Assessment of the Degree of Establishment of Five Introduced

South African Journal of Botany 142 (2021) 502À508

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South African Journal of Botany

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Assessment of the degree of establishment of ﬁve introduced Melastomataceae taxa in South Africa

M.D. Cheeka,*, R.G.C. Boonb, K.M. Wongc, M. Hadebea a South African National Biodiversity Institute, Durban, South Africa b Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa c Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: The Melastomataceae contains well-known horticultural species as well as some species that are invasive Received 29 March 2021 particularly on Paciﬁc and Indian Ocean islands. Three Pleroma species, a Heterocentron species and a Mela- Revised 16 July 2021 stoma hybrid were recently found outside of cultivation in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. To get a Accepted 19 July 2021 more accurate understanding of their current populations and distributions, we surveyed the wider Durban Available online xxx area and southwards to Port St. Johns in the Eastern Cape and included herbarium voucher information and Edited by Dr S. Geerts distribution data from the Southern African Plant Invader Atlas. The results of weed risk assessments and ﬁeld observations suggest that the populations of H. subtriplinervium, P. granulosum and P. urvilleanum are Keywords: relatively static and seem to be casual garden escapes. On the other hand, populations of P. mutabile and the Hybrid Melastoma hybrid are expanding locally, and these species may become more widely invasive in South Africa. Naturalised © 2021 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Weed risk assessment Pleroma Heterocentron Melastoma

1. Introduction with life forms including herbs, shrubs and small trees (Breden- kamp, 2006). The Melastomataceae has a pantropical distribution with the The genera Tibouchina, Pleroma, Dissotis and Melastoma contain majority of its approximately 179 genera and 5150 species indige- some popular horticultural species (Bailey and Bailey, 1976; Bar- nous to South America (Mabberly, 2008). Melastoma L. is the type wick, 2004). Horticulture has been shown to be a pathway introduc- genus and comprises approximately 310 species (Guimaraes~ et al., ing weeds including invasive woody species. Reichard and 2019) of shrubs or small trees mostly found in discontinuous rainfor- White (2001) and Dehnen-Schmutz et al. (2007) found that the ests, seasonal forests and savannah-like vegetation throughout length of time a species has been cultivated and the frequency with Southeast Asia (Meyer, 2001). Tibouchina Aublet, as historically cir- which it is marketed are positively correlated with the likelihood of cumscribed (Cogniaux and Masson, 1891), was the largest genus and escape from gardens. A number of ornamental species in this family most widespread of the neotropical, capsular-fruited Melastomata- are invasive including Memecylon caeruleum Jack and Miconia crenata ceae, occurring throughout most of Central and South America (Vahl) Michelang. (= Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don) on the Seychelles and (Todzia and Almeda, 1991) and contained approximately 350 species Hawaiian islands (and beyond), respectively (Davis, 1974; Ger- (Mabberly, 2008). Michaelangeli et al. (2013) found that Tibouchina lach, 1992; DeWalt and Hamrick, 2004) and Miconia calvescens DC. was not monophyletic and most of the eastern Brazilian Tibouchina which is invasive in French Polynesia, Australia, New Caledonia and species have been placed in the genus Pleroma (D.Don) Cogn. Hawaii (Meyer, 1996; Meyer and Medeiros, 2011). (Guimaraes~ et al., 2019). Most of the species in Pleroma have pink, Pleroma species are popular as garden or street trees along the lilac or purple anthers, pentamerous ﬂowers and are without scales subtropical east coast of South Africa (Paola, 1998; Haschick, 2014), on the leaves or hypanthium (Guimaraes~ et al., 2019). In southern particularly P. granulosum (Desr.) D.Don, P. mutabile (Vell.) Triana and Africa the family is represented by four native genera: Antherotoma P. urvilleanum (DC.) P.J.F. Guim. & Michelang. These species are indig- (Naudin) Hook. f., Dissotis Benth., Memecylon L. and Warneckea Gilg, enous to Brazil, being common forest species of the Atlantic rainforest (Wurdack, 1967; Guimaraes~ and Martins, 1997; Freitas et al., 2016). Pleroma granulosum is a secondary forest species common to forest borders and open patches (Lobregat et al., 2017). Pleroma gran- * Corresponding author. ulosum and P. urvilleanum are cultivated as ornamentals in central E-mail address: [email protected] (M.D. Cheek). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.07.031 0254-6299/© 2021 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. M.D. Cheek, R.G.C. Boon, K.M. Wong et al. South African Journal of Botany 142 (2021) 502À508

America (Schubert, 1979; Garguillo et al., 2008; Lascurain- occur outside of cultivation, the assessments were done to determine Rangel et al., 2017) and P. urvilleanum has become naturalised in what risk the taxa may pose in the future. Costa Rica (Garguillo et al., 2008), Jamaica (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012), Mexico (Villasenor~ and Espinosa-Garía, 2004) and Hawaii (Almeda, 2005). Pleroma granulosum is known to be natural- 2.3. Herbaria and nurseries ised in the lowland mesic forests of Hawaii (Lau and Frohlich, 2012). Heterocentron subtriplinervium (Link and Otto) A. Braun and C.D. Herbarium specimens were collected and submitted to the KZN Bouche and Melastoma malabathricum L. are also horticultural species Herbarium (NH) and scans of the Melastoma taxon were sent to the from the Melastomataceae that are known to be weedy to some Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING) for identification. Six herbaria degree. Heterocentron subtriplinervium is a herb or small shrub com- were consulted for specimens of the three genera: South African mon to pine-oak forests of the Guatemalan highlands (Standley and National Biodiversity Institute (NBG), Bews Herbarium, University of Williams, 1963) and its natural distribution is thought to be restricted KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg campus (NU), Geo-Potts Herbar- to the mainland of Central America (Cano et al., 2009), occurring from ium, University of the Free State (BLFU), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mexico to Panama (Standley and Williams, 1963). Heterocentron sub- Westville campus (UDW), South African National Biodiversity Insti- triplinervium is naturalised in Hawaii, Tahiti and Mauritius tute (NH) and the South African National Biodiversity Institute (PRE). (Plucknett and Stone, 1961; Meyer and Medeiros, 2011 and Meyer, Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (2020). The specimens examined 2000) classed it as a moderate invader in Fiji. Melastoma malabathri- are listed in Section 5.2. To check whether species from the genera cum is a multistemmed shrub to small tree indigenous to Southeast Pleroma, Melastoma or Heterocentron are currently in the horticultural Asia, Melanesia and islands in the western Indian Ocean (For- trade, the Hingham, Illovo, Tanglewood and Tropical nurseries in KZN man, 1989; Gerlach, 1996; Chen and Renner, 2007) as well as Fiji were contacted or visited. (Smith, 1985) and the Cook Islands (Sykes, 2016). Melastoma malabathricum occurs outside of cultivation in Cuba and Jamaica (Acevedo- Rodríguez and Strong, 2012) and is considered naturalised in Florida 3. Results (Gann and Stocking, 2021) and Australia (Hosking et al., 2011). Eliov- son (1962) recommended M. malabathricum for the frost-free, east Sixty-five herbarium specimens were located, 52 of which were coast of South Africa, but it has not been recorded in gardens in this collected from South Africa representing seven taxa: Pleroma granulo- study or modern garden guides (Pienaar and Smith, 2011; sum, P. urvilleanum, P. mutabile, P. elegans Gardner, P. semidecandrum Haschick, 2014). In this paper we assess the degree of establishment (Schrank & Mart. ex DC.) Triana, Heterocentron subtriplinerium and in South Africa of Pleroma urvilleanum, P. granulosum, P. mutabile, H. the Melastoma hybrid. Of these 52 specimens, 26 were from outside subtriplinervium and a Melastoma taxon that we hypothesise is a of cultivation, with those representing P. elegans and P. semidecan- hybrid and differs from M. malabathricum. Our aim is also to assess drum being cultivated specimens. In an assessment of the SAPIA data- whether any of these taxa need to be added to the Species Under Sur- base, Henderson and Wilson (2017) recorded six taxa that had veillance for Potential Eradication or Containment Targeting (SUS- escaped cultivation: P. granulosum, P. urvilleanum, P. mutabile, P. ele- PECT) List (Wilson et al., 2013) and if there is a need for further gans, M. malabathricum and H. subtriplinervium. Closer inspection of evaluation. the associated herbarium collections of these SAPIA records indicated that the P. elegans record was based on a misidentification. The M. malabathricum record mentioned by Henderson and Wilson (2017) 2. Materials and methods refers to the hybrid we describe here. 2.1. Taxon sampling 3.1. Heterocentron subtriplinervium Records of Pleroma species and an unknown Melastoma taxon The earliest specimens of the five study species known from out- were made from surveys of urban open spaces in and around Durban side of cultivation in South Africa are from Heterocentron subtripliner- starting in the summer in 2011. Using a Garmin GPSmap 62sc, a point vium, one from the KZN south coast in 1977 (Nicholson 1755, PRE) was taken per plant at each population. The number of individuals at and one from a grassland in Mpumalanga province in 1988 (WFM 9, each population was counted and note was made of how many were PRE). There are five records in the SAPIA database for this species, all in flower and fruit in July 2015 and March 2016. During 2017 and from around Durban, but site visits in 2019 could only verify the con- 2018 these taxa were discussed at quarterly provincial KwaZulu- tinued existence of two of these populations (Fig. 1a). Plants grow Natal (KZN) Invasive Species Forums which led to more sightings of locally along or near watercourses in lightly shaded habitats and in populations outside of cultivation. The Southern African Plant Invader grassland where they may have become established from dumped Atlas (SAPIA, 2018) was also consulted for new records. material, as no fertile fruit were seen on local plants and due to their proximity to private gardens and roadsides. Herbarium material col- 2.2. Weed risk assessments lected in South Africa indicates that H. subtriplinervium flowers all year round. The distribution of plants along the watercourse at the The Australian Weed Risk Assessment (AWRA) as developed by Giba Gorge Environmental Precinct near Hillcrest (Fig. 2a) suggests Pheloung et al. (1999) was carried out for Melastoma sanguineum that they may be dispersed vegetatively when the stream floods. Sims, M. malabathricum, the three Pleroma species and Heterocentron Fruit-bearing specimens were collected from both populations in subtriplinervium as an added measure of gauging their weediness. February 2021 (Cheek 2765, NH), however, seeds were not found Melastoma sanguineum and M. malabathricum were chosen because after dissecting the fruit. The Springside population is a 61 m2 patch these were considered the likely parent species of the apparent in grassland, a few metres away from gardens bordering the Spring- hybrid in question. Gordon et al. (2010) was followed in interpreting side nature reserve. The Australian Weed Risk Assessment score for the 49 questions covering ecology, impact and physiology of a plant H. subtriplinervium was 13, which falls in the ‘reject’ category (Sup- taxon. This risk assessment model is intended as a pre-border screen- plementary material, Table S1). Regarding this species’ degree of ing method for plants that leads to a recommendation to approve, establishment, H. subtriplinervium is considered to be established reject or identify taxa requiring further evaluation prior to the issuing because individuals are surviving outside of cultivation, reproducing of an import permit. While the weeds are already in South Africa, and and the populations do seem self-sustaining (Groom et al., 2019).

503 M.D. Cheek, R.G.C. Boon, K.M. Wong et al. South African Journal of Botany 142 (2021) 502À508

Fig. 1. Known distributions outside of cultivation of the ﬁve members of the Melastomataceae: a, Heterocentron subtriplinervium and Pleroma mutabile;b,Pleroma granulosum and the Melastoma hybrid;c,Pleroma urvilleanum.

3.2. Melastoma hybrid M. sanguineum, which has sparser spreading twig scales, and finer bristles on the hypanthium. The Melastoma hybrid is a shrub with fle- The only voucher specimens from South Africa were found under shy fruit that split open on the tree (Fig. 2b,c). A description of this the name Melastoma septemnervium Lour., collected from a Durban taxon is provided in Section 5.1. municipal nursery in 1968 (Coleman 506 and 507, NH). No SAPIA This Melastoma hybrid is naturalised in the KZN coastal belt grass- records existed for this genus prior to this study and 11 voucher land and forest margins around Durban (Cheek 2026, NH) southwards specimens have been collected from non-cultivated populations as to Port Edward (Fig. 1b). A total of six populations ranging in size part of this study. The name Melastoma septemnervium Lour., on the from two to 27 plants as well as two isolated plants were found two voucher specimens collected in 1968, is a later homonym of M. within the Durban area (Kloof, Hillcrest, New Germany and Westville septemnervium Jacq. and is therefore not available for use (Shenzhen suburbs). The largest population (87 plants) occurred in Pennington, ICN art. 53.1). Li (1944) considered M. septemnervium Lour. a syno- about 65 km south of Durban (Fig. 1b). A fifth of the plants in the Pen- nym of M. candidum D.Don, which was subsequently placed in synon- nington population were in flower and 42% were in fruit, with an omy with M. malabathricum (Chen and Renner, 2007), although this is average of 78 fruit per plant (n = 29). A single plant of the Melastoma now refuted (Huang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020). The above-men- hybrid was also found outside of cultivation, along a secondary road, tioned specimens likely represent a hybrid taxon. Both Coleman col- a further 85 km south at Port Edward (Cheek 2554, NH). The Mela- lections seem to be an introgression product of M. malabathricum stoma hybrid is considered to be at the ‘established’ invasion stage and M. sanguineum Sims. This hybrid shows similarities to M. malaba- because self-sustaining, reproducing populations exist outside of cul- thricum L. sharing such features including the triangular to lanceolate tivation (Groom et al., 2019; Table 1). The original point or points of appressed serrate scales on the hypanthium (the scales in the latter introduction are unknown, but none of the populations were farther occasionally thickly overlapping as in the hybrid here); and than a kilometre from the nearest signs of human habitation, where appressed triangular serrate scales on the twigs and petioles. It differs the hybrid may have been cultivated. The Pennington population from M. malabathricum which has much smaller flowers and more was the largest where active recruitment is occurring with 54% of the broadly triangular serrate scales on the twigs. It also resembles M. population being young shrubs shorter than a metre. The AWRA sanguineum in having a floral span (approximately 40À50 mm) much scores for M. sanguineum and M. malabathricum were 10 and 16 (Sup- larger than in typical M. malabathricum, subglabrous upper leaf surfa- plementary material, Tables S2 and S3), respectively, falling in the ces, and long spreading bristles on the petioles. It differs from typical ‘reject’ category.

504 M.D. Cheek, R.G.C. Boon, K.M. Wong et al. South African Journal of Botany 142 (2021) 502À508

At West Riding, 271 trees grow in a dense population on vacant land, and 130 plants were counted in closed woodland, upstream of St. Helier dam near Giba gorge (Table 1). None of the plants in this closed woodland were in flower at the time of the census and all were seedlings or juveniles, however, a flowering specimen was collected at this point in 2015 (Boon 81, NH). The Giba Gorge Environmental Pre- cinct (GGEP) is a municipal/community nature reserve downstream of the St Helier dam population. Pleroma mutabile found growing there in scarp forest has been controlled. A large tree and over 20 2,3 m tall saplings were cut and treated with herbicide and about 30 seedlings were hand pulled (L. Ground pers. comm. 15 October 2019). Pleroma urvilleanum (Fig. 2f) was found in four locations in the Durban area, with populations ranging in size from nine to 27 plants (Fig. 1c). At all four sites the plants were spreading vegetatively and fruits were only noticed at one population despite flowering trees being present at all sites (Jubilee park, Westville; Cheek 1585, NH). No seedlings or saplings were detected. None of the populations were a significant distance (more than 1 km) away from gardens. Five small populations were found outside our study area in March 2018 on the Garden Route in the Western Cape (SAPIA, 2018; Fig. 1c). These populations were garden escapes centred on the town Storms River and ranged in size from two to five plants (L. Henderson, pers. comm. 17 October 2018). The AWRA scores for Pleroma urvilleanum, P. mutabile and P. granulosum were 7, 8 and 12, respectively (Supplementary material, Tables S4, S5 and S6) which categorises them as species that should be rejected for import into the country. Regarding their degree of establishment, P. granulosum and P. urvilleanum are considered established: the trees are surviving at or near the point of introduction, reproduction is occurring, albeit only by vegetative means for P. urvilleanum, and the populations seem self-sustaining. Pleroma mutabile is at the colonising phase because the plants at Giba Gorge are surviving a significant distance from the original point of introduction (Groom et al., 2019).

3.4. Nurseries

Of the four nurseries contacted or visited, one had no non-indigenous Melastomataceae species on sale, one sold both Pleroma granulosum and P. urvilleanum and two had only P. urvilleanum for sale. Pleroma urvilleanum is sold under the name Tibouchina ‘Jules’ and is very popular with the public because it flowers easily. Material bought from Hingham nursery confirms that the taxon occurring outside of cultivation is the same as that being sold in Durban, namely, P. Fig. 2. Photographs of the five members of the Melastomataceae: a, Heterecontron sub- urvilleanum (Cheek 2658, NH). triplinervium; b, c, Melastoma hybrid;d, Pleroma granulosum; e, P. mutabile; f, P. urvilleanum , KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 4. Discussion

3.3. Pleroma granulosum, P. mutabile and P. urvilleanum Of the five taxa, Heterocentron subtriplinervium has the oldest voucher specimens outside of cultivation in South Africa. For only Pleroma granulosum (Fig. 2d) is represented by 13 voucher speci- two of the SAPIA records could it be verified that the plants still exist mens of which eight were from cultivated trees (Table 1). Three pop- and this, considered with the herbarium records, suggests that it is a ulations of P. granulosum were found; one of 50 trees in Port St. casual garden escape. Field observations over some years in Durban John’s in the Eastern Cape, two trees in the KZN coastal belt near Pen- indicate that the small populations do persist and flower but they do nington and another of six trees in Iphithi conservancy (Gillits) in not reproduce via seed, contrary to observations in Hawaii Durban (Fig. 1b). A further two mature trees were found at the (Motooka et al., 2003). It might be that dispersal of local plants occurs Krantzkloof Nature Reserve, Durban (Boon 151, NH), three trees at mainly vegetatively when stems are transported downstream. The Springside Nature Reserve (Cheek 2785, NH) and a single, isolated populations observed here seem to be self-sustaining and persistent, shrub in the New Germany Nature Reserve. No flowering trees were however, due to its very slow establishment and spread it currently found further than 100 m from cultivated specimens. appears to be a low risk species, despite the AWRA score of 13 which Pleroma mutabile was represented by only two voucher specimens recommends that H. subtriplinervium should be rejected for import. of non-cultivated specimens collected during this study (Table 1). The main morphological differences between Melastoma and the Naturalised populations of P. mutabile were confined to the West Rid- neotropical genera Tibouchina and Pleroma is Melastoma’s fleshy fruit ing and St. Helier suburbs near Hillcrest (Figs. 1a and 2e). In addition, (Mabberley, 2008), as well as the presence of scales, not hairs, on the at Kloof a single plant was found at the Krantzkloof Nature Reserve. hypanthium. Bird dispersal could therefore be responsible for the

505 M.D. Cheek, R.G.C. Boon, K.M. Wong et al. South African Journal of Botany 142 (2021) 502À508

Table 1 Status of the ﬁve introduced Melastomataceae taxa occurring outside of cultivation in South Africa: Pleroma mutabile, P. granulosum, P. urvilleanum, Heterocentron subtriplinervium and the Melastoma hybrid. AWRA scores for M. sanguineum and M. malabathricum are listed, respectively, next to the Melastoma hybrid. Herbarium specimens received from outside the FSA-region are excluded here. The degree of establishment follows the interpretation of Groom et al. (2019).

Taxon # of #of Earliest Date of Are #of Individual Australian Degree of herbarium non-cultivated specimen earliest seedlings populations count Weed Risk establishment specimens herbarium outside specimen or vegetative (# of quarter Assessment specimens cultivation offspring degree squares result present? in parentheses)

Heterocentron sub- 7 3 1977 1962 Yes 2 (1) 14 in one Reject (13) Reproducing triplinervium (Link population and Otto) A. Braun and a 61 m2 & C.D. Bouche patch Melastoma hybrid 13 11 2011 1968 Yes 7 (3) 144 Reject (10; 12) Colonising Pleroma granulosum 13 5 2011 1974 Yes 3 (3) 60 Reject (12) Established (Desr.) D.Don Pleroma mutabile 2 2 2015 2015 Yes 2 (1) 525 Reject (8) Colonising (Vell.) Triana Pleroma urvilleanum 11 9 2011 1993 Yes 5 (3) 27 Reject (7) Established (DC.) P.J.F. Guim. & Michelang.

distribution of the Melastoma hybrid considered here (Fig. 2b,c), is therefore a management concern because it appears as though occurring in small patches in the forest-grassland mosaic around it has the potential to spread a significant distance in both forest Durban, southward to Port Edward. Considering the AWRA reject and forest margins. The AWRA score for P. mutabile indicates that scores of M. malabathricum and M. sanguineum, this would indicate it needs further evaluation and it is recommended that Melastoma that both of the likely parent species and this taxon have a weedy hybrid and P. mutabile are added to the Species Under Surveil- nature, which is a result supported by this study. lance for Potential Eradication or Containment Targeting (SUS- Natural hybridisation and introgression within the Melastoma PECT) list (Wilson et al., 2013) and a risk analysis genus is not uncommon in its native range (Liu et al., 2014; (Kumschick et al., 2020) is done for both taxa to make formal rec- Wong, 2015), however, it is unclear whether the hybridisation that ommendations for legal listing and management. produced the local plants occurred in South Africa, or elsewhere prior to introduction. Further, there is now molecular demonstration of 5. Description of the Melastoma hybrid hybridisation between M. malabathricum and M. sanguineum (Ng et al., 2020), and although the hybrid taxon in South Africa shows 5.1. Description slight differences (longer and narrower hypanthium scales) from the hybrid taxon illustrated in Ng et al. (2020), our understanding of vari- Melastoma hybrid (possibly an introgression product of M. mala- ation within an introgression complex includes products that can dif- bathricum L. and M. sanguineum Sims) fer morphologically among themselves (Wong, 2015, 2016). Still, Treelet or (where damaged) low shrub to c. 2 m high. Twigs when both documented cases (Ng et al. 2020 and the present taxon) com- young medium green to reddish and covered with a mixture of bine quite a few characteristics of the putative parental species sparse, spreading-incurved to suberect, terete bristles (1.5À)4À5mm (above, Section 3.2). Hybridisation has been suggested to be a mecha- long, and smaller, appressed, lanceolate to ovate scales 1À2 mm long nism increasing the invasiveness of some plant species, producing with shallowly serrate margins, when older brownish and more genotypes that are better suited to novel environments unsuited to sparsely scaly. Leaves with petioles 1.2À1.7 cm long, 1À1.5 mm either parental species (Ellstrand and Schierenbeck, 2006; wide, with a mixture of sparse, spreading bristles (4(À6) mm long) Mandak et al., 2004). The increased fertility or growth rate frequently and smaller, appressed, lanceolate to ovate scales of 1À2 mm long; seen in hybrids or novel varieties, known as heterosis (East, 1936), blades lanceolate to ovate or elliptic, (8À)10À12(À17) cm long, 2À4 has been reported from a range of growth forms, from herbs in (À5) cm wide; longitudinal veins 4 in addition to the midrib, the out- Raphanus L. (Ridley and Ellstrand, 2009) to trees such as Schinus tere- ermost ones 1À2 mm away from the margins (occasionally with a binthifolius Raddi (Geiger et al., 2011). very faint additional pair or submarginal veins), sunken above, prom- The name Pleroma semidecandrum has often been misapplied in inent below and covered with appressed, lanceolate to triangular, flat horticulture to specimens of P. urvilleanum (Wurdack, 1967; scales of c. 1 mm long; upper blade surface glabrous, to minutely Hillier Nurseries, 1992). Following Wurdack (1967) a clear difference bristly, with sparse, spicule-like crystalliferous cells c. 1 mm long between these taxa is in their floral morphology, with P. urvilleanum in the lamina, not distally emergent or emergent to 0.1 mm long having two bracts and genuine wild material of P. semidecandrum (longer in Coleman 506) (best examined in dried material under having four to six bracts. The material bought from the one nursery the microscope); lower blade surface sparsely short-bristly, with (Cheek 2658, NH) is a match for the taxon occurring outside of cultiva- sparse, spicule-like crystalliferous cells < 0.5 mm long in the lam- tion, identified as P. urvilleanum. ina, distally emergent up to 0.5 mm long. Flowers 1‒3(‒5) in The populations of both Pleroma urvilleanum and P. granulosum cymes; large and showy, c. 45 mm across; pedicels 8À23 mm seem relatively stable, not increasing since first observed in 2011. long; hypanthium ovoid-campanulate, 11À15 mm long, Pleroma mutabile is the only Pleroma speciesthatisactively 10À13 mm wide, densely covered by pale appressed to slightly expanding locally, particularly the population in the closed wood- spreading narrowly lanceolate to linear bristle-like scales land and scarp forest, near Giba Gorge. In the Brazilian Atlantic 5À10 mm long, 0.5 mm wide at the base; calyx lobes ovate-ellip- forest P. mutabile is a pioneer species (Baider et al., 2000)with tic or lanceolate, 10À16 mm long, covered with scales of the seed germination triggered by high light levels (Simao~ and same type as on the hypanthium; petals mauve to purple-pink, 5 Takaki, 2008). The scarp forest at Giba Gorge is a protected area (À7?), 1.3À2.5(À3.3) cm long and 1.5À2.5 cm wide (dried mate- within the eThekwini Municipality (Durban) and this population rial); stamens anisomorphic, the long stamens with anthers

506 M.D. Cheek, R.G.C. Boon, K.M. Wong et al. South African Journal of Botany 142 (2021) 502À508

10À13 mm long, filaments c. 10 mm long, these joined by con- permission to collect data on this site. Lyle Ground is thanked for nectives bearing a 2-lobed spur, the short stamens with anthers information provided about the control of plants at the Giba Gorge c. 10 mm long, directly on filaments about just as long, all and L. Henderson for providing the SAPIA information on these spe- anthers apically uniporose; style c. 20 mm long. Fruits campanu- cies. We acknowledge the assistance of curators of the herbaria PRE, late, 22 mm long, 19 mm wide, covered with persistent narrowly NBG, NH, BLFU and NU À for access to those collections, the loan of lanceolate to linear scales, medium green ripening brown, irregu- specimens and the sending of scans. N. Ramavhunga provided the larly dehiscent, placental masses 5À7, bright red to brown, with three distribution maps and R. Lalla figure 2. We are indebted to the numerous tiny seeds, seed colour varies from pale to deep purple SANBI-BID regional co-ordinators who collected the data on the Mel- or black or orange-red. astoma taxon population at Pennington as well as M.N. Nxumalo and T. Cele for field support. Louise Neo (Singapore Botanic Gardens) 5.2. Specimens examined with quarter degree square references kindly provided confirmation of the characteristics of M. malabathri- following Edwards and Leistner (1971) cum and M. sanguineum, as well as other taxa, from the Malay Penin- sula. We thank M. Murphy, J. Parker, C. Chimera for discussions Melastoma hybrid around the status of weedy Melastomataceae species in Hawaii and D. Stone for information on the taxonomy of Pleroma species. J.R.U. South Africa. KWAZULU-NATAL: 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Wilson, K. Jama, B. Mashele and two anonymous reviewers are Hillary nursery, (-DD), 1 Feb. 1968, Coleman, T.A. 506 (NH); Hillary thanked for constructive comments on the manuscript. nursery, (-DD), 1 Feb. 1968, Coleman, T.A. 507 (NH); Krantzkloof nature reserve, (-DD), 11 Jun. 2014, Cheek, M. 2026 (NH); Pen- nington, (-BC), 3 Jul. 2014, Cheek,M.2027(NH); Springside nature Supplementary materials reserve, (-DD), 3 Jan. 2016, Boon, R. 82 (NH). 3130 (Port Edward): Port Edward, along the P284 rd, (-AA), 22 Nov. 2016, Cheek, M. Supplementary material associated with this article can be found 2554 (NH). in the online version at doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2021.07.031.

Pleroma granulosum References

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508

Summary of questions and scores from the Australian Weed Risk Assessment completed for Heterocentron subriplinervium in South Africa (Overall Score=12) Family: Melastomataceae Date assessed: 30 July 2019 Heterocentron subtriplinervium (Link & Otto) A. M.L Hadebe, M. Cheek, R.G.C. Boon, Taxon: Assessor: Braun & Bouche K.M. Wong Common name: Pearl-flower WRA score: 12 Arthrostemma subtriplinervium (Link & Otto) Mart. Heeria axillaris Cogn. Heeria macrostachya Triana Heeria rosea Triana Heeria subtriplinervia Triana Heeria undulata Triana Heterocentron alpestre Naudin Heterocentron axillare Naudin Heterocentron floribundum Gleason Synonyms: Recommendation: Reject Heterocentron hondurensis Gleason Heterocentron macrostachyum Naudin Heterocentron roseum A.Braun & C.D.Bouché Heterocentron undulatum Naudin Heterocentron subtriplinervium DC. Heterocentrum roseum (Triana) A.Braun & Bouché Melastoma subtriplinervium Link & Otto Rhexia fragilis Bertol. Tibouchina macrostachya Baill. Refer to: Pheloung et al. 1999. A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management 57, pp 239-251 Gordon et al. 2010. Guidance for addressing the Australian Weed Risk Assessment questions. Plant Protection Quarterly 25, pp 56-74

Question Answer Reference Score Possible scores 1.01 Is the species highly N No evidence 0 0 or -3 domesticated?

1.02 Has the species become N/A -1 or 1 naturalized where grown?

1.03 Does the species have weedy N/A -1 or 1 races?

2.01 Species suited to South 2 No computer analysis carried out 2 0, 1, 2 African climates

2.02 Quality of climate match data 2 No computer analysis carried out 2 0,1 or 2 (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high)

2.03 Broad climate suitability Y Standley & Williams (1963); Meyer & Medeiros (2011) 1 0 or 1 (environmental versatility)

2.04 Native or naturalized in N USDA-ARS (2016); Standley & Williams (1963); Meyer & Medeiros (2011) 0 0 or 1 regions with extended dry periods

2.05 Does the species have a Y Regel (1862); Fernandes & Fernandes (1978); Spencer (2002) 2 0,1 or 2 history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

3.01 Naturalized beyond native Y Heenan et al. (2004); Boon (2016); USDA-ARS (2016); Pratt et al. (2012) 2 -2,- range 1,0,1,2

3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance Y Pratt et al. (2012) 2 0,1,2 weed

3.03 Weed of N 0 0,1,2,3,4 agriculture/horticulture/forestry

3.04 Environmental weed N Field observations; PIER (2013) 0 0,1,2,3,4

3.05 Congeneric weed N 0 0,1,2

4.01 Produces spines, thorns or N Kinsley (2019); Standley & Williams (1963) 0 0 or 1 burrs

4.02 Allelopathic N 0 0 or 1

4.03 Parasitic N Standley & Williams (1963) 0 0 or 1

4.04 Unpalatable to grazing Y 1 -1 or 1 animals

4.05 Toxic to animals Unknown 0 or 1

4.06 Host for recognized pests and Unknown 0 or 1 pathogens

4.07 Causes allergies or is N 0 0 or 1 otherwise toxic to humans

4.08 Creates a fire hazard in N 0 0 or 1 natural ecosystems

4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at Y Kinsley (2019); Boon (2016) 1 0 or 1 some stage of its life cycle

4.10 Grows on infertile soils Y Mucina et al. (2006) 0 or 1

4.11 Climbing or smothering N Kinsley (2019); PIER (2013); Field observation 0 0 or 1 growth habit

4.12 Forms dense thickets Y PIER (2013); Boon (2016) 1 0 or 1

5.01 Aquatic N Kinsley (2019); PIER (2013) 0 0 or 5

5.02 Grass N Kinsley (2019); PIER (2013) 0 0 or 1

5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant N Kinsley (2019); PIER (2013); Standley & Williams (1963) 0 0 or 1

5.04 Geophyte N Kinsley (2019); PIER (2013); Standley & Williams (1963) 0 0 or 1

6.01 Evidence of substantial N No evidence 0 0 or 1 reproductive failure in native habitat

6.02 Produces viable seed Y PIER (2013) 1 -1 or 1

6.03 Hybridizes naturally Unknown -1 or 1

6.04 Self-fertilization Unknown -1 or 1

6.05 Requires specialist N PIER (2013) 0 0 or -1 pollinators

6.06 Reproduction by vegetative Y PIER (2013) 1 -1 or 1 propagation

6.07 Minimum generative time 1 Kinsley (2019); PIER (2013) 1 0,1,-1 (years)

7.01 Propagules likely to be Y Pratt et al. (2012) 1 -1 or 1 dispersed unintentionally

7.02 Propagules dispersed Y Henderson & Wilson (2017); Boon (2016) 1 -1 or 1 intentionally by people

7.03 Propagules likely to disperse N Boon (2016); Pratt et al. (2012) -1 -1 or 1 as a produce contaminant

7.04 Propagules adapted to wind N Field observation -1 -1 or 1 dispersal

7.05 Propagules water dispersed Unknown -1 or 1

7.06 Propagules bird dispersed Y PIER (2013) 1 -1 or 1

7.07 Propagules dispersed by N No evidence -1 -1 or 1 other animals (externally)

7.08 Propagules dispersed by N No evidence -1 -1 or 1 other animals (internally)

8.01 Prolific seed production Y Motooka et al. (2003) 1 -1 or 1

8.02 Evidence that a persistent N No evidence -1 -1 or 1 propagule bank is formed (>1 yr.)

8.03 Well controlled by herbicides Unknown -1 or 1

8.04 Tolerates or benefits from Y Field observations -1 or 1 mutilation, cultivation or fire

8.05 Effective natural enemies Unknown -1 or 1 present in South Africa

Notes and References:

1.01 An online search provided no results 1.02 1.03 2.01 No computer analysis carried out in SA 2.02 No computer analysis carried out in SA 2.03 Widespread species indigenous to Standley, P.C., Williams L.O. (1963) Fieldiana, Vol. 24, Part VII, number 4, pp. 454 – 455. Mexico southward to Panama, in https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2455124#page/66/mode/1up mountain thickets, to oak-pine woodlands. Naturalised in Hawaii, Tahiti Meyer, J.-Y., Medeiros, A.C. (2011) Melastomes. In: Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of and Mauritius. California Press, Berkely, pp. 458 – 462. 2.04 No evidence USDA-ARS (2016) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). National Plant Germplasm System. Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory 2.05 Grown as an ornamental plant in Regel, E., Jäger, H., Francke, F., Bouché, C., Ortgies, E. (1862) Gartenflora, Ferdinand Enke, Erlangen, pp. 440. Australia, Germany, The Netherlands, South Africa, and in the Flora Fernandes, R., Ferandes, A. (1978) Melastomataceae. In: Flora Zambesiaca 4, pp. 220. Zambesiaca region. Blacquière, T., Kromwijk, A., Scholte-Wassink, G., Hattendorf, A. (2001) Boeisturing bij violen en stekperkplanten. Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgewing, Publicatienummer 253.

Spencer, R. (2002) Horticultural flora of south-eastern Australia. UNSW Press, Melbourne, pp. 430. 3.01 Naturalized in New Zealand, Jamaica, Heenan, P.B. de Lange, P.J. Cameron, E.K. Ogle, C.C. Champion, P.D. (2004) Checklist of dicotyledons, Tahiti, Hawaii and Mauritius. Considered gymnosperms, and pteridophytes naturalised or casual in New Zealand: additional records 2001–2003. New a potential invader in Tahiti and a Zealand Journal of Botany 42: 797–814. moderate invader in Hawaii. Occurs as Boon R.G.C. (2016) Durban’s weedy Melastomes – possible new invaders. SAPIA News No. 39: 3 – 5. Pretoria, casual escape in South Africa. South Africa: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council

USDA-ARS (2016) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). National Plant Germplasm System. Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory

Meyer, J. Y. (2000) Preliminary review of the invasive plants in the Pacific islands (SPREP Member Countries). Invasive species in the Pacific: a technical review and draft regional strategy, 94.

Pratt, L.W., Bio, K.F., Jacobi, J.D. (2012) Survey of roadside alien plants in Hawaii Volcanoues national park and adjacent residential areas 2001 – 2005. Technical report HCSU-032, Universtiy of Hawaii, Hilo.

Henderson, L., Wilson, J. R. (2017) Changes in the composition and distribution of alien plants in South Africa: An update from the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas. Bothalia 47(2), 1-26.

Meyer, J.-Y., Medeiros, A.C. (2011) Melastomes. In: Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, Berkely, pp. 458 – 462. 3.02 “The melastomes Tibouchina urvilleana Pratt, L.W., Bio, K.F., Jacobi, J.D. (2012) Survey of roadside alien plants in Hawaii Volcanoues national park and (glorybush) and Heterocentron adjacent residential areas 2001 – 2005. Technical report HCSU-032, Universtiy of Hawaii, Hilo subtriplinervium (pearl flower), which are currently being controlled along park roadsides, were observed on 27 to 36% of the Crater Rim Road segments, respectively” 3.03 No No evidence 3.04 A herb or subshrub forming a dense, PIER, 2013. Heterocentron subtriplinervium. Pacific Islands Ecosystem at Risk. tangled understorey growth. http://www.hear.org/pier/species/heterocentron_subtriplinervium.htm accessed 09/03/2020. 3.05 No record of other Heterocentron species being weedy. 4.01 Descriptions of this species do not Standley, P.C., Williams, L.O. (1963) Fieldiana, Vol. 24, Part VII, number 4, pp. 454 – 455. mention structures capable of fouling or https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2455124#page/66/mode/1up causing discomfort or pain to people or animals Kinsey, T.B. (2019) Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers, A guide to the tropical flowers, plants, and wildflowers of Hawaii, accessed 29 August 2019, https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/763/heterocentron- subtriplinervium-pearlflower/ 4.02 No evidence of allelopathy Kinsey, T.B. (2019) Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers, A guide to the tropical flowers, plants, and wildflowers of Hawaii, accessed 29 August 2019, https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/763/heterocentron- subtriplinervium-pearlflower/ 4.03 Not a parasitic plant Kinsey, T.B. (2019) Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers, A guide to the tropical flowers, plants, and wildflowers of Hawaii, accessed 29 August 2019, https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/763/heterocentron- subtriplinervium-pearlflower/ 4.04 No evidence Kinsey, T.B. (2019) Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers, A guide to the tropical flowers, plants, and wildflowers of Hawaii, accessed 29 August 2019, https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/763/heterocentron- subtriplinervium-pearlflower/ 4.05 No evidence 4.06 No evidence 4.07 No evidence 4.08 No evidence 4.09 The plants grow in moist, sunny and Kinsey, T.B. (2019) Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers, A guide to the tropical flowers, plants, and shady places in disturbed areas and at wildflowers of Hawaii, accessed 29 August 2019, https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/763/heterocentron- forest edges. subtriplinervium-pearlflower/

Boon R.G.C. (2016) Durban’s weedy Melastomes – possible new invaders. SAPIA News No. 39: 3 – 5. Pretoria,

South Africa: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council 4.10 The sandstone-derived soils of the Mucina, L., Geldenhuys, C.J., Rutherford, M.C., Powrie, L.W., Lötter, M.C., Von Maltitz, G.P., Kloof escarpment are largely nutrient Euston-Brown, D.I.W., Matthews, W.S., Dobson, L., McKenzie, B. (2006) Afromontane, subtropical poor, leached, shallow soils. and azonal forests. In: Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 586 – 615. 4.11 Growth form and habit do not suggest Kinsey, T.B. (2019) Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers, A guide to the tropical flowers, plants, and smothering. wildflowers of Hawaii, accessed 29 August 2019, https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/763/heterocentron- subtriplinervium-pearlflower/

Field observations in this study. 4.12 Forms dense, localised stands in known Boon R.G.C. (2016) Durban’s weedy Melastomes – possible new invaders. SAPIA News No. 39: 3 – 5. Pretoria, sites in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. “Forms South Africa: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council dense tangled understory growth” (PIER 2013) PIER (2013) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. Accessed 9 Mar. 2020 http://www.hear.org/pier/species/heterocentron_subtriplinervium.htm 5.01 Not an aquatic species Standley, P.C., Williams, L.O. (1963) Fieldiana, Vol. 24, Part VII, number 4, pp. 454 – 455. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2455124#page/66/mode/1up 5.02 Not a grass species Standley, P.C., Williams, L.O. (1963) Fieldiana, Vol. 24, Part VII, number 4, pp. 454 – 455. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2455124#page/66/mode/1up 5.03 H. subtriplinervium is in the Standley, P.C., Williams, L.O. (1963) Fieldiana, Vol. 24, Part VII, number 4, pp. 454 – 455. Melastomataceae family https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2455124#page/66/mode/1up 5.04 H. subtriplinervium is in the Standley, P.C., Williams, L.O. (1963) Fieldiana, Vol. 24, Part VII, number 4, pp. 454 – 455. Melastomataceae family https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2455124#page/66/mode/1up 6.01 No evidence 6.02 “Prolific seeder, typical of Melastomes” PIER (2013) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. Accessed 9 Mar. 2020 http://www.hear.org/pier/species/heterocentron_subtriplinervium.htm 6.03 Unknown 6.04 Unknown 6.05 Seeds are dispersed by birds in Hawaii. PIER (2013) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. Accessed 9 Mar. 2020 http://www.hear.org/pier/species/heterocentron_subtriplinervium.htm 6.06 In Hawaii it is reported to reproduce by PIER (2013) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. Accessed 9 Mar. seed. However, in South Africa, it may 2020 http://www.hear.org/pier/species/heterocentron_subtriplinervium.htm be mostly through vegetative reproduction. Kinsey, T.B. (2019) Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers, A guide to the tropical flowers, plants, and wildflowers of Hawaii, accessed 29 August 2019, https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/763/heterocentron- subtriplinervium-pearlflower/ 6.07 Heterocentron subtriplinervium is a PIER (2013) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. Accessed 9 Mar. perennial shrub producing new shoots 2020 http://www.hear.org/pier/species/heterocentron_subtriplinervium.htm each year. Kinsey, T.B. (2019) Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers, A guide to the tropical flowers, plants, and wildflowers of Hawaii, accessed 29 August 2019, https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/763/heterocentron- subtriplinervium-pearlflower/

7.01 Species does not have morphological Kinsey, T.B. (2019) Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers, A guide to the tropical flowers, plants, and dispersal adaptations for unintentional wildflowers of Hawaii, accessed 29 August 2019, https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/763/heterocentron- spread subtriplinervium-pearlflower/.

Standley, P.C., Williams, L.O. (1963) Fieldiana, Vol. 24, Part VII, number 4, pp. 454 – 455. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2455124#page/66/mode/1up 7.02 The taxon is an ornamental shrub in Henderson, L., & Wilson, J. R. (2017) Changes in the composition and distribution of alien plants in South South Africa. Africa: An update from the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas. Bothalia, 47(2), 1-26.

Boon R.G.C. (2016) Durban’s weedy Melastomes – possible new invaders. SAPIA News No. 39: 3 – 5. Pretoria, South Africa: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council 7.03 Plant does not occur near pastures or Field observations from this study cultivated land in SA 7.04 No evidence 7.05 Propagules may be water dispersed 7.06 Seeds bird dispersed PIER (2013) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. Accessed 9 Mar. 2020 http://www.hear.org/pier/species/heterocentron_subtriplinervium.htm 7.07 No 7.08 No 8.01 “Prolific seeder, typical of Melastomes” PIER (2013) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. Accessed 9 Mar. 2020 http://www.hear.org/pier/species/heterocentron_subtriplinervium.htm 8.02 Unknown No evidence 8.03 Unknown No evidence 8.04 Yes Melastomes generally benefit from pruning and H. subtriplinervium seems to grow from material dumped by gardeners and parts of the plants that transported downstream; the plants also do not die because of this 8.05 Unknown No evidence

Summary of questions and scores from the Australian Weed Risk Assessment completed for Melastoma sanguineum in South Africa (Overall Score=10) Family: Melastomataceae Date assessed: 3 July 2019 M.L Hadebe, M. Cheek & R.G.C. Boon, Taxon: Melastoma sanguineum Sims Assessor: K.M. Wong Common name: Fox-tongued Melastoma WRA score: 10 Melastoma erectum Jack Melastoma decemfidum Roxb. ex Jack Melastoma macrocarpum D.Don Melastoma dodecandrum Roxb. Melastoma porphyreum Zipp. Melastoma pulcherrimum Korth. Melastoma zollingeri Naudin Melastoma gaudichaudianum Naudin Melastoma esquiolli H. Lév. Melastoma schizocarpum Ridl. Melastoma chevalieri Guillaumin Synonyms: Recommendation: Reject Melastoma horridum Bakh.f. Melastoma bancanum Bakh.f. Melastoma balinense Bakh.f. Melastoma vile Bakh.f. Melastoma koordersii Bakh.f. Melastoma elbertii Bakh.f. Melastoma curvisepalum Bakh.f. Melastoma curvisepalum var. crinitum Bakh.f. Melastoma dendrisetosum C.Chen. Melastoma sanguienum var. latisepalum C.Chen

Refer to: Pheloung et al. 1999. A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management 57, pp 239-251 Gordon et al. 2010. Guidance for addressing the Australian Weed Risk Assessment questions. Plant Protection Quarterly 25, pp 56-74

Question Answer Reference Score Possible scores 1.01 Is the species highly N 0 0 or -3 domesticated?

1.02 Has the species become -1 or 1 naturalized where grown?

1.03 Does the species have -1 or 1 weedy races?

2.01 Species suited to South Unknown No distribution model set up for South Africa 2 0, 1, 2 African climates

2.02 Quality of climate match Unknown No distribution model set up for South Africa 2 0,1 or 2 data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- high)

2.03 Broad climate suitability N Chen & Renner (2007); Chimera (2011) 0 0,1 or 2 (environmental versatility)

2.04 Native or naturalized in N Meyer (2001); Meyer & Medeiros (2011) 0 0,1 or 2 regions with extended dry periods

2.05 Does the species have a Y Fern (2021) 2 0,1 or 2 history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

3.01 Naturalized beyond native Y Meyer & Medeiros (2011) 2 -2,- range 1,0,1,2

3.02 N Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0,1,2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed

3.03 Weed of N Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0,1,2,3,4 agriculture/horticulture/forestry

3.04 Environmental weed Y Chimera (2011) 4 0,1,2,3,4

3.05 Congeneric weed Y Acevedo-Rodríguez & Strong (2012); Meyer & Medeiros (2011); NBII 2 0,1,2 (2006)

4.01 Produces spines, thorns or N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1 burrs

4.02 Allelopathic Unknown N/A 0 or 1

4.03 Parasitic N Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1

4.04 Unpalatable to grazing Unknown No evidence N/A -1 or 1 animals

4.05 Toxic to animals N Corlett (1998); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1

4.06 Host for recognized pests Unknown No evidence N/A 0 or 1 and pathogens

4.07 Causes allergies or is N Hu (2005) 0 0 or 1 otherwise toxic to humans

4.08 Creates a fire hazard in Unknown No evidence N/A 0 or 1 natural ecosystems

4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at N Meyer (2001) 0 0 or 1 some stage of its life cycle

4.10 Grows on infertile soils Unknown No evidence N/A 0 or 1

4.11 Climbing or smothering N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1 growth habit

4.12 Forms dense thickets Y Starr et al. (2006) 1 0 or 1

5.01 Aquatic N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 5

5.02 Grass N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1

5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007); Meyer & Medeiros (2011) 0 0 or 1 plant

5.04 Geophyte N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1

6.01 Evidence of substantial N Corlett (1998); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1 reproductive failure in native habitat

6.02 Produces viable seed Y Hu (2005); Chimera (2011); Corlett (1998) 1 -1 or 1

6.03 Hybridizes naturally Y Liu et al. (2014); Wong (2015); Ng et al. (2020) 1 -1 or 1

6.04 Self-fertilization Unknown No evidence N/A -1 or 1

6.05 Requires specialist N Renner (1989); Chimera (2011) 0 0 or -1 pollinators

6.06 Reproduction by N Fern (2021) -1 -1 or 1 vegetative propagation

6.07 Minimum generative time 4 -1 0,1,-1 (years)

7.01 Propagules likely to be Y Starr et al. (2006); Chimera (2011) 1 -1 or 1 dispersed unintentionally

7.02 Propagules dispersed Y Wikilawn (2020); Hu (2005); Starr et al. (2003) 1 -1 or 1 intentionally by people

7.03 Propagules likely to N Not occurring near pastures or cultivated land -1 -1 or 1 disperse as a produce contaminant

7.04 Propagules adapted to N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) -1 -1 or 1 wind dispersal

7.05 Propagules buoyant N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) -1 -1 or 1

7.06 Propagules bird dispersed Y Corlett (1998) 1 -1 or 1

7.07 Propagules dispersed by N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) -1 -1 or 1 other animals (externally)

7.08 Propagules dispersed by N Corlett (1998) 0 -1 or 1 other animals (internally)

8.01 Prolific seed production Y Field observations 1 -1 or 1

8.02 Evidence that a persistent Unknown No evidence N/A -1 or 1 propagule bank is formed (>1 yr.)

8.03 Well controlled by Y Chimera (2011) -1 -1 or 1 herbicides

8.04 Tolerates or benefits from Y Field observations 1 -1 or 1 mutilation, cultivation or fire

8.05 Effective natural enemies Unknown No evidence N/A -1 or 1 present in South Africa

Notes and References:

1.01 No evidence of plant breeding to select particular traits 1.02 1.03 2.01 No distribution model set up for South Africa No evidence 2.02 No distribution model set up for South africa No evidence 2.03 Grows below 400 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [India, Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH Indonesia, Malaysia]. (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. Chimera C. (2011) Melastoma sanguineum. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/Melastoma_sanguineum.pd f

2.04 The species is native in Java, Sumatra, Indonesia, Malay Peninsula, Meyer K. (2001) Revision of the southeast Asian genus Melastoma Borneo and the Philippines. (Melastomataceae). Blumea 46, 351 – 398. Meyer J.-Y., Medeiros A.C. (2011) Melastomes. In: Simberloff D., Rejmánek M. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 458 - 462. 2.05 Grown as an ornamental plant. Fern, K. (2021) Tropical Plants Database. http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Melastoma+sanguineu m. (seen 2 March 2021) 3.01 The species has naturalized in Hawaii Meyer J.-Y., Medeiros A.C. (2011) Melastomes. In: Simberloff D., Rejmánek M. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 458 - 462. 3.02 Found in disturbed forests, along roads, streams and open places in Meyer K. (2001) Revision of the southeast Asian genus Melastoma savannahs. (Melastomataceae). Blumea 46, 351 – 398. Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 3.03 No evidence Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 3.04 Invades undisturbed shrublands Chimera C. (2011) Melastoma sanguineum. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/Melastoma_sanguineum.pdf 3.05 Melastoma malabathricum occurs outside of cultivation in Jamaica. Acevedo-Rodríguez P., Strong M.T. (2012) Catalogue of seed plants of M. candidum is also naturalised in Hawaii. the West Indies. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington D.C., pp. 543.

Meyer J.-Y., Medeiros A.C. (2011) Melastomes. In: Simberloff D., Rejmánek M. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 458 - 462.

NBII (2006) National Biological Information Infrastructure & ISSG. http://issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1053&fr=1&sts=&%20a ng=TC&ver=print&prtflag=false Accessed 11 March 2020. 4.01 Plant is devoid of spines or thorns Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 4.02 Unknown No evidence

4.03 Melastoma species are shrubs or small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 4.04 Unknown No evidence 4.05 Fruit eaten by birds and despite being in cultivation there are no Corlett R.T. (1998) Frugivory and seed dispersal by birds in Hong Kong records of it being toxic. M. sanguineum is not grown near shrubland. Forktail 13, 23 – 27. production landscapes, making unlikely that livestock would eat the plant. Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 4.06 No evidence No evidence 4.07 ‘Ripe fruit eaten by people from Hainan Island” Hu S.Y. (2005) Food plants of China. Chinese University Press, pp. 583.

4.08 Plant does not increase the fuel load significantly Field observations 4.09 Unlikely to be shade tolerant if the typical habitat is in disturbed Meyer K. (2001) Revision of the southeast Asian genus Melastoma forests, along roads and in open places in savannahs up to 2300 m (Melastomataceae). Blumea 46, 351 – 398. above sea level. 4.10 Unknown No evidence 4.11 Shrub to small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 4.12 “Melastoma spp. spread from plantings and form dense monotypic Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. L. (2006) Roadside Survey and Expert thickets up to 2 m tall and crowd out native vegetation” Interviews for Selected Plant Species on Maui, Hawaii. Report Prepared for Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Honolulu, HI: United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 5.01 Shrub to small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 5.02 Shrub to small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 5.03 Melastomataceae species do not fix nitrogen Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399.

Simberloff D., Rejmánek M. (Eds.) (2011) Encyclopedia of biological invasions (No. 3). University of California Press

5.04 Shrub to small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 6.01 It is a widespread taxon of open slopes, thickets, trailsides and Corlett R.T. (1998) Frugivory and seed dispersal by birds in Hong Kong woodland margins. In Hong Kong it is one of the dominant shrub shrubland. Forktail 13, 23 – 27. species. Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 6.02 Yes, ‘Fruits hemispherical, 1-1.6 cm long, 1-1.5 cm across, covered Hu S.Y. (2005) Food plants of China. Chinese University Press. with curved bristles, carnose, irregularly split on one side, exposing Chimera C. (2011) Melastoma sanguineum. Hawaiian Ecosystems at the scarlet red placentae and numerous seeds” Risk project. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/Melastoma_sanguineum.pdf 6.03 Five populations of a hybrid between M. sanguineum and an M. Specimens at KwaZulu-Natal herbarium (NH): Cheek 2026 (accession malabathricum are reported in this study from the sandstone number: NH0139237-0) and Cheek 2027 (accession number: sourveld in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is not clear whether the NH0143514-0) hybrid emerged under natural conditions or is a result of horticultural manipulation, but hybridisation is known from its Lui T., Chen Y., Chao L., Wang S., Wu W., Dai S., Wang F., Fab Q., natural range (Wong 2015). Ng et al. (2020) found molecular Zhou R. (2014) Extensive hybridisation and introgression between evidence for hybridisation between M. malabathricum and M. Melastoma candidum and M. sanguineum. PLOS One 9(5): e96680. sanguineum. Wong, K.M., 2015. Studies in Southeast Asian Melastoma (Melastomataceae), 1. Morphological variation in M. malabathricum and notes on rheophytic taxa and interspecific hybridisation in the genus. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 67, 387 – 401

Ng, W.L., Huang, G., Wu, W., Zhou, Q., Liu, Y., Zhou, R. (2020) Molecular confirmation of natural hybridisation between Melastoma sanguineum and M. malabathricum (Melastomataceae). Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 72, 65 – 75. 6.04 Unknown No evidence 6.05 Unlikely to require specialist pollinators as a presumed hybrid taxon Renner S.S. (1989) A survey of the reproductive biology of neotropical of which this species is thought to be a parent flowers and produces Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical fruit across the entire range in KZN which is far outside of its Garden 76, 496 – 518. natural range. Flowers of Old World Melastomataceae have the same basic construction as the Neotropical species, making it likely Chimera C. (2011) Melastoma sanguineum. Hawaiian Ecosystems at that they are also buzz pollinated by bees. M. sanguineum has pink Risk project. flowers, one of the flower colours typically attractive to bees. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/Melastoma_sanguineum.pdf

6.06 This plant is not known to spread vegetatively and propagation is Fern, K. (2021) Tropical Plants Database. through sowing the seed http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Melastoma+sanguineu m. (seen 2 March 2021) 6.07 Probably less than 4 years Chimera C. (2011) Melastoma sanguineum. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/Melastoma_sanguineum.pdf 7.01 ‘M. sanguineum also escapes cultivation and naturalizes in mesic Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. L. (2006) Roadside Survey and Expert sites on the island of Hawaii in the Keaukaha area and along the Interviews for Selected Plant Species on Maui, Hawaii. Report Prepared highway between Volcano and Hilo” for Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Honolulu, HI: United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Chimera C. (2011) Melastoma sanguineum. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/Melastoma_sanguineum.pdf 7.02 Fruit eaten by people and it is an ornamental shrub Hu S.Y. (2005) Food plants of China. Chinese University Press, pp. 583.

Wikilawn (2020) Melastoma sanguineum. https://www.wikilawn.com/evergreen/tropical-flowering-shrub-for- gardens-melastoma-sanguineum/ accessed 11 March 2020. 7.03 No evidence 7.04 Fruit urceolate-turbinate, succulent and 1.5-2.2cm x 1.5-2cm. Seed Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH and fruit have no adaptations for wind dispersal. (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399 7.05 Fruit urceolate-turbinate, succulent and 1.5-2.2cm x 1.5-2cm. Seed Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH and fruit have no adaptations for water dispersal. (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399 7.06 Yes, eaten and dispersed by birds Corlett R.T. (1998) Frugivory and seed dispersal by birds in Hong Kong shrubland. Forktail 13, 23 – 27. 7.07 Epizoöchory not known in this species Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399 7.08 No evidence for animals other than birds. It is possible in the Corlett R.T. (1998) Frugivory and seed dispersal by birds in Hong Kong naturalised range in KwaZulu-Natal that Vervet Monkeys and shrubland. Forktail 13, 23 – 27. Large-spotted Genets among other mammals may play a role in dispersal. Corlett R.T. (1996) Characteristics of vertebrate-dispersed fruits in Hong Kong. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 12(6), 819-833. 8.01 Unknown 8.02 No information is available on seed banks. No evidence

8.03 Drizzle-applied triclopyr has been found effective on Melastoma Motooka P., Ching L., Nagai G. (2002) Herbicidal weed control methods candidum.It is therefore likely that it may also be effective on M. for pastures and natural areas of Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture sanguineum and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mãnoa Chimera C. (2011) Melastoma sanguineum. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/Melastoma_sanguineum.pdf 8.04 Many of the plants at the Pennington population in KZN, South Field observations Africa were resprouting after a fire. 8.05 Unknown No evidence

Supplementary Material, Table 2. – Summary of questions and scores from the Australian Weed Risk Assessment completed for Melastoma malabathricum in South Africa (Overall Score=16)

Family: Melastomataceae Date assessed: M.L Hadebe, M. Cheek & R.G.C. Boon, Taxon: Melastoma malabathricum L. Assessor: K.M. Wong Common name: Malabar melastome WRA score: 16 Melastoma affine D.Don M. candidum D.Don M. cavaleriei H. Léveillé M. esquirolii H. Léveillé Synonyms: Recommendation: Reject M. malabathricum subsp. normale (D.Don) K.Meyer M. normale D.Don M. polyanthum Blume

Refer to: Pheloung et al. 1999. A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management 57, pp 239-251

Gordon et al. 2010. Guidance for addressing the Australian Weed Risk Assessment questions. Plant Protection Quarterly 25, pp 56-74

Question Answer Reference Score Possible scores 1.01 Is the species highly N No evidence of plant breeding to select particular traits 0 0 or -3 domesticated? 1.02 Has the species become -1 or 1 naturalized where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy -1 or 1 races? 2.01 Species suited to South Unknown No distribution model set up for South Africa 2 0, 1, 2 African climates 2.02 Quality of climate match data Unknown No distribution model set up for South Africa 2 0,1 or 2 (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2.03 Broad climate suitability N Peel et al. (2007); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0,1 or 2 (environmental versatility) 2.04 Native or naturalized in N Forman (1989); Gerlach (1996); Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0,1 or 2 regions with extended dry periods 2.05 Does the species have a Y Eliovson (1962); Puccio (2003); Gann et al. (2020) 2 0,1 or 2 history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? 3.01 Naturalized beyond native Y Hosking et al. (2011); Acevedo-Rodríguez & Strong (2012); Gann et al. (2020) 2 -2,- range 1,0,1,2 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance N Hosking et al. (2011); Flora Fauna Web (2019) 2 0,1,2 weed 3.03 Weed of Y Hosking et al. (2011); Flora Fauna Web (2019); Fern (2019) 4 0,1,2,3,4 agriculture/horticulture/forestry 3.04 Environmental weed Y Hosking et al. (2011); Flora Fauna Web (2019) 0 0,1,2,3,4 3.05 Congeneric weed Y Starr et al. (2003); Meyer & Medeiros (2011) 2 0,1,2 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or N Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1 burrs 4.02 Allelopathic Y Faravani et al. (2008) 1 0 or 1 4.03 Parasitic N Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing Unknown No evidence N/A -1 or 1 animals 4.05 Toxic to animals N 0 0 or 1 4.06 Host for recognized pests and Unknown No evidence N/A 0 or 1 pathogens 4.07 Causes allergies or is Unknown No evidence N/A 0 or 1 otherwise toxic to humans

4.08 Creates a fire hazard in Unknown No evidence N/A 0 or 1 natural ecosystems 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at N Cheke et al. (1979); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1 some stage of its life cycle 4.10 Grows on infertile soils Y Watanabe et al. (1998); Yeo & Tan (2011); Flora Fauna Web (2019) 1 0 or 1 4.11 Climbing or smothering N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1 growth habit 4.12 Forms dense thickets Y Starr et al. (2003) 1 0 or 1 5.01 Aquatic N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 5 5.02 Grass N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1

5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1 5.04 Geophyte N Meyer (2001); Chen & Renner (2007) 0 0 or 1 6.01 Evidence of substantial N Yeo & Tan (2011) 0 0 or 1 reproductive failure in native habitat 6.02 Produces viable seed Y Cheke et al. (1979); Hosking et al. (2011) 1 -1 or 1 6.03 Hybridizes naturally Y Lui et al. (2014); Wong (2015); Ng et al. (2020) 1 -1 or 1 6.04 Self-fertilization Unknown -1 or 1 6.05 Requires specialist N Flora Fauna Web (2019) 0 0 or -1 pollinators 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative N Fern (2021) -1 -1 or 1 propagation 6.07 Minimum generative time 4+ years Field observations -1 0,1,-1 (years) 7.01 Propagules likely to be Y Starr et al. (2006); Chimera (2011) 1 -1 or 1 dispersed unintentionally 7.02 Propagules dispersed Y Eliovson, S. (1962); Puccio (2003); Hosking et al. (2011); Exotic Flora (n.d.) 1 -1 or 1 intentionally by people 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse N Chen & Renner (2007) -1 -1 or 1 as a produce contaminant 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind N Chen & Renner (2007) -1 -1 or 1 dispersal 7.05 Propagules buoyant N Chen & Renner (2007) -1 -1 or 1 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed Y Puccio (2003); Flora Fauna Web (2019) 1 -1 or 1 7.07 Propagules dispersed by N Chen & Renner (2007) -1 -1 or 1 other animals (externally) 7.08 Propagules dispersed by Y Puccio (2003); Flora Fauna Web (2019) 1 -1 or 1 other animals (internally) 8.01 Prolific seed production Y Field observations 1 -1 or 1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent Unknown -1 or 1 propagule bank is formed (>1 yr.) 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides Y Motooka et al. (2002); Chimera (2011) -1 -1 or 1 8.04 Tolerates or benefits from Y Field observations 1 -1 or 1 mutilation, cultivation or fire 8.05 Effective natural enemies Unknown -1 or 1 present in South Africa

Notes and References:

1.01 No evidence of plant breeding to select particular traits 1.02 1.03 2.01 No distribution model set up for South Africa No evidence 2.02 No distribution model set up for South africa No evidence 2.03 Despite having a large altitudinal range, Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., McMahon, T.A. (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate occurring from 100-2800m, the natural classification. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11, 1633 – 1644. distribution of M. malabathricum is across two climate types, tropical rainforest (Af) and Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. tropical savannah (Aw). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 2.04 Indigenous to continental south-east Asia and Chen, J., Renner, S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Malaysian regions, including Seychelles and Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. Pacific islands. Meyer K. (2001) Revision of the southeast Asian genus Melastoma (Melastomataceae). Blumea 46, 351 – 398.

Gerlach, J. (1996) Native or introduced plant species? Phelsuma 4, 70 – 74.

Forman, L.L. (1989) The illustrations to William Hunter’s ‘Plants of Prince Wales Island’. Kew Bulletin 44, 151 – 161. 2.05 M. malabathricum is cultivated as an ornamental Eliovson, S. (1962) Flowering shrubs, trees and climbers for southern Africa. Howard Timmins, Cape plant. Town, p. 144.

Puccio, P. (2003) Monaco Nature Encyclopedia. https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com (Seen 14 January 2021)

Hosking, J.R., Conn, B.J., Lepschi, B.J., Barker, C.H. (2011) Plant species first recognised as naturalised or naturalising for New South Wales in 2004 and 2005. Cunninghamia 12, 85 – 114. 3.01 The species has naturalized in Florida and in Acevedo-Rodríguez P., Strong M.T. (2012) Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Australia and occurs outside of cultivation in Institution Scholarly Press, Washington D.C., pp. 543. https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/WestIndies/ Jamaica and Cuba. Hosking, J.R., Conn, B.J., Lepschi, B.J., Barker, C.H. (2011) Plant species first recognised as naturalised or naturalising for New South Wales in 2004 and 2005. Cunninghamia 12, 85 – 114.

Gann G.D. et al. 2001-2020. Floristic Inventory of South Florida Database Online. The Institute for Regional Conservation. Delray Beach, Florida. https://regionalconservation.org/ircs/database/plants/PlantPage.asp?TXCODE=Melamala. (seen 14 January 2021) 3.02 Found in disturbed forests, along roads, streams Flora Fauna Web (2019) Melastoma malabathricum. National Parks, Singapore. and open places in savannahs. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2221

Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 3.03 Weed of pastures and disturbed areas Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J., Herberger, J. (1997) World weeds: natural histories and distribution. John Wiley and Sons: New York.

Hosking, J.R., Conn, B.J., Lepschi, B.J., Barker, C.H. (2011) Plant species first recognised as naturalised or naturalising for New South Wales in 2004 and 2005. Cunninghamia 12, 85 – 114.

Flora Fauna Web (2019) Melastoma malabathricum. National Parks, Singapore. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2221

Fern, K. (2019) Tropical Plants Database. Melastoma malabathricum. http://www.tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id+Melastoma+malabathricum (Seen 3 March 2021) 3.04 M. malabathricum has been recorded naturalised Hosking, J.R., Conn, B.J., Lepschi, B.J., Barker, C.H. (2011) Plant species first recognised as naturalised in undisturbed areas. or naturalising for New South Wales in 2004 and 2005. Cunninghamia 12, 85 – 114.

Flora Fauna Web (2019) Melastoma malabathricum. National Parks, Singapore. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2221

Field observations from this study 3.05 M. sanguineum and M. candidum are naturalised Meyer J.-Y., Medeiros A.C. (2011) Melastomes. In: Simberloff D., Rejmánek M. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of in Hawaii. biological invasions. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 458 - 462.

Starr, F., Starr, K., Loope, L. (2003) Melastoma candidum. United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources division. 4.01 Plant is devoid of spines or thorns Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 4.02 Leaf and root extracts of M. malabathricum had Faravani, M., Baki, H.B., Khalijah, A. (2008) Assessment of allelopathic potential of Melastoma a significant negative effect on root lengths of malabathricum L. on Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Not. Bot. Barnyard grass and Radish. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj 36, 54 – 60. 4.03 Melastoma spp. are shrubs or small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 4.04 Unknown No evidence 4.05 Fruit eaten by birds Flora Fauna Web (2019) Melastoma malabathricum. National Parks, Singapore. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2221

Puccio, P. (2003) Monaco Nature Encyclopedia. https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com (Seen 14 January 2021)

4.06 No evidence No evidence 4.07 No records of allergies or poisoning due to M. No evidence malabathricum 4.08 Plant does not increase the fuel load Field observations significantly 4.09 Unlikely to be shade tolerant if the typical Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. habitat is in disturbed forests, along roads and in Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. open places in savannahs up to 2800m above sea level. A germination study found that M. Cheke, A.S., Nanakorn, W., Yanoses, C. (1979) Dormancy and dispersal of seeds of secondary forest malabathricum was among the secondary forest species under the canopy of a primary tropical rainforest in northern Thailand. Biotropica 11, 88 – 95. species that did not germinate at low light levels. 4.10 M. malabathricum is an effective accumulator Yeo C.K., Tan H.T.W., (2011) Ficus stranglers and Melastoma malabathricum: potential tropical woody plant of heavy metals and can tolerate infertile plants for phytoremediation of metals in wetlands. Nature in Singapore 4, 213 – 226. soils. Watanabe, T., Osaki, M., Yoshihara, T., Tadano, T., (1998) Distribution and chemical speciation of aluminum in Al accumulator plant, Melastoma malabathricum L. Plant Soil, 201(2): 165–173.

Flora Fauna Web (2019) Melastoma malabathricum. National Parks, Singapore. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2221 4.11 Shrub to small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 4.12 “Melastoma spp. spread from plantings and form Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. L. (2006) Roadside Survey and Expert Interviews for Selected Plant Species dense monotypic thickets up to 2 m tall and on Maui, Hawaii. Report Prepared for Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Honolulu, HI: United crowd out native vegetation” States Fish and Wildlife Service. 5.01 Shrub to small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 5.02 Shrub to small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 5.03 Melastomataceae species do not fix nitrogen Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399.

Meyer J.-Y., Medeiros A.C. (2011) Melastomes. In: Simberloff D., Rejmánek M. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 458 - 462. 5.04 Shrub to small shrubs Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 6.01 It is a widespread taxon of open slopes, thickets, Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. footpaths and woodland margins Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399. 6.02 M. malabathricum does produce viable seed Cheke, A.S., Nanakorn, W., Yanoses, C. (1979) Dormancy and dispersal of seeds of secondary forest species under the canopy of a primary tropical rainforest in northern Thailand. Biotropica 11, 88 – 95.

Hosking, J.R., Conn, B.J., Lepschi, B.J., Barker, C.H. (2011) Plant species first recognised as naturalised or naturalising for New South Wales in 2004 and 2005. Cunninghamia 12, 85 – 114.

6.03 Five populations of an assumed hybrid between Specimens at KwaZulu-Natal herbarium (NH): Cheek 2026 (accession number: NH0139237-0) and Cheek M. sanguineum and M. malabathricum are 2027 (accession number: NH0143514-0). reported in this study from the sandstone sourveld open savannah in KwaZulu-Natal, Lui T., Chen Y., Chao L., Wang S., Wu W., Dai S., Wang F., Fab Q., Zhou R. (2014) Extensive South Africa. It is not clear whether the hybrid hybridisation and introgression between Melastoma candidum and M. sanguineum. PLOS One 9(5): emerged under natural conditions or is a result of e96680. horticultural manipulation, but interspecific hybridisation in this genus is known from its Wong, K.M., 2015. Studies in Southeast Asian Melastoma (Melastomataceae), 1. Morphological variation natural range (Lui et al. 2014; Wong 2015). Ng in M. malabathricum and notes on rheophytic taxa and interspecific hybridisation in the genus. Gardens’ et al. (2020) found molecular evidence for Bulletin Singapore 67, 387 – 401 hybridisation between M. malabathricum and M. sanguineum. Ng, W.L., Huang, G., Wu, W., Zhou, Q., Liu, Y., Zhou, R. (2020) Molecular confirmation of natural hybridisation between Melastoma sanguineum and M. malabathricum (Melastomataceae). Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 72, 65 – 75. 6.04 Unknown No evidence 6.05 Unlikely to require specialist pollinators as it Melastoma malabathricum (2019) Flora Fauna Web. National Parks, Singapore. flowers and produces fruit across the entire https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2221 range in KZN which is far outside of its natural range. Flowers attract a range of bee species: pearly banded bees, dwarf carpenter bees, large carpenter bees and blue banded digger bees. 6.06 Although M. malabathricum can be propagated Fern, K. (2021) Tropical Plants Database, tropical.theferns.info. through cuttings, this species is not known to http://www.tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?is=Melastoma+malabathricum. (Seen 3 March 2021) spread vegetatively 6.07 Probably 3 to 4 years Field observations

7.01 M. malabathricum does spread along roadsides Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. L. (2006) Roadside Survey and Expert Interviews for Selected Plant and has small seeds. Species on Maui, Hawaii. Report Prepared for Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Honolulu, HI: United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Chimera C. (2011) Melastoma sanguineum. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/Melastoma_sanguineum.pdf 7.02 M. malabathricum is an ornamental shrub Eliovson, S. (1962) Flowering shrubs, trees and climbers for southern Africa. Howard Timmins, Cape Town, p. 144. Puccio, P. (2003) Monaco Nature Encyclopedia. https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com (Seen 14 January 2021)

Hosking, J.R., Conn, B.J., Lepschi, B.J., Barker, C.H. (2011) Plant species first recognised as naturalised or naturalising for New South Wales in 2004 and 2005. Cunninghamia 12, 85 – 114.

Exotic Flora (n.d.) https://exoticflora.in/products/melastoma-malabathricum-flowering-shrubs. Seen 14 January 2021 7.03 No evidence 7.04 Seed and fruit have no adaptations for wind Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. dispersal. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399 7.05 Seed and fruit have no adaptations for water Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. dispersal. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399 7.06 Yes, the fruit are eaten and dispersed by birds Flora Fauna Web (2019) Melastoma malabathricum. National Parks, Singapore. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2221

Puccio, P. (2003) Monaco Nature Encyclopedia. https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com (Seen 14 January 2021) 7.07 Epizoöchory not known in this species Chen J., Renner S.S. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 13. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 360–399 7.08 Squirrels and monkeys are known to eat the Flora Fauna Web (2019) Melastoma malabathricum. National Parks, Singapore. fruit. It is possible in the naturalised range in https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/2/2221 KwaZulu-Natal that Vervet Monkeys and Large- spotted Genets among other mammals may play a role in dispersal. 8.01 From a sample of 29 of the hybrid shrubs in Field observations KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, an average of 78 fruit were found per plant. Each fruit contained numerous small seeds. 8.02 No information is available on seed banks. No studies on seed production or see banks found 8.03 Drizzle-applied triclopyr has been found Motooka P., Ching L., Nagai G. (2002) Herbicidal weed control methods for pastures and natural areas of effective on Melastoma candidum. It is therefore Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Mãnoa. likely that it may also be effective on M. malabathricum Chimera C. (2011) Melastoma sanguineum. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. http://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/Melastoma_sanguineum.pdf 8.04 Many of the plants at the Pennington population Field observations in KZN, South Africa were resprouting after a fire. 8.05 Unknown

Summary of questions and scores from the Australian Weed Risk Assessment completed for Pleroma mutabile in South Africa (Overall Score= 8)

Directorate of Biological Invasions Weed Risk Assessment

Family: Melastomataceae Date assessed: 7 October 2019

Taxon: Pleroma mutabile (Vell.) Triana Assessor: M.L Hadebe, M. Cheek & R. Boon

Common name: Glory bush; Manacá-da-serra AWRA score: 8 Lasiandra weddellii Naudin Pleroma elegans Gardner Synonyms: Recommendation: Evaluate further Tibouchina weddellii (Naudin) Cogn. Tibouchina mutabilis (Gardner) Cogn. Refer to: Pheloung et al. 1999. A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management 57, pp 239-251 Gordon et al. 2010. Guidance for addressing the Australian Weed Risk Assessment questions. Plant Protection Quarterly 25, pp 56-74

Question Answer Reference Score Possible scores 1.01 Is the species highly N Limited information. Searches on the internet suggest that the species has 0 0 or -3 domesticated? been intentionally selected in Australia but not necessarily for traits likely to decrease weediness.

1.02 Has the species become -1 or 1 naturalized where grown?

1.03 Does the species have Plants assessed are not suspected to be a subspecies, cultivar or registered N/A -1 or 1 weedy races? variety 2.01 Species suited to South Unknown No distribution model set up for South Africa 2 0, 1, 2 African climates

2.02 Quality of climate match Unknown No distribution model set up for South Africa 2 0,1 or 2 data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- high)

2.03 Broad climate suitability N Freitas et al. (2016); Kottek et al. (2006) 0 0,1 or 2 (environmental versatility)

2.04 Native or naturalized in N Simão et al. (2007); Tabarelli et al. (1999); Freitas et al. (2016) 0 0,1 or 2 regions with extended dry periods

2.05 Does the species have a Y Bailey (1919); Haschick (2014) 2 0,1 or 2 history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

3.01 Naturalized beyond native Y Field observation 2 -2,- range 1,0,1,2

3.02 N Field observation 0 0,1,2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed

3.03 Weed of N Field observation 0 0,1,2,3,4 agriculture/horticulture/forestry

3.04 Environmental weed Y Field observation 4 0,1,2,3,4

3.05 Congeneric weed Y Starr et al. (2003); Meyer & Medeiros (2011) 2 0,1,2

4.01 Produces spines, thorns or N Freitas et al. (2016) 0 0 or 1 burrs

4.02 Allelopathic N No indications of allelopathy for P. mutabile 0 0 or 1

4.03 Parasitic N Freitas et al. (2016) 0 0 or 1

4.04 Unpalatable to grazing Y Field observations of this and other melastome species in Durban suggest 1 -1 or 1 animals yes.

4.05 Toxic to animals N 0 0 or 1

4.06 Host for recognized pests Unknown N/A 0 or 1 and pathogens

4.07 Causes allergies or is N It is a popular garden ornamental but not reports that the taxon is the cause of 0 0 or 1 otherwise toxic to humans allergic reactions

4.08 Creates a fire hazard in N 0 0 or 1 natural ecosystems

4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at N Field observation; Baider et al. (2001); Simão & Takaki (2008) 0 0 or 1 some stage of its life cycle

4.10 Grows on infertile soils Y Mucina et al. (2006) 1 0 or 1

4.11 Climbing or smothering N Freitas et al. (2016) 0 0 or 1 growth habit

4.12 Forms dense thickets Y Field observation 1 0 or 1

5.01 Aquatic N Freitas et al. (2016) 0 0 or 5

5.02 Grass N Freitas et al. (2016) 0 0 or 1

5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody N Freitas et al. (2016) 0 0 or 1 plant

5.04 Geophyte N Freitas et al. (2016) 0 0 or 1

6.01 Evidence of substantial N Simão & Takaki (2008) 0 0 or 1 reproductive failure in native habitat

6.02 Produces viable seed Y Field observations; Simão & Takaki (2008) 1 -1 or 1

6.03 Hybridizes naturally Unknown N/A -1 or 1

6.04 Self-fertilization Unknown N/A -1 or 1

6.05 Requires specialist N Probably buzz-pollinated by bees, especially carpenter bees. 0 0 or -1 pollinators

6.06 Reproduction by N Starr et al. (2003); Krebs (2020) -1 -1 or 1 vegetative propagation

6.07 Minimum generative time ≥4 Field observations in South Africa suggest more than 4 years -1 0,1,-1 (years)

7.01 Propagules likely to be N -1 -1 or 1 dispersed unintentionally

7.02 Propagules dispersed Y Paolo (1998); Starr et al. (2003); Haschick (2014) 1 -1 or 1 intentionally by people

7.03 Propagules likely to N P. mutabile was not observed occurring near agricultural fields, nor do any -1 -1 or 1 disperse as a produce parts of the plants suggest that it could disperse as a contaminant. contaminant

7.04 Propagules adapted to Y Field observations; Simão et al. (2007); Baider et al. (2000) 1 -1 or 1 wind dispersal

7.05 Propagules water Y Field observations suggest that the small, light seeds can be transported along 1 -1 or 1 dispersed water courses

7.06 Propagules bird dispersed N Baider et al. (2000) -1 -1 or 1

7.07 Propagules dispersed by N Baider et al. (2000) -1 -1 or 1 other animals (externally)

7.08 Propagules dispersed by N Field observations in South Africa suggest that propagules of P. mutabile are -1 -1 or 1 other animals (internally) unlikely to be eaten by animals

8.01 Prolific seed production Unknown N/A -1 or 1

8.02 Evidence that a persistent N No evidence -1 -1 or 1 propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

8.03 Well controlled by Unknown N/A -1 or 1 herbicides

8.04 Tolerates or benefits from Y 1 -1 or 1 mutilation, cultivation or fire

8.05 Effective natural enemies Unknown -1 or 1 present in South Africa

Notes and References:

1.01 No evidence 1.02 Naturalized in South Africa 1.03 Unknown 2.01 No distribution model set up for the RSA 2.02 No distribution model set up for the RSA 2.03 No evidence that it is naturalised in more than Kottek M., Grieser J., Beck C., Rudolf B., Rubel F. (2006) World map of Köppen-Geiger one climatic zone. Known to occur in two climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15, 259 – 263. climatic zones: Cfa and Cfb 2.04 Native to Atlantic rainforest, Brazil Freitas, J.G., Dos Santos, A.K.A., Guimarães, P.J.F., Oliveira, R.P. (2016) Flora da Bahia: Melastomataceae – Tibouchina s.l. Sitientibus série Ciências Biológicas 16. DOI: 10.13102/scb1111.

Simão E., Nakamura A.T., Takaki M (2007) Harvest period and germination capacity of Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae) seeds. Biota Neotropica 7(1), 67 – 73.

Tabarelli, M., Mantovani, W., Peres, C.A. (1999) Effects of habitat fragmentation on plant guild structure in the montane Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil. Biological Conservation. 91, 119 – 127. 2.05 Popular ornamental tree in South Africa and Bailey, L.H. & Bailey, E.Z. (1976) Hortus Third: a concise dictionary of plants cultivated in Australia. Popular in the United States of the United States and Canada. Macmillan, New York. pp 724 America as a greenhouse plant Haschick, A. (2014) Coastal gardening in South Africa. Struik, Cape Town.

Gardening Australia (2007) Tibouchina. https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/tibouchina/9428216 3.01 Two populations are occurring outside Field observations from this study (Westriding population: -29.79997 S 30.77664 E & Giba cultivation in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal South gorge population: -29.76405 S 30.75931 E) Africa. A few scattered individuals occur in the same general area as these populations. 3.02 Two populations occurring outside cultivation in Field observations from this study Durban, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. Neither of the populations observed were in disturbed, areas, roadsides or quarries. 3.03 No evidence of productivity losses resulting from control programmes 3.04 This taxon is an environmental weed in scarp Field observations from this study forest and wetland/forest interfaces at Giba gorge 3.05 Melastoma and Tibouchina species have been Meyer, J.-Y., Medeiros, A.C., Melastomes. In: Simberloff, D., & Rejmánek, M. (Eds.). legally declared as ‘noxious weeds’ in the state (2011). Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, 458-461. of Hawaii (Meyer & Medeiros 2011). ‘Several Tibouchina species are considered Starr, F., Starr, K., & Loope, L. (2003). Tibouchina granulosa. U.S. geological survey, highly invasive in Hawai'i and all plants in the Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field station, Hawaii. genus, Tibouchina, are listed as Hawai'i state noxious weeds.’ (Starr et al. 2003) 4.01 P. mutabile does not produce spines or burrs. Freitas, J.G., Dos Santos, A.K.A., Guimarães, P.J.F., Oliveira, R.P (2016) Flora da Bahia: Melastomataceae – Tibouchina s.l. Sitientibus série Ciências Biológicas 16. DOI: 10.13102/scb1111 4.02 No evidence of allelopathy 4.03 This species is not a parasitic plant Freitas, J.G., Dos Santos, A.K.A., Guimarães, P.J.F., Oliveira, R.P (2016) Flora da Bahia: Melastomataceae – Tibouchina s.l. Sitientibus série Ciências Biológicas 16. DOI: 10.13102/scb1111 4.04 No records of found of P. mutabile being palatable to livestock. Field observations in and around Durban suggest it is unpalatable 4.05 No evidence of toxicity to animals 4.06 No evidence 4.07 No records of causes of allergies to humans, despite being a popular garden ornamental 4.08 No evidence of creating fire hazard where Field observation growing

4.09 P. mutabile is a pioneer species. The seeds Field observations; require light to germinate. Baider, C. Tabarelli, M., Mantovani, W. (2001) The soil seed bank during Atlantic Forest regeneration in southeast Brazil. Rev. Brasil, Biol. 61(1), 35 – 44.

Simão, E., Takaki, M. 2008. Effect of light and temperature on seed germination in Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae). Biota Neotrop. 8(2), http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v8n2/en/abstract?article+bn00908022008. 4.10 The sandstone-derived soils of the scarp forest Mucina, L., Geldenhuys, C.J., Rutherford, M.C., Powrie, L.W., Lötter, M.C., Von Maltitz, in in the Kloof-Durban area are largely nutrient G.P., Euston-Brown, D.I.W., Matthews, W.S., Dobson, L., McKenzie, B. (2006) poor, leached, shallow soils. Afromontane, subtropical and azonal forests. In: Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 586 – 615. 4.11 P. mutabile is a shrub to small tree. Freitas, J.G., Dos Santos, A.K.A., Guimarães, P.J.F., Oliveira, R.P (2016) Flora da Bahia: Melastomataceae – Tibouchina s.l. Sitientibus série Ciências Biológicas 16. DOI: 10.13102/scb1111 4.12 Recorded populations form dense thickets Personal observation 5.01 Terrestrial plant Personal observation 5.02 P. mutabile is a shrub to small tree. Freitas, J.G., Dos Santos, A.K.A., Guimarães, P.J.F., Oliveira, R.P (2016) Flora da Bahia: Melastomataceae – Tibouchina s.l. Sitientibus série Ciências Biológicas 16. DOI: 10.13102/scb1111 5.03 P. mutabile is in the Melastomataceae family Freitas, J.G., Dos Santos, A.K.A., Guimarães, P.J.F., Oliveira, R.P (2016) Flora da Bahia: and is not known to be a nitrogen fixing species. Melastomataceae – Tibouchina s.l. Sitientibus série Ciências Biológicas 16. DOI: 10.13102/scb1111 5.04 Small tree/shrub not a geophyte Freitas, J.G., Dos Santos, A.K.A., Guimarães, P.J.F., Oliveira, R.P (2016) Flora da Bahia: Melastomataceae – Tibouchina s.l. Sitientibus série Ciências Biológicas 16. DOI: 10.13102/scb1111 6.01 No documented evidence of substantial Simão E., Nakamura A.T., Takaki M (2007) Harvest period and germination capacity of reproductive failure in native habitat Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae) seeds. Biota Neotropica 7(1), 67 – 73. 6.02 Recorded over 250 saplings. Field observations at Giba gorge population;

Simão E., Takaki, M. (2008) Effect of light and temperature on seed germination in Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae). Biota Neotropica 8(2), 63 – 68. 6.03 Unknown 6.04 Unknown 6.05 No evidence. Probably buzz-pollinated by bees, especially carpenter bees.

6.06 Pleroma mutabile can be propagated by semi- Starr, F., Starr, K., Loope, L. (2003) Tibouchina granulosa. U.S. geological survey, hardwood cuttings, however it is unlikely to Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field station, Hawaii. reproduce and disperse through plant fragments Krebs, P. (2020) Tibouchina mutabilis. Sunshine Seeds. http://www.sunshine- seeds.de/Tibouchina-mutabilis-34826p.html?language=en 6.07 Field observations from Durban suggest at least four or more years to flowering 7.01 No parts of the plant suggest unintentional dispersal 7.02 Pleroma species are popular in ornamental Starr, F., Starr, K., Loope, L. (2003) Tibouchina granulosa. U.S. geological survey, horticulture. P. mutabile has not been seen sold Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field station, Hawaii. in nurseries in KZN, however it is popular as in ornamental in gardens Haschick, A. (2014) Coastal gardening in South Africa. Struik, Cape Town, pp. 75.

Paolo L. (1998) Exotic subtropical trees in Durban. L. Paola, Durban. 7.03 No parts of the plant suggest dispersal as Personal observation produce contaminant; P. mutabile was not observed to occur near agricultural fields 7.04 Seeds are small and light; seedlings seen Field observations; growing in scarp forest in Giba gorge, KZN, Baider C., Tabarelli M., Mantovani W. (2000) The soil seed bank during Atlantic forest South Africa, originated from one large tree and regeneration in southeast Brazil. Rev. Brasil. Biol., 61(1): 35-44. were likely wind distributed. Simão E., Nakamura A.T., Takaki M (2007) Harvest period and germination capacity of Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae) seeds. Biota Neotropica 7(1), 67 – 73. 7.05 The small, light seeds can be transported along Field observations water courses 7.06 Propagules not fleshy. Baider C., Tabarelli M., Mantovani W. (2000) The soil seed bank during Atlantic forest regeneration in southeast Brazil. Rev. Brasil. Biol., 61(1): 35-44. 7.07 Propagules are without burrs or other Baider C., Tabarelli M., Mantovani W. (2000) The soil seed bank during Atlantic forest mechanisms of attachment regeneration in southeast Brazil. Rev. Brasil. Biol., 61(1): 35-44. 7.08 Propagules unlikely to be eaten by animals Field observations 8.01 Unknown 8.02 No evidence 8.03 Unknown 8.04 Most Melastomes benefit from pruning. Field observations 8.05 Unknown

Summary of questions and scores from the Australian Weed Risk Assessment completed for Pleroma granulosum in South Africa (Overall Score= 12)

Family: Melastomataceae Date assessed: 30 June 2019 M.L Hadebe, M. Cheek, R.G.C. Boon, Taxon: Pleroma granulosum (Desr.) D.Don Assessor: K.M. Wong Common name: Glory tree, Brazilian glory tree, purple glory tree AWRA score: 12 Melastoma granulosum Desr. Synonyms: Recommendation: Reject Tibouchina granulosa (Desr.) Cogn.

Refer to: Pheloung et al. 1999. A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. Journal of Environmental Management 57, pp 239-251

Gordon et al. 2010. Guidance for addressing the Australian Weed Risk Assessment questions. Plant Protection Quarterly 25, pp 56-74

Question Answer Reference Score Possible scores 1.01 Is the species highly N 0 0 or -3 domesticated?

1.02 Has the species become -1 or 1 naturalized where grown?

1.03 Does the species have -1 or 1 weedy races?

2.01 Species suited to South Unknown No distribution model set up for South Africa 2 0, 1, 2 African climates 2.02 Quality of climate match Unknown No distribution model set up for South africa 2 0,1 or 2 data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- high)

2.03 Broad climate suitability Y GBIF (2019); Peel et al. (2007) 1 0,1 or 2 (environmental versatility)

2.04 Native or naturalized in N USDA (2019) 0 0,1 or 2 regions with extended dry periods

2.05 Does the species have a Y Liogier (1995); Paola (1998); Queensland Gardening Pages (2018); Gilman 2 0,1 or 2 history of repeated (2007); Glen (2004); Glen & Van Wyk (2016) introductions outside its natural range?

3.01 Naturalized beyond native Y Lau & Forhlich (2012) 1 -2,- range 1,0,1,2

3.02 Y Lau & Frohlich (2012); Field observations from this study 1 0,1,2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed

3.03 Weed of N No evidence 0 0,1,2,3,4 agriculture/horticulture/forestry

3.04 Environmental weed N Field observations from this study 0 0,1,2,3,4

3.05 Congeneric weed Y Simberloff & Rejmanek (2011); Starr et al. (2003) 1 0,1,2

4.01 Produces spines, thorns or N Gilman (2007) 0 0 or 1 burrs

4.02 Allelopathic N No report of allelopathy was found for P. granulosum 0 0 or 1

4.03 Parasitic N Gilman (2007) 0 0 or 1

4.04 Unpalatable to grazing Y No published evidence. Leaves are hard and rough. From observations 1 -1 or 1 animals suggest that plants are not consumed by any herbivores in nature or in cultivated specimens at Durban, South Africa.

4.05 Toxic to animals N 0 0 or 1

4.06 Host for recognized pests Y Myburg et al. (2002) 1 0 or 1 and pathogens

4.07 Causes allergies or is N It is a popular garden ornamental but not reports that the taxon is the cause of 0 0 or 1 otherwise toxic to humans allergic reactions

4.08 Creates a fire hazard in N 0 0 or 1 natural ecosystems

4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at N Zaia & Takaki (1998); Gilman (2007) 0 0 or 1 some stage of its life cycle

4.10 Grows on infertile soils Y Mucina et al. (2006) 0 0 or 1

4.11 Climbing or smothering N Liogier (1995); Starr et al. (2003) 0 0 or 1 growth habit

4.12 Forms dense thickets N 0 0 or 1

5.01 Aquatic N Liogier (1995) 0 0 or 5

5.02 Grass N Liogier (1995) 0 0 or 1

5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody N Members of the Melastomataceae are not known to be capable of nitrogen 0 0 or 1 plant fixation.

5.04 Geophyte N Liogier (1995) 0 0 or 1

6.01 Evidence of substantial N Starr et al. (2003) 0 0 or 1 reproductive failure in native habitat

6.02 Produces viable seed Y Zaia & Takaki (1998) 1 -1 or 1

6.03 Hybridizes naturally Unknown N/A -1 or 1

6.04 Self-fertilization Unknown N/A -1 or 1

6.05 Requires specialist N Brizola-Bonacina et al. (2012) 0 0 or -1 pollinators

6.06 Reproduction by Y Starr et al. (2003) 1 -1 or 1 vegetative propagation

6.07 Minimum generative time ≥4 Field observations in South Africa suggest more than 4 years -1 0,1,-1 (years)

7.01 Propagules likely to be N No evidence of dispersal along roads and paddocks from vehicles. -1 -1 or 1 dispersed unintentionally

7.02 Propagules dispersed Y Starr et al. (2003) 1 -1 or 1 intentionally by people

7.03 Propagules likely to N No evidence -1 -1 or 1 disperse as a produce contaminant

7.04 Propagules adapted to Y Seeds are light enough to be wind dispersed 1 -1 or 1 wind dispersal

7.05 Propagules buoyant Unknown N/A -1 or 1

7.06 Propagules bird dispersed N The fruits are dry and not attractive to birds. -1 -1 or 1

7.07 Propagules dispersed by N Epizoöchory not known for this taxon -1 -1 or 1 other animals (externally)

7.08 Propagules dispersed by Unknown N/A -1 or 1 other animals (internally)

8.01 Prolific seed production Y Lopes et al. (2005) 1 -1 or 1

8.02 Evidence that a persistent Unknown No evidence N/A -1 or 1 propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

8.03 Well controlled by Unknown No evidence N/A -1 or 1 herbicides

8.04 Tolerates or benefits from Y Gilman (2007) 1 -1 or 1 mutilation, cultivation or fire

8.05 Effective natural enemies N Myburg et al. (2002) 1 -1 or 1 present in South Africa

Notes and References:

1.01 No 1.02 1.03 2.01 No distribution model set up for South Africa 2.02 No distribution model set up for South Africa 2.03 Considering the distribution from GBIF data, GBIF.org (22 Aug. 2019) GBIF occurrence download. https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xiwj20 it is found in four different climatic types, in Peel, M.C. et al. (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. temperate and subtropical zones Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11, 1633 – 1644. 2.04 The species is native to Brazil USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2019. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars- grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=36643. Accessed 22 August 2019. 2.05 Introduced to Puerto Rico (4), South Africa 1. Paola, L. (1998) Exotic subtropical trees in Durban. Parks Dept. of Durban, Louis Paola. (1,5), Australia (2), and U.S.A. (3). 2. The Queensland gardening pages (2018) Tibouchinas. Calyx Horticultural Services. www.calyx.com.au 3. Gilman, E.F. (2007). Tibouchina granulosa - Purple Glory Tree. FPS-581. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 4. Logier, A. H. (1995). Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands (Vol. 4). La Editorial, UPR. 5. Glen, H.F. (2004) Cultivated plants of southern Africa. Jacana, Johannesburg.

3.01 P. granulosum has been found outside of Lau, A. & Frohlich, D., (2012) New plant records from O’ahu for 2009. Bishop Museum cultivation in lowland mesic forest in Hawaii Occasional Papers 113: 7 – 26. in 2008. 3.02 P. granulosum does occur spontaneously on Lau, A. & Frohlich, D., (2012) New plant records from O’ahu for 2009. Bishop Museum the edges of protected areas and is managed Occasional Papers 113: 7 – 26. in these areas Field observations from this study in Springside (S29.77798 E30.77001), New Germany () and Krantzkloof nature reserves (S29.77000 E30.83250) in KZN, South Africa 3.03 No records of P. granulosum being a weed of Starr, K.F. & Loope, L. (2003) Tibouchina granulosa. U.S. Geological Survey, Haleakala field cultivated lands, pastures or forestry station, Hawaii. compartments.

3.04 .No record of P. granulosum changing Starr, K.F. & Loope, L. (2003) Tibouchina granulosa. U.S. Geological Survey, Haleakala field ecosystem functioning station, Hawaii. . 3.05 Melastomes in the genera Melastoma and 1. Simberloff, D., & Rejmánek, M. (Eds.). (2011). Encyclopedia of biological invasions (No. Tibouchina have been legally declared as 3). University of California Press, 458-461. ‘noxious weeds” in the state of Hawaii (1) 2. Starr, F., Starr, K., & Loope, L. (2003). Tibouchina granulosa. U.S. Geological Survey, ‘Several Tibouchina species are considered Haleakala field station, Hawaii. highly invasive in Hawai'i and all plants in the genus, Tibouchina, are listed as Hawai'i state noxious weeds." (2) 4.01 No Gilman, E.F. (2007). Tibouchina granulosa - Purple Glory Tree. FPS-581. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 4.02 No 4.03 No Gilman, E.F. (2007). Tibouchina granulosa - Purple Glory Tree. FPS-581. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 4.04 Leathery, scabrid leaves are likely to be unpalatable 4.05 No evidence of poisoning occurring despite being in cultivation for decades 4.06 Cryphonectria canker found on Pleroma Myburg, H., Gryzenhout, M., Heath, R., Jolanda, R. O. U. X., Wingfield, B. D., & Wingfield, granulosum in South Africa M. J. (2002). Cryphonectria canker on Tibouchina in South Africa. Mycological Research, 106(11), 1299-1306. 4.07 No evidence 4.08 No evidence 4.09 Seeds require full sun or light to germinate 1. Zaia, J. E., & Takaki, M. (1998). Seed germination of pioneer species of Tibouchina and do not germinate in the absence of light pulchra Cogn. and Tibouchina granulosa Cogn.(Melastomataceae). Acta Botanica (1). Grows in full sun (2) Brasilica, 12(3), 221-229. 2. Gilman, E.F. (2007). Tibouchina granulosa - Purple Glory Tree. FPS-581. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 4.10 It can tolerate acidic soils and it grows well Gilman, E.F. (2007). Tibouchina granulosa - Purple Glory Tree. FPS-581. Institute of Food and on the sandstone-derived soils of the Kloof Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL escarpment; these are largely nutrient poor, Mucina, L., Geldenhuys, C.J., Rutherford, M.C., Powrie, L.W., Lötter, M.C., Von Maltitz, G.P., leached, shallow soils. Euston-Brown, D.I.W., Matthews, W.S., Dobson, L., McKenzie, B. (2006) Afromontane, subtropical and azonal forests. In: Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 586 – 615. 4.11 ‘Shrub to a small tree” (1) 1. Liogier, A. H. (1995). Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands (Vol. 4). La ‘Forms a small tree”(2) Editorial, UPR. 2. Starr, F., Starr, K., & Loope, L. (2003). Tibouchina granulosa.

4.12 The populations found outside of cultivation Field observations in South Africa do not form dense thickets 5.01 Terrestrial plant Liogier, A. H. (1995). Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands (Vol. 4). La Editorial, UPR. 5.02 Taxon is in the family Melastomataceae Liogier, A. H. (1995). Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands (Vol. 4). La Editorial, UPR. 5.03 Nitrogen fixation is known mostly from the Adjei, M.B., Quesenberry, K.H., Chambliss, C.G. (2002) Nitrogen fixation and inoculation of Fabaceae family and members of the forage legumes. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Report SS- Melastomataceae are not known to be AGR-56. capable of nitrogen fixation. Anonymous (2021) Nitrogen fixation. Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. Seen 9 Mar. 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation 5.04 Small tree/shrub not a geophyte Liogier, A. H. (1995). Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands (Vol. 4). La Editorial, UPR. 6.01 ‘It grows quickly to as much as 40 feet in its Starr, F., Starr, K., & Loope, L. (2003). Tibouchina granulosa. native habitat but is usually about half that height in cultivation” 6.02 Seeds of P. granulosum and P. raddianum Zaia, J. E., & Takaki, M. (1998). Seed germination of pioneer species of Tibouchina pulchra (syn. T. pulchra) presented the same Cogn. and Tibouchina granulosa Cogn. (Melastomataceae). Acta Botanica Brasilica, 12(3), percentage of viable seeds after twelve 221-229. months storage under low temperature 6.03 Unknown 6.04 Unknown 6.05 No Brizola-Bonacina, A.K. et al. (2012) Bee visitors of Quaresmeira flowers (Tibouchina granulosa Cogn.) in the region of Dourados (MS-Brasil). Sociobiology. 59:1253 – 1267. 6.06 ‘Tibouchina species are propagated from Starr, F., Starr, K., & Loope, L. (2003). Tibouchina granulosa cuttings” 6.07 4 or more years Field observation 7.01 No Epizoöchory not known for this taxon 7.02 “Tibouchina plants are spread long distances Starr, F., Starr, K., & Loope, L. (2003). Tibouchina granulosa by humans who cultivate the plant” 7.03 P. granulosum is not seen near pastures or cultivated land 7.04 Seeds are light enough to be wind dispersed 7.05 The seeds could be dispersed by water, however there is no evidence of this, nor are the plants recorded in this study in South Africa associated with water

7.06 No. The fruits are dry and not attractive to birds. 7.07 No evidence of epizoöchory in this taxon 7.08 Unknown 8.01 A study by Lopes et al. (2005) showed that Lopes, J. C., Dias, P. C., & Pereira, M. D. (2005). Physiological maturity of quaresmeira seeds. T. granulosa produces an average of 760 Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 40(8), 811-816. seeds per fruit. 8.02 Unknown 8.03 Unknown 8.04 It can tolerate trimming and can propagate Gilman, E.F. (2007). Tibouchina granulosa - Purple Glory Tree. FPS-581. Institute of Food and from cuttings Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 8.05 Cryphonectria cubensis has been recorded on Myburg, H., Gryzenhout, M., Heath, R., Jolanda, R. O. U. X., Wingfield, B. D., & Wingfield, P. granulosum in the town of M. J. (2002). Cryphonectria canker on Tibouchina in South Africa. Mycological Research, KwaMbonambi, South Africa. It is unknown 106(11), 1299-1306 whether this is an effective biocontrol agent.

Summary of questions and scores from the Australian Weed Risk Assessment completed for Pleroma urvilleanum in South Africa (Overall Score= 7)

Family: Melastomataceae Date assessed: 05 April 2019

Taxon: Pleroma urvilleanum (DC.) P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang. Assessor: M.L Hadebe, M. Cheek, R.G.C. Boon, K.M. Wong

Common name: Purple glory bush; Princess flower AWRA score: 7 Lasiandra urvilleana DC. Tibouchina viminea (D. Don) Cogn. Synonyms: Rhexia viminea D. Don Recommendation: Reject Tibouchina semidecandra auct. non Cogn. Tibouchina urvilleana (DC.) Cogn.

Question Answer Reference Score Possible scores 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? N 0 0 or -3 1.02 Has the species become naturalized where grown? -1 or 1 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? -1 or 1 2.01 Species suited to South African climates Unknown No distribution model set up for South Africa 2 0, 1 or 2 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) Unknown No distribution model set up for South Africa 2 0,1 or 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) Y Riffle (1998); Boon (2016) 1 0,1 or 2 2.04 Native or naturalized in regions with extended dry periods N CABI (2019) 0 0 or 1 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? Y Webb et al. (1988); Degener (1930) 1 0 or 1 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range Y Faravani & Bakar (2007); PIER (2016); Boon (2016) 2 -2,-1,0,1,2 Webb et al. (1988); Global Invasive Species Database 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed Y (2016); Pratt et al. (2012) 2 0,1,2 Global Invasive Species Database (2016); Pratt et al. 3.03 Weed of agriculture/horticulture/forestry N (2012); PIER (2016); Smith (1985) 0 0,1,2,3,4 3.04 Environmental weed N Boon (2016); PIER (2016); Pratt et al. (2012) 4 0,1,2,3,4 3.05 Congeneric weed Y Field observations 2 0,1,2 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs N Henderson (2016); CABI (2019) 0 0 or 1 4.02 Allelopathic N No evidence 0 0 or 1 4.03 Parasitic N Wurdack (1967); Van de Witte (2016) 0 0 or 1 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals Unknown No evidence N/A -1 or 1 4.05 Toxic to animals N No evidence of toxicity 0 0 or 1 Heath et al. (2007); Gryzenhout et al. (2006); Shi et al. 4.06 Host for recognized pests and pathogens Y (2012) 1 0 or 1 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans N No evidence 0 0 or 1 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems N Species grows in wet environments not prone to fire 0 0 or 1 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Y Boon (2016) 1 0 or 1 4.10 Grows on infertile soils Y Mucina et al. (2006) 1 0 or 1 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit Y Boon (2016) 1 0 or 1 Smith (1985); Starr et al. (2003); Matooka et al. (2003), 4.12 Forms dense thickets Y Boon (2016) 1 0 or 1 5.01 Aquatic N Wurdack (1967) 0 0 or 5 5.02 Grass N Wurdack (1967) 0 0 or 1 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant N Wurdack (1967) 0 0 or 1 5.04 Geophyte N Wurdack (1967) 0 0 or 1 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat N No evidence 0 0 or 1 6.02 Produces viable seed N Webb et al. (1988); Wu et al. (2009); Wurdack (1967) -1 -1 or 1 6.03 Hybridises naturally Unknown N/A -1 or 1 6.04 Self-fertilisation Unknown N/A -1 or 1 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators N 0 0 or -1 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative propagation Y Matooka et al. (2003); PIER (2016) 1 -1 or 1 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) 1 USDA-ARS (2016); CABI (2019) 1 0,1,-1 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally Y PIER (2016); CABI (2019) 1 -1 or 1 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people Y Starr et al. (2003); PIER (2016) 1 -1 or 1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant N No evidence -1 -1 or 1 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal N Viable seed is rarely or never produced -1 -1 or 1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed N Viable seed is rarely or never produced -1 -1 or 1 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed N No seed produced so bird dispersal is unlikely -1 -1 or 1 Highly unlikely because no seed is produced and the 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) N plant produces no burrs thorns etc. -1 -1 or 1 Highly unlikely because the plant produces no seed and 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) any vegetative material that passed through an animal’s N gut would no longer be viable. -1 -1 or 1 8.01 Prolific seed production N Webb et al. (1988) -1 -1 or 1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) N Webb et al. (1988) -1 -1 or 1 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides Y Santos et al. (1988) -1 -1 or 1 8.04 Tolerates or benefits from mutilation, cultivation or fire Y PIER (2016) 1 -1 or 1 8.05 Effective natural enemies present in South Africa Unknown N/A -1 or 1

Notes and References:

1.01 No evidence of domestication and selection for particular cultivars. 1.02 1.03 2.01 No computer analysis has been conducted in South Africa 2.02 No computer analysis has been conducted in South Africa 2.03 Grows well in seven different climate Van de Witte, Y. (2016) Tibouchina urvilleana. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/53848 types: Af, Am, Aw, Cf, Cs, Cw. Accessed 2 March 2020. Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., Rubel, F. (2006) World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15, 259 – 263. 2.04 No Van de Witte, Y. (2016) Tibouchina urvilleana. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/53848 Accessed 2 March 2020. Tibouchina urvilleana, Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282684&is profile=0&. Accessed 2 March 2020.

2.05 Introduced as an ornamental plant to Degener O. (1930) Illustrated guide to the more common or noteworthy ferns and flowering plants Réunion, South Africa, Malaysia, of Hawaii National Park, with descriptions of ancient Hawaiian customs and an Singapore, Central America, Australia, introduction to the geologic history of the islands. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 312pp New Caledonia, Cook Islands, Papua New Webb C.J., Sykes W.R., Garnock-Jones P.J. (1988) Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised Guinea, New Zealand and Hawaii. pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Christchurch, New Zealand: Botany Division, DSIR, 1365 pp. Van de Witte, Y. (2016) Tibouchina urvilleana. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/53848. Accessed 2 March 2020. 3.01 The species has naturalized in New 1. Almeda F. (2007) Melastomataceae, Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. VI. Monographs in Zealand, Hawaii (4), Jamaica (5), Puerto Systematic Botany Missouri Botanical Garden, 111:394-574. Rico (6), Malaysia, La Réunion (5), South 2. Boon R. (2016) SAPIA news: Southern African plant invaders atlas, No. 39. Pretoria, South Africa (2&5) Costa Rica (1), Guatemala Africa: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council (5), Colombia (5), El Salvador (5&6), 3. Hokche O., Berry P.E., Huber O. (2008) New catalogue of the vascular flora of Venezuela. Nicaragua (5), Venezuela and Samoa (3) Caracas, Venezuela: Foundation Institution Botanical of Venezuela, 860 pp 4. Little E.L., Skolmen R.G. (1989) Common forest trees of Hawaii (native and introduced). Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agricultural Handbook No. 679. 321 p, 679. 5. PIER (2016) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii 6. USDA-ARS (2016) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). National Plant Germplasm System. Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory 3.02 Recorded as an invasive species in a Webb C.J., Sykes W.R., Garnock-Jones P.J. (1988) Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised survey conducted on the roadsides of pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Christchurch, New Zealand: Botany Division, Hawaii. It can form thickets along DSIR, 1365 pp. roadsides. Global Invasive Species Database (2016) Global Invasive Species Database. Auckland, New Zealand: Invasive Species Specialist Group Pratt L.W., Keali'i F., Jacobi J.D. (2012) Survey of roadside alien plants in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and adjacent residential areas 2001-2005 (Technical report HCSU-032). University of Hawai'i at Hilo. 3.03 P. urvilleanum is not a weed of Pratt L.W., Keali'i F., Jacobi J.D. (2012) Survey of roadside alien plants in Hawaii Volcanoes production landscapes. National Park and adjacent residential areas 2001-2005 (Technical report HCSU-032). University of Hawai'i at Hilo. Global Invasive Species Database (2016) Global Invasive Species Database. Auckland, New Zealand: Invasive Species Specialist Group PIER (2016) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. Smith C.W. (1985) Impact of alien plants on Hawaii's native biota. In: Hawaii's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation and management. Proceedings of a symposium held June 5-6, 1984, at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. [ed. by Stone CP, Scott JM] Honolulu, HI, USA: University of Hawaii Press, 180-250. 3.04 No record of P. urvilleanum chaning Boon, R. (2016) SAPIA news: Southern African plant invaders atlas, No. 39. Pretoria, South ecosystem functioning or having a major Africa: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council impact on natural ecosystems. PIER (2016) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii Meyer J.-Y., Medeiros A.C. (2011) Melastomes. In: Simberloff, D., & Rejmánek, M. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, 458-461. 3.05 P. mutabile is showing weedy characteristics in Durban, South Africa. Melastoma and Tibouchina species have been legally declared as ‘noxious weeds’ in the state of Hawaii (Meyer & Medeiros 2011). ‘Several Tibouchina species are Field observations from this study. considered highly invasive in Hawai'i and Meyer, J.-Y., Medeiros, A.C., Melastomes. In: Simberloff, D., & Rejmánek, M. (Eds.). (2011). all plants in the genus, Tibouchina, are Encyclopedia of biological invasions. University of California Press, 458-461. listed as Hawai'i state noxious weeds.’ Starr, F., Starr, K., & Loope, L. (2003). Tibouchina granulosa. U.S. geological survey, Biological (Starr et al. 2003) Resources Division, Haleakala Field station, Hawaii. 4.01 P. urvilleanum has none of these features. Field observation. Wurdack J.J. (1967) The cultivated Glorybushes, Tibouchina (Melastomataceae). Baileya 15, 1 – 6. 4.02 No Boon R. (2016) SAPIA news: Southern African plant invaders atlas, No. 39. Pretoria, South Africa: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council Almeda F. (2007) Melastomataceae, Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. VI. Monographs in Systematic Botany Missouri Botanical Garden, 111:394-574. 4.03 No evidence 4.04 No evidence 4.05 No evidence of toxicity to animals, despite being in cultivation for decades 4.06 ‘Pathogenicity tests including isolates of Holocryphia eucalypti from Eucalyptus Heath R.N., Roux J., Gryzenhout M., Carnegie A.J., Smith I.W., Wingfield M.J. (2007) spp. in Australia and South Africa, Holocryphia eucalypti on Tibouchina urvilleana in Australia. Australasian Plant showed that species specific isolates of Pathology, 36(6):560-564. the pathogen exist, with the isolates of H. Gryzenhout M., Myburg H., Rodas C.A., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J. (2006) Aurapex eucalypti from T. urvilleana being penicillata gen. sp. nov. From native Miconia theaezans and Tibouchina spp. in Colombia. significantly more virulent towards T. Mycologia, 98(1):105-115. urvilleana than isolates from Eucalyptus” Shi Z.R., Xiang M.M., Zhang Y.X., Huang J.H. (2012) First report of leaf spot on Tibouchina (2) semidecandra caused by Beltrania rhombica in China. Plant Disease, 96(9):1380 4.07 No 4.08 No 4.09 It can grow well in fairly dense shade Boon R. (2016) SAPIA news: Southern African plant invaders atlas, No. 39, pp 3 – 5. Pretoria, South Africa: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council 4.10 The sandstone-derived soils of the scarp forest Mucina, L., Geldenhuys, C.J., Rutherford, M.C., Powrie, L.W., Lötter, M.C., Von Maltitz, G.P., Euston- in in the Kloof-Durban area are largely Brown, D.I.W., Matthews, W.S., Dobson, L., McKenzie, B. (2006) Afromontane, subtropical and azonal nutrient poor, leached, shallow soils. forests. In: Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 586 – 615. 4.11 Forms dense stands and smother other CABI (2019) Tibouchina urvilleana. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB plants where it grows International. https://www.cabi.org/ISC/datasheet/53848 Field observation 4.12 “T. urvilleana can form large patches and Smith C.W. (1985) Impact of alien plants on Hawaii's native biota. In: Hawaii's terrestrial dense thickets along roadsides, in moist ecosystems: preservation and management. Proceedings of a symposium held June 5-6, areas and disturbed areas in forests” (Starr 1984, at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. [ed. by Stone CP, Scott JM] Honolulu, HI, et al. 2003) USA: University of Hawaii Press, 180-250. Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. (2003) Tibouchina urvilleana. US geological survey. Haleakala Field Station, Hawai'i, USA: Biological Resources Division. Motooka P., Castro L., Nelson D., Nagai G., Ching L. (2003) Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas; an identification and management guide. Manoa, Hawaii, USA: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii. 5.01 Not an aquatic species Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. (2003) Tibouchina urvilleana. US geological survey. Haleakala Field Station, Hawai'i, USA: Biological Resources Division. Wurdack J.J. (1967) The cultivated Glorybushes, Tibouchina (Melastomataceae). Baileya 15, 1 – 6. 5.02 Not a grass species Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. (2003) Tibouchina urvilleana. US geological survey. Haleakala Field Station, Hawai'i, USA: Biological Resources Division. Wurdack J.J. (1967) The cultivated Glorybushes, Tibouchina (Melastomataceae). Baileya 15, 1 – 6. 5.03 P. urvilleanum is in the Melastomataceae Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. (2003) Tibouchina urvilleana. US geological survey. Haleakala Field family Station, Hawai'i, USA: Biological Resources Division. Wurdack J.J. (1967) The cultivated Glorybushes, Tibouchina (Melastomataceae). Baileya 15, 1 – 6. 5.04 P. urvilleanum is a shrub or small tree Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. (2003) Tibouchina urvilleana. US geological survey. Haleakala Field Station, Hawai'i, USA: Biological Resources Division. Wurdack J.J. (1967) The cultivated Glorybushes, Tibouchina (Melastomataceae). Baileya 15, 1 – 6. 6.01 No No evidence 6.02 Rarely produces viable seeds Wu W., Dai S., Bao H., Zhou R. (2009) Hybrid status of Tibouchina urvilleana Cogn. Revealed by ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 37(5):640-644. Wurdack J.J. (1967) The cultivated Glorybushes, Tibouchina (Melastomataceae). Baileya 15, 1 – 6. Webb C.J., Sykes W.R., Garnock-Jones P.J. (1988) Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Christchurch, New Zealand: Botany Division, DSIR, 1365 pp. 6.03 Unknown 6.04 Unknown

6.05 No No evidence 6.06 P. urvilleanum grows vigorously, Motooka P., Castro L., Nelson D., Nagai G., Ching L. (2003) Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and spreading vegetatively from roots and cut Natural Areas; an identification and management guide. Manoa, Hawaii, USA: College of branches Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii. PIER (2016) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. 6.07 P. urvilleanum is a perennial shrub USDA-ARS (2016) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). National Plant producing new shoots each year. Germplasm System. Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory CABI (2019) Tibouchina urvilleana. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/ISC/datasheet/53848 7.01 In an urban setting it is possible that plant PIER (2016) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii fragments could be transported by CABI (2019) Tibouchina urvilleana. In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB landscaping companies. International. https://www.cabi.org/ISC/datasheet/53848 7.02 The taxon is popular in as ornamental Starr F., Starr K., Loope L. (2003) Tibouchina urvilleana. US geological survey. Haleakala Field shrub in subtropical and tropical regions, Station, Hawai'i, USA: Biological Resources Division. including South Africa. Field observations from nurseries in eThekwini municipality. PIER (2016) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. 7.03 Plant does not occur near pastures or cultivated land 7.04 Seeds not seen in South Africa 7.05 Seeds not produced in South Africa Field observations 7.06 No

7.07 No Epizoöchory unknown in this plant 7.08 No Highly unlikely because the plant produces no seed and any vegetative material that passed through an animal’s gut would no longer be viable. 8.01 Rarely produces seeds in New Zealand (Webb et al. 1998) and not seen to Webb C.J., Sykes W.R., Garnock-Jones P.J. (1988) Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised produce seed in South Africa (field pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Christchurch, New Zealand: Botany Division, DSIR, observation) 1365 pp. 8.02 No Webb C.J., Sykes W.R., Garnock-Jones P.J. (1988) Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Christchurch, New Zealand: Botany Division, DSIR, 1365 pp. 8.03 Undiluted triclopyr ester used for cut- stump treatments causes very good resprout inhibition and cambium Santos G.L., Cuddihy L.W., Stone C.P. (1988) Research Progress Report., USA: Western Society mortality. of Weed Science. 8.04 The plant handles pruning well and coppices quickly. Field observations 8.05 No effective enemies known in South Africa