iIi'I

iii

. Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone

Edited by

Eddie K. Abban Christine Marie V. Casal Thomas M. Falk Roger S.V. Pullin

Deutsche Gesellschaft fir Technische Zusarnmenarbeit

University of Hamburg Water Research Institute Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone

Proceedings of an International Workshop May 1999 Water Research Institute Achimota, Ghana

Published by the lnternational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management - The World Fish Center, PO. Box 500, GPO 10670 Penang, Malaysia.

Abban, E.K., C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin, Editors. 2000. Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 63, 71 p.

Managing Editor: Marie Sol Sadorra-Colocado Copyeditor and Production Coordinator: Sheila Siar Cover Designer and Layout Artist: Alan Siegfrid Esquillon

ISSN 0115-4435 ISBN 97 1-802-009-8

ICLARM Contribution No. 1565

ICLARM - The World Fish Center is one of the 16 international research centers of the Consulta- tive Group on International Agricultural Research db (CGIAR) that has initiated the public ComR awareness campaign, Future Harvest. Contents

Foreword M.J. Williams...... v Preface...... vi Opening Addresses G. H. Anyane...... vii... F: Brimah ...... VIII A. Ayensu...... x Statement on Behalf of ICLARM R. S. V. Pullin...... xi Abstract ...... xii Session 1 - Characterization and Population Genetics of West African Fishes Management of Fish Genetic Resources R.S. V. Pullin ...... 2 Major Fishes of West African Coastal Waters and Their Morphological Characterization, with Emphasis on Sarotherodon melanotheron (Teleostei, Cichlidae) G.G. Teugels and T.M. Falk ...... 5 Genetic Characterization of West African Populations of Sarotherodon melanotheron T.M. Falk, G.G. Teugels and E. K. Abban ...... 8 Misconceptions about Hybrids EH. van der Bank ...... 12 Environments of the Black-chinned Tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron, and Their Potential Effects on the Genetic Structure of Stocks in Ghana E.K. Abban, K.A. Asante and T.M. Falk ...... 14 Genetic Differentiation in West African Lagoon Fishes 1.F: Agnese ...... 17

Session 2 - Conservation and Sustainable Use of African Fishes Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources M. Entsua-Mensah, F K. Ofori-Danson and K.A. Koranteng...... 24 Opportunities and Strategies for Conservation of Fish Genetic Resources in CBte d'lvoire C. V. Yapi-Gnaore, K.S. Da Costa, N.C. Kouassi and I. Dembele...... 28

Session 3 - Status and Trends in Capture and Culture Fisheries

Status of Fish Stocks in the Yeji Segment of Lake Volta R K. Ofori-Danson...... -34 Status and Trends in Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture in Ghana J. K. Ofori...... 3 6 Status of Fish Stocks in SBnBgal A. Diallo ...... 38 Aquaculture Potential of a Landlocked Population of the Black- chinned Tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron, in an Artificial Lake (Lake Ayarne) in CBte d'lvoire N. 1. Ouattara, G.G. Teugels . . and I. C. Ph~l~ppart...... 41 Fish Culture Potential and Biodiversity Conservation in the Cameroon Coastal Zone I. Folack, C. E. Gabche and G. Y Chiambeng...... 44 Freshwater Ichthyological Diversity in C6te d'lvoire: Characterization, Utilization and Conservation. V: N'Douba, G. G. Teugels and D. E E. Thys van den Audenaerde...... 48 lmpacts de I'environnement sur le peuplement de poissons en C6te d'lvoire (eaux continentales) Environmental lmpacts of the Onchocerciasis Programme on the Freshwater Fish Communities in C6te d'lvoire C.N. Kouassi and I. Dembel4 ...... 50 Acadja Fisheries Enhancement Systems in Benin: Their Productivity and Environmental Impacts I? Laleye ...... 51

Session 4 - International Cooperation Freshwater Fishes of Ghana: Identification, Distribution, Ecological and Economic Importance H.R. Dankwa, E.K. Abban and G. G. Teugels...... 54 Research on Improved Germplasm for Aquaculture at the ICLARM Regional Research Center for Africa and West Asia and a Note on the Domestication of Heterotis niloticus R.E. Brummett...... 56 A History of Productive Partnerships R.S. V. Pullin ...... 59 The Data in FishBase C. M. V. Casal...... 61 The oneFish Community Directory T; Bostock and G. Searle ...... 63 West African Fish Biodiversity Reference Center: Ghana E. K. Abban, G.G. Teugels and Y Fermon ...... 65 Summary Findings of Working Groups...... 67

Appendix...... 69 Preface

hese proceedings comprise the presentations made and the results of working group dis- T cussions held at a combined international and national (Ghana) workshop entitled "Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone."' They reflect the complex issues involved in the sustainable use and conservation of different fish species and different ecosys- tems. The contributions to the meeting covered a wide range of natural resources within the coastal zone which is a wide concept and includes inland waters. The project, under which the meeting was convened, focuses on a brackishwater tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron, as an example of a species that is widely fished by poor commu- nities. It is a candidate species for expansion of aquaculture but has been inadequately studied in terms of its genetic resources. Its important populations of various subspecies currently face the threats of overexploitation and environmental degradation. The Editors thank all those who participated in the meeting and contributed to its organiza- tion and costs, particularly the Bundesrninisterium fur Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit through the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusarnmenarbeit, Germany, which made funds avail- able through the ongoing project "Fish Biodiversity in the Coastal Zone: A Case Study on the Genetic Diversity (Process of Speciation), Conservation and Sustainable Use in Aquaculture and Fisheries of the Black-chinned Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) in West African Coastal Lagoons and Watercourses."

The Editors Foreword

he workshop that gave rise to these proceedings was another milestone along the path of Tcollaboration in aquatic biodiversity and genetics research among the Water Research Insti- tute (WRI) Ghana, the Zoologisches lnstitut und Museum (ZIM), Universitat Hamburg, and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) - The World Fish Center. This collaboration began in 1986 and has continued through a series of successful projects, all generously funded from Germany by the Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit (BMZ) through the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). ICLARM values greatly these ongoing partnerships with WRI and AM and the continu- ing financial support from BMUGTZ for the project "Fish Biodiversity in the Coastal Zone: A Case Study on the Genetic Diversity (Process of Speciation), Conservation and Sustainable Use in Aquaculture and Fisheries of the Black-chinned Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) in West African Coastal Lagoons and Watercourses", through which this workshop was convened. This long project title reflects the complexities of achieving sustainable use and conserva- tion of fish species. To use fish genetic resources for maximal sharing of benefits among hu- mans, and to do so without threatening the continued availability of those resources, requires an understanding of their history, current status and future prospects. The diverse knowledge, skills and interests that contributors brought to this workshop ensured that all of these aspects were considered. The workshop's shorter and broader title, "Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone", reflects the range of species and ecosystems covered by these contributions. They remind us that the "coastal zone" is wide and includes natural and artificial lakes, rivers, lagoons and estuaries, as well as nearshore marine waters. The workshop was a combination of two workshops-an international gathering of natural resources scientists, especially those from sub-Saharan Africa and their partners from other regions, to learn from each other's studies on diverse species and ecosystems, and a gathering of Ghanaian national scientists and other professionals to report on their species and ecosys- tems, with mutual sharing of information among all. These proceedings are evidence that this mutual sharing of experiences and information worked well. At the time of publication, the BMZ-GTZ had agreed to extend the current WRI-ZIM-ICLARM project to 2002. This will give more opportunities for the sharing of new knowledge and skills among the partners and, on a wider front, through future workshops and publications. ICLARM looks forward very much to this continuation.

Meryl J. Williams Director General lnternational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management - The World Fish Center Opening Addresses

Mr. G.H. Anyane Acting Director of Fisheries, Ghana

hairman, esteemed invited guests, ladies and gentlemen, let me first apologize for my C inability to be present at the opening of the International Workshop on Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone. My absence was caused by circumstances beyond my control. The Fisheries Directorate has a very cordial collaborative working relationship with the Wa- ter Resources lnstitute (WRI) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, which started from its predecessor, the Institute of Aquatic Biology. The Directorate sees the WRI as a major technology development center among the re- search centers in the country. Over the years, we have transferred to the field the technologies developed by the WRI for the benefit of freshwater fisheries operators and fish farmers. We can recall the integrated fish farming in the Akuapem Valley where farmers are taught to recycle farm wastes by using these in fish ponds and the use of the pond bottom mud to manure farmlands. These practices have been firmly embraced by the farmers in the area resulting in increased farm yields and improved fish protein intake. Alsd worth remembering is the all-male tilapia technology that fish farmers are adopting very fast throughout the country. These are just a few of the benefits that fisheries operators are getting from the activities of the WRI. It is the firm belief of the Directorate of Fisheries that the workshop will again produce valuable results that we can take to the field to enhance fisheries productivity and the well-being of the people of Ghana. Thank you very much and may the Almighty bless this workshop.

vii Dr. E Brimah Deputy Minister for Environment, Science and Technology, Ghana

r. Chairman, Deputy Director-General of the Council for Scientific and Industrial MResearch (CSIR), Dr. Eddie Abban, Dr. Thomas Falk, University of Hamburg, Dr. R.S.V. Pullin, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), Director of Fisheries, Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), Acting Director, Water Research Institute (WRI) of CSIR, distinguished scientists, workshop participants, ladies and gentlemen, I have the greatest pleasure and honor to be a part of this international workshop which is being organized under the theme, '"iodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in Coastal Zones". I wish, on behalf of the Government and people of Ghana, to welcome all our foreign participants, especially those who are visiting Ghana for the first time. To them, I extend the traditional Ghanaian akwaaba. I also wish to express my Ministry's sincere gratitude to the collaborators of the project on Fisheries in the Coastal Zone, notably, the University of Hamburg, Germany, and ICLARM, based in the Philippines, for being instrumental in organizing this workshop. Mr. Chairman, the subject of fish, its availability, production and protection are major issues of supreme concern in many developing countries including Ghana because the majority of their population depends on fish resources for their animal protein intake. The availability of fish, therefore, contributes to the upkeep of the majority of their people whose activities are critical for the socioeconomic development of their countries. However, the significance of this situation is often not realized by the most of the people engaged in fish production. They seem to believe more in what they get today than tomorrow. This explains the inappropriate methods used especially by our indigenous fisheries in exploiting the fisheries resources in our waterbodies. These include the use of dynamites and explosives, nets that haul all the stock of fish without sparing even the fingerlings, and unorthodox methods of fishing like atidza and anyan, which are not environmentally friendly. Cutting down the mangroves also affects the availability of fish since the mangroves serve as breeding grounds for some fishes. Mr. Chairman, these methods and practices do not affect only the fish in the waterbodies but also other biological resources that help in the maintenance of the aquatic ecosystems, including our oceans. Essentially, what is happening is fishing which, in no way, cannot be described as sustainable. Under the Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystems Project, Ghana and some of her neighboring countries have endeavored to address some of the problems affecting the sustainable management of fisheries in the Gulf of Guinea. We, therefore, see this present collaboration as being part of the process which we, as a country, are putting in place to ensure that the health of the Gulf of Guinea is maintained in a satisfactory and sustainable manner.

viii Mr. Chairman, I was informed that the three collaborating institutions, namely, WRI of CSIR, University of Hamburg and ICLARM, have been working on a major fish, the black- chinned tilapia, found in almost all lagoons on the west coast of Africa from Senegal to Gabon. I hope that their studies will eventually make an impact on the fish production from the lagoons and outside the lagoon system in culture media. It is hoped that during the next three days, their findings would be thoroughly discussed and they can come up with strategies which my ministry, together with MOFA, could act on for the promotion of sustainable fisheries management in our oceans. Ladies and gentlemen, since we are focusing on the biodiversity of the coastal zone, I thus would like you to remember that the coastal zone is not only meant for fishing. A lot of other activities occur along our coasts, which need to be properly integrated into our fishing programs. In addition, the coastal waters may contain biological resources, which may prove more financially beneficial than the fish we are currently harvesting. I would thus want to see this collaborative activity helping us to understand better the resources in our coastal and marine environments. On this note, Mr. Chairman, distinguished scientists, workshop participants, I now have the honor of opening the Workshop on Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone. I wish you fruitful deliberations. Thank you. Prof. A. Ayensu Deputy Director General, Council for Scientific and lndustrial Research

onorable Minister of Environment, Science and Technology, fellow scientists, Hladies and gentlemen. The Director General of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Prof. Alhassan, sends his apologies for not being here. However, many of you, including our guests, have met him during discussions of fisheries and aquaculture research and development issues. You can therefore be assured that he is aware of your efforts to enhance the local fish production of countries in West Africa from inland resources available. He says your concern, as indicated by the title of this meeting, is on the sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. This is an important issue because it relates to food availability and food security, two indicators of development in any community. We in the African region in general, and West Africa in particular, have left the availability of fish more to "natural productivity". We have relied on capture fisheries production almost completely. Our countries, however, recognize that the potential to increase local fish production depends more on the improvement of culture fisheries practices than to the management of wild stocks. Although this situation has been recognized in most countries in Africa and substantial investment has apparently been made in building the human resource base to engage in fish culture, evidence on the ground does not justify the apparent investments. In response to this situation, CSlR through WRI, and in collaboration with the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management and the assistance of the German Agency for Technical Cooperation, initiated a project to identify fish culture approaches that "would fit into known agricultural practices". The rationale of this was to remove the "alien" concepts about aquaculture from our farmers. My information on that project is that the foundations laid during 1991 and 1994 were very good, and thus, the effects of what was achieved then can still be felt and are multiplying until now. Your group is apparently more concerned with the genetic makeup of fish for culture and how to conserve and use available genetic resources wisely. We at CSlR and the scientific community in the region value your efforts. Considering the array of expertise present here and those who contribute to this process but could not be here, we are certain that you will come up with very good recommendations on how we can conserve our genetic resources wisely. In addition to fish farming techniques "that make sense to our farmers", we hope for aquaculture practices that will give hope to our fish farmers to better their lives. The CSlR will continue to facilitate collaborative activities such as this meeting. On behalf of our Director General, I wish you fruitful deliberations. Statement on Behalf of ICLARM

Roger S.V. Pullin

r. Chairman, Dr. Farouk Brimah, Hon. Deputy Minister for Environment, Science Mand Technology; Mr. Anyane, Acting Director of Fisheries, Ministry of Food and Agriculture; Prof. Ayensu, Deputy Director General of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR); Dr. Eddie Abban, Acting Director, Water Research lnstitute (WRI) of CSIR; Dr. Thomas Falk, University of Hamburg; distinguished scientists; workshop participants; ladies and gentlemen. On behalf of ICLARM and its Director General, Dr. Meryl J. Williams, it is my pleasure to welcome all present in this workshop. WARM began its collaboration with the Institute of Aquatic Biology (IAB), now Water Research lnstitute (WRI), in 1986, and this has continued up to now, mostly in collaboration with the Zoological Institute and Museum of the University of Hamburg (ZIMIUH). WARM values these partnerships greatly and is particularly grateful to the Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusamrnenarbeit (GTZ) of the Federal Republic of Germany, for their generous and constant financial support throughout this period. The WRI is an institution not only of national importance in Ghana, but also a focal point for the West Africa region in pioneering an integrated approach to address issues on water and living aquatic resources. This is very timely, especially in the light of global and regional efforts to conserve water and aquatic biodiversity and to use them sustainably. Meetings like this workshop can contribute significantly to this effort and it is very heartening to see that the group of scientists convened here is consolidating into an informal network to share resources and ideas. This sharing now readily transcends the former political and language boundaries that tend to keep some isolated from the others. ICLARM wishes to thank BMZ and GTZ for supporting this workshop and the project under which it is convened, and WRI for hosting it. I look forward, with all of you, to an enjoyable and highly productive meeting. Abstract

he International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, TMakati City, Philippines; the Water Research Institute (WRI), Accra, Ghana; and the Zoologisches Institiit und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, have been, from 1997, partners in a collaborative project on the biodiversity and sustainable use of a coastal zone tilapia species, Sarotherodon melanotheron, that is widely used in fisheries and emerging aquaculture in West Africa. This work has been supported throughout by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). A workshop entitled "Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone" was convened in May 1999 at WRI, to give the project team, invited experts and participants from Ghana and other sub-Saharan Africa countries an opportunity to discuss common interests in tilapia biodiversity and genetic resources conservation and sustainable use, and to consider further research and training needs. The workshop covered the characterization and population genetics of West African fishes; conservation and sustainable use of African fishes; status and trends in capture and culture fisheries; and international cooperation. These proceedings contain extended abstracts of the papers presented, summaries of discussions, the workshop's conclusions and recommendations, and list of participants.

xii Session 1 Characterization and Population Genetics of West African Fishes Management of Fish Genetic Resourcesa

R.S.V. Pullin International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management - The World Fish Center MCPO Box 2631, 071 8 Makati City, Philippines

PULLIN, R.S.V 2000. Management of fish genetic resources, p. 2-4. In E.K. Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 63, 71 p.

anagement of aquatic biodiversity and "closed populations", comprising one or Mgenetic resources, here shortened to more population(s) that are almost com- "fish genetic resources" (FiGR), means the pletely isolated (Nem< 1) - these are conservation and sustainable use of these re- highly vulnerable at low population levels; sources. Recognition of the need to manage and FiGR has a relatively short history. However, '(metapop~lations",comprising demo- FiGR are now a priority on the agendas of graphic groups that are interconnected by the Convention on Biological Diversity migrations. (CBD), Food and Agriculture Organization, These descriptors could probably be ap- ICLARM and the World Fisheries Trust. plied to all aquatic organisms. However, Most FiGR literature refers to "conservation whereas scientists can readily appreciate and units" with use implied. Wood and Holtby use such terminology and accept quantitative (1998) defined conservation units based on genetic criteria on gene flow, etc., policymakers population structure, life history types and and natural resource managers are less able gene flow. They used allele frequency data to to do so. estimate gene flow (Nem), which is expressed as the number of migrants exchanged between The following actions are suggested for sites per generation. They recommended the more effective management of FiGR. following as definitions for conservation Adopt the concept and definition of "man- units having "persistent genetic organization": agement" as being "conservation and sus- "genodeme~",the smallest units of genetic tainable use." Hence, a management unit population structure that are differentiated is equal to a "conservation and use" unit. or detectable - these exchange large Nem; Accept for the inevitably complex "tax- "subpopulations", comprising one or more onomy" of FiGR at the genetic level the same approach that is accepted for classi- genodeme(s) - these are partially isolated (Nem> 10) and may include some local ad- cal taxonomy, where a "good" species (or aptations; higher taxon) is taken to be what a compe- tent taxonomist says it is. Similarly, a fish "local populations", comprising one or genetic resource could be taken to be what more subpopulation(s) - these are more a competent geneticist says it is and would isolated (Nem< 10) and probably locally therefore merit recognition and manage- adapted; ment (defined as conservation and use). Raise the profile of FiGR in national cur- alCLARMContribution No. 1566. ricula, plans and policies, etc. The time is

2 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone opportune, given that FiGR have very high to be aware of what the resources are and priority in the CBD's programs and are un- whether they are special or not. If they are der greater threat than before in human special, they need to be handled in a way history. that reflects their value. At the national or Determine the value of FiGR as a key com- local level, some assessment of the value ponent of the biological basis for aquacul- of aquatic genetic resources is needed. We ture and fisheries, and express the result live in a world in which there are more in monetary terms and shared benefits. and more transfers and introductions of This is essential for policymakers and man- fish whether we like it or not. At the na- agers. tional level, if a country that has an im- Standardize terminology so that all actors portant indigenous fish genetic resources and stakeholders in research and manage- decides to introduce alien species into an ment use the same terms for the same ecosystem, it is their obligation under the things. This is particularly important for CBD to have a parallel program of genetic networking, databases and other informa- resources conservation that will keep tion tools, and all of the instruments and those indigenous genetic resources for fu- mechanisms of management. ture generations. If a local community has some of these important indigenous ge- The best insurance policy for FiGR is for netic resources, it should be paid to keep countries, pursuant to their obligations as them. CBD signatories, to keep representative ex- amples of aquatic ecosystems that are well Dr. Teugels: You referred to a paper in the book managed (implying both conservation and Action before extinction. Which fish were use). The extent to which FiGR will be man- studied and which communities were in- aged and continue to exist will depend on volved? I think that for management government policy, the cooperation among schemes it is critical how they are handled the research community and managers in the by the local people. public and private sectors (especially by local Dr. Pullin: The paper was published in the communities and companies), the allocation book Action before extinction which is the of adequate resources and the sharing of ben- proceedings of a meeting held in Van- efits. couver (see reference above). The examples used were various populations and sub- populations of Pacific salmon species. Reference When you have a fish like that, in which a Wood, C.C. and L.B. Holtby. 1998. Defining conserva- population is for some time localized in a tion units for Pacific salmon using genetic survey home stream, you can attempt to define data, p. 233-250. In E. Harvey, C. Ross, D. Greer and J. Carolsfeld (eds.) Action before extinction: an in- and plan ownership, access, conservation ternational conference on conservation of fish ge- and use. Whether one of these salmon netic diversity. World Fisheries Trust, Victoria, B.C., populations is classified as a closed popu- Canada. lation or a local population is critical to the kind of treatment, it will get in fishery Discussion regulations. Ms. Entsua-Mensah: You talked about genetic Dr. Da Costa Kouassi: Does your definition of management. How can the message be sent the notion of "management" (conser- down to the local level? vation and use) take into account the factor Dr. Pullin: Look at the history of domestica- of genetic improvement? tion and of farmers breeding domesticated Dr. Pullin: FiGR include wild fish, genetically livestock and crops. For aquatic animals, improved fish, etc. Management (conserva- what needs to be done is for communities tion and use) can be applied to farm breeds,

Management of Fish Genetic Resources 3 improved breeds, wild fish or a single gene. For Dr. Pullin: I thought about that a lot and I all of these cases, and when the conservation looked in the dictionary (Webster's) to find is in situ in an ecosystem or ex situ in genebanks, what management means. To manage is I would still use the term "management" to defined as "to handle or direct with a mean "conservation and use". degree of skill, to treat with care, to exercise Questioner: Don't you think that your executive, administrative and supervisory definition is contradictory to international direction of." The conservation aspect of use? it is not foreign.

4 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Maior Fishes of West African Coastal Waters and Their Morphological Characterization, with Emphasis on Surotherodon melanotheron (Teleostei, Cichlidae)

G.G. Teugelsl and T.M. Falk2 'Laboratoire d'lchthyologie Muske Royale de I'Afrique Centrale B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium 2Zoologisches lnstitut und Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Hamburg Martin Luther King PI. 3, 201 46 Hamburg, Germany

TEUGELS, G.G.and T.M. FALK. 2000. Major fishes of West African coastal waters and their morphological character- ization, with emphasis on Sarothrodon n~elanotheroii(Teleostei, Cichlidae), p. 5-7. In E.K Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falkand R.S.V. Pullin (eds.)Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM CodProc. 63,71 p.

he West African coastal zone is rich in (mullets), which are much more derived. Testuaries and lagoons. Estuaries are abun- Elopidae are recognized by their large mouth, dant in the area from the mouth of Senegal to with the upper jaw extending past the eye, and Guinea (e.g., Sine Saloum, Casamance); la- their numerous (27-35) branchiostegal rays. goons are generally present from C6te Two species are present, Elops lacerta and E. d'Ivoire to the Niger Delta in Nigeria (e.g., senegalensis, which are distinguished only by Ebrie Lagoon, Porto Novo Lagoon, Lagos La- the number of gill rakers on the lower part of goon). Because of their important diversity, the first branchial arch (17-19 in E. lacerta it is difficult to give their physical and bio- vs. 11-15 in E. senegalensis) and the number logical definitions. They are all, however, of lateral line scales (72-83 in E. lacerta vs. characterized by a typical and rich fish spe- 92-100 in E. senegalensis) (Bauchot 1990). cies composition. They have small (up to 5 cm) leptocephalus Levique et al. (1992) reported over 40 fish larvae. families, mostly of marine origin, in the West Clupeidae are recognized by the presence of African coastal waters. Albaret and Diouf abdominal scutes. Typical coastal water genera (1994) compared the species diversity in these in West Africa are Sardinella and Ethmalosa. coastal zones and found that the species num- Three species of Sardinella are found: S. aurita, ber ranged between 79 (Lagos Lagoon) and 153 S. maderensis and S. rouxi. S. aurita has nine pel- (Ebrie Lagoon). Major fish families present vic fin rays whereas S. maderensis and S. rouxi include Elopidae (tenpounders) and have eight and can be distinguished by the num- Clupeidae (herrings, sardines and anchovies), ber of gill rakers on the lower part of the first which are primitive teleosts, and Mugilidae gill arch (70-166 in S. maderellsnr vs. 30-40 in S.

Major Fishes of West African Coastal Waters... 5 rouxi) (Whitehead 1985). Ethmalosa, differing S.m. leonensis has become doubtful, and is from Sardinella in upper jaw osteology (one being considered as another junior synonym supramaxilla vs. two), is represented by E. of S.m. heudelotii. Additional material from fimbriata. southeast Sierra Leone and western Liberia Mugilidae are derived teleosts recognized should be examined to clarify this. The nomi- by widely separated spiny-rayed and soft-rayed nate subspecies S.m. melanotheron is present dorsal fins, the absence of a lateral line and a from Cdte d'Ivoire to southern Cameroon. moderate mouth size. Two genera are present Finally S.m. nigripinnis is found from Equa- in the coastal zone of West Africa: Mugil, with torial Guinea to the mouth of Congo (see Falk an adipose eyelid largely covering the eye, and et al., this v01.). Liza, with no adipose eyelid. Mugil is repre- The most important distinguishing mor- sented by three species: M. curema, M. cephalus phometric characters of S.m. nigripinnis are and M. bananensis. M. curema has nine soft in their caudal peduncle length, body depth anal-fin rays, M. cephalus and M. bananensis and pectoral fin length; S.m. melanotheron and have eight and can be distinguished by fin S.m. heudelotii are distinguished by their snout coloration and scale count (14-15 transver- length, dorsal fin height, anal fin height and sal scales in M. cephalus vs. 11-12 in M. pelvic fin length. bananensis). Lixa also has three species: L. falcipinnis, L. grandisquamis and L. dumerili. The former has 10-11 soft anal-fin rays, the latter References two have only 8-9 and can be distinguished Adepo-Gourkne, B., L. Pouyaud, G.G. Teugels, M. Hanssens and J.F. Agntse. 1998. Morphological and by fin coloration and scale count (25-29 lon- genetic differentiation of West African populations gitudinal scales in L. grandisquamis vs. 34-39 of Sarotherodon melanothron Ruppell, 1852 (Teleostei, in L. dumerili; Albaret 1992). Cichlidae), p. 189-198. In J.E Agnese (ed.) Genetics and aquaculture in Africa. ORSTOM, Paris. The black-chinned tilapia, Sarotherodon Albaret, J.J. 1992. Mugilidae, p. 780-788. In C. Lkeque, melanotheron (Cichlidae), is another major D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons fish found in West African coastal waters. In d'eaux douces et saumltres de 1'Afrique de I'Ouest. contrast to the marine species previously Coll. Faune Trop. 28. ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. mentioned, cichlids are mostly freshwater spe- Albaret, J.J. and ES. Diouf. 1994. Diversiti des poissons cies. S. melanotheron, however, is generally des lagunes et des estuaires Ouest-Africains, p. 165- found in estuaries and lagoons and occasion- 177. In G.G. Teugels, J.E Guegan and J.J. Albaret ally in the mouth and the lower course of (eds.) Biological diversity of African fresh- and brackishwater fishes. Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr. 275. coastal basins from Senegal to Congo Bauchot, M.L. 1990. Elopidae, p. 88-89. In C. Ltveque, (Trewavas and Teugels 1991). Trewavas (1983) D. Paugy and G.G.Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons recognized five subspecies of S. melanotheron. d'eaux douces et saumitres de 1'Afrique de 1'Ouest. Teugels and Hanssens (1995), based on a pre- Coll. Faune Trop. 28. ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. liminary morphometric analysis, questioned Ltvique, C., D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels, Editors. 1992. the validity of some of them. Adepo-Gourene Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumltres de et al. (1998) reached the same conclusion YAfrique de I'Ouest. Coll. Faune Trop. 28. ORSTOM, using allozyme data. Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. Teugels, G.G. and M. Hanssens. 1995. Diffkrentiation New material has recently been examined morphologique de huit populations de Sarotherodon morphometrically. Results show that S.m. melanotheron Riippell, 1852 (Cichlidae), p. 84-90. In J.F. Agnese (ed.) Comptes rendus de l'atelier paludinosus, described from the coastal region biodiversitk et aquaculture, Abidjan. CRO, Abidjan; of Dakar (Senegal), should be considered as a EU, Brussels; and ORSTOM, Paris. junior synonym of S.m. heudelotii. The dis- Trewavas, E. 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera tribution range of S.m. heudelotii has also been Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Museum (Natural History), London. extended and now covers the area from the Trewavas, E. and G.G. Teugels. 1991. Sarotherodon, p. 425- mouth of the Senegal River to Murry Town 437. In J. Daget, J.E Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. (Sierra Leone). Meanwhile, the validity of Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the

6 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone freshwater fishes of Africa. CLOFFA 4. ISNB,Brus- Dr. Teugels: We did not include them because sels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. principal component analysis is recom- Whitehead, EJ.E 1985. FA0 species catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. An annotated and il- mended for the analysis of morphometric lustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pil- data. As I said, estuaries are found chards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. especially between SCntgal and Sierra Part 1 - Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteri- dae. FA0 Fish. Synop. 125 (7) 1: 303 p. Leone, and lagoons are abundant from CBte d'Ivoire to Nigeria. If you have seen the subspecies that were retained, we have Discussion S.m. heudelotii from Sknkgal and Sam. Dr. Folack: You use morphogenetic para- melanotheron from CBte d'Ivoire/Nigeria meters on the main component analysis, and southern Cameroon. Estuaries and but I think you will have more information lagoons are different, so definitely you are on species groups if physical and chemical right; it is likely that physical conditions parameters are included in the analysis may influence differences. (temperature, salinity, etc.). Dr. Pullin: Could you apply the classification of populations suggested by Wood and Reference Holtby (1998) for salmon "conservation Woodand Holtby l~.De6ningmnservationunirsforMc~n units" to the various populations of S. usingpetic survey data, p. 233-250. In B. Har melanotheron, and estimate the gene flows Greerand J. Carolsfeld(eda)Actionbeforeextinction: an inrer- among these? national cunferenoeon conservation on fish geneticdivasity. World Piskie8Trus~Vi~1~Fia,RC,Canada Dr. Teugels: We can try.

Major Fishes of West African Coastal Waters... 7 Genetic Characterization of West African Populations of Sarotherodon melanotheron (Teleostei, Cichlidae)

T.M. Falkl, G.G. Teugels2 and E.K. Abban3 lZoologisches lnstitut und Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Hamburg Martin Luther King PI.3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany 2Laboratoired'lchtyologie, Musee Royale de I'Afrique Centrale B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium 3Water Research Institute PO. Box 38, Accra, Ghana

FALK, T.M., G.G: TEUGELS and E.K. ABBAN. 2000. Genetic characterization of West African populations of Sarotherodon rtlelarrotheron (Teleostei, Cichlidae), p. 8-11, In E.K. Abban, C.M.V.Casal, T.M. Falkand R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 63,71 p.

ince 1993, studies have been conducted Allozyme, hemoglobin and globin chain Son the genetic characterization of species variations were analyzed comparatively. Data and populations of West African tilapiines were subjected to phenetic and cladistic used in aquaculture, as part of two collabora- analyses. Morphometric variations were stud- tive projects funded by the German Agency ied at the Musee Royale de 1'Afrique Centrale, for Technical Cooperation. In this paper, we Belgium. summarize the results of a recent population Results obtained question the current sub- genetic study on one of the most abundant specific classification and distribution of sub- and most polymorphic tilapiine species in la- species proposed by Trewavas (1983), in goons and estuaries of West Africa (Shegal- ticular for the western range of West Africa. Congo), the black-chinned tilapia Saro- So far, three of the five presently known sub- therodon melanotheron (Riippell, 1852). Based species could be distinguished by cladistic on morphological characteristics, Trewavas analysis of allozyme data and globin chain (1983) recognized five subspecies: (1) S.m. characteristics (Fig. 1): (1) S.m. heudelotii, paludznosus, only known from certain regions ranging from Senegal to Sierra Leone; (2) S.m. near Dakar (Senegal); (2) S.m. heudelotii, rang- melanotheron, ranging from CBte d'Ivoire to ing from Senegal to Guinea; (3) S.m. leonensis, southern Cameroon; and (3) S.m. nigripinnis, ranging from Sierra Leone to Liberia; (4) S.m. ranging from Equatorial Guinea to the mouth melanotheron, ranging from C8te d'Ivoire to of the Congo River. southern Cameroon; and (5) S.m. nigripinnis, With respect to the validity of S.m. known from Equatorial Guinea to the mouth paludinosus (Senegal), however, we suspected of Congo River. that the morphological characteristics used In this study, material from 18 localities to distinguish this subspecies from S.m. all over the distribution range of the species heudelotii reflect ecophenotypical variation. (Trewavas and Teugels 1991) was examined. For the same reason, we also doubt the

8 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone validity of S.m. leonensis. Based on phenetic Hanssens 1995; Adepo-Gourene et al. 1998). and cladistic analyses of allozyme data and Phylogenetically, our data suggest a sister globin chain characteristics, all samples stud- group relationship between S.m. nigripinnis ied from Senegal and Sierra Leone are con- and all other populations investigated sidered representatives of the same taxon. Ge- (outgroup: Tzlapia guineensis). The consensus netic distance estimates (Nei 1978) inferred tree presented in this paper (Fig. 1) has been from allozyme studies gave concordant re- rooted accordingly (outgroup: S.m. nigri- sults. We therefore propose to introduce a pinnis). Moreover, a close relationship is in- synonymy between both subspecies described dicated between S.m. nigripinnis and S.m. in Stntgal, S.m. heudelotii being a senior syn- melanotheron, whereas populations from onym of S.m. paludinosus. Moreover, a further Shtgal and Sierra Leone appear to share a synonymy between S.m. heudelotii and S.m. high number of more derived character states. leonensis is assumed. However, the remaining Consequently, we assume a Congolese origin three subspecies are genetically clearly dis- for S. melanotheron. From this area, popula- tinguished as separate taxa, a finding also sup- tions would have been able to colonize the ported by previous studies (Teugels and northern West African coastal basins up to

st. Louis 1 Niaves 13 * 71 Hann 100 Murry Town I Ebrie -iT( Avame Abbey Densu - 4 86 Kpeshi m, Lome - Guezin 8 3 Sotchanhoue 88 Keta

I Kouilou

Fig. 1. Genetic relationships among 18 populations of S. melanotheron based on allozyme data (25 characters) and globin chain characteristics (22 characters): Bootshp 50% majority nrle consensus tree rooted by the population from the Lower Kouilou (Congo). Numbers below branches indicate the percentages obtained uslng boobtrapplng (1 000 replicates). Above branches are the number of character changes along branches. Tree length: 44 steps. Consistency index: 0.864. Populations examlned: (1) St. Louis (Senkgal); (2) Hann (Senbgal); (3) Niayes (Senbgal); (4) Murry Town (Sierra Leone); (5) Ebrid Lagoon (Cbte d'lvoire); (6) Lake Ayamh (CGte d'lvoire); (7) Abbey Lagoon (Ghana); (8) Benya Lagoon (Ghana); (9) Fosu Lagoon (Ghana); (1O)Amisa Lagoon (Ghana); (11) Densu River (Ghana); (12) Kpeshi Lagoon (Ghana); (13) Keta Lagoon (Ghana); (14) Lome Lagoon (Togo); (15) Guezin at LakeAheme (Benin); (16) Zogbo at Lake Nokoue (Benin); (17) Sotchanhoue at Lake Nokoue (Benin); and (18) Kouilou (Congo).

Genetic Characterization of West African Populations ... 9 the mouth of the Stndgal River. Migration Mr. Kwarfo: In your opinion, which of the three northwards could possibly have been enabled subspecies would you recommend as the

and facilitated through- former connections best for brackishwater culture based on between river basins and coastal lagoons dur- temperature, oxygen, etc.? ing high flood periods. Dr. Falk: I am not the best person to answer this, but from studies made in CBte d'Ivoire References by the team of Dr. Agnese, it seems the Adepo-Gourene, B., L. Pouyaud, G.G. Teugels, M. subspecies from Stnegal might be the best Hanssens and-J.E Agnbe. 1998. Morphological and under the conditions used. This question genetic differentiation of West African populations could be better answered by Dr. Agnese. of Sarothrodon mslanotheron Riippell, 1852 (Teleostei, Cichlidae), p. 189-198. In J.E Agntse (ed.) Genetics Dr. Da Costa: The question of what species is and aquaculture in Africa. ORSTOM, Paris. the "best" among the others as a culture Nei, M. 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individu- commodity should be handled carefully als. Genetics 89583-590. because environmental effects can in- Teugels, G.G. and M. Hanssens. 1995. Diffkrentiation fluence performance. Maybe Dr. Agnese morphologique de huit populations de Sarotherodon can tell us some of the experience with melanotheron Riippell, 1852 (Cichlidae), p. 84-90. In J.F. Agntse (ed.) Comptes rendus de l'atelier breeding in C8te dyIvoire. biodiversitk et aquaculture, Abidjan, 21/25 Novern- Dr. Agndse: Results show that fish from the ber 1994. CRO, Abidjan; EU, Brussels; and ORSTOM, Paris. populations from SenCgal can grow as fast Trewavas, E. 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera as 2.5 gnday-' from a weight of about 200 g. Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakalia. British This means that within six months you can Museum (Natural History), London. have a fish weighing about 400 g. As to Trewavas, E. and G.G. Teugels. 1991. Sarotherodon, p. 425- 437. In J. Daget, J.P Gosse, G.G. Teugels and D.F.E. whether this has a genetic basis, I cannot Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the say. freshwater fishes of Africa. CLOFFA 4. ISNB, Brus- sels; MRAC,Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Mr. Attipoe: For the Senegal strain that you are talking about, what was the stocking density Discussion for the fish that attained 2.5 gnday-' growth? Dr. AgnBse: What is the minimum distance Dr. AgnBse: Thirty-one fish per m3. They use acceptable to separate two subspecies? The high density to avoid reproduction. distance between S.m. heudelotii and S.m. Dr. Teugels: This question is for Dr. Agnese. I nigripinnis was quite high. What is the level would like to know your opinion about the of significance? cladistic results. When you look at them, Dr. Falk: Of course, this is dependent on the can you conclude that the heudelotii species and populations being studied. population is the more derived and that Using Nei's genetic distance estimates, we the Kouilou population from the mouth found three genetically well-defined groups of the Kouilou is the more primitive one? within the material we analyzed, and we Dr. AgnBse: Probably the more ancestral obtained concordant results by cladistic population should be in Shegal because studies with significant bootstrap support. this population possesses the most im- These results constitute what we can say portant polymorphisms more than all the is a significant genetic difference. Again, other populations. We can consider that the level of significance concerning when populations move from one point to species, subspecies and populations another, they lose some alleles. There is depends on the species, subspecies and the hypothesis that "the farther a popu- populations under study. There is no lation is away from the center of origin, general scheme. the less alleles this population will have".

10 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone For this species, there seems more poly- Dr. Fullin: Based on what is known now about morphism in the populations in Senegal the genetic diversity and culture perfor- and Guinea than in the Ivorian mance of S. melanotheron, which genetic populations, but I have not yet read the resources from that range of diversity need results thoroughly so perhaps I could to be kept for the future use of the species? change my mind. Would everyone not want to grow the S. m. heudelotii from StnCgal, which might Dr. Falk: I am not very happy with this kind then result in one homogenous farmed of interpretation using heterozygosity strain, escaping and interbreeding with the because, from my point of view, the proposed hypothesis is not very useful for other populations? These are fundamental questions for conservation and use of inferring phylogenies. Anyway, from our genetic resources. study, the most important polymorphisms were found in Ghanaian populations far Dr. Abban: The problem of which species or away from Senkgal and Guinea. However, subspecies is the best depends on many we used a very different approach to trace issues-where it is grown, the management organismal genealogies within this par- practices, etc. We don't know how long this ticular species: a cladistic approach using high performance of S.m. heudelotii in Cbte globin chain characteristics and allozyme d'Ivoire will last-it may be a fluke. So in data, looking at the distribution of the final analysis one has to be very important phylogenetic signals within the cautious in deciding which species is the material that we analyzed. By rooting our best. tree with Tilapia guineenszs, a more ancestral Dr. Brummett: I want to support what Dr. but related tilapiine species, we found a Abban said about the "suitability" of a clear sister group relationship between the species for aquaculture being dependent population from Congo and all other on the culture conditions-as culture populations investigated: a good indication conditions vary over space or time, that the most ancestral population is a different species or subspecies may be Congolese one. found to be the "best".

Genetic Characterization of West African Populations.,. 1 1 Misconceptions about Hybrids

F.H. van der Bank Department of Zoology, Rand Afrikaans University EO. Box 524,Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa

VAN DER BANK, F.H. 2000. Misconceptions about hybrids, p. 12-13. In E.K. Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversityand sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf Proc. 63,71 p.

he purpose of this paper is to mention post-translational modification, mutation and Tsome general misconceptions that many intragenic recombination, and concluded that scientists appear to have about hybrids. One hybrizymes are most likely the result of new of the most common misconceptions is that combinations of existing alleles that gener- hybrids are typically morphologically (Riese- ate new allelic variants. berg 1995) or electromorphically (Woodruff Examples of coherent electromorphs are 1989) intermediate between their parents. It reported at IDH (Van Vuuren et al. 1989), is also not always true that (a) hybrids are uni- DDH-1 and MNR-2 (Van der Bank and Van formly less fit than their parents, or (b) hy- Wyk 1996), and hybrizymes in Van der Bank brids only exhibit character coherence (i.e., and Van Wyk (1996) at DDH-2 and in Bruwer parental characteristics remain associated in et al. (in press) at PEFC2. Hybrids, therefore, hybrid progenies) (Rieseberg 1995). are a mosaic of paternal, intermediate and ex- Molecular markers provide a powerful treme characters. means of determining the occurrence and ex- This information is difficult for fisheries tent of hybridization, and these markers (un- professionals to access because it is mostly like morphological characters) typically pos- reported in botanical and/or zoologic~ljour- sess simple modes of expression and inherit- nals. It is important because the misiden- ance (Nason et al. 1992). However, Rieseberg tification of breeding stock has serious im- and Ellestrand (1993) compiled 46 studies plications in the characterization, conserva- that report morphological character expres- tion and sustainable use of resources. For ex- sions in hybrids, and found that over 10% of ample, Agnkse et al. (1998) reported that tila- the characters in F, hybrids are extreme pia hybrids can be sterile or fertile, that hy- (novel) and over 30% are extreme in later bridization may lead to the disappearance of generations. one of the pure species and eventually the hy- A review by Woodruff (1989) also indicated brids as well, and that we cannot predict which that unique allozymes are found in interspe- species will be eliminated. It is possible that cific hybrids of many animal species. The the introduction of alien species can bring origin of such unexpected electrornorphs or about a form of extinction by hybridization extreme characters could be the result of: (i) and introgression (Rhymer and Simberhoff an increased mutation rate in hybrids; (ii) the 1996). action of new combinations of normal alle- les; (iii) unexpressed (or expressed) alleles References under new regulation; (iv) the fixation of re- Agntse J-E, B. Adipo-Gourkne and L. Pouyaud. 1998. cessive alleles present in the heterozygous Natural hybridization in tilapias, p. 95-103. In J-E form in the parents; and (v) reduced develop- Agnkse (ed.) Genetics and aquaculture in Africa. mental stability. Woodruff (1989) compared ORSTOM, Paris.

12 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Bruwer, E.E., EH. Van der Bank and J.G.Steyn. Bio- to dikes and their tolerance to cold. We chemical generic markers to identify hybrids between tried backcrossing to get more of the cold Synodontis zambe~ensisand S. nigromacularu~(Pisces, Mochokidae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. (In press). tolerance. In the first cross, we got a normal Nason, J.D., N.C. Ellestrand and M.L. Arnold. 1992. Pat- fertility rate and spawning success. In the terns of hybridization and introgression in popula- first backcrossing, we got about 16% tions of oaks, manzanitas, and irises. Am. J. Bot. spawning success, but in Year 3, we 79:lOl-111. Rhymer, J.M. and D. Simberhoff. 1996. Extinction by couldn't get anything to spawn. We couldn't hybridization and introgression. Annu. Rev. Ecol. find any reason for this spawning failure? Syst. 27343-109. Do you have any suggestion? Rieseberg, L.H. 1995. The role of hybridization in evolu- tion: old wine in new skins. Am. J. Bot. 82:944-953. Dr. Van der Bank: It will be interesting to Rieseberg, L.H.and N.C. Ellestrand. 1993. What can mor- study some more generations to see phological and molecular markers tell us about plant whether this will persist or not. Maybe you hybridization? Critical Rev. Plant Sci.12:213-241. Van der Bank, F.H.and B-E. Van Wyk. 1996. Biocherni- have to increase the number of parents. cal genetic markers to identify hybrids between Aloe arborewens and A. ferox (Aloaceae). S. Afr. J. Bot. Dr. Folack: My problem with hybridization 62(6):328-331. isn't so much ethical as practical. I am Van Vuuren, N.G., EES. Mulder, J.T. Ferreira and EH. primarily concerned with African aqua- Van der Bank. 1989. The identification of hybrids of culture development. There are hatcheries Barbus asneus x B. kimberhyensis and Labeo capemis around the continent that can take advan- x L. ~mbratusin Hardap Dam, SWAINamibia. Madoqua 16(1):27-34. tage of some types of improved germplasm Woodruff, D.S. 1989. Genetic anomalies associated with for use by the public. But, if you have a Cerion hybrid zones: the origin and maintenance of hybrid that has to be maintained in a new elecuomorphic variants called hybrizyrnes. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 36:281-294. hatchery facility, I don't know who will take advantage of it. I don't think this sort of Discussion thing is going to make a big impact on aquaculture in the short term. Dr. Pullin: Hybrids are also genetic resources. They are important in agriculture and are Dr. Van der Bank: The history of the develop- going to be more important in aquaculture. ment of red tilapias was along this line and now red tilapia is a big product on the Dr. Abban: From the hybrizymes that you market. Maybe Dr. Pullin can comment on showed, what would you call a hybrid? this. Supposing I encountered these in the field, how can I tell they are hybrids and their Dr. Pullin: I hesitate to comment on red original parents? tilapias because there are so many types around the world. But I think that for the Dr. Van der Bank: You should look at pure development of rural aquaculture this will species that are very distinct geogra- not be the way to go. Production based on phically from these hybrids. Also, keep F1 hybrids does not work well, unless records and some muscle samples in under sophisticated conditions. alcohol so that you can always refer to these. You may also need a good morpho- Dr. Teugels: What was your objective in logist who can assist you. hybridizing Synodontis spp.? Was it to produce beautifully colored species for the Dr. Folack: We tried to hybridize Oreochromis aquarium business? niloticus and 0. aureus populations and we realize that the hybrids grow about the Dr. Van der Bank: No, that was not the same as both parents. 0. niloticus does a bit objective. I tried to cross these two species of damage to the pond dikes and 0. aureus in South Africa to check the species is more cold-tolerant. The hybrids, boundary, to see whether they are good however, were found intermediate with species and also to get color markers. respect to the amount of damage they do Allozyme studies are also being done.

Misconceptions about Hybrids 13 Environments of the Black-chinned Tila pia, Surotherodon melanotheron, and Their Potential Effects on the Genetic Structure of Stacks in Ghana

E.K. Abbanl, K.A. Asante1 and T.M. Falk2 Water Research Institute PO. Box 38, Achimota, Ghana 2Zoologisches lnstitut und Zoologisches Museum der Universitat Hamburg Martin Luther King PI.3, 201 46 Hamburg, Germany

ABBAN, E.K, ILA. ASANTE and T.M. FALIL 2000. Environments of the black-chinned tilapia, Sarotherodon rtielanotl~erotr,and their potential effects on the genetic structure of stocks in Ghana, p. 14-16. In E.K Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V: Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 63,71 p.

hana is one of the countries bordering of catch in various lagoons. Observations Gthe Atlantic Ocean on the coast of Af- made in many West African lagoons indicate rica. The country is located between latitudes a similar predominance of S. melanotheron. It 5" N and 11" N and longitudes 1"E and 3"W. is evident that this resource, if properly man- The coastline of Ghana, approximately 550 aged, might support a more important fish- km long, is dotted with about 50 lagoons and ery, especially in Ghana. estuaries that, together with rocky capes and S. melanotheron has also recently been rec- a variety of sandy bays, constitute its coastal ognized as having a potential for culture. wetlands (Armah 1993). These lagoons, estu- Various studies have contributed information aries and associated floodplains provide habi- related to its culture performance (e.g., tats for a variety of wildlife including birds Egonifgh et al. 1996; Legendre and Trebaol and fishes (Ntiamoa-Baidu 1991). With an es- 1996; Falk et al. 1998; Gourene and Teugels timated 40 000 ha surface area, the lagoons 1998). Some of these studies were on the ge- are important fish and fisheries resources for netic resources of S. melanotheron for the ap- associated communities. The fish species propriate utilization of these resources. Thus, composition of these lagoons varies slightly, it is necessary to consider how the genetic but a constant and predominant species is the structure of its populations might be influ- black-chinned tilapia, Sarotherodon mel- enced by their environment. anotheron (Riippel, 1852). Ample evidence exists that pollutants in A recent survey of the proportion of S. marine and estuarine environments can in- melanotheron in local subsistence fishing fluence the genetic structure of organisms showed that 6040% of all fish caught in the living in them. This study thus aimed at docu- lagoons were tilapias. Among the tilapias, S. menting the status of some of the major melanotheron constituted between 85 and 98% sources of S. melanotheron in Ghana, with

14 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone respect to pollution. The sites studied in- ity reduction could be due to the effect of cluded the Abbey, Ankobra, Whin, Pra, pollutants on one of the variants. However, Aminsa, Nakwa, Mumford, Benya and Fosu heterozygotes at nonmonomeric loci may Lagoons. The sources of pollution for these have higher activity because of the quater- lagoons have been discussed by Armah nary structure (characterized by the hetero- (1993). In general, pollutants present in the duplex chains) that none of the homozy- lagoons could influence the genetic structure gotes possesses (Traut et al. 1989). of organisms living there, including fish, in the following ways: References Genotype-dependent performance. Exposure of Arrnah, A.K. 1993. Coastal wetlands of Ghana. Coast. organisms to pollutants requires adaptation Zone 93:313-322. to stressful conditions, which requires en- Dixon, D.R. 1985. Chromosomal aberrations, p. 77-80. ergy expenditure by the exposed organisms. In B.L. Bayne, D.A. Brown and K. Burns (eds.) The effect of stress on marine animals. Praeger, New York. Koehn and Bayne (1989) suggested that the Egonifgh, G.D., S.N. Deekae and I.E. Marioghae. 1996. energy cost and the success of organisms to Observations on the possible effects of salinity, pond "provide" the required energy was genotype- regime practices and behavior on the culture of Tilo- pio pineensis and Samthsrodon mslanorheron, p. 543. dependent. In R.S.V. Pullin, J. Lazard, M. Legendre, J.B. Amon mPollutants and mutations. Pollutants are Kothias and D. Pauly (eds.) The Third International known to cause mutations by affecting Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 41,270 p. nuclear DNA directly, leading to mutations Rlk, TM, E.K. Abban, W. Villwock and L. Renwrantz. at individual loci or to chromosomal aber- 1998. Haemoglobin variations in some tilapiine spe- rations (Dixon 1985). Metal concentrations cies (Teleostei, Cichlidae) of the genera Oreochromis above background levels have been shown and Sarotherodon. p. 148-152. In J.E Agnese (ed.) Ge- netics and aquaculture in Africa. ORSTOM, Paris. to affect loci of various enzymes in Mytilus Fevolden, S.E. and S.P Gamer. 1986. Population genet- and other shellfishes. For example, copper ics of Myrilus edulis (L.) from Oslofjorden, Norway and zinc have been implicated in phos- in oil-polluted and non oil-polluted water. Sarsia phoglucose isomerase (PGI) and phospho- 71 :247-257. Gourtne, G. and G.G. Teugels. 1998. An overview of the glucomutase loci (PGM) changes in Mytilus biological diversity and culture of tilapias (Teleostei, (Lavie and Alevo 1982; Dixon 1985). Cichlidae), p. 137-145.In J.E Agnhe (ed.) Genetics Differential fitness of genotypes. Available evi- and aquaculture in Africa. ORSTOM, Paris. Koehn, R.K and B.L. Bayne. 1989. Towards a physiologi- dence also indicates that populations living cal and genetic understanding of the energetics of in contaminated environments often exhibit the stress response. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 37:157-171. significant changes in genetic structure. Lavie, B. and E. Alevo. 1982. Heavy metal selection of This is due most probably to differential fit- phosphoglucose isomerase allozyme in marine gas- tropods. Mar. Biol. 71: 17-22. ness of genotypes. However, the direction of Legendre, M. and L. Trebaol. 1996. Mouthbrooding effi- change can be variable (Fevolden and Gar- ciency and spawning frequency of Sarotherodon ner 1986), which has been attributed to a melanotheron (Ruppel, 1852) in culture environments number of factors, including differences in (Ebrii Lagoon, CBte d'Ivoire), p. 339-348. In R.S.V. Pullin, J. Lazard, M. Legendre, J.B. Arnon Kothias the ability of species to respond to stress con- and D. Pauly (eds.). The Third International Sym- ditions; for example, homozygotes may yield posium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conf selective advantage to others. Proc. 41,270 p. Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y 1991. Conservation of coastal lagoons .Protein structure. The variability of responses of Ghana. The traditional approach. Land. Urban to pollutants has also been related to differ- Plan. 20:41-46. ences in protein structure of allelic prod- Traut, R.R., C. Casino and N. Zecherle. 1989. Cross-link- ucts at polymorphic loci, which reacts dif- ing of protein sub-units and ligants by the intro- duction of disulphide bonds. In T.E. Creighton (ed.) ferently with pollutants. It is postulated that Protein function: a practical approach. IRL Press, at a two-allele locus coding for a monomeric Oxford. enzyme (e.g., PGM or MPI), enzyme activ-

Environments of the Black-chinned Tilapia... 15 Discussion as far as culture practices are concerned. Dr. Brummett: Could you comment on the A characteristic of a fish in one environ- displacement of Oreochromis niloticus in ment that makes it good for culture may Lake Ayame by S. melanotheron? not function in the same way in a new environment. Some kind of evaluation is Dr. Abban: I can't be very sure, but there is needed. literature showing that, among tilapias, wherever you put S. melanotheron, in the Dr. Pullin: On the general question that you end they replace the whole group, but it is asked about "pollution-challenged situa- not known how long this takeover will last tions", my feeling is that a population that and I don't know why. has survived those kinds of situation may itself be a valuable resource. Dr. Van der Bank: I share your concern about the movement of fish from one place to Dr Teugels: Did you say that S. melanotheron another because we do not know much adults predate on juveniles of other species? about our local stocks and their use in the Dr. Abban: I said so, but not because it is future. We should also think about the particularly carnivorous. I have read that changes in our environment. These it can feed on the eggs of other tilapias. changes happen so fast that the fishes Dr Brummett: Most tilapias eat the fry of other cannot cope with them. fish but the question is whether they are Dr. Abban: Sure, but we cannot stop the able to distinguish their own fry from those practice of moving fish from place to place of other species.

16 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Genetic Differentiation in West African Lagoon Fishes

J.F. Agnese L'lnstitut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Molecular Genetics Department National Museum of Kenya, EO. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya

AGNESE, J.P. 2000. Genetic differentiation in West African lagoon fishes, p. 17-22. In E.K Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falkand R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Bi~diversit~andsustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 63,71 p.

ost of the fishes living in lagoons do (Giinther, 1864). After analyzing many dif- Mnot spend all their time in these ferent populations in these species, Risch brackishwaters. Sometimes, they go back to (1986) recognized only three valid species: C. the river to spawn as in the case of freshwater filamentosus, declared as a junior synonym of fishes like Chysichthys nigrodigitatus. Others C. auratus; C. walkeri and C. velgeer, recognized like marine fishes (e.g., Ethmalosa fimbriata) as one unique species called C. maurus feed or reproduce in lagoons for a time. Even (Valenciennes, 1839); and C. furcatus, identi- true lagoon fishes are generally able to live fied as a junior synonym of C. nigrodigitatus. in freshwater and/or in marine water. This A few years later, three genetic studies con- is the case for two brackishwater tilapias, firmed this taxonomic revision (Agnese 1989, Sarotherodon melanotheron and Tilapia guin- 1991; Agnese et al. 1989). Agnese (1991), from eensis. Both are present in lagoons from 13 populations of C. auratus and C. filamen- Shegal to Congo (formerly Zaire). S. tosus, showed that these were not clustered melanotheron is present in marine water near according to their species definition but ac- Dakar, Sinegal, and in some freshwater lakes cording to their geographical origin. Some in CBte d'Ivoire. T guineensis is also present river populations were genetically closer to in freshwater in CBte d'Ivoire. some lagoon populations than to other river populations. This confirmed that C. auratus Taxonomy and C. filamentosus are one species, within which morphological differentiation between West African lagoons support a very high brackish and freshwater populations has oc- biodiversity, the taxonomy of which is becom- curred without any related genetic differen- ing better known through genetic studies. tiation. (Fig 1.). Similar situations were dem- Until Risch's (1986) work, numerous species onstrated for C. maurus (Agnkse 1989) and C. of Claroteidae from the genus Chrysichthys nigrodzgitatus (Agntse et al. 1989). were recognized in West Africa such as C. filamentosus (Boulenger, 19 12) from lagoons and a closely related species, C. auratus Population genetic structure (Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, 1809), in rivers. A Pouyaud (1994) and Adepo-Gourene et al. similar situation was assumed between C. (1998) studied 29 S. melanotheron samples walkeri (Giinther, 1889) and C. velifer from Senegal to Congo, representing three of (Norman, 1923), and also between C. nigro- the five subspecies recognized by Trewavas digitatus (Lacepede, 1803) and C. furcatus (1983): S.m. heudelotii, which is present from

Genetic Differentiation in West African ... 17 I I I I I I I I I I I I I - c. a.> - Africa - C. a.> - C. a. I < -

V

South Atlantic Ocean

Fig. 1. ChrysichUlysauratus (C.a.) is a widely distributedsahelian species, while C. fllamentosus (C.f.) is a lagoon Ch,present in brackishwaters from Senegal to Congo. A geneticsfudy (Agnese 1991) revealed thatpopulationsofboth species were cluslerednot according to their species definition but by their geographical origin. Adapted from Agnhse (199.1).

18 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone samples using allozyme techniques. The samples cluster as three groups: the first, all populations from StnCgal and Guinea; the second, all populations from Cdte d'Ivoire and Benin; and the third, the Congo sample. It is obvious that samples are clustered ac- cording to their geographical origin and also according to their subspecific taxonomic rank. The first group represents S.m. heudelotii, the second S.m. melanotheron and the third S.m. nigripinnis. Estimations of al- lelic frequencies revealed clinal variations at three loci (Fig. 3): allele AAT-2*140, absent in Stnkgal, appears significantly in the west- ern part of Cbte d'Ivoire, and is the unique allele in eastern populations. Allele GPI-2*95 has a symmetric distribution; it is present in SCnegal and Guinea and absent from Cbte d'Ivoire to Congo. Allele ACP-1*240 is present in all populations except in the most eastern one (Kouilou, Congo) and is the unique al- lele in C6te d'Ivoire and, from there, in all populations further east.

Fig. 2. Genetic relationships among 29 S. melanotheron samples mpmsenbirg three of the fiesubspecies: Sam.heudelotii, which Life histories is present from S6negal to Guinea; 8.m. melanotheron, from Cbte d'lvoire Lo Cameroon; and S.m. nigripinnis, from Equato- Survival, growth and sexual maturation in rial Gulnea to Congo. Adapted from Pouyaud (1994). three morphologically and genetically dis- tinct populations of S. melanotheron (from StnCgal to Guinea, S.m. melanotheron from Dakar, Senegal; Ebrie Lagoon, CBte d'Ivoire; CBte d'Ivoire to Cameroon and S.m. nagrtp- and lower Kouilou, Congo) were compared innis from Rio Muni to Congo (formerly by Gilles et al. (1998). An experiment (176 Zai're). They used allozymes (27 loci studied) days) was carried out in concrete tanks (4 m3) and microsatellites (two loci). Both tech- at an initial density of 33 fi~harn-~.Salinity niques gave congruent results. Fig. 2 shows ranged from 6 ppt at the beginning of the ex- the genetic relationships among all these periment to zero at the end. The Senegal fish

Fig. 3. Clinal variation at three loclin Sarotherodon melanotheron populations. Samples are presented from west (W) (SBnBgal) to east (E) (Congo). Adapted from Pouyaud (1994).

Genetic Differentiation in West African ... 19 important implications for gene flow between populations.

Biogeography Eleven populations of C. maurus from dif- ferent river basins and one of C, auratus were studied using enzyme protein electrophore- Congo sis (Agnese 1989) to estimate the genetic dif- ferentiation and phylogenetic relationships among these populations. Among the 19 loci C. Days studied in maurus, 11 were polymorphic. Genetic differentiation was strongly related to the geographical distribution of these pop- Fig. 4. Growth rates of three different populations of ulations. For example, all individuals of the Sarotherodon melanotheron from SenQal, CGte d'lvolre and three eastern populations are homozygous for Congo. Adapted from Gilles et a/. (1998). the allele AAT-2*90, and this allele was never encountered in any other population. The grew faster and reached sexual maturity later allele IDH-2*90 is present from the popula- than those of the other two populations (Fig. tion sampled at Loffa (Liberia) and those to 4). A second experiment (168 days) was car- the west, whereas the allele IDH-2*95 is pre- ried our on populations from Stntgal and C6te sent only in the eastern populations. Lastly, d'Ivoire at an initial density of 31 fi~ham-~in all individuals west of Cavally (CGte d'Ivoire) cages placed in a 1 ha pond. Salinity ranged are homozygous for the allele LDH-2*5O, from 1.8% at the beginning of the experiment whereas all eastern individuals are homozy- to 3.5% at the end. As in the first experiment, gous for the allele LDH-2*100. The samples fish from Stnkgal population had higher cluster as three groups (Fig. 5): (1) samples growth rates than the others. S. melanotheron from this Stntgal population may have good potential for brackishwater aquaculture. Gourtne et al. (1993) studied gene flow in two lagoon fishes with different life histories traits: S. melanotheron, a mouthbrooder with low fecundity (5 ova.&, i.e., 25-30 0va.g-'. yr-I) and marked territorial behavior, and Eth- malosa fimbriata, which has pelagic eggs, high fecundity (500 ova.gl.year-') and is migratory. The authors studied allozyme loci in several populations of both species: from Sdnkgal to C6te d'Ivoire for S. melanotheron and from Senkgal to Congo for E. fimbriata. The num- ber of migrants per generation was calculated according to Wright (1931), using the for- Flg. 5. The genetic differentiation of C. maurus populations is mula Nm = (1-Fsr)/4Fst where N is the ef- stronglyrelated to their geographical distribution. The first group fective size of the population and m is the (a)contains samples from rivers and lagoons from Cdfe d'hroire level of migration between these populations. (Aby Lagoon, Ebrie Lagoon and Bandama, Sassandra and Cavally For S. melanotheron, Nm ranged between 0.23 Rivers); the second ( 0)contains samples from East Guinea rivers (Nipoue' Loffa and Makona); and the third (Ajcontalns and 3.48, and for E. fimbriata, from 2.59 to samples from West Guinea rhrs (Mongo, KolenY and Konkoud). 83.08. These results indicate that life histo- Arrows indicate colonhatatlon to the west from an eastm center ries traits, like reproductive behavior, have of origln. Adapted from Agnbse (1989).

20 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone from rivers and lagoons of CBte d'lvoire; (2) caught approximately 10 m from each other, samples from East Guinea rivers; and (3) along a linear transect, sampling 82 individu- samples from West Guinea rivers. From these als from eight independent shoals. three groups, the easternmost ones showed The locus SMEL-4 with 33 alleles had a clearly the closest relationships with C. heterozygosity of 0.94. According to this maurus, indicating that this group possesses value, five homozygous individuals among more ancestral alleles than the others. From the 82 were expected if random mating had this region, individuals have been able to occurred. However, these authors found 32 colonize rivers of east Guinea to form now homozygous individuals. Among these, eight what we call the second group. From this sec- individuals carried shoal-specific alleles. ond group, individuals have been able to Grouping of non-inbred relatives could not colonize rivers of west Guinea, forming the by itself produce such a deficit of heterozy- third group. gotes. In one shoal, a shoal-specific allele Adepo-Gourene et al. (1997) made a simi- SMEL-4-078 was found in hornozygous con- lar study on 11 samples of C. nigrodzgitatus and dition in three of six individuals, indicating one sample of C. maurus using allozymes. The that those individuals were probably them- populations from Cdte d'Ivoire were geneti- selves the progeny of an inbred cross. Since cally the most variable and had the highest their putative parents shared the same rare number of alleles in common with the allele, there is a high probability that these sample of C, maurus (ancestral alleles). The parental individuals were kin. Kin cohesive- samples from the limits of the species' range ness probably originated in imprinting dur- (Dagana, Bas Kouilou) were those that had ing the first stages of life. This behavior could the lowest polymorphism (both were mono- play a role in speciation events, such as those morphic) and the fewest alleles in common described in the East African Great Lakes. with C. maurus. On the basis of these genetic results and the morphological and biogeo- graphic results, these authors suggested that: Conclusion (1) colonization of basins by populations of The high biodiversity of lagoon fish in terms C. nzgrodzgitatus started in the area between of species number, life histories and behavior CBte d'Ivoire and Benin; (2) from this region allows for many different types of genetic stud- of origin, some populations colonized the ies. Such studies are valuable not only for theo- basins to the west via the coast area up to retical genetics but also for development. Senegal; and (3) independently, other popu- Many more studies on this taxonomy, gene lations colonized basins to the east via the flow and trait differentiation of genetically coast to the former Zatre. The colonization controlled life histories are needed for the sus- of the Niger occurred most likely through its tainable use of these lagoon areas. lower delta. References Kin cohesiveness Adkpo-Gourene, B., G.G. Teugels, L.M. Risch, M.M. Four microsatellite markers were used to Hanssens and J.F. Agnise. 1997. Morphological study genetic variations among individuals of and genetic differentiation of 11 populations of S. melanotheron (Pouyaud et al, in press). the African catfish Chrysichthys nagrodigitatus (Siluroidei; Claroteidae), with consideration of Eighty-two mature individuals, belonging to their biogeography. Can. J. Zool. 75:102-109. eight different shoals, were caught in the Adkpo-Gourtne B., L. Pouyaud, G.G. Teugels, L.M. Grand Lahou Lagoon (CBte d'Ivoire). These Risch, M.M. Hanssens and J.F.Agnese. 1998. Mor- shoals were identified visually in shallow phological and genetic differentiation of West Af- water as groups of fish swimming together. rican populations of Sarotherodon melanotheron, Riippel, 1852 (Teleostei, Cichlidae) p. 189-198. In All the individuals in a shoal were captured J.F. Agntse (ed.) Genetics and aquaculture in Af- in a single netting. The different shoals were rica. ORSTOM, Paris.

Genetic Differentiation in West African ... 21 Agntse, J.-F. 1989. GenCtique des populations de Bagridae): een systernatische, morphologische, plusiers esptces de Poissons Siluriformes ayant anatomische en zogeografische studie. Katolieke un inttrtt pour l'aquaculture ou la peche. Univer- Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. Ph.D. thesis. sity of Montpellier 11, Montpellier, France. 219 p. Trewavas, E. 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Ph.D. thesis. Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Agnkse, J.-F.1991. Taxonomic status and genetic dif- Museum (Natural History), London. ferentiation among West African populations of Wright, S. 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. the Chrysichrhys auratus complex (Pisces, Genetics 16: 97-159. Siluriformes), based on protein electrophoresis. Aquacult. Fish. Manage. 22:229-237. Agntse, J.-F.,N. Pasteur and C. Lkveque. 1989. Discussion Difftrenciation ginitique de quelques populations Dr. Van der Bank: How did you identify an de Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus et de C. johnelsi (Pi- sces, Bagridae) de CBte d'lvoire et du Mali. Rev. ancestral allele? Hydrobiol. Trop. 22 (2):lOl-106. Dr. Agdse: An ancestral allele is one that is Gilles S., J.B. Amon-Kothias and J.E Agntse. 1998. Comparison of brackish water growth perfor- found in other species. mances of Sarotherodon melanorheron (Cichlidae) Dr. Teugels: Looking at the phylogeography from three West African populations, p. 199-210. In J-F. Agntse (ed.) Genetics and aquaculture in of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, it confirms Africa. ORSTOM, Paris. what Thomas Falk presented this morning Gourene, B., L. Pouyaud and J.-E Agntse. 1993. Impor- based on his study of S. melanotheron. tance de certaines caracttristiques biologiques dans la structuration gknitique des esptces de poissons: Dr. AgnBse: Yes, he is right, and I am also le cas de Ethmalosa fimbriata et de Sarorherodon right. The West African population, which mebnothoron. J. Ivoir. Octanol. Limnol. 2(2):69-83. Pouyaud, L. 1994. Ghttique des populations de tilapias is the more recent one, has the lowest d'inttrtt aquacole en Afrique de I'Ouest. relations variability level and has new alleles, which phylogtnttiques et structurations populationnelles. are new for the genus Chrysichthys. They University of Montpellier 11, Montpellier, France. are totally new and are unknown in other Ph.D, thesis. Pouyaud L., E. Desmarais, A. Chenuil, J.E Agnbe and E species. This is a clear indication that this Bonhomme. Kin cohesiveness and possible inbreed- population is new. Whenever species move ing in the mouthbrooding tilapia Sarotherodon from one place to another, their chances mehnotlteton (Pisces Cichlidae). Mol. Ecol. (In press). to fix new alleles are high and so are their Risch, L.M. 1986. Het genus ChysiEhthys Bleeker, 1858 en aanverwante genera (Pisces, Siluriformes, chances to lose other alleles.

22 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Session 2 Conservation and Sustainable Use of African Fishes Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources

M. Entsua-Mensah, P.K. Ofori-Danson and K.A. Koranteng Water Research Institute F10. Box 38, Accra, Ghana

ENTSUA-MENSAH,M., PK. OFORI-DANSON and ILA. KORANTENG.2000. Management issues for the sustainable use of lagoon fish resources, p. 24-27. ITLE.K. Abban, C.M.V Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 63,71 p.

Introduction Research, as part of the fisheries compo- Coastal lagoons form an integral part of nent of GCWMP, was carried out between marine fisheries and provide important June and December 1998 to look at the fish- spawning and nursery grounds for many fish ery resources of these five sites and their ex- species. The economic contributions of la- ploitation (especially that of Sarotherodon goon fisheries have not been given adequate melanotheron), and to evaluate traditional consideration by fisheries authorities. management practices and options. For fur- Ghana's 550-km coastline includes over 90 ther details of these sites, see Pauly (1975), lagoons. These lagoons and their wetlands Mensah (1979), Ntiarnoa-Baidu (1991) and provide valuable products and services, which Ntiamoa-Baidu and Hollies (1998). include supporting the fisheries, absorbing Some of the fishing gears in use are cast floodwaters and protecting biodiversity. They nets, dragnets, hook and line, acadja, and vari- also serve as roosting, nesting and feeding sites ous traps. Fishing pressure is high in all five for many species of birds. lagoons. S. melanotheron normally constitutes Through the support of the World Bank over 60% of the catch (Eyeson 1983; Blay and and the Global Environmental Facility, Ghana Ameyaw 1993; Koranteng 1995) and forms has designated five coastal wetland areas as over 90% of all fish caught from the lagoons Ramsar sites due to their importance as fish- in Ghana (Denyoh 1982). Altogether, 20 fin- ing areas and as roosting, nesting and feeding fish species belonging to 17 genera and 10 sites for waterbirds. These are the Muni- families were encountered in the five lagoons. Pomadze Lagoon, the Densu Delta, and the The most important invertebrates encoun- Sakumo, Songhor and Keta Lagoons. tered were the blue crab Callinectes amnicola, The Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management the lagoon crab Cardiosoma armatum, the Project (GCWMP) was initiated under the aus- shrimp Penaeus notialis, and the gastropod pices of the Ghana Wildlife Department to un- Tympana-tonus fimatus. The fisheries in these dertake studies for the sustained management of lagoons are threatened by irresponsible fish- the resources in these Rarnsar sites. The rnan- ing and environmental degradation. This is agement. of lagoon fisheries depends also on un- manifested in the high exploitation rates of derstanding the socioeconomic nature of the fish- S. melanotheron and small sizes encountered. eries, biological knowledge about the resources Direct and indirect management schemes and capture characteristics of the fishery. have been suggested.

24 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone In the past, management of these lagoons due to changes in water level and other envi- was linked to traditional beliefs in the form ronmental conditions. Annual fishery pro- of taboos and other cultural practices. With duction estimates for S. melanotheron using increasing urbanization, the migration of baseline data (Koranteng 1995) were 270 t fishers and the effects of western practices, from the Densu Delta, 75 t from the Muni- these traditional rules and regulations are Pomadze Lagoon and 114 t from the Sakumo being lost or forgotten (Ntiamoa-Baidu 1991). Lagoon. The gear most commonly used in the lagoons is the cast net, although drag nets are commonly used in the Songhor and Keta La- Summary of Results goons. Other fishing gears used in the lagoons Some of the freshwater species encoun- are bottles, hook and line, acadja and traps. tered were Oreochromix niloticus, Tzlapia m'llzi, Although acadjas act as fish aggregating de- Hemichromis fasciatus and H. bimaculatus. The vices and provide shelter for fish thereby en- common marine species found were the hancing fish breeding in the Densu Delta and mojarra (Gerres melanopterus), half beak Keta Lagoon, the use of mangroves and twigs, (Hyporhampus picarti) and the needle fish which are cut from neighboring vegetation, (Strongylura senegalensis). Juveniles of the flat makes this method of fishing environmen- sardine Sardznella mardrensis, mullets Mugil tally unfriendly, Table 1 gives the catch per curema and Liza falcipinnzs as well as Caranx unit effort, average daily catch and estimated hippos were also encountered. The endemic total catch of S. melanotheron by cast nets in fishes in all the lagoons were mostly cichlids. these five lagoons from June to December S. melanotheron is the dominant fish in all 1998. Table 2 shows some parameters for five lagoons comprising 66% in Muni, 80% growth and exploitation level of S. melan- in the Densu Delta, 95.9% in Sakumo, 59% otheron in the five lagoons. in Songhor and 33% in Keta. i7 guineemis, T The natural mortality of S. melanotheron zillii and H, fusciatus were also found in the was between 1.55 and 2.21 per year. Keta La- catches. In Keta Lagoon, Pellonula leonenszs was goon had the highest natural mortality, fol- most abundant (Shenker et al. 1998). lowed by the Densu Delta and Sakumo La- Fishery yields from lagoons are not uni- goon. This high value can be attributed to pre- form due to fluctuations in salinity, conduc- dation by birds. The instantaneous total mor- tivity, dissolved oxygen, pH and depth. Fish- tality rates (ranging between 2.96 and 5.43 per ing effort changes from one season to another year) of the fish were also high in all the

Table 2. Growth parametersand exploitation of S. melanotheron Table 1. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) effort, estimated total catch in the five Ghanaian lagoons. by cast nets and average daily catch of S, melanotheron in five - - Ghanaian lagoons from June to December 1998. Parameter Densu delta Sakumo -Keta

bgm~ CPUE Effort 12.5 17.5 (gm[person- hour') hours- 12.5 14.5 dayq) 5.2 2.2 4.7 4 208' 0.42 0.15 1.64 2.21 105.3' 2.51 2.81 Pornadze 4.15 5.02 235.5* 0.61 0.56 1.97 2.53

'-indicates data from baseline studies (Koranteng 1995).

Management Issues for the Sustainable Use... 25 lagoons. From length at first capture and Regulation of entfy. In the Lufenya wing of length at first maturity, it is clear that fish Songhor Lagoon, only the fetish priest and are being caught at very small sizes and that people living near the lagoon are allowed some are mature at these sizes. The estimated to enter; in Muni Lagoon, only the indig- growth performance indices (0')ranged from enous people are allowed to fish. 1.77 to 2.53, implying fast growth and an "r Taboos. It is prohibited to use a canoe on selected" mode of life, adapted to unstable the Muni and Sakumo Lagoons. Women are ecological conditions and high mortalities. not allowed to cross the Muni and Songhor The exploitation levels (0.55-0.65) suggest Lagoons during their menstrual period. overexploitation, capitalizing upon the rather Mesh size regulation. The use of mesh sizes fast early growth and continuous spawning below 25 mm is not permitted in the Muni habit of this species. and Sakumo Lagoons. These fisheries are also affected by habi- It can be concluded that to protect the ju- tat degradation, pollution by domestic waste veniles and spawning stocks of S. and poverty of the fishers. Overfishing causes melanotheron, the following should be imple- changes in the size structure of the fishes as mented: well as species composition of the catches. Most of the mangroves around the lagoons 1. existing mesh size regulations should be have been cut down for fuelwood and to make enforced; way for salt pans. Thus the breeding and feed- 2. District Assemblies should be assisted by ing sites of the fish are being destroyed. Fish- the Fisheries Department and traditional ers also tend to use smaller mesh nets as a authorities to determine the total allowable means to increase their catch. catch (TAC) for each lagoon in their area, The effectiveness of traditional conserva- and the appropriate fishing gears and ef- tion in fisheries management at the local fort to achieve the TAC; level has been recognized by many scientists. 3. traditional authorities or District Assem- Ntiamoa-Baidu (1991), in comparing the size blies should ensure legally backed enforce- composition of S. melanotheron and T fuscatus ment of a system of appropriate controls in Djange and Sakumo Lagoons, clearly and fines; showed that traditional beliefs and associated 4. efforts should be made to restore mangrove taboos can be effective tools for conservation cover; and if they are adhered to. 5. fishers and their children should be edu- The principal traditional management cated to appreciate the importance of re- practices employed in the five lagoons stud- source management. ied are: Diverting fishers into other jobs such as Closed fishing days, seasons and areas. Sakumo masonry and carpentry can lessen the prob- is closed for fishing for about four months lem of poverty. of the year and fishing is not allowed be- fore noon on Fridays; in Muni Lagoon, fishing is not permitted on Wednesdays; in References some areas around Keta Lagoon, fishing is Blay, J. Jr. and A. Ameyaw. 1993. Assessment of the fish- ery of a stunted population of the cichlid, Saro- banned on Sundays and before certain fes- therodon melanotheron (Ruppell) in a closed lagoon in tival times; there are no restrictions in the Ghana. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 9:l-11. Densu Delta. Denyoh, F.M.K. 1982. The utilization of coastal areas for aquaculture development in Ghana, p. 31-51. In A. Restriction of certain gears. The use of drag- Coche (ed.) Coastal aquaculture. CIFA Tech. Pap. 9. nets is not permitted in the Muni and FAO, Rome. Salcumo Lagoons. Eyeson, K.N. 1983. Eggs and fry swallowing habits of tilapia. Aquaculture 32:415-418.

26 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Koranteng, K.A. 1995. Fish and fisheries of three coastal programs are needed along with the lagoons in Ghana. Global Environmental Facility stocking program to manage the fishing and Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Project. GWIA 2851s F2/3. pressure. Mensah, M.A. 1979. The hydrology and fisheries of the Dr. Teugels: Are there any data on the lagoons lagoons and estuaries in Ghana. Mar. Fish. Rep. 7. Fisheries Research and Utilization Branch Team. 14 p. about 20 years ago? Are fishes disappearing? Ntiamoa-Baidu, I! 1991. Conservation of coastal lagoons in Ghana. The traditional approach. Land. Urban Ms. Entsua-Mensah: Yes, there are data on some Plan. 20:41-46. lagoons. There have been indications that Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y and G.E. Hollis. 1998. Planning the fishes are disappearing. management of coastal lagoons in Ghana, p. 113-121. In Proceedings of the Third International Wetlands DT.Laleye: Some aspects of taboos are good. Conference. IUCN Wetlands Programme, IUCN, Do you need to take some measures in the Gland, Switzerland. enforcement of these good taboos? Pauly, D. 1975. On the ecology of a small West-African Lagoon Ber. Dt. Wiss. Komm. Meemforsch. 24:46-62. Ms. Entsua-Mensah: Yes, that is being taken Shenker, J.M., H. Dankwa, J. Lin, EK. Ofori-Danson and Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu. 1998. Fisheries of Keta and into consideration in the new Coastal Songhor lagoons. Environmental Baseline Studies Management Programs. Final Report. Ghana Coastal Wetlands Management Project. Ms. Akrofi: The Directorate of Fisheries is in close contact with the fisherfolk concerning the adoption of co-manage- Discussion ment strategies. By-laws are to be passed Dr. Van der Bank: What do you mean by very soon to address some of these issues. dominant species? Dr. Pullin: It is good that the Ramsar Ms. Entstua-Memh: The most important in terms Convention has expanded its criteria for of weight and number. the designation of Ramsar sites to include Mr. Kwafo: Can't traditional methods be criteria based on important fish and fish complemented with stocking programs? habitats. Also, it is good that these five lagoons are all Ramsar sites. My question Ms. Entsua-Mensah: Yes, but whatever is done is, do the people who live there know they should be in consultation and in agree- are Ramsar sites and what do they think ment with the local fishers. about it? Has the designation done Dr. Kbuu.~si: During your presentation, you talked anything for the conservation of fish? about some conservation methods. Have there Ms. Entsua-Mensah: Yes, the people know that, been any such measures in the Aby lagoon? and all the sites have assigned Wildlife Ms. Entsua-Mensah: None. Officers who are trained on a lot of issues including fisheries. They benefit a lot from Dr Brurnrnett: Stocking programs are not that these training programs. There are also successful. Examples can be cited from District Management Committees in place, several places. You may end up increasing so there is more awareness now. the fishing pressure. Co-management

Management Issues for the Sustainable Use... 27 Opportunities and Strategies for Conservation of Fish Genetic Resources in Cite d'lvoire

C.V. Yapi-Gnaorh, K.S. Da Costa, N.C.. Kouassi and I. Dembele Centre National de Recherche Agronomique Station Piscicole, 01 BP 633 Bouakb 01, Cdte d'lvoire

YAPI-GNAORE, C.R, K.S. DA COSTA, N.C. KOUASSI and I. DEMBELE. 2000. Opportunities and strategies for conservation of fish genetic resources in C8te d'Ivoire, p. 28-33. Irl E.K. Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use offish in the coastal zone. ICLARM CodProc. 63,71 p.

dte d'Ivoire has a diverse ichthyological Fisheries Cfauna. About 173 species of fish from 27 families and 67 genera are represented in the The fishing sector has a very high economic different rivers and lacustrine systems. importance (Nugent 1997). The total fishery Around 60 species are harvested by artisanal potential is estimated at 26 000 t.yearL1,with fishing. Less than 10 are used in aquaculture. an annual value of about 6 billion francs CFA. Strategies need to be developed to preserve Fishers often mention the disappearance of these diverse fish populations in both natu- species, e.g., from Lake Fae (Da Costa and ral and artificial waterbodies. Traore 1997). Entire species may not be disap- Cbte d'Ivoire is watered by four main riv- pearing, but populations within species are de- ers. These are, from west to east, Cavally (600 creasing (Kouassi et al. 1998)) e.g., those of Itm), Sassandra (650 km), Bandama (1 050 km) Distichodus rostratus, Citharinus eburneensis, and Comoe (1 100 km). A group of small Barbus sublineatus and B. waldroni. According coastal rivers composed of San Pedro (112 to the same authors, there is a tendency for km), Boubo (130 km), Me (140 km), Agnebi some species to reappear after insecticide treat- (250 km) and Bia (290 km), among others, ments against onchocerciasis have stopped. located in the forest zone, are distributed Currently, most fish captured in inland throughout the southern region. Tributaries fisheries come from the four main lakes cre- of river systems from neighboring countries ated for hydroelectric dams (Ayamk, Kossou, flow partly on the Ivorian territory, includ- Taabo and Buyo). Fishing activities have been ing those of Niger, coming from Mali ( Bagok, very intense since the creation of these lakes. 230 km, and Baoule, 330 km); Black Volta, There are very few data on the productivity from Ghana (Koulda and Bineda); and of rivers and small watercourses, except for Laleraba of Comoe system, a natural frontier some sections of Bandama, Comoe and with Burkina Faso. Over 400 dams have been Sassandra Rivers, where marketing routes are constructed by the government of Cdte known. Such fisheries are generally artisanal; d'Ivoire or by private investors in the last 30 i.e., practiced by a dispersed population of years. Hydroelectric and hydroagricultural fishers and thus, very difficult to monitor. dams cover more than 180 542 km2, and Given the incomplete and unreliable statis- agropastoral dams cover about 1 562 km2. tics, it is difficult to present the actual status

28 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone of fish resources in CBte d'lvoire that are eco- guineensis and 0. niloticus. 0. niloticus was not nomically important to fisheries and aquac- adopted for brackishwater culture because of ulture. However, FA0 statistics showed a de- its high mortality in saline water (Adou 1988). cline in total inland freshwater fish produc- S. melanotheron and i7 guineensis, both well tion during the period 1986-1996 from 25 adapted to the lagoon environment, were also 200 to 11 300 t. During the same period, considered as poor candidates for aquaculture farmed tilapia production increased fivefold in brackishwater because of their low growth (30-170 t). In the long run, a situation could and poor feed conversion efficiency (Adou be reached where only few species will pre- 1988). C. walhri was initially cultured but was dominate in aquaculture and fisheries. also abandoned due its to slow growth (Lazard et al. 1991). C. nigrodigitatus is presently cul- Aquaculture tured; Heterobranchus longifilis (Agnese et al. 1995) and H. isoptems (Da Costa et al. 1996) Aquaculture is Very recent in CBte d'lvoire. are also being considered for aquaculture, It started in 1955 (Anon. 1975) and studies A~~~~ the clariidae, clarias gariepinus (par- conducted at the fish research station in ticularly in the western region; Konan 1988) Bouake (created in 1956) were the basis for and C. anguillarfi are being used in aquacu]- the development of aquaculture in the coun- ture (D~costa 1998). try. Only a few species have been used. The majority of aquaculture comprises subsistence activities, managed by a family or commu- Threats nity and usually integrated into agricultural Unless living aquatic resources are used production systems with very low inputs. and managed carefully, natural production There are a few commercial enterprises, e.g., faces the risk of collapse. The situation in the Societt Ivoirienne d'Aquaculture CBte d'Ivoire is, as observed by Pullin (1998), Lagunaire. In the earlier years of aquaculture that genetic resources for aquaculture are development, state-owned and private hatch- poorly documented and their ownership and eries were established to produce fingerlings access are poorly defined. The economic im- for fish farmers. At present, most fish farm- portance of fish has led very often to their ers produce their own fingerlings, especially excessive exploitation, with strong pressure for tilapia. on commercial species, by very selective fish- The first freshwater species cultured on sta- ing, use of destructive and prohibited fishing tion were Oreochromis macrochir, Tilapia methods and a lack of respect for legislation. rendalli and T zillii. These species were later Hence, the stocks in the inland watersheds abandoned due to their poor growth perfor- are threatened and are being depleted. mance and small size. 0. niloticus and its vari- Pollution poses another type of risk-indus- ous hybrids, particularly 0. aureus, 0. trial wastes, such as those of the sugar fac- mossambicus and 0. urolepix hornorurn, were tory at Borotou on the Sassandra River, have then cultured (Lessent 1968; Lazard et al. caused massive fish mortalities and the dis- 1991). The strain of 0. niloticus from the appearance of shrimps upstream, with an Bouakk Fish Research Station currently domi- overall decrease in landings of about two- nates the distribution of farmed tilapia in thirds. C8te d'hoire. It has also been introduced into Another indirect cause of fish depletion most artificial lakes (Nugent 1988). is the lack of adequate institutions to moni- Sarotherodon melanotheron and Chrysichthys tor fishing activities. It is therefore difficult nigrodigitatus have been cultured in brackish- to follow the evolution of fisheries and the water lagoons (BtemC 1993; Ouattara et al. changes in the aquatic environment. It has 1993). Initial research studies on fish culture become almost impossible to control fishing in brackishwater included S. melanotheron, T effort (number of active fishers) and fishing

Opportunities and Strategies for Conservation... 29 methods (number and quality of fishing gears sources for their sustainable use. All con- used and their output) and to ensure respect cerned actors (policymakers, rural commu- for fishing legislation. (Da Costa and Traort nities, fishers, fish farmers and scientists) 1997; Nugent 1997; G. Gourene, pers. should take an active part in the decision- comm.). making process and the implementation of strategies for the conservation of aquatic re- Towards conservation sources. Documentation and characterization are the first steps towards conservation. The cur- References rent status of fish resources used in capture Adou, C. 1988. The status of wild and cultured tilapia fisheries and aquaculture should be deter- genetic resources in CBte d'Ivoire. Brackishwater culture, p. 21-22. In R.S.V. Pullin (ed.) Tilapia ge- mined to predict future trends. An inventory netic resources for aquaculture. ICLARM Conf. Proc. of available resources is the basis for man- 16,108 p. agement and development that will lead to Agnkse J-R, Z.J. Ottmt and S. Gilles. 1995. Effects of domestication on genetic variability, fertility, sur- improvement and sustainable use. Accurate vival and growth rate in a tropical siluriform: and up-to-date information on available fish Heurobranchus longzjilis Valenciennes 1840. Aquacul- resources is therefore essential. Research sta- ture 131:197-204. tions should play a major role in implement- Anon. 1975. Etat actuel de l'aquaculture en CBte dYIvoire. Symposium sur I'aquaculture en Afrique. Doc. Tech. ing long-term improvement programs CPCA N"4ICIFAfl4 (Suppl. 1):23-38. through conventional selective breeding and Da Costa, K.S.1998. Comparison of growth performances in providing technical assistance, particu- of the Niger and Bouakk strains of Clarias anguillaris, larly in the conservation and management of p. 250-255. In J-E Agntse (ed.) Genetics and aqua- culture in Africa. ORSTOM, Paris. broodstocks of fish populations under threat. Da Costa, K.S. and K. Traori. 1997. Etude bio-tcologique Sustained scientific research activities will be des peuplements ichtyologiques et planctoniques du required in the inventory of resources avail- lac de FaC - San Pidro. Volet Ichtyol. (Rapp. Part.). able in different waterbodies, and in the de- IDESSA, Bouaki, Cate d'Ivoire. Da Costa, K.S., G. Gourene and G.G. Teugels. 1996. termination of appropriate location of pro- Embryologic, aspect extkrieur du dtveloppement tected areas (Da Costa and Traore 1997). larvaire et maturiti sexuelle du poisson chat africain Conservation efforts should be undertaken Hetmbranchus ioptems (Siluroidei, Clariidae). Belg. J. Zool. 126:93-109. for the aquatic fauna of large hydroelectric Konan, A. 1988. Les potentialit& piscicoles des rigions dams where fishing pressure is great as well de montagne de I'Ouest, p.145-160. In Actes des as for river systems. The priority is to pre- Troisihes Assises de 1'Association Ivoirienne des Sciences Agronomiques, 1-7 August 1988, CBte serve natural aquatic resources and to ratio- d'Ivoire. nalize and sustain the exploitation of all wa- Kouassi, N.C., K. Traort and I. Dembeli. 1998. Surveil- tersheds through the installation of a reliable lance bologique de la faune ichtyologique des rivihs system for evaluation of fishing statistics in suivies par le Programme Oncho (OMS) en CBte d'Ivoire. Convention OMS-ONCHO/IDESSA, no different ecosystems, updating and enforce- 018/181/49A. IDESSA, Bouaki, CBte d'lvoire. ment of fishing legislation, creation of natu- Lazard, J., Y Lecomte, B. Stomal, J-Y. Weigel and C. ral reserves and periodic restocking of popu- Franqueville. 1991. Pisciculture en Afrique lations. subsaharienne. Situations et projets dans des pays francophones - propositions d'action. Ministtre de Insufficient institutional and legal sup- la Cooperation et du Dkeloppement, Paris. port or unavailability of appropriate informa- Lessent, F! 1968. Essais d'hybridation dans le genre Tila- tion can hinder conservation efforts. A na- pia 21 la Station de Recherches Piscoles de Bouaki, CBte d'Ivoire. FA0 Fish. Rep. 44(4):148-159. tional fishing plan for inland waters is un- Nugent, C.G. 1988. The status of wild and cultured tila- derway (Nugent 1997). This should allow, in pia genetic resources in CBte d'lvoire. Freshwater the near future, for a more rational rnanage- culture. In R.S.V. Pullin (ed.) Tilapia genetic re- ment of aquatic natural resources, and the sources for aquaculture. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 16, 108 p. conservation of inland aquatic genetic re-

30 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Nugent, C.G. 1997. Cate d'Ivoire - assistance en rnatikre we counted more dams quite recently. de ligislation portant sur les peches continentales: Rapport sur I'aminagement des ptches Dr Gnuorb: You may be right since there is a continentales. Programme de cooptration Technique possibility of new constructions, etc. but TCPflVCl4553. FAO, Rome. it also depends on your definition of a dam. Otkrni, Z.J. 1993. Reproduction et fkonditt du michoiron Chrysichthys nig~odigitatusen tlevage. J. Ivoir. Dr. Teugels: I think your species list of Lake Ocianol. Limnol. 2:53-59. Ouattara M., K. Kouakou and G. Gourtne. 1993. Une Ayame is incomplete. For example, there approche technologique peu onereuse de produc- is no S. melanotheron in your list. tion de larves et d'alevins de Chysichthys nig.Od;g;totus (Pisces; Bagridae). Agron. Afr. 5(1):33-38. Dr. Gnaor.4: It is certainly not an extensive list. Pullin, R.S.V. 1998. Genetic resources for aquaculture: We just laid emphasis on the species ownership and access, p. 21-31. In J-E Agnese (ed.) captured by the fishers in Lake Ayame. Genetics and aquaculture in Africa. ORSTOM, Paris. Dr. Laleye: I want to know the reason for the Discussion variation in species in your data, and why do you consider the use of bamboo Dr. Teugels: Where did you get your data on dangerous in fishing? the number of dams in the northern part of CBte d71voire? Dr. Kouassi: The variation in species could be due to environmental factors or che- Dr. Kouassi: The data came from a survey mical treatments in connection with the conducted by a special government insti- Onchocerciasis Control Programme, or to tute in 1990 and were published in 1992. a combination of factors. The use of Dr. Teugels: I do not doubt the validity of the bamboo is prohibited because most of the data but the survey from where you got fish caught are females of Chrysichthys the data was conducted a long time ago. looking for a place to spawn. Thus, the data may be outdated now and

Opportunities and Strategies for Conservation... 31 Session 3 Status and Trends in Capture and Culture Status of Fish Stocks in the Yeii Segment of Lake Valta

F!K. Ofori-Danson Water Research Institute PO. Box 38, Accra, Ghana

OPOFU-DANSON, I?K 2000. Status of fish stocks in the Yeji segment of Lake Volta, p. 34-35. In E.K Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V.Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 63, 71 p.

he status of five commercial fish stocks that requires verification from catch assessment in Ttogether contribute more than 70% of all the eight substrata of the lake after a full catches in Stratum VII (Yeji and areas sur- frame survey. rounding Yeji) of Lake Volta was investigated From yield-per-recruit analysis, the esti- using fisheries statistics collected between mated values of the present level of fishing for March 1995 and December 1996. The targeted the major species were greater than the opti- species were Hemisynodontis membranaceus mum expected level of fishing (Eopt= EO,Jor Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Chysichthys nigrodigitatus the maximum expected exploitation. Based on Lacepede, C, auratus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, the Eopt = 0.5 criterion, there is overex- Oreochromis niloticus L. and Schilbe intermedius ploitation of the major stocks. Riippell. There is an indication of a shift in dominance from an earlier dominance by cichlids (notably 0. niloticus and Sarotherodon Discussion galilaeus, taken in gill nets) and Nile perch Dr. Brummett: To what do you attribute the (Lutes niloticus) to Chysichthys spp. and cyprin- relatively high productivity of Stratum VII? ids (Labeo spp.). There are also indications that Dr. Ofor-Danson: Compared to the other strata, the major species are caught before they are one this area is fed by a number of rivers and year old, implying growth overfishing. The also highly productive in terms of primary mean annual CPUE of canoes during the study productivity. These could explain why there period were estimated at 10-18 kg.dayl in 1995 is high fish productivity. and 7-15 kgday1 in 1996, which gave a total canoe catch estimate of 2 000 t for 1996. This Dr. Teugels: The names of some of the species gives an extrapolated mean annual catch of at are outmoded. It is better to use the most least 168 000 t for the whole lake. It is possible current nomenclature for the species. What that there has been an increase in the overall is your basis for saying that catches of catches in the lake compared to the earlier stud- cichlids have declined? Were the previous ies because an optimum catch of 40 000 t was catches based on gill net catches? estimated for the entire lake in the late 1960s. Dr. Ofori-Damon: Using gill nets, one can say This is attributed either to an overall increase that the catches of cichlids are declining, but in effort (measured as number of canoes) or to this is not the case in the local fishers' underestimation of the catches in the earlier catches. Tilapias avoid gill nets and local studies or an overestimation in this study. This fishers have confirmed this. They therefore

34 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone use a different method called nifa nifa to Dr. Kouassi: Why did you use weight and not catch cichlids from the littoral areas. This number in computing species composition? method involves encircling an area to be D, Ofmi-Dansm.. Both weight and number fished with a net and then the fishersget into used. I just showed the results for the center and disturb the water so that fishes weight. escape into the net. Areas usually fished using this approach have aquatic vegetation.

Status of Fish Stocks in the Yeji Segment... 35 Status and Trends in Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture

J.K. Ofori Water Research Institute FO. Box 38, Accra, Ghana

OFORI, J.K. 2000. Status and trends in integrated agriculture-aquaculture in Ghana, p. 36-37. In E.K Abban, C.M.X Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf, Proc. 63,71 p.

hana had an estimated per caput fish con- no growth or decline because of a myriad of Gsumption of 20 kg in 1993. The country's constraints such as the absence of credit, un- main local sources of fish are marine catches availability of high-quality fingerlings, bad sit- and, to some extent, inland fisheries from the ing and poor construction of ponds, and lack of Volta lake and rivers. Pond production forms suitable extension materials particularly on in- an insignificant proportion of the national fish tegrated systems. supply, contributing only about 5 t-year-'. IAA in Ghana is influenced by ecological Catches from marine and inland capture fish- conditions and resource availability of which eries have stagnated or declined in recent years. water and on-farm wastes are the most impor- Consequently, given high population growth, tant. Agriculture in Ghana is mainly rainfed, fish availability will decline. despite many small and medium-sized irriga- Aquaculture is regarded as a means to tion systems totaling about 70 km2 (Prein and counter this. Ghana has the potential to in- Ofori 1996). Reduced rainfall could hinder the crease its fish production and availability adoption of IAA as it may result in unavailabil- through aquaculture and improved fisheries ity of off-farm byproducts. Less rainfall also management, including the integration of means less water for filling and topping up aquaculture and agriculture. Integrated aqua- ponds. Another factor is the use of water for culture-agriculture (MA) facilitates the effec- drinking purposes that, in low rainfall areas, tive recycling of on-farm wastes by utilizing might preclude off-farm wastes. It is therefore these in fish production. not surprising that aquaculture and IAA are In Ghana, about 2 000 farmers farm fish in confined to areas with ample water resources, a total pond area of 350 ha. On the average, such as southern Ghana, and to irrigated areas these ponds yield 1.O to 1.5.t ha-' of fish annu- in the north. Religion could also influence IAA ally. Available statistics on aquaculture perfor- adoption; e.g., a religion which does not accept mance from the Fisheries Directorate, Minis- fish produced from certain integrated systems try of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), suggests such as pig-fish. that over 50% of farmers have abandoned their Information from the MOFA agricultural ponds although there has been some improve- extension agents (AEAs) at the zonal Research ments in the past decade in the Western, Cen- and Extension Linkage Committee meetings tral, Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions (men- and extensive spot surveys on IAA adoption and tioned here in order of increasing aquaculture practice suggest the strong relationships be- activity). All other provinces registered either tween water/moisture levels and the predomi-

36 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone nant farming system practiced. Thus, in the Research and Development Center (ARDEC) northern regions of Ghana, which are located at Akosombo. These involved 100% broiler-fish within the savannah agroecological zone and and 50% broiler, 50% layer-fish trials. Results characterized by low annual rainfall (

Status and Trends in Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture ... 37 Status of Fish Stocks in Senegal

A. Diallo Centre de Recherches Oceanologique de Dakar-Thiaroye B. P 2241, Dakar, Senegal

DIALLO, A 2000. Status of fish stocks in Sinigal, p. 38-40. In E.K. Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf Proc. 63, 71 p.

enegal's 700-km marine coast supports dwellers such as Epinephelus and Dentex spp.; Sartisanal and industrial fisheries, targeting and (3) mixed species like Pagellus spp. (Barry- essentially two groups: pelagic fishes (sardines Gkrard et al. 1992). Many stocks have shown and mackerels, etc.) and demersal fishes, crus- signs of overexploitation, with the 0-60 m zone taceans and cephalopods. Landings are around as the most affected. This has favored, since 350 000 t.year-I, worth a total value of about 1986, the proliferation of cephalopods (Sepia US$250 million. Up to 1994, about two-thirds spp. and Octopus vulgaris). New fishing strate- of the total catch supplied the domestic mar- gies have appeared, such as mixed gears, and kets and one-third was exported. Landings in- the exploitation of new grounds for new and creased regularly until 1985, after which the value species. Some of these new strategies tar- major stocks became fully exploited and some geting high-value species for export have been overexploited (Caveriviere and Thiam 1992). detrimental to the local market. Compared to Artisanal and industrial fisheries employ artisanal fisheries, industrial fisheries take the more than 150 000 persons directly or indirectly. larger proportion of the demersal landings (e.g., Fishing is the second most important economic artisanal landings for fish [35 600 t] and shrimp sector of the country. There are conflicts be- [2 100 t] vs. their industrial landings [46 800 t tween artisanal and industrial fishers and for fish and 2 800 t for shrimp]). among artisanal fishers who use incompatible Inland fisheries in Senegal River and the gears in the same places. For more efficient Casamance estuary produced less than 20 000 t.yearl management and sustainable development of after a decade of drought in the Sahel zone (Diouf fishing, a new "code of fishing" was promul- et al. 1992). Aquaculture production is still less gated in 1998. The most important pelagic and than 200 t.year-' (Diallo et al. 1999). coastal species are sardines (Sardinella aurita Per caput consumption of fish is about 24 and S. maderensis) and chinchards (Trachurus kg.yearA1but with disparities between the trecae, T trachurus and Caranx rhonchus) (Barry- coastal zone and the inland areas (Diallo et al. Gerard et al. 1992). Their abundance depends 1999). Fish represents more than 70% of the essentially on the upwelling phenomenon. protein consumption and about 20% of family Artisanal fisheries represent about 70% of the diets (M. Chaboud, pers. comm.) but its avail- total landings and 90% of local fish consump- ability is decreasing because of the stagnation tion, e.g., 200 900 t from artisanal fisheries vs. of landings at around 300 000 t, high annual 21 500 t from industrial fisheries. population growth and overexploitation of Dernersal fisheries are composed of: (1) many stocks (Caveriviere and Thiam 1992). The scienids (estuarine and inshore populations); recommended level of fish consumption of (2) species that live below the thermocline, 34 kg.person-'.year-'will not be met in the near mainly sole, shrimp and sparids, plus bottom future (Diallo et al. 1999).

38 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Aquaculture has been tried only in the farming systems in rural agricultural areas us- Senegal river valley in the north (ponds, cages ing low-priced fish species. A second way is to and rice-fish culture), in the Saloum estuary in promote intensive aquaculture management the center (oyster culture) and in the Casa- through enterprises with a production not ex- mance (fish and shrimp ponds, integrated farm- ceeding 200 tnyear-' but with consideration of ing systems, fishpen culture). Production is still the risks these enterprises might pose on the less than 200 t.year-I (Diallo 1996; FA0 1997), environment. i.e., about 100 t of fish (mainly Oreochrornis niloticus) and 25 t of oyster (Crassostrea gasar). References Nevertheless, there is potential for aquaculture Aguilar-Manjarrez, J. and S.S. Nath. 1998. A strategic development in: reassessment of fish farming potential in Africa. new dams, constructed in the Senegal River CIFA Tech. Pap. 32. FAO, Rome. Barry-Gtrard M., M. KkbC and M. Thiam. 1992. Exploi- valley (Aguilar-Manjarrez and Nath 1998); tation des ressources halieutiques cbtikres dans les the Saloum estuary, for oyster culture, where eaux sous juridiction sknkgalaise, p. 291-310. In A.T. organized groups are now focusing on its pro- Diaw, A. EL, E Eouland, F!S. Diouf, L.-A. Lake, M.- A. Mbow, l? Ndiaye et M.D. Thiam (eds.) Gestion duction-the demand for oyster is very high des ressources cbtieres et littorales du Sinkgal. Pro- and the price is about US$4 per kilogram; ceedings of the Gorke Workshop, 27-29 July 1992, and IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Caverivitre A. and M. Thiarn. 1992. Indice d'abondance the low and middle Casamance, where nor- et niveau d'exploitation des esptces dtmersales du mal rainy seasons have returned and where plateau continental sknkgalais. Estimation i partir fish culture can find its place in farming sys- des risultats des campagnes de chalutage stratifie tems that are based on dammed valleys: pond (1986-1991). Doc. Sci. CRODT, no 132. Caveriviire A., E Domain and A. Diallo. 1997. Observa- culture, pen culture, rice-fish culture, oyster tions about the influence of temperature on the length culture and shrimp culture have great poten- of Ocwpur wlgaris embryonic development (Sinkgal, tial, and fish culture was traditionally prac- west-Africa). Poster presented at the International Sym- ticed here in ponds or as an alternative use posium on Cephalopod Biodiversity, Ecology and Evo- lution, 4-7 September 1997, Cape Town, South Africa. for ricefields (Diallo 1997). Diallo A. 1996. Pisciculture au Sinigal. Rapport pour la The government has created a consulting FAO, Sous Comitk des Peche et Aquaculture. FA01 scientific and technical committee for aqua- CPCA: 10 p. FAO, Rome. Diallo A. 1997. Biodiversity and genetics of farmed tilapia culture projects. Intensive tilapia culture will in Sinkgal, p. 15-16.Zn RS.V Pullin, C.M.V. Casal, E.K. be viable if feeds cost less than 200 FCFA Abban and T+M. Falk (eds.) The characterization of (US$0.36) per kilogram (Diallo et al. 1999). Ghanaian tilapia genetic resourcm for use in fishery and aquaculture. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 52,58 p. Recent trials on reproduction and growth of Diallo A., V. Amirault and A. Thierry. 1999. Faisabilitk Octopus vulgaris in captivity have shown new d'une ferme de production de tilapia: Oreochromis possibilities for its culture (Caverivitre et al. nilocicus a Ross-Bithio dans le delta du fleuve Sinigal. CREUFOP, Univ. Montpellier 2.45 p. + annexes. 1997; Domain et al. 1997). Diouf, ES., T. Bousso and H.D. Diadhiou. 1992. La peche dans les estuaires du Sinigal, p. 311-322. In A.T. Conclusion Diaw, A. BI, E Bouland, ES. Diouf, L.-A. Lake, M.- A. Mbow, F? Ndiaye et M.D.Thiam (eds.) Gestion Because of its importance, fishing is sub- des ressources cbtitres et littorales du Senegal. Pro- jected to many rules and laws for its manage- ceedings of the Gorie Workshop, 27-29 July 1992, ment as well as for the sustainable exploitation IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Domain E, A. Caverivitre and A. Diallo. 1997. Growth of of marine and coastal resources. With a recom- Octopus vulgaris in concrete tanks: first results in mendation to maintain catches at 300 000 t-year1 Stntgal. Poster presented at the International Sym- to encourage recruitment and decrease the loss posium: Cephalopod Eiodiversity, Ecology and Evo- of marine species diversity, the gap between fish lution, 4-7 September 1997, Cape Town, South Af- rica. supply and demand will further increase. One FAO. 1997. Review of the state of world aquaculture. FA0 solution is to develop well-managed integrated Fish. Circ. 886 (Rev.1): 47 p.

Status of Fish Stocks in SBnBgal 39 Discussion DT.Diallo: The coastal area of Stndgal is an Dr.Pullin: Could you give some idea about the important upwelling area, so the marine percentage of fish catches now exported fishery is very important. Inland fisheries and therefore not available for local con- contribute less than 200 t to national sumption? production. Dr.Diallo: Since the devaluation of the FCFA, Dr. Folack: Your definition of coastal and pelagic there has been a change in fishing strategy. resources is not very clear to me. Do you have Fishing is now concentrated on high-value demarcation for artisanal and industrial fishes and about 50% of the catch is fisheries in StnCgal? exported. Present catches do not meet local Dr. Diallo: I said that species living near the market demand. During the rainy season, mouth of rivers and those living in the there could be no fish in the local market for nearshore/littoral are coastal resources, those two to three days. further inland are the inland fisheries/ Dr. Laleye: The statistics you gave were mainly resources. There is a 12-mile exclusion zone for the marine sector. Is there any inform- from the coast for the semi-commercial fishers ation for inland fisheries? In Benin, inland and they have conflicts with the artisanal fisheries play a very important role. Is it the fishers. Commercial boats fishing in the same in Stnegal? artisanal zone are heavily fined when caught.

40 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Aquaculture Potential of a Landlocked Population of the Black-chinned Tilapia, Swotherodon melanotheron, in an Artificial Lake (Lake Ayame) in C6te dflvoire

N.I. Ouattaral, G.G. Teugels2 and J.C. Philippart3 'Universite de Liege, Laboratoire de demogaphie des poissons et d'aquaculture 4500 Tihange, Belgium Wniversitk de Cocody, UFR-Biosciences Laboratoire dlHydrobiologie Abidjan, C6te d'lvoire 3Laboratoire d'lchtyologie, Musee Royale de I'Afrique Centrale B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium

OUATTARA, N.I., G.G. TEUGELS AND J.C. PHILIPPART. 2000. Aquaculture potential of a landlocked popula- tion of the black-chinned tilapia, Sarothrodon melanorhem, in an artificial lake (Lake Ayarni) in CBte dlIvoire, p. 41- 43. In E.K Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 63,71 p.

rom 1994 to 1998, the University of Cocody abundantly in commercial catches from 1984 F(CBte d'Ivoire), the Katholieke Universiteit onwards. It was considered to be the result of Leuven (Belgium) and the Muske Royale de an introduction. I'Afrique Centrale (Belgium) conducted a Except for a general paper by Reizer (1966), project on the impact of the artificial lake, Lake no detailed study has been published on the Ayame, on the fishes in Bia River in CBte fishes of this lake since its construction in 1959. d'Ivoire. Based on fisheries statistics, it was There are no records of any introduction of the demonstrated that the black-chinned tilapia, black-chinned tilapia on the lake (Gourene et Sarotherodon melanotheron Riippell, 1852, com- al. 1999). It would be impossible that a species prised more than 50% of the commercial fish introduced in 1984 would already be abundant landings in the lake which, in 1996, were over in commercial catches in the same year. 1 000 t (Gourkne et al. 1999). Therefore, we believe that a population of S. melanotheron is a brackishwater tilapia, S. melanotheron was landlocked when the dam generally found in estuaries and lagoons, and was constructed. occasionally in estuaries and lower reaches of This new environment did not correspond coastal rivers from Sknkgal to Congo (Trewavas to the natural habitat of the species, which defi- and Teugels 1991). Trewavas (1983) recognized nitely includes, at least part of its life cycle, five subspecies. The one present in Lake Ayame brackish and running water. During the last 40 is S.m. melanotheron; its natural range is from years, this landlocked population has under- Monrovia (Liberia) to Cameroon (Teugels and gone severe selection in order to adapt progres- Thys van den Audenaerde 1992). It is locally sively to this artificial lake. This adaptation was known in the area as "84" because it was present highly successful and the species even

Aquaculture Potential of a Landlocked Population... 41 succeeded in replacing Oreochromis niloticus, in- Station, Belgium. Successful cage culture could troduced in 1960 and forming about 60% of the present an alternative to the increasing pres- commercial catches by 1966 (Reizer 1966). sures of commercial fisheries on the fish popu- 0. niloticus is now becoming rare in the lake. lations in Lake Ayame and could contribute to Falk et al. (in press) noted some morpho- their sustainable use. Moreover, it could guar- logical differences between the population from antee the availability of animal protein for the Lake Ayame amd those from neighboring la- local population. goons. However, allozyme studies of the same material (Adepo-Gourkne et al. 1998; Falk et References al., in press) failed to distinguish between these. Adtpo-Gourtne, B., L. Pouyaud, G.G. Teugels, M.M. No molecular studies have been conducted so Hanssens and J.EAgnkse. 1998. Morphological and genetic differentiation of West African popula- far to compare both populations. tions of Sarotherodon melanotheron Riippell, 1852 Konk and Teugels (in press) studied the re- (Teleostei, Cichlidae), p. 189-198. In J.F. Agnese productive strategies of this landlocked popu- (ed.). Genetics and aquaculture in Africa. ORSTOM, Paris. lation in Lake Ayame. Several adaptations were Eyeson, K.N. 1983. Stunting and reproduction in pond- noted, including lower fecundity and larger reared Sarothsrodon melanotheron. Aquaculture oocytes. The mean condition factor was, how- 31:257-267. ever, comparable to that of natural populations, Falk, T.M., G.G. Teugels, E.K. Abban, W. Villwock and L. Renwrantz. Morphometric and allozyme varia- indicating a good adaptation to pure freshwa- tion in the black-chinned tilapia Sarothsrodon ter conditions. melanotheron (Perciformes, Cichlidae) with a revision of the subspecies complex. J. Nat. Hist. (In press). In view of the success of S. melanotheron in Gilles, S., J.-B. Amon-Kothias and J.EAgnese. 1998. Com- Lake Ayame, it would be interesting to obtain parison of brackish water growth performances of information on its growth performance in these Sarotherodon melanotheron (Cichlidae) from three West artificial conditions. The aquaculture potential African populations, p. 199-210. In.J.E Agnhse (ed.) Genetia and aquaculture in Africa. ORSTOM, Paris. of this species has already been studied in Ebrik Gourtne, G., G.G. Teugels, B. Hugueny and DEE. Thys Lagoon (CGte dYIvoire)(Gilles et al. 1998; van den Audenaerde. 1999. Evaluation de la diversitt Legendre 1987; Legendre et al. 1989) and in ichtyologique d'un bassin ouest-africain apres la con- ponds in Nigeria (Eyeson 1983). The results struction d'un barrage. Cybium 23:147-160. Koni, T. and G.G. Teugels. Donnies sur la reproduc- obtained were not impressive (growth was be- tion d'un tilapia estuarien (Sarothrodon melanothaon) tween 0.32 and 0.50 geday-') and do not favor isoli dans un lac de barrage ouest africain. Aquat. commercial culture. Living Resour. (In press). Legendre, M. 1987. Influence de la densite, de l'tlevage A new four-year project between the Uni- rnonosexe et de l'alimentation sur la croissance de versity of Cocody (Cdte dYIvoire)and the Musee Tilapia guineensis et de Sarotherodon melanothewn Royale de 1'Afrique Centrale (Belgium) was ilevis en cage-enclos en lagune Ebrit (CBte d'hoire). started recently. The project will focus on the Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 19:19-29. Legendre, M., S. Hem and A. Cissi. 1989. Suitability of biology and exploitation of this landlocked brackish water tilapia species from the Ivory Coast population of S. melanotheron. It will compare for aquaculture. 11. Growth and rearing methods. the growth of fish from the landlocked popula- Aquat. Living Resour. 2:81-89. tion, under cage culture conditions, to that of Reizer, C. 1966. Amtnagement piscicole du lac artificiel d'Ayami (C8te d'Ivoire). Centre Technique Forestier fish of a natural population from a neighbor- Tropicale, Nogent-sur Marne. 108 p. ing lagoon. Several experiments will be con- Teugels, G.G. and D.EE. Thys van den Audenaerde. 1992. ducted, including a comparison of growth rates Cichlidae, p. 714-779. In C. Liveque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces of mixed and monosex populations. Interbreed- et saumitres de 1'Afrique de I'Ouest. Tome 2. Coll. ing between the landlocked and the natural Faune Trop. 28. ORSTOM, Paris 'and MRAC, Ter- population will be done to study the effect for vuren. possible heterosis. Their growth and produc- Trewavas, E. 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mu- tion performance under intensive rearing con- seum (Natural History), London. 583 p. ditions will be studied at the Tihange Research Trewavas, E. and G.G. Teugels. 1991. Sarotherodon, p. 425-

42 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone 437. In J. Daget, J.-EGosse, G.G. Teugels and D.EE. Dr. N'Douba: Studies undertaken in the Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.). Check-list of the Hydrobiology Laboratory of the University freshwater fishes of Africa. CLOFFA 4. ISNB, Bruxelles; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. of Cocody, Abidjan, show that Lake Ayame is not stable. I think that this is one of the reasons for the explosion of S. melanotheron Discussion in the lake. Dr. Brummett: The dam was closed in 1959. There was a trapped population of Dr. Teugels: The natural environment of S. melanotheron and 0. niloticus was intro- S. melanotheron includes both brackishwater duced in the same year. 0. niloticus took over and freshwater. The landlocked population initially and became the dominant species. was forced to spend its entire life cycle exclu- At present, S. melanotheron is the dominant sively in freshwater conditions, which species. Could you explain this change in probably led it through a severe process of dominance? adaptation. 0. niloticus is at present found only in the northern part of the lake, near the riverine source.

Aquaculture Potential of a Landlocked Population... 43 Fish Culture Potential and Biodiversity Conservation in the Cameroon Coastal Zone

J. Folack, C.E. Gabche and G.Y. Chiambeng Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research, Agricultural Research Institute for Development Research Station for Fisheries and Marine Sciences PMB 77, Limbe, Cameroon

FOLACK, J., C.E. GABCHE AND G.Y. CHIAMBENG. 2000. Fish culture potential and biodiversity conservation in the Cameroon coastal zone, p. 44-47. IVLE.K. Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pl~llin(eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf Proc. 63, 71 p.

The Cameroon Coastal Zone and this potential, fish culture in Cameroon is car- ried out mainly in the hinterland, where the Its Resources for Aquaculture present annual production (2 000 t) is ten times ameroon has a surface'area of 475 000 km2. below the annual production potential (20 000 t). CThe coastal zone stretches over 402 km There is a need therefore to develop fish cul- (Sayer et al. 1992) from the Nigerian border to ture in Cameroon's coastal zone using its high the Equatorial Guinean border. This zone has potential. Table 1 summarizes the characteris- 10 600 km2 of continental shelf, 2 700 km2 of tics of the main coastal rivers. mangroves (Valet 1973), and a dense river net- Based on the General Population Census of work, with many estuaries, natural reservoirs 1987, Cameroon's population was then about and lakes having a high potential for fish cul- 10.9 million with an annual growth rate of 3.2%. ture and biodiversity conservation. In spite of The coastal population in 1987 was about 1.4

Table 1. Cameroon's coastal river systems and hydrological zones.

Zone Major rivers Length (km) Catchment Sediment yield Flow range Total dissolved (drainage area; km2) (kg.yearl) (annual mean; maas-l) solids (pg.1-l)

West Cross 160 800 171-7 570 38.8 Ndian 246 Merne 300 Mungo 150 2 420 1.0~log 27-236 78.1 Wouri 250 82 000 49-1 425 43.6 Dibamba 150 2 400 480 28.4 Sanaga Sanaga 890 135 000 2.8 x lo9 500-5 700 96.3 (2 000) South Nyon9 800 14 000 26-376 19.1 (194) Lokoundje 185 Kienke 100 Lobe 80 1 900 Ntern 31 000 50-764 460 I (288) Source: Angwe and Gabche (1997).

44 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone million: a density of 51.72 inhabitants per kmz, History of Inland Fish Culture compared to the national average of 22.86. The Inland aquaculture in Cameroon dates back coastal zone is therefore among the most popu- to 1948 with the construction of the first fish lated areas of the country. This has resulted in culture dam in the capital city ofYaounde. This much pressure on fish biodiversity, with the was followed by the construction of 5 000 fish- overexploitation of fisheries resources and loss ponds in the eastern and central regions, and of aquatic genetic resources. by 1960, the administration had set up 22 sta- The coastal zone of Cameroon is character- tions for fingerling production; 10 000 fish- ized by a flat landscape, except where the ponds were also constructed. In 1969, the US Cameroon Mountain stretches into the Atlan- Peace Corps gave assistance to approximatively tic Ocean. Several swamps (Rio del Rey, Tiko 2 000 fish farmers. In 1973, the United Nations and the Cameroon estuary) have much poten- Development Programme financed a national tial for fish culture. In this equatorial maritime project on the development of fish culture in climate, temperatures are constantly above 25 "C Foumban and, in 1974, the US Peace Corps in- and there is heavy rainfall (above 4 000 mm.yearl) creased their efforts by developing intensive and high humidity throughout the year. The culture of common carp and extensive culture vegetation is dominated by mangroves in the of tilapia in dams and reservoirs. A lack of fin- areas of Rio del Rey, Tiko and the Douala estu- gerlings limited the development of carp cul- ary (Valet 1973) and coastal forest. The soils in ture. In 1980, the United States Agency for In- the coastal zone are mostly favorable for fish ternational Development revived fish culture culture. in rural areas using the following species: Preliminary studies carried out by Youmbi Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia zillii, I: rendalli, and Djama (1991), within the Tiko mangrove, Heterotis niloticus, Hemichromis spp., Clark spp. identified species with much potential for cul- and Cyprinus carpio. In the same year, the gov- ture in brackishwater. Other studies on phy- ernment created the Fisheries Research Station toplankton abundance (Folack 1988,1989) show based in Victoria (Limbe) with research pro- the potential of coastal waters around Kribi for grams covering the coastal zone and hinter- shrimp culture. Gabche and Hockey (1995) lands. These programs included aquatic noted the potential for culture ofMacrobrachium biodiversity conservation; nutrition, spawning vollenhovenii in the Kribi area. and pathology of Clarias, Heterotis and tilapias; Agroindustrial byproducts are widely avail- and a species inventory. able in the coastal zone as inputs for fish cul- ture (Table 2). They are rich in protein, carbo- hydrates and other nutrients and can be used Present Status of Institutions in making feeds for fish. and Constraints to Aquaculture Development Table 2. Agroindustrial byproducts for fish culture that are The Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Ani- available in Cameroon's coastal zone. mal Husbandry (MINEPIA) is responsible for Agroindustry Location Byproduct Yearly the development of aquaculture. It operates 12 average fish culture and 21 fingerling production sta- production (t) tions, all located inland. The ministry's tasks are - - to produce and distribute fingerlings; produce Flour mills Douala Wheat bran flour 206 Wheat bran pellets 219 fish for sale; and provide training and extension Palm oil Douala Palm kernel cake 5 725 services. The economic crisis and poor manage- Breweries Douala Brewery wastes 5 450 ment of the stations have made most of these Fishing companies Along the Fish waste coast Shell powder nonfunctional. In 1965, Cameroon had 10 000 Slaughter houses Main coastal Blood meal fishponds. Today there are only 5 300, of which - towns Burnt bone ~owder only 600 are located within the coastal zone. A

Fish Culture Pbtential and Biodiversity... 45 recent census from MINEPIA lists approxi- cage and pond culture. The main artificial dams mately 5 000 fish culturists in Cameroon. along the coast are those of Edea and Song Fish culture research is carried out by the Loulou on the Sanaga River. These dams sup- Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research ply electricity. They have also promoted the es- through the Institute of Agricultural Research tablishment of industries, such as paper, pulp for Development. The operational structures re- and aluminum, but their impact on fish sponsible within this institute are the Research biodiversity has received little attention. The Station for Fisheries and Marine Sciences, at impact of these dams, as seen in the reduction Limbe, which deals with marine and coastal of fish biodiversity downstream, calls for the waters, and the Research Substation for Fish improvement of fish culture and for biodiversity Culture, at Foumban, which deals with inland conservation. The rivers, their estuaries and the waters. continental shelf form centers of high aquatic In Cameroon, the problems faced with fish biodiversity for conservation (Folack 1997). culture within the coastal zone are mainly: Dams or reservoirs can be used for biodiversity conservation. They can likewise present suit- the presence of the dense mangrove and able conditions for fish culture. coastal forest, which reduce access to poten- tial sites; in addition, the construction of ponds requires felling trees, which is rela- Conclusion tively expensive; There is great potential for fish culture lack of technical know-how with respect to within Cameroon's coastal zone, an opportunity fingerling production, stocking and manage- to contribute to the external balance of trade of ment; fishery products and to satisfy national de- mand. The efforts needed to achieve this in- low level of education of operators; clude: poor management of fish culture stations; encouragement from the public sector; poor access to credit by the aquaculturists, improvement of credit facilities for fish culture; due to the inexperience of the local banking system with fish culture; participation of the private sector; lack of culture technology for local species improvement in national, regional and inter- (e.g., shrimps, prawns, mollusks, crocodiles, national cooperation; giant frogs, etc.); improvement in the working condition of apart from tilapias, no established techniques farm operators; and for breeding and growout for most cage cul- better use of the skills of research scientists ture; from national institutions. competition for land in the coastal zone, Projects should aim towards improvement mostly with agriculture; and of fish culture potential, biodiversity conserva- administrative bottlenecks involved in &- tion and improvement of living standards of the taining a fish culture license. coastal population in Cameroon.

Future Potential References Angwe, C.A. and C.E. Gabche. 1997. Quantitative esti- Inland waters 'Over about 39 600 km2' 8' of mation of land-based sources of pollution to the Cameroon's surface area; the continental shelf

coastal and marine environment of the Re~ublicr ~ ---- of- and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) cover Cameroon. FA0 contract. FG, Rome. 25 p + ap- 10 600 and 14 000 km2, respectively (Satia pendices. 1996)' In the Folack, J. 1988. Estimation et degradation de la 'One, the h~drologicalnet- chlomphylle dnns uric zone creveuicole: Kribi - work is concentrated within the rivers of the Cameroun (Golfe de Guinke). Cam. J. Biol. Eiochem. Atlantic basin (Table 1). These are favorable for Sci. 1(2):35-43.

46 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Folack, J. 1989. Etude prdiminaire du phytoplancton Discussion d'une zone cbtiere d'exploitation crevetticole (Kribi- Cameroon; Golfe de Guinie, Atlantique Centre Est). Dr. Yapi-Gnaore': In your presentation, you Cam. J. Biol. Biochem. Sci. 2(1):51-65. talked about obtaining licenses from various Folack, J. 1997. Impact of human activities on river re- ministries before embarking on fish culture. sources in Cameroon, p. 15-25. In K. Rename (ed.) African inland fisheries, aquaculture and environ- Is a license required for rural communities ment. FAO, Rome and Fishing News Books Ltd., or is it for entrepreneurs only? Forhman, UK. Gabche, C.E. and H.U.P Hockey. 1995. Growth and mor- Dr. Folack: A license is needed for big entre- tality of the giant African river prawn Macrobrachiurn preneurs but not for operating a backyard vol~nhovenii(Herklots): Crustacea, Palacmonidae in pond. This is one of the bottlenecks in the the Lobe River, Cameroon: A preliminary evalua- development of aquaculture in Cameroon tion. J. Shellfish Res. (14)1:185-190. Satia, N.EB. 1996. Coastal artisanal fishery production in since the process is cumbersome. West Africa: trends, constraints, initiatives and re- Dr. Abban: You said there are 22 stations gional strategies for development. Aquaculture in Africa, p. 71-103. In K. 0.Adenifi (ed.) Proceedings established to produce fingerlings. How of the Fourth Session of the O.A.U. Inter-African much is produced and who uses them if there Committee on Oceanography, Sea and Inland Fish- is very little aquaculture going on as you have eries. Brazzaville, Congo. indicated in your report? Sayer, J.A., C.S. Harcourt and N.M. Collins. 1992. The conservation atlas of tropical forest-Africa. McMillan Dr. Folack: There are a lot of individuals Publishing Ltd., London. Valet, G. 1973. Apergu sur la vigitation marine du involved in aquaculture on a small-scale Carneroun. Ann. Fac. Sci. Univ. YaoundC. No 151 basis. Actually, fingerling production cannot 16:17-24. meet the demand in the country since most Youmbi, T.J. and T. Djama. 1991. Faune ichthyologique of the fingerling stations have been de la mangrove de Tiko. Rap. Tech. Proj. Comarafl UNESCO:23-29. abandoned.

Fish Culture Potential and Biodiversity... 47 Freshwater Ichthyological Diversity in C6te d'lvoire: Characterization, Utilization and Conservation

V. N'Doubal, G.G. Teugels2 and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde3 'Lahatoire d'Hydrobiologie, UFR Biosciences Universitk de Cocody - Abidjan 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Cdte d'lvoire 2Section des Vertkbks, Laboratoire d'lchtyologie, Musk Royale de I'Afrique Centrale B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium 3K.U. Leuven, Zoological Institute, Section for Ecology and Aquaculture 3000 Leuven, Belgium

V N'DOUBA, G.G. TEUGELS AND D.F.E. THYS VAN DEN AUDENAERDE.2000. Freshwater ichthyological diversity in Cbte d'lvoire: characterization, utilization and conservation, p. 48-49. In E.K. Abban, C.M.V.Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf: Proc. 63,

rom 1994 to 1998, a Belgo-Ivoirian project West Africa. In view of the results obtained in Fentitled "Evolution of Biodiversity After the the project, and considering the increasing Construction of a Dam: Case of the River Bia" anthropogenic activities (industrial and agricul- was undertaken to study the biodiversity of the tural pollution, dam construction, etc.), which fishes in this basin. It showed that the hydro- impact on the fish populations in rivers and electric dam had a considerable impact on the lakes, a new exhaustive study of fish diversity in diversity and distribution of fish (Gourtne et CBte dYIvoireseems necessary. This will be thme al., in press). Also the food regime of some com- subject of a new five-year project (1999-2004) mercial fish species in the artificial lake dif- involving the University of Cocody (Laboratory fered significantly from that in natural, river- of Hydrobiology, Abidjan), the University of ine environments (Kouamelon et al. 1997, Leuven, Section for Ecology and Aquaculture, 1999). It also showed that the landlocked and the Laboratory of Ichthyology, Musee Royale population of the estuarine black-chinned tila- de I'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren. The project, pia, Sarotherodon melanotheron, developed a re- which will be financed by the Government of Bel- productive strategy different from the one in gium, has the following objectives: its natural environment (Kone and Teugels characterize the fish diversity in the coastal 1999). The project also included the study of basins of C8te dYIvoire;this will lead to the gill parasites that led to the description of sev- development of a field guide with identifica- eral new species (N'Douba and Lambert 1999a, tion keys, diagnostic descriptions, distribu- b; N'Douba et al. 1997a, b, c; N'Douba et al., in tion data and illustrations; press). Overall, the project contributed to a establish a scientific reference collection of clearer picture of the present state of fish di- fishes from CBte d'Ivoire; versity in this basin. establish an index of biotic integrity for some Teugels et al. (1988) considered the fish di- basins that will allow the identification of dis- versity of CGte d'Ivoire as the best known in turbed and intact areas; and

48 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone propose measures that can contribute to bet- mandibularis (Giinther, 1867) (Schilbeidae) en CBte ter conservation of fish diversity in order to d'Ivoire. J. Afr. 2001. 111(6):481-487. N'Douba, V., A. Lambert and L. Euzet. Gill parasites of guarantee its sustainable use. the genus Quadriacanthus Paperna, 1961 from Heterobranchus longr'dis and Heterobranchus isoptems with descriptions of seven new species from CBte References d'Ivoire, West Africa. Syst. Parasitol. (In press). Gourkne, G., G.G. Teugels, B. Hugueny and D.EE. Thys Teugels G.G., C. LMque, D. Paugy and K. Traore. 1988. van den Audenaerde. 1999. Evaluation de la diversit6 Etat des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des ichtyologique d'un bassin ouest-africain aprh la con- bassins cbtiers de CBtc d'Ivoire et de 1'Ouest du struction d'un barrage. Cybium 23(2):147-160. Ghana. Rev. Hydrobiol. Tropic. 21(3):221-237. Kone, T. and G.G. Teugels. 1999. Donnees sur la repro- duction d'un tilapia estuarien (Sarothsrodon melanothsron) isolt dans un lac de barrage ouest- Discussion africain. Aquat. Living Resour. 12(4):289-293. DT.AgnJse: Concerning the reference collection Kouamelan, E E., G. Gourtne, G.G. Teugels, V. N'Douba and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde. 1997. Diversiti of specimens, I would like to suggest that morphologique du tube digestif chez 39 especes de tissue specimens be included. These will be poissons africains et relation avec la classification useful for genetic work in the future. ichtyologique. J. Afr. Zool. 11l(2): 109-119. Kouamelan, E E., G.G. Teugels, G. Gourkne, E Ollevier Dr. Laleye: What is the difference between this and D.EE. Thys van den Audenaerde. 1999. The project and the other project in progress (that effect of a man-made lake on the diet of the African of N.I. Ouattara)? Why don't you electric fish Mormyrus rums Valenciennes, 1846 (Osteoglossiformes; Mormyridae). Hydrobiologia characterize fish diversity first before the 380;141-151. proposed monitoring? N'Douba, V. and A. Lambert. 1999a. Deux Monogenes nouveaux parasites branchiaux de C1al.ias ebriensi Dt N'Douba: The first project is completed. I Pellegrin, 1920 (Siluriforme, Clariidae) en Cbte think that surveys are needed first. This will d'Ivoire. J. Afr. Zool. involve the collection of parameters, both N'Douba, V. and A. Lambert 1999b. Un nouveau biological and chemical. During this process, Macrogvrodactylus (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae) para- site de Hetsrobranchus longiflis Valenciennes, 1840 evaluation will be carried out to select sites (Teleostetn, Siluriforme). Zoosystema 21(1):7-11. for monitoring. N'Douba, V., A. Pariselle and L. Euzet. 1997a. Espkes nouvelles du genre Annulotrema Papsrna and Dr. Pullin: Have you secured adequate funds Thurston, 1969 (Monogenea, Ancyrocephalidae) for this work? There has been a lot of parasites de Hepetus ohe (Bloch, 1794) (Teleostei, introduction of fish species to CBte dyIvoire. Hepsetidae) en Cbte d'Ivoire. Parasite 4:55-61. N'Douba, V., D.l?E. Thys van den Audenaerde and A. I hope that in this project you can find out if Pariselle. 1997b. Description d'une espkce nouvelle the introduced species have become de monogene ectoparasite branchial de Tilapia established? guineensis (Bleeker, 1862) (Cichlidae) en CBte d'Ivoire. J. Afr. Zool. 11 1(5):429-433. Dr. N'Douba: We do not yet have sufficient N'Douba, V., A. Pariselle, D.F.E. Thys van den funds and would welcome more to enable us Audenaerde and L. Euzet. 1997~.Especes nouvelles to look into the effects of introduced species. du genre Schilbertem Paperna and Thurston, 1%8 (Mon-ogenea, Ancyrocephalidae) parasites de Sch&

Freshwater ichthyological Diversity.. . 49 Impacts de I'environnement sur le peuplement de poissons en CBte d'lvoire (eaux continent ale^)^ Environmental Impacts of the Onchocerciasis Programme on the Freshwater Fish

C.N. Kouassi and I. Dembele Centre National de la Recherche Agronomique 01 BP 621 Bouake 01, Cdte d'lvoire

KOUASSI, C.N.AND I. DEMBELE. 2000. Impacts de l'environnement sur le peuplement de poissons en CBte d'Ivoire (eaux continentales). Environrriental impacts of-the Onchoccrciasis programme on the freshwater fish communities in CBte d'Ivoire, p. 50.111E.K. Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use offish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Con6 Proc. 63, 71 p.

Resume n'a ete decelee, mais il y a eu par contre une es impacts de l'environnement sur le rarefaction importante de certaines especes telles Lpeuplement ichtyologique en Cbte d'Ivoire, que Barbus trispilos et Barbus sublineatus a Pont ont ere analyses a travers les donnees collectees frontiere. par le programme Onchocercose de I'OMS. Cette analyse a porte sur a composition specifique, la Abstract structure d'8ge du peuplement er l'abondance rela- Implemented from 1974 to 1998, the Onchocer- tive sur les stations de Ganse, Pont frontiere et de ciasis Programme of the World Health Organiza- Niakaramadougou de 1974 a 1998. tion conducted studies of its environmental impacts Ces trois parametres ont subi des modifications on some freshwater fish populations in CBte inlportantes sur les trois stations. La periode la d'Ivoire. Parameters such as species composition, plus critique semble avoir kte le debut des annees age structure and abundance of fish populations SO. La situation au niveau des stations d'etude de were analyzed at three riverine stations: Ganse, Port Pont frontiere et Game semble s'amkliorer depuis Frontiere and Niakaramadougou. These three pa- le dibut de la decennie 90. Par contre sur la sta- rameters showed important changes. The critical tion d'etudc de Niakararnadougou, la structure period seems to have been in the early 1980s. The d'iige du peuplement est encore anormale car les situation at Gand and Port Frontiere seems to have juveniles ne presentent la proportion majoritaire. improved in the 1990s. However, at Niakara- Au niveau specifique, aucune disparition d'espece rnadougou, the age structure of the populations remained abnormal, with a deficit of juveniles. No species extinctions were noted, but there was evi- I This paper was originally written in French; the abstract was translated into English for this proceedings. A complete copy of this dence of scarcity of certain species, such as Barbus paper, In French, is available from the authors or from ICLARM. trispilos and B. sublineatus at Port Frontiere.

50 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Acudia Fisheries Enhancement Systems in Benin: Their Productivity and Environmental Impacts

F! Laleye Universite Nationale du Benin FSAIUNB BP 526 Cotonou, Benin

LALEYE, P. 2000. Acadja fisheries enhancement systems in Benin: their productivity and environmental impacts, p. 51- 52. 1t1 E.K. Abban, C.M.v Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Con6 Proc. 63, 71 p.

cadjas are "brush park" type installations cies. They offer shelter from predators, suit- A that are found in several West African able places for breeding and, above all, a high coastal lagoons (Welcomme 1972). In Benin, abundance of food: as periphyton on the sur- acadjas originated in Lake Nokoue and the face of the branches and as a bottom fauna Porto-Novo lagoon complex at the beginning enriched by decaying wood. Sarotherodon of thecentury. They continue to flourish in some melanotheron is the dominant species (77.3%) of the lagoons in Benin, where fish production caught. The total length of individuals caught by acadjas represents between 15 and 30% of in acadjas varies from 9 to 30 cm (mean 17.4 fish landings. The number of acadjas in Lake crn; n = 589). The second and third most Nokoue and the Porto-Novo Lagoon was esti- dominant species in the catches are mated at 12 218 in 1996, covering an area of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (17.3%) and Tila- 6 691 ha (Gbaguidi and Djanato 1997). pia guineensis (2.1 %) . Welcomme (1972) reported 6 407 acadjas (sur- One of the advantages of acadjas is the pos- face area 156 ha) in 1970. In 1959, there were sibility of natural restocking of the environ- 35 661 acadjas covering 433 ha. Acadja fish pro- ment. Acadjas spread fish larvae and fry around duction in the two lagoons totaled 4 060 t in the entire ecosystem. As a result, the yields of 1959, 838 t in 1970 (Welcomme 1972), and fishes caught with nets and through other fish- 6 134 t in 1998. While the number of and areas ing techniques near the acadjas in the lagoons covered by acadjas have increased, their pro- of Benin have improved. However, acadjas have ductivity has decreased: 5.625 taha-l.year-' in some negative environmental impacts. The 1959; 3.9 taha-layear-' in 1970; 4.1 t-ha-y year-' in mangroves of lagoons in Benin are being de- 1981; and 1.92 t-ha-'.year1in 1998. One of the stroyed to supply wood for acadjas and this de- principal causes is the yearly decrease of the den- forestation continues in other areas of the coun- sity and the quality of branches used to make try. Moreover, water flows and exchange in the acadjas. Welcomme (1972) reported the use of ecosystems with acadjas are reduced because of 12 to 16 branchesm-2.Nowadays this density is the accumulation of branches. This also accen- 3-7 branchesm2 and the wood used is not from tuates pollution. These problems could be the same hard species as before. solved partially by establishing wood planta- Acadjas function by artificially replicat- tions around the lagoons and the reorganiza- ing the habitat favored by certain fish spe- tion of this fishing method.

Acadja Fisheries Enhancement Systems ... 51 References Mr. Agbogah: In efforts to replant mangroves, Gbaguidi, A. and M. Djanato. 1997. Enquete cadre plans did you consider the idea of providing d'eau du BCnin. D/P&hes. Cotonou, Binin. woodlots, especially using acacia? Welcomme, R. 1972. An evaluation of the acadja method of fishing as practiced in the coastal lagoons of DT.Laleye: We have provided these, but the Dahomey (West Africa). J. Fish Biol. 4:39-55. fishers insist that the mangroves are better; hence, they continue to cut them. Discussion Mr. Kwarfo-Apegyah: Is acadja a system of Ms. Entsua-Mensah: How successful has been culture? Ate the benefits of acadja more than the program of replanting mangroves in the environmental damage it can cause? Benin? Should you continue advocating its use? Dr. Laleye: It has been going on effectively. Dr. Laleye: It is not aquaculture because in Dr. Kouassi: Do you limit the size of the fish aquaculture you are sure ofwhat you culture, that are caught in the acadja? and that is not the case with acadja. I think DT.Laleye: The size depends on the species and acadja is good as long as the fishers are well the net that the fishers use to fish in the organized. As for the benefits, acadja ensures acadja. With S. melanotheron, there is no that there will be some production from the problem with the size as they are good-sized waterbody. fish, but with Chrysichthys, 70-80% of them are caught before they attain first maturity.

52 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Session 4 International Cooperation Freshwater Fishes of Ghana: Identification, Distribution, Ecological and Economic Importance

H.R. Dankwal, E.K. Abbanl and G.G. Teugels2 Water Research Institute PO. Box 38, Achimota, Ghana Labora toire d'lchtyologie, Musee Royale de I'Afrique Centrale B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium

DANKWA, H.R. ,EX. ABBAN AND G.G. TEUGELS . 2000. Freshwater fishes of Ghana: identification, distribu- tion, ecological and economic importance, p. 54-55. In E.K. Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V.Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf: Proc. 63, 71 p.

ish is an important natural resource world- and management of any resource (be it miner- Fwide and especially so in Ghana where most als, timber or animals) is to know where the of the animal protein requirements of its people resource. occurs and its current status. Such are obtained from fish. Luckily, Ghana has nu- information on the fish fauna of Ghana has been merous inland water systems such as the Volta inadequate and there has been no comprehen- River (Black and White Voltas), Oti, Pru and sive document on Ghana's freshwater fish Asukawkaw that all flow through the Volta sys- fauna. tem into the Atlantic Ocean. Other rivers (Pra, In view of this, scientists from the Water Re- Offin, Birim, Tano, Bia, Ankobra, Densu, etc.) search Institute of the Ghana Council for Scien- empry into the Atlantic Ocean mostly as indi- tific and Industrial Research and the Musie vidual rivers. Associated with the Volta system Royale de l'Afrique Centrale, Temuren, Belgium, is Lake Volta, the largest artificial lake in Af- engaged in collaborative research over several rica, which covers an area of 8 482 km2. The years to produce the book Freshwater fishes of most important natural lake in the country is Ghana - identzficatwn, distribution, ecological and Lake Bosomtwi. Associated with the inland economic importance. drainage are a number of brackishwater eco- The book is in two parts. Part 1 discusses a systems (lagoons and estuaries) along the 550 key for the identification of the fish families km coastline. All of these waterbodies-rivers, that occur in Ghana. Part 2 contains informa- lakes, lagoons and estuaries-offer diverse habi- tion on the aspects of the ecology, economic and tats for fish. conservation status of the species, and the dis- Biologists as well as the government are pres- tribution of fish species in the major freshwa- ently concerned with the conservation and man- ter systems in Ghana as well as a key for identi- agement of Ghana's biodiversity and natural fication. The various species are illustrated with resources, particularly fish, because of the diagrams and, in some cases, colored pictures threats of overfishing and environmental deg- to make identification easier. Freshwater fishes radation (pollution and destruction of vegeta- considered in this document include the pri- tion). The starting point for the conservation mary and secondary freshwater species that

54 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone spend their entire life cycle in freshwater. In pated in time. The document will be useful not all, 28 families, 73 genera and 157 species are only to scientists but also to policymakers, gov- recognized, including 121 species from the Volta ernment and nongovernment organizations, system and nine species endemic to Ghana. companies engaged in the ornamental fish ex- The production of this book was made pos- port business, district assemblies, educators and sible through the assistance of the Muste Royale students. de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium; the The full reference of this book is: Dankwa, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; H.R., E.K. Abban and G.G. Teugels. 1999. the Natural History Museum, London; the On- Freshwater fishes of Ghana: identification, dis- chocerciasis Control Programme; and tribution, ecological and economic importance. ORSTOM. Ann. Sci. 2001. Vol. 283.53 p. Musee Royale de This book is viewed as a baseline document 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium. and thus reviews and refinements are antici-

Freshwater Fishes of Ghana... 55 Research on Improved Germplasm for Aquaculture at the WARM Regional Research Center for Africa and West Asia and a Note on the Domestication of

R.E. Brurnmett International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management - The World Fish Center I? 0,Box 241 6, Cairo, Egypt

BRUMMETT,R.E. 2000. Research on improved germplasm for aquaculture at the ICLARM Regional Research Center for Africa and West Asia and a note on the domestication of Heterotis niloticus, p. 56-58. Iti E.K. Ahban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf Proc.

CLARM's genetics research program at the growth and FCE of what appear to be the two IRegional Research Center for Africa and best species, 0. niloticus and 0. aureus. At the West Asia in Abbassa, Egypt, began in 1998. At end of the last season (1998), the top 10% of Abbassa, ICLARM has two genetics research each population was selected and overwintered. staff, Dr. Mahmoud Rezk and Dr. Ebtehag They were being spawned and grown against Mohammed. In 1998, ICLARM-Egypt worked control populations for another round of evalu- on the characterization of three Egyptian strains ation and selection in 1999. This work comple- of Oreochromis niloticus and one each of 0.aureus, ments the research being conducted under the Sarotherodon galilaeus and Tilapia zillii. These International Network on Genetics in Aquac- populations were characterized in terms of ulture at the Egyptian Central Laboratory for growth, yield, food conversion efficiency (FCE), Aquaculture Research, which receives financial cold tolerance and several market characteris- and logistical support from ICLARM. However, tics of local importance. 0. aureus performed the mixed track record for mass selection of ti- slightly less well than 0. niloticus during the lapias (e.g., Pullin and Capili 1988, Cisse and warm summer months, but caught up and ex- Da Costa 1994) renders uncertain the projected ceeded the mean performance of 0. niloticus in outcome of this project. the autumn. Other data are now being analyzed In the attempt for a more effective strategy, and prepared for publication. a new project will be started this year entitled The information generated in the character- "Genetic Enhancement of Tropical Aquaculture ization exercise was used in the establishment Species by Combined Selection, Marker-As- of a program of mass selection for improved sisted Selection and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping". It will be a collaborative ven-

a ICLARM Contribution No. 1567 ture with Auburn University, with support from

56 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone the United States Agency for International be strengthened by the provision of informa- Development. The project will have four main tion services and training in new approaches phases: (1) measuring heritability and genetic in participatory research and development that correlations for growth, FCE, resistance to have been successfully implemented in Malawi. stress (low DO, NH,), sexual maturation and The main outputs of this network will be: (1) a harvestability; (2) gene mapping of the QTL core set of H. niloticus culture techniques suit- for these traits; (3) development of selection able for small-scale users; (2) a new farmer par- indices; and (4) evaluation of selection. ticipatory research paradigm used by partici- Funding is being sought to support a con- pating NARS; and (3) a pioneering group of ference on biosafety issues pertaining to the dis- market-oriented H. niloticus farmers in each semination of genetically enhanced fish, includ- participating country. ing genetically modified organisms (GMOs), with special reference to the tilapias within References Africa. This conference will be held in Abbassa Ciss6, A. and S.K. Da Costa. 1994. La pisciculture du ti- and will include senior fisheries and environ- lapia en CBte d'Ivoire p. 24-33. In J.E Agntse (ed.). mental representatives from throughout the Comptes rendus de I'aterlier biodiversity et aquacul- continent. The main issue will be the possible ture. Centre de recherches octanographiques, impact of fish improvement and movement on Abidjan, CBte d'lvoire; EU, Brussels; and ORSTOM, Paris. 115 p. the environment and indigenous biodiversity. Pullin, R.S.V.and J.B. Capili. 1988. Genetic improvement Other important topics that need consideration of tilapias: problems and prospects, p. 259.266. In are international property rights as they relate R.S.V. Pullin, T. Bhukasawan, K. Tonguthai and J.L. to aquatic GMOs; specific concerns about the Maclean (eds.) The Second International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 15, movement of fish germplasm from one country 623 p. to another (e.g., quarantine); generally accepted practice and laws governing the movement of Discussion farmed species; individual African country ob- jectives for GMOs; and design and execution Dr. Pullin: For a number of years, I have of experiments aimed at establishing criteria wondered why nobody tried to culture 0. for assessing the impact of GMOs. aureus. It is as good as 0. niloticus as far as growth potential is concerned. I think it is not being done because people say it has Domestication some harvesting and husbandry drawbacks. But from what you have presented, I think of Heterotis niloticus it might be worth selectively improving 0. The domestication of Heterotis niloticus has aureus for culture. been under study in Cameroon and CBte Dr. Brummett: I think it is a good species, my d'Ivoire, for some years. The focus has been on concern is how to produce centrally im- reproduction and larval rearing. These pro- proved germplasm for Africa. It requires grams are, however, chronically underfunded some sort of organized and centralized and lack access to research results from other hatchery capability. The major problem has countries. When progress is made at the experi- been the lack of fingerlings. mentation station, adoption of results is low due largely to the outdated technology transfer Dr. Pullin: The literature that exists at the methodologies. moment will discourage production of 0. aureus. ICLARM is seeking funding for a network that would bring together the main research Dr. Abban: Does the information on the relative centers working on H. niloticus to coordinate, growth of 0. aureus and 0,niloticus show that rationalize and share findings. These efforts will 0. aureus performs better during cold

Research on Improved Germplasm for Aquaculture... 57 periods? Dr. Brummett: We think we should know more about the environmental impact of geneti- : Brummett: 0. aureus probably grows 90% as good as 0. niloticus under most conditions, cally improved species before we release them. The GIFT project demonstrated that and better than 0. niloticus in cold water. tilapias can be selectively bred and one of Maybe the greatest asset of 0. aureus is not the most important things was a good its growth rate during the cold season, but diverse-based population. This will be the fact that it survives. important in breeding regardless of the scale. Dr. Abban: You are now trying a different Another aspect of the GIFT project was approach from the GIFT project. Is the pro- training. duct going to be usable?

58 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone A History of Productive Partnershipsa

R.S.V. Pullin International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management - The World Fish Center MCPO Box 2631, 071 8 Makati City, Philippines

PULLIN, R.S.X 2000. A history of productive partnerships, p. 59-60. In E.K. Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Conf Proc. 63, 71 p.

n 1985, because of the generous support of ICLARM on tilapia genetic resources research. Ithe Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaftliche Throughout the 1990s) these partnerships to Zusammenarbeit (BMZ) through the Deutsche pursue research and training on tilapia genetic Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit resources received constant support from BMZ/ (GTZ), the International Center for Living GTZ. This collaboration, founded on the rela- Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) tionships established in the 1980s, continued was able to explore, for the first time in its his- with the project "Research on the Tilapia Ge- tory, collaborative partnerships to undertake re- netic Resources of Ghana for their Future Con- search for aquaculture development in rural servation and Management in Aquaculture and Africa. Fisheries (199 1-1996)". This was followed in These explorations led to a major project in 1997 by the current project "Fish Biodiversity MalaGi and also initiated contacts with the In- in the Coastal Zone: a Case Study on the Ge- stitute of Aquatic Biology (IAB), Ghana, now netic Diversity, Conservation and Sustainable called the Water Research Institute (WRI). Use in Aquaculture and Fisheries of the Black- Additional funding from BMZ through the chinned Tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron) in "Germany-Israel Third World Aquaculture Re- West African Coastal Lagoons and Water- search Cooperation" program supported col- courses", which has been extended up to March laboration (1986-1990) among ICLARM, the 2002. Thus, the WRI, ZIM-UH and ICLARM Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) Is- partnerships have enlarged their scope to cover rael, the Technion Israel Institute of Technol- the West African region, focusing on the devel- ogy (T/IIT), the Institute fiir Meerseskunde at opment of methods for wide use, based on a Kiel University (IFM) and colleagues across model species and its management and potential. Africa resea.rching on fishponds in the project The IAB/WRI-ICLARM collaboration in "Operational Management of Aquaculture the 1990s included not only fish genetic re- Pond Systems in Developing Countries". Par- sources research but also research aimed di- allel to this collaboration, the same donor sup- rectly at aquaculture development. From 1991 ported a project from 1986 to 1990 among ARO, to 1994, ICLARM collaborated with the IAB, IAB, Zoological Institute and Zoological Mu- the International Institute for Rural Recon- seum - University of Hamburg (ZIM-UH) and struction (IIRR), Philippines, the Institute of ICLARM called "Utilization of Tilapia Genetic Renewable Natural Resources, University of Resources for Aquaculture." Thus began the Science and Technology, Ghana, and the Ghana partnerships among IABPRI, ZIM-UH and Rural Reconstruction Movement (GhRRM), on the project "Research for the Future Develop- a ICIARM Contribution No. 1568. ment of Aquaculture in Ghana", again funded

A History of Productive Partnerships 59 by BMZIGTZ. The project team conducted ex- aquaculture and fisheries requires considerably tensive participatory research on integrated more research, training and sharing of infor- smallholder farming systems in the Mampong mation in West Africa and other developing Valley, Akuapem, and organized substantial regions. WRI, ZIM-UH and ICLARM have all training courses and workshops for national been strengthened as institutions through this staff and collaborators. The positive results for collaboration, and the scientific publications, farmers included increased income from veg- training and development of new methods that etable and fish production and better family it facilitated has yielded benefits at the local, nutrition, especially with respect to micronu- national, regional and international levels. The trients. partners in this collaboration are deeply grate- WRI, ZIM-UH and ICLARM hope for fur- ful to the Federal Republic of Germany for the ther support beyond September 1999 to enable sustained support of their activities through the their highly productive partnerships to con- BMZ/GTZ. tinue. The management of genetic resources for

60 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone ~ ~~~ The Data in FishBasea

C.M.V. Casal International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management - The World Fish Center MCPO Box 2631, 071 8 Makati City, Philippines

CASAL, C.M.X 2000. The data in FishBase, p. 61-62. In E.K Abban, C.M.V Casal, T.M.Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLARM Cod Roc. 63,71 p.

ishBase is a repository of available infor- * the largest existing compilations of fish mor- Fmation on the taxonomy, biology, ecology, phology, metabolism, gill area, brain size, eye occurrence and utilization of fish (Froese and pigment, and swimming speeds - for zoolo- Pauly 1998). As an electronic encyclopedia on gists and physiologists; fish, it gives users access to information on fin- data on diet composition, trophic levels, food fish from a wide array of published sources consumption and predators as inputs for (journals, reports, etc.) through a user-friendly trophic and ecological modelling - for ecolo- CD-ROM and via the internet. Over 23 500 fin- gists; fish species of the 25 000 species known to hu- genetic traits and culture performance data mans are included in the FishBase 99 version as well as the foundation for a global strains as well as on the web (http://fishbase.org/ registry - for aquaculturists; search.cfm). the largest compilation of chromosome num- FishBase allows for quick access to informa- bers and allele frequencies - for geneticists; tion from a wide range of topics important for the management and sustainable use of fishes. proximate analyses of fish, as well as process- It contains different things for different people. ing recommendations (for marine species) - For example: for the fishing industry; the largest existing compilation of popula- a listing of all sport fishes occurring in a par- tion dynamics data - for fisheries managers; ticular country - for anglers; and graphs illustrating basic concepts of fish bi- over 82 500 common names of fishes, together ology - for teachers and students; with the language/culture in which they are used and comments on their etymology - for fuhes Eschmeyer's 1998 Catalog of databases - scholars interested in local knowledge. for taxonomists; A summary of the data available in the a list of threatened fishes, for any given coun- FishBase 99 version is given in Table 1. try, from the 1996 IUCN Red List - for con- servationists; Table 1. Data available in FishBase 99 (Froeseand Pauly 1999). a chronological, annotated list of fish intro- of caved >23 500 ductions to any country - for policymakers; Number of common names >89 500 knowledge gaps on a particular species can be identified - for research scientists as well Number languages included <200 as funding agencies; Information topics covered 55 Number of publications cited >I6 800 ' ICLARM Contribution No. 1569. Coverage of commercially important species 100%

The Data in FishBase 61 All data incorporated into FishBase are Frome, R., E. Capuli and D. Pauly. 1999. The FishBase backed by source references. Visual represen- project eight years after: progress, impact and future directions. http://fishbase.org/Download tations of data and graphical features are also Fbimpact6.zip. 8 December 1999. available for ease of interpretation, e.g., length- weight data. Over 13 000 pictures of fishes are incorporated in the latest:version and point data Discussion in maps display species distribution and occur- Dr. Da Costa Kouassi: How do I collaborate with rence. FishBase can be used to create national you regarding FishBase? I have some photos databases on fish, which will contain all infor- of fish. mation available in FishBase and are freely ac- cessible for further input by national scientists. Ms. Casal: You could send us your photos and FishBase collaborates with over 400 scientific give us some specifications, e.g., where you institutions and fish specialists. The Museum took them, the Lame of the photographer, National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, the name of the fish, etc. Musee Royale de 1'Afrique Centrale in Ter- Dr. Laleye: What criteria do you use to deter- vuren, FAO, IUCN and the California Academy mine if a species is commercially important? of Sciences are among the collaborators who Ms. Casal: We consider fishes used in com- have agreed to have their own large electronic mercial fisheries, aquaculture and aquarium databases incorporated into FishBase. trade as commercially important. As of March 1999, over 1 500 CD-ROM us- ers from 1 100 institutions in 143 countries were Mr. Agbogah: Do we have to wait for another registered users of FishBase; 60% of these were manual to guide us in the detailed use of fisheries departments, universities, libraries FishBase or should we try to develop our own and nongovernment organizations (Froese et al. manual? 1999). The FishBase internet site is currently Ms. Casal: The FishBase manual is user- receiving about 2 700 hits per day with 377 ex- friendly. But if you want to get into the data tended user sessions of 12 minutes duration. and create graphs and link different tables Scientists are welcome to collaborate with together, you can e-mail us and we will help Fishbase to improve and increase its utility. you with your queries. We received a suggestion to include a chapter in the manual References to show people how to do this. Froese, R,and D. Pauly, Editors. 1998. FishBase 98: con- Dr. Pullin: Most of FishBase is available on the cepts, design and data sources. ICLARM, Manila, Internet, with facilities so that data can be Philippines. 293 p. Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Editors. 1999. FishBase 99. World manipulated and compared with those of Wide Web electronic publication. http://www. users. It will soon include aquaculture fishbase.org. 8 December 1999. statistics and a lot more. In the next five Froese, R. et D. Pauly, Editeurs. 1999. N. Bailly et M.L.D. years, FishBase may not be on CD-ROM Palomares, Traducteurs. FishBase 99: Concepts, structure, et sources des donnkes. ICLARM. 324 p. anymore, just on the Internet.

62 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone The oneFish Community Directory

T. Bostock and G. Searle Support Unit for International Fisheries and Aquatic Research Room C38 719, Fisheries Department, Fdand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Via delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 001 00, Italy

BOSTOCK, T. AND G. SEARLE. 2000. The oneFish community directory, p. 63-64. In E.K. Abban, C.M.V. Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLAIUvl Cod Proc.

he Support Unit for International Fisher- by several innovative approaches to open di- Ties and Aquatic Research (SIFAR), funded rectory design. Aside from its single thematic by a range of international donor agencies and focus, oneFish will offer two new ways of man- based alongside the Fisheries Department at aging and using information. FAO, is creating an open knowledge market- (1) Knowledge objects. These are information place on the Internet, specifically for the fish- records, in any media format, entered and cross- eries research and development community. referenced into any category of oneFish and Called the "oneFish Community Directory", include: this open directory portal will bring together, Documents: document-sharing and collabo- under one virtual roof, a broad cross-section of rative authoring; grey literature repository; stakeholders interested in raising the profile of can be uploaded or downloaded in any for- research in fisheries and aquatic resources and mat. reinforcing its impact in responsible fisheries, Websites: add web links (URLs) to related particularly in the field of development. internet sites. oneFish builds on the design philosophy of Discussion: create or browse a oneFish forum; open content directories such as Netscapeys view a list of online discussion forums, mail- Open Directory Project, which are rapidly prov- ing lists and mailing list archives. ing their effectiveness in the face of growing Maps: GIS maps and georeferenced databases net congestion. Like these directories, oneFish of interest to fisheries researchers. relies on volunteer category editors collaborat- ing in the organization of the site. These spe- Projects: a revised, open version of FAO's cialists, working either individually or orga- Fishery Project Information System that can nized into groups, will be responsible for en- track all fisheries projects funded by devel- suring the quality of their sections in oneFish, opment donor agencies until 1995. culling out the bad and obsolete, and keeping Books: can be added, viewed or ordered. only the best. Contacts: any organization, individual or SIFAR will continuously host a small edito- company can submit contact information rial team to develop and manage the top-level here. categories, oversee the creation of new subcat- (2) World View. These are a range of cat- egories and have absolute authority to add or egory taxonomies or "pyramids" that provide remove inappropriate items. different, yet complementary, ways of viewing The thoroughly open, user-driven philoso- knowledge objects. World Views allow multiple phy that oneFish adopts will be complemented navigation paths relevant to a range of research

The oneFish Community Directory 63 disciplines and perspectives. They include top- will include category-rating systems and the down (traditional, institutional, biophysical), ability to customize views according to user bottom-up (nontraditional, social sciences, needs. participatory), geography (locational); ecosys- If oneFish attracts sufficient attention, it tem (resource system), stakeholders and spe- could soon present back to the fisheries research cies/stocks. community the largest fully integrated global oneFish also offers a powerful keyword- collection of information on fisheries research search facility for the entire Community Di- available. rectory database. Additional interactive tools

64 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone West African Fish Biodiversity Reference Center: Ghana

E.K. Abbanl, G.G. Teugels2 and Y. Fermon3 Water Research Institute RO. Box 38, Accra, Ghana 2Laboratoire d'lch tyologie, Musee Royale de I'Afrique Cen trale B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium 3Museum National dJHistoire Naturelle, Laboratoire d'lch tyologie generale et appliquke 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France

ABBAN,E.K, G.G. TEUGELS ANDY FBRMON. 2000. West African fish biodiversity reference center: Ghana, p. 65-66. In E.K Abban, C.M.R Casal, T.M. Falk and R.S.V. Pullin (eds.) Biodiversity and sustainable use of fish in the coastal zone. ICLMConf. Proc. 63,71p.

enewable natural resources constitute ma- The goal is to establish and to develop fur- R jor sources for socioeconomic development ther a West Africa center where knowledge of of all developing countries, if they can be con- the subregion's fish biodiversity, as resources served, developed and sustainably exploited. for its people, can be continuously studied, veri- For its strategic conservation and sustainable fied, collated, documented and appropriately exploitation, biodiversity has to be investigated disseminated to all stakeholders, for educa- and documented at various levels and in an in- tional and socioeconomic development. ternationally accepted manner. However, the The necessity and urgency for the proposed human and material resources available in the center can be summarized as follows: developing countries are insufficient to under- Fish and fisheries knowledge and activities take the necessary studies, while various forces constitute an important subsector in the eco- continue to degrade or erode biodiversity. The nomics of almost every African country, in- obvious solution is through collaboration in cluding those of West Africa. research and training. Up to the present, almost all long-term in- In this context, a proposal was developed for vestments in knowledge acquisition, docu- the establishment of a West African Fish mentation and dissemination of scientific in- Biodiversity Reference Center that will oper- ate through partnerships among subregional in- formation concerning fish biodiversity and stitutions in West Africa, developing countries resources, in almost all of Africa, have been and European and other developed country in- organized and implemented by nonAfrican stitutions (e.g., Museum National d'Histoire governments and their scientific institutions. Naturelle, Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie Generale The situation is evidenced by the fact that et Appliqute, Paris, Mude Royale de 1'Afrique all widely known and scientifically organized Centrale, Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie, Tervuren, African fish collection and reference centers Belgium). The center is to be based at the Coun- are in Europe (particularly in Belgium, cil for Scientific and Industrial Research France and the UK) and the USA. (CSIR) in Accra, Ghana, through CSIR's Wa- There is concrete evidence everywhere that ter Research Institute. foreign governments are continuously

West African Fish Biodiversity... 65 sibility to disseminate verified information, disengaging-- - from direct involvement of their investments and institutions from long-term in appropriate forms, to appropriate govern- fish and fisheries studies in Africa "on be- mental organizations, institutions and other half" of African countries. users. It is envisaged that information from It is essential to extend the quality and use- the center will contribute to the development fulness of previous work and investments in of strategies for sustainable exploitation of fish and fisheries resource knowledge acqui- fish genetic resources in fisheries, aquacul- sition and documentation and to do this as ture, the aquarium trade and other subsectors close to the source materials as possible. of the economy. The project's objectives are: A dynamic center for dissemination of knowl- To build and maintain a reference center for edge to the public, recognizing that for long- West African freshwater and brackishwater term conservation and sustainable use of fish resources, children and the general public fishes through collaborative research and must be informed and involved. This will be training programs; approached through exhibitions, appropri- To train West African scientists in systemat- ate media communication channels, posters ics and biodiversity research approaches and and special articles in the popular press. This in the application of the knowledge and skills reflects our belief that only those who are acquired, so as to contribute to conservation aware of what exists are the ones who can and sustainable exploitation strategies; adopt attitudes and actions for the wise use To establish long-term relationships belween of available resources. developed country institutions and the center; To encourage studies on fish as a major re- Discussion source in the region; L)T. Pullin: This project might consider includ- To enhance knowledge on biodiversity to con- ing the establishment of an aquarium that tribute to the conservation of genetic re- school children and the general public can sources for the development of aquaculture visit. This facility could make some small and culture fisheries; and profit, which can be ploughed back. To develop and establish local, subregional, Dr. Abban: It is an idea that is already in the and regional networks among African insti- proposal. tutions for the study of fish biodiversity, its Dr. Folack: I want to congratulate Dr. Abban conservation and sustainable exploitation. for this effort. This center is certainly needed. The center will strive to be: Dr. Agdse: I would like to see tissue samples A dynamic place for research and learning included in the proposal, for genetic studies. and a reference point for the study on West I also wish to suggest that you open a small African freshwater and brackishwater fishes. door to East Africa. This will be mut- It will provide a place where fish biological ually beneficial because something in this diversity will be studied at various levels. Col- direction has also started in Nairobi, Kenya. lections and materials will be available for Dr. Abban: There are already some interactions researchers or students involved in system- and we will certainly open our doors to them atics (morphological, biochemical and mo- and collaborate with them when we get the lecular studies), biology, ecology, life history center established. studies and ethology. Dr. Teugek: I think it is important that this An education support center, encouraging center be established in Africa. The Euro- active study of West African fishes. pean museums have not planned for staffing A source of information, with moral respon- to continue this work in the long-term.

66 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Summary Findings of Working Groups

1. Research Priorities on the P by water resources and infrastructures Genetics of Fish in Africa used (including rainfall, water quantity/ quality) The following priorities were identified: > by species and biodiversity used > by socioeconomic indicators Population genetics P by market and distribution chains Investigate metapopulation and population structures of economically important species. Training and research for aquaculture in Af- rica should include consideration of technol- Investigate polymorphisms and their value ogy improvement and technology transfer. as resources. Toeoards improvement Quantitative genetics Standardize methods for collection and Convene more deliberations to link quanti- analysis of aquaculture data. tative genetics and aquaculture. Develop indicators for: Establish breeding and selection programs for priority aquaculture species. > marketability (measured by demand and acceptability = quality assurance) Evaluate life history traits and the possible genetic basis of their differences. P responsibility (pollutants, effects on en- vironment) > positive contributions (e.g., restocking of 2. Aquaculture natural resources) The following points were agreed: 3. International Cooperation Resources and components The following points were agreed: International organizations (e.g., FAO) and donors (e.g., World Bank, GTZ) share a renewed Institutional linkages interest in aquaculture in Africa. Countries should make inventories of their There should be linkages among universi- aquaculture assets and resources, using stan- ties in Africa, among research stations and be- dard terminology (e.g., for available sites, tween research stations and universities, es- species, strains, populations, production statis- pecially in West Africa. There should also be tics, "seed" supply, feeds, food conversion ra- linkages among these institutions as well as tios, and for economic value and indicators). bigger facilities. ICLARMYsAbbassa facility could be a coordinating center, as well as the Aquaculture should be classified: proposed West African Fish Biodiversity Ref- > by category (e.g., intensive, semi-intensive, erence Center. FA0 could develop a network integrated) of centers around Africa, to collect and to > by locality (e.g., which watersheds; use evaluate information on fish and fisheries sys- actual GPS readings) tems.

Summary Findings of Working Groups 67 Information sharing how to approach donors. The World Bank and Sharing of information can be done through the Support Unit for International Fisheries the Internet, e-mail and by reports and other and Aquatic Research (SIFAR) should help sci- publications. There should be more proposals entists from developing countries to obtain written together by African scientists and more funding. International support from the conti- joint projects. When institutions work together nent itself should be stronger and more consis- they reduce costs. It should be possible for more tent. To achieve this, there should be commit- scientists to visit each other in the subregions. ment on the part of scientists and institutions There should also be more contact between non- in the various countries. A lot of barriers have governmental organizations and scientists and come down in the last five years. The proposed scientific institutions to share information. West African Fish Biodiversity Reference Cen- ter in Ghana is necessary for African scientists to start looking at this together. The formation Donors and institutions of a West African Fisheries Society is a good There should be more transparency and clar- step to bring fisheries scientists together. This ity as to how donors can be approached. Most society should be registered and modalities for African scientists are uncertain as to where and its operations drawn up.

68 Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Appendix

List of Participants Diallo, Dr. Anis Centre de recherches oceanologiques Abban, Dr. Eddie Kofi de Dakar-Thiaroye Water Research lnstitute BP 2241 Council for Industrial and Scientific Research Dakar, S4nbgal PO. Box 38 Fax: (221) 342792 Achimota, Ghana E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Phone: (233-21) 775135, 775511, 77951415 Fax: (233-2 1) 777 170 Entsua-Mensah, Ms. Mamaa E-mail: [email protected] Water Research lnstitute Council for Industrial and Scientific Research AgnBse, Dr. Jean-Francois PO. Box 38 Ichthyology Department Achimota, Ghana National Museums of Kenya Phone: (233-21) 775511, 761031 PO. Box 40658 Fax: (233-21) 761030, 777170 Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Falk, Dr. Thomas Brummett, Dr. Randall Zoologisches lnstitut und Zoologisches Museum ICLARM Universitat Hamburg Regional Research Center for Africa and West Asia Martin-Luther-King-Platz-3 PO. Box 2416 20146 Hamburg, Germany Cairo, Egypt Phone: (040) 4123-3873 or 4123-3880 PhonelFax: (265) 522 733 Fax: (040) 4123-3937 or 4123-2449 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Casal, Ms. Christine Marie V. Folack, Dr. Jean ICIARM Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research MCPO Box 2631 Agricultural Research Institute for Development 0718 Makati City Research Station for Fisheries and Marine Sciences Metro Manila, Philippines PO. Box 28, PMB 77 Phone: (63-2) 845-0563 Limbe, Cameroon Fax: (63-2) 891-1292 Fax: (227) 1357313276,237 427703 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dankwa, Dr. Hederick R. Kouassi, Dr. Cyrille N'Gouan Water Research Institute Centre national de recherche agronomique Council for Industrial and Scientific Research 01 B.f? 633 PO. Box 38 Bouake 01, C6te d'lvoire Achimota, Ghana Phone: (225) 6335261633 l39/632044 Phone: (233-21) 775135, 775511, 761031 Fax: (225) 633126 Fax: (233-21) 777170, 761030 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Laleye, Dr. Philippe Sebastiano, Dr. Da Costa Kouassi Universite Nationale du Benin Pisciculture Station Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques Centre national de recherche agronomique BP 5261 01 0.F 633 Cotonou, Benin Bouakb 01, CBte d'lvoire Fax: (229)303084 Phone: (225)633526, 633139, 632044 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (225)633126 E-mail: [email protected] N'Douba, Dr. Valentin Universite de Cocody Teugels, Dr. Guy UFR- Biosciences Section Vertebres Laboratoire dlHydrobiologie Laboratoire d'lchtyologie 22 BP 582 Musee Royale de I'Afrique Centrale Abidjan 22, CBte d'lvoire Leuvensesteenweg 13 E-mail: [email protected] B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium Phone: (32) 02 769 5640 Ofori, Dr. Joseph Fax: (32) 02 767 0242 Water Research Institute E-mail: [email protected] Council for Scientific and Industrial Research PO. Box 38 Van der Bank, Dr. Herman Achimota, Ghana Research Unit for Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems Phone: (233-2 11-775511 Department of Zoology Fax: (233-21)-761030, 777170 Rand Africaans University E-mail: [email protected] P.O. Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 Ofori-Danson, Dr. P.K. South Africa Water Research Institute Phone: (+27) 11 489 2450 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Fax: (+29)11 489 2286 RO. Box 38 E-mail: [email protected] Achimota, Ghana Phone: (233-211-77551 1 Yapi-Gnaorb, Dr. Valentine Fax: (233-21b761030, 777170 Centre national de recherche agronomique E-mail: [email protected] 01 B.F! 633 Bouak4 01, CBte d'lvoire Ouattara, Mr. lssa Nahoua Phone: (225) 633526/633139/632044 Universitk de Cocody Fax: (225) 633126 UFR- Biosciences E-mail: [email protected] Laboratoire dlHydrobiologie 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Cbte d'lvoire Other Participants from Ghana E-mail: [email protected] Akrofi, Ms. Joana Pullin, Dr. Roger S.V. Directorate of Fisheries ICLARM Ministry of Food and Agriculture MCPO Box 2631 PO. Box 630 0718 Makati City Accra, Ghana Metro Manila, Philippines Phone: (63-2)845-0563 Ayensu, Prof. A. Fax: (63-2) 891-1292 Industry and Natural Sciences Sector E-mail: [email protected] Council for Scientific and Industrial Research PO. Box M.32 Accra, Ghana

TO Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Fish in the Coastal Zone Aryeetey, Dr. Ellen Bortei-Doku Asante, Mr. S.A. lnstitute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research Attipoe, Mr. Y. K. University of Ghana Kwarfo-Apegyah, Mr. K. PO. Box 74 Ntow, Mrs Bernice Legon, Ghana Ofori, Ms. Janet Phone: (233-2 1) 501182 Quarcoopome, Mr. Theodore Fax: (233-2 1) 500094 Sowah, Ms. Dorcas E-mail: [email protected] Teye, Mr. Justus Water Research Institute Brimah, Dr. Alhaji Farouk PO. Box 38 Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology Achimota PO. Box M232 Ghana Accra, Ghana

Kesse, Mr. G.O. Working Groups PO. Box C876 Cantonments Research Priorities on the Genetics of Fish in Africa Accra, Ghana Chair: Dr. J.-F. Agnese Dr. E.K. Abban Sas, Dr. D. Amon Ms. C.M.V. Casal Golden Sas Venture Dr. T. Falk PO. Box NT 541 Dr. C.N. Kouassi Accra New Town, Ghana Mr. T. Quarcoopome Fax: (233 21) 308767 Dr. V. Yapi-Gnaore E-mail: [email protected] Aquaculture Vinorkor, Mr. Mark Anthony Chair: Dr. H. Van der Bank Ghana Times Mr. F.K.Y. Amevenku Accra, Ghana Dr. H.R. Dankwa Dr. A. Diallo Wadzah, Mr. Noble Dr. J. Folack Friends of the Earth Mr. K. Kwarfo -Apegyah Accra, Ghana Dr. F! Laleve Mr. I.N. 0;attara Yormesor, Mr. Godfried Dr. D.C.K. Sebastiano Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology PO. Box M232 International Cooperation Accra, Ghana Chair: E. Bortei-Doku Aryeetey Dr. R.S.V. Pullin Abakah, Mr. M.K. Dr. G.G. Teugels Acquaye, Mr. Seth Y. Dr. V.N'Douba Agbobli, Mr. Robert Dr. FIK. Ofori-Danson Amedorme, Mr. Edem Dr. R. Brurnmett Amevenku, Mr. Francis K.Y. Mr. N. Waja Anawoe, Mr. Nicholas Mr. R. Agbobli Andah, Dr. W.E.I. Ms. M. Entsua-Mensah II II

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