnf 7_ cGo ======$=@ olb tkfO{ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ 7fGg' x'G5 eg], s:tf] lsl;dsf] vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] rfxgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 < s_ 3/÷ sDkfp08leq} JolQmut÷lghL wf/f h8fg u_ z'Ns ;lxtsf] ;fd'bflos wf/f h8fg 3_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf, x\of08kDk hl8t ª_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf, ljB'tLo oGq hl8t r_ xfn pknJw ;]jfdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5}g 5_ cGo -pNn]v ug'{xf];\_====== $=# olb tkfO{sf] 3/df wf/f 5}g / lghL wf/f /fVg OR5's x'g'x'G5 eg], slt /sd ;x–nufgL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < s[kof tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf lglh wf/f /fVg slt /sd ;Dd nufgL ug'{x'G5 nufgLsf] /sdsf] ;Ldfdf lrGx nufpg'xf]; . qm=;+= nufgLsf] ljj/0f lrGx nufpg] != !%))) eGbf dfyL @= ())! b]lv !%))) ;Dd #= ^))! b]lv ())) ;Dd Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project qm=;+= nufgLsf] ljj/0f lrGx nufpg] $= #))! b]lv ^))) ;Dd %= !%)! b]lv #))) ;Dd ^= !%)) eGbf sd $=$ lghL wf/f h8fg afkt nfUg] z'Ns Joxf]g'{ kg]{5< dGh'/ 5 dGh'/ 5}g $=% gofF vfg]kfgL of]hgf z'? ePdf / ;f] of]hgfaf6 rf}lj;} 306f kof{Kt dfqfdf u'0f:t/o'Qm kfgL pknJw ePsf] v08df s] tkfO{n] cfkm\gf] 3/df wf/f h8fg ug{ OR5's x'g' x'G5< 5' 5}g olb OR5's eP gofF lgodfg';f/ dfl;s kfgL dxz'n lgoldt a'´fpg' x'G5< 5' 5}g olb OR5's x'g' x'G5 eg] tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf kfgL dxz'nsf] ;Ldfdf lrGx nufP/ cfkm\gf] O{R5f JoQm ug'{xf]; . qm=;+= Dffl;s kfgL dxz'n lrGx nufpg] != ? %)) eGbf dfyL @= ? $%! b]lv %)) #= ? $)! b]lv $%) $= ? #%! b]lv $)) %= ? #)! b]lv #%) ^= ? @%! b]lv #)) ^= ? @)! b]lv @%) &= ? !%! b]lv @)) $=^ gofF vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g tkfO{sf] kl/jf/af6 klg k|ltj4tf :j?k clu|d /sd of]ubfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5, oxfFsf] ljrf/df slt k|ltzt of]ubfg x'g ;S5< nfutsf] %Ü !)Ü !%Ü $=& gofF ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf -;fd'bflos zf}rfno tyf ;txL 9n_ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;x nufgL :j?k !%Ü :yfgLo lgsfo / pkef]Qmfn] ;xnufgL ug{ OR5's x'g'x'G5< 5' 5}g olb rfxg'x'G5 eg], slt ;Dd < $=* oxfFnfO{ geO gx'g] tyf eP /fd|f] x'g] k|fylds cfjZostf s'g xf]< lghL wf/f h8fg lghL rkL{ lgdf{0f b'j} %=n}lËs b[li6sf]0faf6 dlxnf ;xeflutf -cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnf ;d'x;Fu dfq ;f]lwg] k|Zgx?_ s_ dlxnfx?sf] pkl:ylt / ;xefuLtf %=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{ s'g} a}7s af]nfO{Psf] lyof] < lyof] lyPg %=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof] < lyof] lyPg olb lyof] eg] dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] e'ldsf s:tf] lyof] < ;'Gg] dfq cGtlqm{ofTds lg0ff{os %=# cfof]hgfsf] lqmofsnfkx?sf] /]vb]v ug{ s] vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;ldlt÷;+:yf u7g ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g %=$ vf=kf=p=;=;ldltsf ;b:ox? dWo] slt dlxnf ;b:ox? 5g\< -cGtjf{tf lng] JolQmn] vf=kf=p=;=;=l;t ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL tyf tnlj sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f dfu u/L pknJw u/fpg] _ v_ n}lËstfsf cfwf/df sfo{ ljefhg %=% tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] sfdx? cS;/ s:n] ug]{ ub{5< (√)lrGx nufpg';\ b}lgs 306fdf qm=;+ 3/fol; lqmofsnfkx? k'?if Dflxnf s'n ;do ! Vffg]kfgL eg]{, af]Sg], e08f/0f / k|of]u ug]{ Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project qm=;+ 3/fol; lqmofsnfkx? k'?if Dflxnf s'n ;do @ efG5f tof/ ug]{, ef8fF dfem\g # Affnaflnsf / j[4j[4fsf] :ofxf/ $ n'uf w'g] 3/ ;kmf ug]{ % vfBfGg e08f/0f tyf tof/L ^ cGo u_ kfl/jfl/s Joj:yfkg, cfo >f]t / cGo ljifodf dlxnfx?sf] lgoGq0f / kx'Fr %=^ tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]lvt kfl/jf/Ls ljifo jf If]qx?df lg0f{o ubf{ oxfFsf] 3/ kl/jf/df dlxnf÷k'?ifsf] egfO{sf] ;'g'jfO{ x'G5 < pko'Qm sf]7fdf (√)lrGx nufpg';\ qm=;+ ljifo jf sfo{If]qx? x'G5 (√) x'b}g (√) ! cfly{s ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx? @ s]6fs]6Lsf] lzIff lbIff # s]6fs]6L / j[4j[4fsf] :jf:Yo / :ofxf/ $ crn ;Dklt lsgj]r -3/ hUuf_ % b}lgs lqmofsnfkx? ^ ;fdflhs ljlw Jojxf/, ljjfx, at{jGw, rf8kj{ tyf ;fdflhs÷kfl/jf/Ls ;';DjGwg cflb & cGo %=& oxfFsf] kl/jf/df kfl/jf/Ls ;Dkltsf lgDg ljifodf dlxnfsf] kxF'r / :jfldTj /x]sf] 5 5}g tnsf] tflnsfdf pko'Qm sf]7fdf (√)lrGx nufpg';\ qm ;+ ljj/0f kx'Fr :jfldTj ! hUuf hldg @ 3/ tyf cGo ;+/rgfx? # rn ;Dklt÷;l+rt k};f $ B}lgs lqmofsnfkx? % cGo 3_ vf=kf=p=;=;= tyf ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] :t/ -x}l;ot_ -lgDg a'Fbfx? cGt/jftf{ lng] JolQmn] u/]sf] cjnf]sgsf cfwf/ x'g]5 _ qm;+ ljifo pRr dWod lgDg ! cfTd;Ddfgaf]w @ cfTdljZjf; g]t[Tj zLk # bfloTjaf]w / Ifdtf $ Nofst, ts{ ;+ut, w}o{ / d]xgt % cGo Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project ^= ;d ljsf;df kx'Frsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf -cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{sf,] cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt tyf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnf ;d'x;Fu 5nkmn ubf{ ;f]Wg] k|Zgx?_ s_ cfof]hgf lqmofsnfkdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{x?, hfthflt, blnt, ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmsf] pkl:ylt ^=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{] s'g} e]nf÷a}7sdf ;dfj]zL tj/n] af]nfO{Psf] lyof] < lyof] lyPg ^=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof]< lyof] lyPg ^=# s] vf=kf=p=;=;=sf] u7gdf ;dfj]zLtf c+uLsf/ ePsf] lyof]< lyof] lyPg v_ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;dfj]zL k|s[of ckgfPsf] lyof] < ^=$ cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug{ hfthfltx?sf] s:tf] e"ldsf s:tf] lyof] < pRr dWod lgDg ^=% ;fgf ;x/L vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL cfwf/df pkef]Qmfx?sf] kl/rfng ug{ ePsf] k|of; s:tf] lyof]< /fd|f] dWod lgDg &= :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO s= vfg]kfgL ! tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/df kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ g/fd|f] -v/fa_ ePdf s] ;d:ofx? b]lvg ;S5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ !=! b'u{Gw cfpg] ÷ gld7f] :jfb !=@ bfFt ljlu|g]÷/+uLg] !=# la/fdL agfpg] !=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ kfgL eg]{ / /fVg] efF8f] kfgL eg'{ / e08f/ ug'{ k"j{ ;kmf ug'{k5{ eGg] yfxf 5 < 5 5}g olb 5 eg], kfgL /fVg] efF8f] s;/L ;kmf ug'{ x'G5 < vfnL kfgL dfqn] v/fgL kfgLn] e';÷lk7f] / kfgLn] ;fa'g kfgLn] cGo -pNn]v ug'{;\_ ======#= tkfO{ 3/df kfgL s;/L /fVg' x'G5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ #=! kfgL eg'{ klxn] efF8f ;kmf ug]{ #=@ af;L kfgL km\ofFSg] #=# kfgL /fVg] efF8f] /fd|f];Fu 9fs]/÷5f]k]/ /fVg] #=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======$= tkfO{ ufu|f] jf 3}+6f]af6 kfgL s;/L lgsfNg'x'G5 < $=! kfgL ;fg'{ cl3 cDvf]/f, nf}6f, s?jf, du wf]P/ $=@ lunf;, du, sk ufu|Ldf 8'afP/ $=# ufu|f]af6 nf]6f, c+Dvf]/f, s?jf, lunf;df kfgL ;f/]/ $=$= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======v= rkL{ != rkL{ k|of]usf kmfO{bfx? s] s] 5g\ < -PseGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ !=! a'9f, afns tyf la/fdLnfO{ ;'ljwf !=@ 3/ tyf jftfj/0f ;kmf x'g] !=# uf]Kotf x'g] !=$ /f]uaf6 arfj6 x'g] !=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ lb;faf6 /f]u ;5{ eGg] nfU5 < nfU5 nfUb}g olb nfU5 eg], dflg;sf] lb;faf6 ;g]{ /f]ux?sf] gfd eGg'xf];\ < ======#= s] tkfO{Fsf] 3/df rkL{ 5 < 5 5}g #=! olb 5 eg], s:tf] k|sf/sf] rkL{ 5 < ! vfN8] rkL{ Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project @ e]lG6n]6]8 vfN8] rkL{ # jf6/ l;n÷kf]/ km\n; $ l;:6g{ km\n; % cGo ======@ olb 5 eg], tkfOF{sf] 3/df rkL{ s;s;n] k|of]u ug'{x'G5 < -!= ;a}n], @= aRrf afx]s ;a}n] #= jo:s / k|f}9n] dfq} $= lj/fdL dfq}n]_ #=# olb 5}g eg], lsg rkL{ gagfpg' ePsf] xf] < -s= agfpg] tl/sf yfxf geP/, v= nufgL ug{ g;s]/, u= v'Nnf d}bfgdf lb;f ug]{ afgL eP/, 3= hUufsf] cefjn] ª cGo -pNn]v ug]{+_======_ #=$ olb 5}g eg,] lb;f ug{ sxfF hfg'x'G5 < -s= Vff]nf÷hËn÷lsgf/ v= v'Nnf d}bfg÷7fpF u= 3/÷;8s 5]p 3= hxfF ;lhnf] x'G5_ #=% olb 5}g eg], rkL{ agfpg slt nufgL ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 < ?= u= vfg]s'/fsf] ;/;kmfO != vfBkbfy{ b"lift x'gaf6 s;/L arfpg'x'G5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg;Sg]_ !=! ksfPsf] vfgf 5f]k]/÷9fs]/ /fVg] !=@ af;L aRg] u/L w]/} gksfP/ !=# sfFr} vfOg] vfg]s'/f /fd|f];Fu kvfn]/ wf]P/ dfq vfg] !=$ xft uf]8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq efG;fdf k;]/ !=% ;kmf xftn] vfgf k:sg] !=^ 8f8' kGo', yfn÷efF8fs'F8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq vfgf k:sg]÷vfg] !=& r'nf] rf}sL ksfpg] ef8f, 9sgx? ;kmf /fVg] !=* w]/} af;L jf ;8] un]sf kmnkm'n t/sf/L gvfg] @= s] tkfO{ vfg]s'/f 5f]k]/÷9fs]/ /fVg'x'G5 < /fV5' /flVbg olb /fVg'x'G5 eg], To;af6 s] s] kmfObfx? 5g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ @=! w'nf] d}nf], lem+uf, ;fËnf, ls/f, tyf 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5Laf6 arfj6 @=@ d";f÷5'r'Gb|f]÷dfp;'ln÷la/fnf]af6 aRg @=# vfB k|b'if0faf6 x'g] /f]uaf6 aRg @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_====== hLjghn agfpg] tl/sf yfxf 5 5}g ;f]Wg], olb yfxf ePdf ;lx tl/sfn] hLjghn agfpg] . hLjghn agfpg] ;lx tl/sf lgDgcg';f/sf] 5 . != klxnf ;fa'g kflgn] xft ;kmf ug]{, @= lrof lunf;sf] ^ lunf; -Ps ln6/_ kfgL Pp6f ;kmf efF8f]df xfNg] -olb kfgL pdfn]sf] ePdf ;]nfpg lbg]_, #=hLjghnsf] Ps Kofs]6leq ePsf] w'nf] k"/} kfgLdf xfnL kfgLnfO{ /fd|/L rnfP/ w'nf]nfO{ 3'Ng lbg] . 3= JolQmut ;/;kmfO != tkfO{F / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] / s] u/]kl5 xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g] eP o:tf] -_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gw'g] eP o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ % jif{ d'lgsf qm=;+= lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if w'g] -_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -_ gw'g] -×_ ! vfgf vfg' cl3 @ vfgf vfPkl5 # lb;f uPkl5 $ kmf]x/ d}nf 5f]Pkl5 % sfdaf6 kms]{kl5 ^ s]6fs]6LnfO{ lb;f lk;fj u/fO ;s]kl5 & cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project @= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] s] n] xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g]df o:tf] -_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gw'g]df o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . % jif{ d'lgsf qm=;+= lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if w'g] -_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -_ gw'g] -×_ != kfgL dfq} @= v/fgL kfgL #= e';÷lk7f] kfgL $= ;fa'g kfgL %= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ hDdf #= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] slxn] g'xfpg'x'G5 < g'xfpg] eP o:tf] -_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gg'xfpg] eP o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . qm=;+= k|lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if -_ -×_ -_ -×_ -_ -×_ != k|To]s lbg @= Ps lbg la/fP/ #= xKtfdf @ k6s $= xKtfdf ! k6s %= @ xKtfdf ! k6s ^= dlxgfdf Ps k6s hDdf ª= kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg != tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] 7f]; kmf]x/ d}nf sxfF lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < !=! 3/ glhs vfN8f]df !=@ lghL kmf]x/ ;+sngstf{nfO{ lbg] !=# uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yf u/]sf] vfN8f] jf Sofgdf !=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ====== @= 7f]; tyf t/n kmf]x/ j:t'nfO{ cJojl:yt tl/sfn] lj;h{g ugf{n] x'g] g/fd|f c;/x? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg; Sg]_ @=! kmf]xf]/ jftfj/0fdf j[l4 @=@ nfdv'§], lem+uf, ls/fx?sf] j[l4 @=# /f]u ;g]{df j[l4 @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======#= tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ kfgL sxfF lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < #=! vfN8f]df (Soak pit) #=@ t/sf/L af/Ldf÷s/];f af/Ldf #=# ;fj{hlgs 9ndf #=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======r= j:t'efpsf] kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg != s] tkfO{n] a:t'efp kfNg' ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g -olb 5}g eg] kfgL hGo ;?jf /f]udf hfg]_ olb 5 eg] s'g s'g k|sf/sf 5g\ / ltgLx?nfO{ sxfF /fVg' x'G5 < qm= ;+= a:t'efpsf] k|sf/ 3/leq} /fVg] aflx/ 5'§} uf]7df /fVg] ! ufO{÷e}+;L @ a+u'/÷;+u'/ # afv|f $ s'v'/f÷xfF; % cGo @= a:t'efpaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ sxfF / s;/L lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < @=! dnvfbdf @=@ cfuf] afNg]÷u'OF{7f agfpg] @=# uf]j/ Uof; KnfG6df k|of]u ug]{ @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ====== Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project #= j:t'efpsf] kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] hyfeflj cJojl:yt tj/n] lj;h{g ubf{ x'g] v/fj c;/x? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ #=! jftfj/0fL kmf]xf]/df j[l4 x'g] #=@ nfdv'§,] lem+uf, ls/fx?s]f j[l4 x'g] #=# /f]uAoflw j9\g] tyf ;g]{ #=$ ufFp, 5/l5d]s tyf gu/ czf]elgo b]lvg] #=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======5= kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]ux? != kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]usf] sf/0fx? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ !=! b"lift kfgL k|of]u ubf{ !=@ b"lift vfgf vfFbf !=# 3/ tyf ;fj{hlgs :yndf kmf]x/ a9\gfn] !=$ dflg;sf] dnd"q hyfefjL km\ofSg] ubf{ !=% kmf]xf]/ d}nf hyfefjL km\ofFSg] ubf{ !=^ :jf:Yo lzIff tyf :j:y afgLsf] cefj !=& ;/;kmfO{ / :jf:Yo ;DjGwL 1fg / r]tgfsf] cefjn] !=* cGo ======@= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/df sf]xL la/fdL k/]df s] ug'{x'G5 <-k|fyldstf cg';f/ gDa/ n]Vg]_ @=! 3/fo;L pkrf/ ug]{ @=@ wfdL, emfFqmL, k'hf/L sxfF nfg] @=# cf}iflw k;ndf hfg] @=$ :Jf:Yo rf}ls jf c:ktfndf hfg] @=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ #= olb kl/jf/df s;}nfO{ emf8fkvfnf nfu]df s] ug'{x'G5 < -k|fyldstf cg';f/ gDa/ n]Vg]_ #=! hLjghn v'jfpg] #=@ 3/fo;L pkrf/ ug]{ #=# wfdL, emf+qmL jf k'hf/L sxfF hfg] #=$ cf}iflw k;ndf hfg] #=% :jf:Yo rf}ls jf c:ktfndf hfg] #=^ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======$= ut Ps jif{leq kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? tnsf /f]ux? dWo] s'g s'g /f]uaf6 lj/fdL eP< -df]la{l8l6 sf] l:ylt_ %= tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df kfgLhGo lgDglnlvt ;?jf /f]uaf6 sf]lx lj/fdL k/]sf] lyof]< tnsf] tflnsfdf ;+Vof pNn]v ug'{;\ . % jif{ d'lgsf jflif{s qm= ;+= /f]u dlxnf k'?if afnaflnsf vr{ ?= ! emf8fkvfnf @ cfpF # h'sf $ 6fO{kmfO{8 % x}hf ^ 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]u & cf}nf]/f]u -dn]l/of_ * sdnlkQ -h08L;_ ( cGo hDdf Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project ^= ut Ps jif{leq tkfO{sf kl/jf/df sf]xL emf8f kvfnf tyf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux?af6 d[To' ePsf] 5 < -d[To' cj:yf_ /f]u % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if emf8f kvfnf cfpF kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux? hDdf &= ut Ps jif{leq tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ emf8fkvfnf / kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux?sf] pkrf/df slt /sd vr{ ug'{ eof] < Vfr{ /sd -?=df_ /f]u @))) ;Dd @))!—#))) #))!—%))) %))) eGbf dfly emf8fkvfnf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux? hDdf ;xof]usf nfuL wGojfb! Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Annex 8: Water Quality Test Reports Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damak Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Annex 9: Photogrpahs Photograph 1 : WUSC Office Photograph 2 : Meeting with WUSC Members during Inception Visit Photograph 3 : List of WUSC Members Photograph 4 : Existing Area shown in the Map Photograph 5 : Road under Construction Photograph 6 : Exposed Pipes