Name of the Project: Sustainable Management of Land and Water Resources in Hable-Rud basin

Social and economic situation Hableh –rud basin

National Advisor: Community Participation Name of Consultant: Mehdi Shafiei

Date of submission: October 2011

Contents:

 Description of the done studies and analyzing the social trends  Description of the done studies and analyzing the economical trends  Description of the done studies and analyzing the infrastructure and services situation  Description of the done studies and analyzing the management situation of the basin

Sources:

 The collected data by the social and economical groups of Tehran and Semnan  The studies by the Zamin kave Gostar office , November, 2001  Iran statistics center ,2006  Studies by the Royan consultative office

1. Social situation explanation and analysis

1-1- Village situation and basins population (number, density, sexual proportion and growing ratio)

Hable_rud basin is located in 2 provinces, Tehran and Semnan with 6 counties, 9 districts and 17 rural area that is including 643 villages and 7 cities. Among them 333 villages have dynamic and active population. and the population of 232 villages (%36) is more than 5 person (310 villages without population and 101 villages have less than 5 persons).

Through 232 villages with more than 5 persons, 84 villages located in Garmsar county, 65 villages in Firozkoh, 47 in Damavand, 24 villages in Varamin, 8 villages in Semnan and 4 villages in Pakdasht. Most of the villages respectively located in subbasin of Garmsar plain, inside of the Hablerood, Namrood, Kilan, Gor-sefid and Marzdaran basin.

The villages population of basin is about 70221 and cities population is 86947,therefore the basin population is 157168 totally. The average population of villages with more than 5 household is 303.

Map of basin and sub basin

Table 1- Villages number and sub basin population separately

Number of Number of villages village with with more City number dynamic First than 5 Total Total Village City phase Hydrologic population persons population villages village sub unit population population number (Individual) number City name Percent Percent Percent

Number Number Number

Ich 22 8 36 6 27 232 0 0 232 3 Abdolah-abad 11 3 27 1 9 34 0 0 34 1 Rameh 14 6 43 4 29 323 0 0 323 3 1141 0 1141 2 ٥ Inside Deh 56 22 39 3 0 nanak Gor-sefid 31 27 87 19 61 4430 1 Firozkoh 17143 21573 Namrood 27 24 89 23 85 8457 1 Arjmand 1700 10157 4 Inside 60 5659 0 5659 30 21 70 18 0 Marzdaran Delichay 15 14 93 12 80 3359 0 0 3359 4 Inside Bonkoh 13 10 77 7 54 1846 0 0 1846 Manufacturing 25 39 0 39 4 1 25 1 0 city 34 20398 2 Garmsar- 64889 Garmsar plain 181 90 50 62 44491 Aradan 49 5032 2 Kilan- 18249 Kilan 45 27 60 22 13217 Absard Inside 35 6505 0 6595 31 12 39 11 0 Eyvanaki Garoos 12 5 42 2 17 184 0 0 184 Chandab 6 3 50 3 50 476 0 0 476 1 Kolik 5 3 60 3 60 2322 0 0 2322 Sangab 6 3 50 1 17 34 0 0 34 Inside 25 9660 1 Ivanaki 20056 134 54 40 34 10396 Hable_rud 36 70221 7 - 157168 18 Total basin 643 333 52 232 86947 Total country 91310 63904 70 ------70495782 The statistics center of iran , 2006

Number of village with more than 5 households 70 62 60 50 40 34 30 23 22 19 18 20 12 11 6 7 10 1 4 3 1 2 331 0

First phase of activities has done in 18 villages (7.8% of villages with more than 5 persons in basin) for 1932 household by population of 6774. These villages located in 7 subbasins of 2 provinces, 4 cities, 6 district and 8 rural area.

Table 2- List of villages of the First phase

Row Province County District Rural area Village name Household Population Subbasin number

1 Aro 304 1,057

2 Damavand Central Abarshiveh Dehnar 25 59 Delichay 3 Havir 61 190

4 Central Hablerood Hesarbon 284 948 Tehran 5 Ghezghanchay Lezor 521 2,160

6 Firozkoh Arjman Zarman 51 200 Namrood d 7 Dobolok Najafdar 66 211

8 Vazna 95 357

9 hafdar Emamzade abdolah 28 53

10 ich 32 63 Ich

11 Javin 11 26 Semnan Semnan Sorkhe Lasgerd Abdolah 12 Abdollah abad bala 20 34 abad

13 Lasjerd 318 1,076 Dehnama 14 Deh namak 16 32 k

15 Rameh pain 41 138 Aradan Kohan-abad 16 Garmsar Ghalibaf 17 39 Rameh

17 Chahartagh bala 36 110

18 ivanaki Ivanaki Behvard 6 21 Chandab

٧ Total 2 4 6 8 18 1932 6,774

Regarding to population density, relative population density in 2006 was 12 person in per square kilometers. Comparing this figure with relative density of the all country, it shows the low population density of the basin.

Table 3- Population relative density

Population Extent Relative density Hydrologic sub unit (Individual) (Km2) population

Ich 232 314.6 0.7 Abdolah-abad 34 141 0.2 Rameh 323 179.4 1.8 Inside Deh nanak 1141 1689.7 0.7 Gor-sefid 21573 744 28.9 Namrood 10157 761.9 13.3 Inside Marzdaran 5659 745.3 7.6 Delichay 3359 339.6 9.9 Inside Bonkoh 1846 678.7 2.7 Manufacturing city 39 104.8 0.4 Garmsar plain 64889 1354 47.9 Kilan 18249 254.7 71.6 Inside Eyvanaki 6595 863.7 7.6 Garoos 184 101.3 1.8 Chandab 476 96.6 4.9 Kolik 2322 106.9 21.7 Sangab 34 74 0.5 Inside Hable_rud 20056 4111.3 4.9 157168 Total basin 12661.5 12 Total country 70495782 1628554 43.3

42774 households are living in Hable_rud basin among them 19490 are living in rural areas and 23284 living in cities. There are 36948 men and 33273 women among 70221 of the rural population. Among 86947 people who is living in the cities, there are 44291 men and 42656 women. The rural family dimension of the basin is 3.6 pesron.

Most rural population are living in some sub basins as below: Garmsar plain, inside Hable_rud basin, Namrood, inside Ivanaki basin, inside Marzdaran and Kilan basin respectively.

Table 4- Household number and basin population separately regarding to urban and rural areas and sexuality

Household Population (Individual) Household Hydrologic sub unit numbers Total Man Woman dimension

Ich 100 232 120 112 2.3 20 34 16 18 Abdolah-abad 1.7 103 323 171 152 Rameh 3.1

Inside Deh nanak 348 1,141 603 538 3.3 1,148 4,430 2,359 2,071 Gor-sefid 3.9

Namrood 2,260 8,457 4,506 3,951 3.7 1,628 5,659 2,901 2,758 Inside Marzdaran 3.5

Delichay 1,037 3,359 1,718 1,641 3.2 533 1,846 983 863 Inside Bonkoh 3.5 13 39 28 11 Manufacturing city 3

Garmsar plain 5,633 20,398 10,536 9,862 3.6 1,446 5,032 2,772 2,260 Kilan 3.5

Inside Eyvanaki 1,956 6,595 3,486 3,109 3.4 44 184 93 91 Garoos 4.2

Chandab 109 476 240 236 4.4 576 2,322 1,238 1,084 Kolik 4

Sangab 8 34 12 22 4.3 2,528 9,660 5,166 4,494 Inside Hable_rud 3.8 19,490 70,221 36,948 33,273 Total villages area 3.6

Kilan city 916 3,263 1,674 1,589 3.6 Absard city 2,442 9,954 5,324 4,630 4.1

Firozkoh city 4,346 17,143 8,391 8,752 3.9 Garmsar city 10,962 39,523 20,063 19,460 3.6

Aradan city 1,382 4,968 2,579 2,389 3.6 Ivanaki city 2,760 10,396 5,356 5,040 3.8 Arjmand city 476 1,700 904 796 3.6 23,284 86,947 44,291 42,656 Total city area 3.7 42774 157168 Total basin 81239 75929 3.7 ٤ Total country 17501771 70495782 35866362 34629420

The village population per each sub-watershed

25000

20,398 20000

15000

9,660 10000 8,457 6,595 5,659 5,032 4,430 5000 3,359 1,846 2,322 1,141 232 34 323 39 184 476 34 0 Ich city

sefid Kolik Kilan plain abad

‐ ‐ nanak

Rameh Garoos Sangab Bonkoh

Delichay Eyvanaki Chandab Gor

Namrood Hable_rud Deh Marzdaran

Garmsar Abdolah Inside Inside Inside Inside Inside Manufacturing

The basin population increased around 20% in 1996 comparing to 1986 and it shows an increase around 18.5% in 2006 comparing to 1996.

Regarding to annual population growing ratio especially according to the rate of increase in the most recent years, between 1996 till 2006, we predict that the total basin population will become around 170000 in 2011 and it will reach to 184000 in 2016.

Table 5- basin population change

Population Annual growing rate (Percent)

1355 1365 1375 1385 55-65 65-75 75-85 55-85

Population 83605 11532 132578 157168 2.8 1.8 1.7 2.2

Household 16593 24141 31336 42744 numbers

180000

160000 157168 140000 132578 120000 110533 100000 year 80000 83605 Population 60000 Household numbers 40000 42774 31336 24141 20000 16593 0 1234

1-2- Literacy level

There are 64681 rural people with more than 6 years old, among them 48574 persons are educated and 13909 persons are students. Literacy ratio in rural areas is 75% and in urban areas, it is 87%, therefore the total rate of literacy in the region is about 82%.

Least ratio of rural literacy is in Abdolah-abad, Ich, Sangab, Garos, inside of Ivanaki basin, also Kilan and Delichay sub basins.

Table 6- Literacy level in urban and rural areas separately

6 years and more population Educated population Literacy Student Hydrologic sub unit Total Man Woman Total Man Woman ratio Total Man Woman

211 108 103 99 62 37 45 10 6 4 Ich

Abdolah-abad 32 14 18 7 4 3 22 0 0 0 315 166 149 227 129 98 72 9 7 2 Rameh 1055 558 497 750 438 312 71 231 123 108 Inside Deh nanak 4186 2,228 1,958 3389 1,921 1,468 81 1045 597 448 Gor-sefid

Namrood 8029 4,300 3,729 6079 3,433 2,646 76 1473 748 725 5402 2,786 2,616 4417 2,358 2,059 82 1258 669 589 Inside Marzdaran 3167 1,622 1,545 2185 1,193 992 69 600 318 282 Delichay

Inside Bonkoh 1732 918 814 1297 743 554 75 348 207 141 Manufacturing 34 24 10 32 22 10 94 3 1 2 city Garmsar plain 18627 9,647 8,980 14570 7,947 6,623 78 4362 2,321 2,041 4537 2,527 2,010 3143 1,852 1,291 69 1073 675 398 Kilan Inside 5991 3,192 2,799 4162 2,335 1,827 69 1167 606 561 Eyvanaki 172 85 87 113 62 51 66 36 24 12 Garoos 446 225 221 345 185 160 77 97 53 44 Chandab

Kolik 2046 1,095 951 1596 893 703 78 474 266 208 33 11 22 15 5 10 45 7 2 5 Sangab Inside 8666 4,667 3,999 6148 3,452 2,696 71 1716 882 834 Hable_rud 64681 34,173 30,508 48574 27,034 21,540 75 13909 7,505 6,404 Total villages area Kilan city 3,039 1,559 1,480 2,460 1,320 1,140 81

Absard city 8,862 4,759 4,103 6,382 3,572 2,810 72

Firozkoh city 15,736 7,679 8,057 14,363 7,142 7,221 91

Garmsar city 36,289 18,477 17,812 33,173 17,273 15,900 91

Aradan city 4,555 2,355 2,200 3,767 2,029 1,738 83

Ivanaki city 9,485 4,901 4,584 7,927 4,236 3,691 84

Arjmand city 1,576 837 739 1,158 642 516 73

79,542 40,567 38,975 69,230 36,214 33,016 87 Total city area 144223 74740 69483 117804 63248 54556 82 Total basin 63919000 85 Total country 32494000 31425000 54082184 28835359 25246825

1-3- Migration situation

This region has lot of immigrant in 1976-1996. But emmigration rate has increased in rural regions such as Ich, Chandab and Garmsar sub basins were lots of emigrants take places respectively.

Zamn-Kav Gostar studies has done in some pilot villages of basin (17 villages in Garmsar county and Semnan, 16 villages in Firozkoh county and 14 villages in Damavand county), it shows that except of 4 villages in Damavand, migration to other pilot villages has happened along 5 years until 2009. Good climate condition, high level of living costs in Tehran, more simple way of living in the villages, Agriculture, gardening, hardening activities etc are some of the most important reasons for immigration. 500 household (3000 persons) from Jaban and 15 household from Maranak have emigrate to the villages.

Between 50-100% of new coming immigrants has been settled inside of the villages and others were settle in edges of the villages. So, there isn't any evident problem in attracting and accepting of not indigenous people in village texture, according to the cultural and social aspect. It should be mentioned that the low property of population movements allocate to adjacent cities and villages inside basin. Mostly, changing place of settlement from a village to other village in basin, don't received a rare phenomenon by effect of marriage and current kinsman relationship. Although, tehranian burgess introduce themselves as a part of new immigrants in social structure by buying lands and gardens in basin.

In regard to official statistic that mentioned, rural population growing, go toward negative trend in most parts of basin and villages population especially edges go toward decrease in 1375-1385. In same time, immigration to cities and large villages increase. Such a trend regarding to land use planning will be become to releasing some parts of region in a long time and unsuitable focus in special points. Such focuses will make other problems that cause pressure more than biome capacity. One of the important consequences of emigration will be emigrating younger and remaining elders that cause falling exploitation of facilities.

1-4- Social situation

Family, social, cultural factors and socio-economic structures are effective in social problems and these problems should be considered as a symptoms of malfunction of social systems so as a solution and for reducing the rate of these problems economical, social and cultural background that causes these social problems should be eradicated and instead of criminals punishment it should be better to find a solution for bases these problems. In the recent years all kinds of social pathologies has increased. Addiction, divorce, suicide, criminal activities, street women, kids wracking, families with no protection, bribe, rape, girls escape from families has such a high rate that it is considered as sever social problems. From the past time combination of social problems with economic and cultural condition creates a situation that it called "Anomic". On the other hand many of social analyzers believe that the current situation of our country is critical. Crime, inefficiency in different social aspects,

deconstruction of social and urban structure and decrease of social capital indicate this crisis. The main issue in using the social and human capitals, cultural volunteer activities, and NGO and leisure times in our society is bad organizing of our active human potential. The problem is more difficult about the NGOs. Wherever the human potential from the level of the workers to the level of the bosses in economic activities are escaping from organized and under supervision works. Organizing in social and cultural dimensions is unavailable and this is the main reason for unsuccessful programs of the NGOs. In recent years with an overall view we can say accepting the responsibility and learning trend in our society is too weak. This is not simple problem because during the years it becomes a dominant social behavior, not only sudden change is not possible but also it would be very time consuming and difficult to change it through implementing unsuccessful previous solutions and to do this long term planning in multidimensional of social and cultural solutions are necessary.

1-5- Participation acceptance situation

One of the main indexes for evaluating the social capital potential is assessing social trust. It means while the confidence among the people increase it causes more and easier interactions in the society. The result of some research shows the bad situation of social trust conditions in Iran. The results are concerning in a way that 67% of respondents showed their least trust to the society. It obvious that making any change in this situation needs policy making and vast planning in the society and it is necessary to verify the related variables in mid-term plans.

In this regard, willing to participatory involvement is one of the main variables of social capital. This fact may increase the efficiency of working potential and minimize the human working potential wastes. Finding of 25 done appraisals during the years before and after Islamic revolution indicate that the social trust decrease steadily by increase of educational level using more from mass media, and following that the rate of participation has decreased. Arbitrary actions are more related to the moralities and norms instead of rooted from outside regulations and obligations. Criteria and moral regulations arranging actions and commitments and social relationships and with such model it provide participation possibility and prediction of the actions. It means that moral norms and interior obligations are the main causes of organizing and participation.

In the recent years governments of the developing countries have paid attention to the human dimension of the development. But by a close study we will find that it is more as slogan than practical function. In our society the appearance of this formal development is evident. In development experience of our society of our country government is as involved in bureaucratic and daily activities that in its most successful form while designers and planners are gathered to make short term and mid-term plans they reach to this point that public participation is not useful and would involve them in daily activities and also for people because they have no experience of participation and they think participation would be unpractical issue that they would leave it and will follow their daily problems.

In the first step of Hable_rud project, the word of participation has been used and emphasis by different individuals and groups. The project document was also in the same way. In practice some meetings with rural people in order to take their view points about water and soil resources of the region in order to transform it into the local projects. Also in some cases it has been related to governmental sectors but the main emphasis was on the public participation. The main questions about this issue are as below:

‐ What is participation?

‐ Is the concept of participation practically clear in it's procedure?

‐ Is the concept of participation restricted to the local communities?

‐ Is the concept of participation caused to involvement of all stakeholders?

‐ Is there enough professional facilitators available to create participation among stakeholders?

‐ Have they done stakeholders analyzes?

‐ What are the main conflicts among different stakeholders?

‐ What are the main potential and they are in which level? (among individuals and organizations)

‐ What are the main necessary capacities and potentials in the region?

Participation in strategic management, like arrangements, is another aspect of sustainable development strategies. Undoubtedly it is one of the main principals of sustainable development. For institutionalizing of the participation, there are different ways and methods that depend on the characteristics of stakeholders and the region condition.

1-6- Society based organization situation and their role in society

Among 232 villages with more than five people population in the region 152 villages (66%) have rural council. 7 villages have center for agricultural services and 55 villages (%24) have rural cooperative company.

Table 7- Political and institutional

The Village with Rural Rural agriculture Hydrologic sub- more than 5 cooperative council service watershed households CO. centers

2 0 1 Ich 6

Abdolah-abad 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Rameh 4

Inside Deh nanak 3 2 0 1 8 0 4 Gor-sefid 19

Namrood 23 17 0 5 15 0 8 Inside Marzdaran 18

Delichay 12 12 2 3 6 0 1 Inside Bonkoh 7 0 0 0 Manufacturing city 1

Garmsar plain 62 50 4 19 10 0 6 Kilan 22

Inside Eyvanaki 11 9 1 3 1 0 0 Garoos 2

Chandab 3 1 0 1 3 0 0 Kolik 3

Sangab 1 0 0 0 17 0 3 Inside Hable_rud 34 154 7 55 Total villages area 232

Zamin-Kave Gostar studies in the selected village of the basin (17 villages in Garmsar and Semnan conuties, 16 villages in Firozkoh county and 14 villages in Damavand conty) indicates that in 7 villages of Damavand county, 10 villages of Firozkoh county have some cooperative company in fields of mining, social services or agriculture which are active from the old times till now and these units have about 1000 members. In 44% of villages of Garmsar county from the past decade there are some cooperative companies active in the fields of agriculture and social services till now. Some of these units are old and have experience of 1960-1970. Rural councils of among public-legal organizations which have been involved in planning and decision making issues of the villages. In the way that some of the legal and institutional problems of the villages are solved by these councils and their legal authorities are clear by law. All of the selected villages in Firozkooh basin and 75% of the villages in the Garmsar region has these councils and for their civil activities and creating jobs also making relationship among villagers and operational organizations and etc are used by villagers. According to the social reference in each village some elders exist in each village and people trust and obey them.

For forming, facilitating and accelerating development procedures, presence and involvement of different social classes is the main necessity but this kind of involvement is based on some principals that should be considered. As a result of lack of different social institution in Iran for involvement different classes in development procedures and increasing the social capital making some background and facilitating of forming social institution and their empowerment is critical. powerful social institutes such as CBOs our rural development groups, women and youth groups, agricultural and herders groups and etc maybe can play a great role in decision making and participate in development procedures.

1-7- People's believes situation

Materialistic, surrealistic and unsocial values among the youth between 16-24 are growing unfortunately Iranian youth are in the way of changing their spiritual and transcendental values to materialistic values. Also some bad characters such as hypocrisy, cheating, don't pay attention to the regulation are very common in the society that should attract special attention in the social and cultural plans. Analyses indicate that in the case of stability of socio-economic conditions there would be possibility in expanding of this trend. This situation would be more critical if we understand that the few survey that had been done by purpose of evaluating the society conditions and prove better situation have not evaluated the real situation but unintentionally they gain idealistic situation from respondents. It means that respondents for escaping from social penalties or for getting social confirmation they pretend to be good people. Generally field researches and idea evaluation especially in the cases such as values and moralities in the third word has lots of difficulties in collecting people's thought and getting and valid information through direct questions. It has the worth to be mentioned that in a research the values about money, honesty and wealth has been questioned indirectly. In this research instead of asking question about honesty and veracity the question has been asked in this way:" Do you think that our co-patriots are honest or

hypocrite?". In the first way 92-95% mentioned that honesty and veracity is very valuable but in indirect questions the rate of honesty decreased to 18-29%. This meaningful 70% difference in statistics indicate the catastrophe that statistical analysis and social pathology experts could clearly interpreter it.

Job commitments itself is consisted of four dimensions including: Public job commitment, Organizational job commitment, Professional job commitment, for identifying the amount of job commitment the complex of variables such as: civil participation, social justice feeling, interior and exterior job value, definition and interpreted of job, organizational identity, organizational justice, organizational participation and job satisfaction are among them. Wherever social identity and people's sense of dependency to culture and social symbols increase and self identity and believing to the job values and norms increase, the sense of responsibility in their job and about their society will increase. Also while social participation and feeling of social justice increase public job commitment and sense of responsibilities about job in the people will increase.

Analysis of the data pass indicates that the variables of social identity, job interior values and job definition have direct impact on job commitment increase. Other variables such as feeling of social justice and civil participation, exterior job values and professional identity with organizational justice, organizational participation and income indirectly and via variables of job satisfaction and organizational identity, each one have indirect positive impact on job commitment dimension.

2. Description and Analysis of Economical Conditions

2-1. Occupation Status

In 1385 (2006), number employed and unemployed people from the total population of 60533 (10 years old and up) was 21707 and 2456, respectively.

Table -8 -the occupation situation

More than ten years Employed jobless Hydrologic sub- watershed Man Woman whole Man Woman whole Man Woman whole

Ich 107 101 208 80 1 81 2 0 2 14 18 32 10 0 10 0 0 0 Abdolah-abad

Rameh 164 148 312 107 2 109 40 17 57 534 468 1002 305 9 314 23 1 24 Inside Deh nanak

Gor-sefid 2,131 1,840 3971 1,231 56 1287 67 15 82 4,132 3,563 7695 2,794 99 2893 439 238 677 Namrood 2,670 2,507 5177 1,503 103 1606 170 69 239 Inside Marzdaran

Delichay 1,538 1,452 2990 982 23 1005 95 9 104 857 762 1619 545 8 553 33 3 36 Inside Bonkoh Manufacturing 24 9 33 23 0 23 0 0 0 city 9,001 8,377 17378 5,457 459 5916 685 237 922 Garmsar plain

Kilan 2,312 1,842 4154 1,511 75 1586 94 11 105 2,963 2,559 5522 1,970 95 2065 57 1 58 Inside Eyvanaki 79 81 160 42 0 42 2 1 3 Garoos

Chandab 211 208 419 142 5 147 1 0 1 989 861 1850 749 29 778 14 1 15 Kolik

Sangab 10 19 29 8 4 12 1 0 1 4,313 3,669 7982 3,137 143 3280 113 17 130 Inside Hable_rud 32,049 28,484 60533 20,596 1111 21707 1836 620 2456 Total villages area 2992298 Total country 5952200 20476395

In 1375 (1996), 36.7 % of the working population were employed. This number was 39.9 % in 1385 (2006). In 1375 (1996), about 952 people (4.4 %) and in 1385 (2006), about 2456 people (10.2 %) of the working population were unemployed. This shows that although the number of people10 years old and up increased by 3.8 %, unemployment had a 5.8 % increase within those ten years.

Table -9 – the economical active population

1996 2006

Ten years the economical active Ten years the economical active old and population old and population more more Occupied Jobless whole Occupied Jobless whole

58338 20446 952 21398 60533 21707 2456 24163

TABLE 10- the age structure of economic active population

Man Woman

Hydrologic Sub- 65 65 Watershed 10-14 15-29 30-64 And 10-14 15-29 30-64 And more more

18 38 32 32 14 28 34 36 Ich 2 0 3 11 0 2 7 9 Abdolah-abad

Rameh 7 65 70 29 6 48 76 22 113 229 183 78 114 145 202 77 Inside Deh nanak

Gor-sefid 441 865 811 242 406 609 834 222 627 1,666 1,740 473 635 1,306 1,617 393 Namrood

Inside Marzdaran 413 917 1,194 377 416 819 1,199 324 303 545 594 276 314 415 693 219 Delichay 222 336 346 79 183 290 318 72 Inside Bonkoh

Manufacturing city 6 14 8 0 3 3 5 0 2,456 3,283 3,734 1,063 2,323 2,885 3,600 1,054 Garmsar plain

708 1,013 865 186 641 681 762 176 Kilan

Inside Eyvanaki 868 1,126 1,245 247 891 918 1,060 240 23 30 34 6 16 32 39 4 Garoos

Chandab 52 86 78 24 56 67 98 15 398 376 418 46 348 363 330 43 Kolik

Sangab 3 3 6 0 6 4 10 2 1,356 1,850 1,604 356 1,293 1,479 1,432 290 Inside Hable_rud 8,016 12,442 12,965 3,525 7,665 10,094 12,316 3,198 Total villages area

Man age structure Women age structure

١٠% ٩% ١۴-١٠ ١۴-١٠ ٢٣% ٢٢% ١۵-٢٩ ١۵-٢٩ ٣٠-۶۴ ٣٧% ٣٠-۶۴ ٣۵% ٣٠% and more 65 and more 65 ٣۴%

2-2. Occupation Types, Income and Investments

2-2-1. Agricultural Status (Farming and gardening)

The main source of income for the residents is agriculture. Therefore, more attention is being paid to agricultural status in the economical analysis of the region.

Farming and orchard activities have a big variety in the northern parts. This is more notable in the alluvial plains and lowlands that have rich farm and orchard crops with a larger and more specific variety. Animal husbandry and grazing, however, are more common in high- elevation areas and summer highland pastures in general. Farming and industrial activities are more popular in the southern parts.

Agricultural lands occupy an area of 29958 ha and consist of 77.4 % irrigated - and 22.6 % dry farming. Overall, 46.1 % (13810 ha) of the land in the northern parts are humid-farming lands, 20.3% (6073 ha) are water needed orchards, 3.5 % (1057 ha) are orchards with no water need, and 7.5% (2253 ha) are under fallow for the irrigation. From the 6765 ha of dry- farming lands, 2874 ha (9.6 %) and 3892 ha (13 %) consist of dry farming lands and the ones which would be irrigated respectively. Wheat, barley and, in smaller quantities, legume are produced in the dry-farming lands.

There are 41730 ha of farmlands and orchards in the southern parts, most of which (61.2 %) is mainly in located in Gramsar. Only a few villages in Garmsar area have dry-farming lands, and are much more limited in comparison with areas like Firouzkooh and Damavand.

Fruit farming could be described by small-sized orchards, mixture of different tree species in each orchard and the large number of old species. The orchards change from north to south according to climatic regions orchards so that on the northern slopes products specific to moderate and cold regions, like apples and walnuts are common and trees like pomegranate increase in number toward the south. Large areas of in the vicinity of Hableh-Rood River have been important agricultural regions for a long time. Although fruit farming has a longer history in the southern parts, for reasons such as inability to compete with farm crops, high stakes in investments, marketing limitations and lack of complementary and transforming industries, orchards are more limited compared to farmlands. Commercial orchards, therefore, cannot be identified and fruit farming is mostly limited to small orchards and gardens that are established by houses or creeks.

Surveys in (2009) involving 45 study sample villages in the watershed with 3219 households, showed that 2627 households (81.6 %) are involved in agricultural activities that include some humid farming. 965 households (34.7 %) are involved in animal husbandry and, in addition, in 37 villages (82% of the villages), fruit farming is practiced. On average, there are 173.01 ha and 367.83 ha of farmlands in the northern and southern parts, respectively.

58.6 % of the farming households in sample villages of the northern part of the watershed have humid-farming lands of 2 hectares, on average. In the southern parts of the watershed, 35.7 % of the households have farmlands that are 5.01-7 ha, on average. The area occupied by the orchards in the northern sample villages is four times as those in the south. In other

words, both number of villages and the average area of the orchards in the north are larger compared with those in the south. Degradation and erosion of soil are reported to occur because of high consumption of chemical fertilizers, drought, excessive grazing, and single crop farming. The main problems involving soil conditions and erosion in the past five years include thickness of soil on slopes, poor and infertile soils, slope increases, inappropriate farming techniques and inappropriate uses of chemical fertilizers. These issues can be resolved by proper farming methods, securing water needs, promoting organic fertilizer uses and alternative-crop farming.

The crops include fifteen species of farming produce in the northern parts with ground melon productions (potatoes making up 23 % of the products and other root crops) and herbs being the main products. Potatoes are considered a good crop, taking into account the large markets in, and the climatic conditions of the area. Second place after, belongs legumes , that have largely developed because of the natural and climatic conditions of the region, and their products of dried fruits and nuts. The third place belongs to grains with 17 % of the total crops. Wheat is farmed mostly in the fall for using fall and spring waters that is not used as much by other farm and orchard products. However, 23.96 % of wheat is also produced by dry farming.

After the above-said crops, forage (dry farmed barlye13.8 % and dry farmed alfalfa1.74 %) are produced for livestock consumptions. The tendency for raising larger livestock since two decades ago and the need for feeding smaller livestock in winter (when grazing is limited), are the main reasons for the growth in barley and alfalfa crops. Other crops such as legumes (2.76 %) and industrial crops such as cotton and sunflower are also produced in smaller quantities for the use of households. In the southern parts and, there are small areas of cotton farms. Such as spruce, populous and willow are planted in patches close to drainages.

Wheat and barley taking up 23.85 % and 21.95 % of the total farmlands, respectively, are the most important agricultural products in the southern region. These two products make up the largest part of the degradation in farming is because of economic justification, appropriate type of soil, climatic conditions and related farming experiences among the villagers. Wheat farms are more common in the northern areas of the Southern Parts and towards the south, as the soil salinity increases, are replaced by more salinity tolerant crops such as barley. Where wheat cannot be farmed, ground melon productions such as melons, and in smaller quantities, cucumbers are farmed. After wheat, forage products are in second place, among which farming alfalfa is more limited due to undeveloped permanent animal husbandry and no continuous access to water. Limited corn farming has started in some areas in the past few years although; the it varies according to annual availability of water. Eyvanaki and Dehnamak hydrological units have the biggest variety of crops in the southern region.

The production distribution among the permanent crops (orchard crops) of the Northern Parts varies in different geographical areas of the watershed and is not uniform. For example, in Chandab and Eyvanaki sub-watersheds, pomegranate makes up 83.3 % and 2.4 % of the crops, respectively. On the other hand, in Cahndab apple makes up 3.2 % of the products, while this number is more 63.1 % in Eyvanaki. Overall, apple production makes up 43.8 % of

the production s which is the largest among other productions. On the contrary, grapes make up the smallest amount of the produce and are cultivated in only 2 ha of land. Other produce such as apricots, Ghaisi and walnuts are common too.

In the southern part, two types of orchards can be identified—the traditional ones with produces such as pomegranates, figs, plums and grapes and new orchards with pistachios and olives. It appears that due to suitable soil and water conditions, these produces can be recommended to be more cultivated. Nevertheless, pomegranate orchards make up about 35.7 % of the agricultural lands and mixed with fig trees, are seen in hydrologic units of Garmsar and Eyvanaki. Fig orchards and grape farms come second with more than 97 % of fig orchards and 76 % of grape farms being spread in Garmsar Hydrologic unit and south east of Dasht e Varamin.

In the cultural pattern of the region, a decent combination of the locals’ needs and livestock’s winter needs are seen in addition to taking advantage of the natural and geographical situation of the region for supplying to city market and taking advantage of natural morphology and topography in developing orchards and production of nuts. Potatoes and other root produce are a source of income for the farming families. Orchard produce, and dried fruits and nuts made from them, are the second source of income for them. Grains, especially wheat, come third and are farmed mainly for the use in the households. However, the profit from farming potatoes has made it the most important vegetables produce in the recent times.

Maximum production rate per unit of area in the northern region is estimated, in tons, as follows: humid farmed wheat, 6.5; humid farmed barley, 7; alfalfa, 15; potatoes, 55; cucumbers, 80; zucchini, 80; lima beans; 20, lentils, 2,5; beans, 3; and cotton, 3. For permanent produce, the numbers are estimated, in tons, as follows: apples, 80; cherries and sour cherries, 25; plums, 25; peaches and nectarines, 18; apricots, 20; and 15000 walnuts (100 kg with shells, 45 kg without shells) per tree. Minimum production rate per unit of area is 1 tone for wheat and barley, each0.5 tones for garbanzo beans, 6 tons for potatoes, 5 tons for cucumbers, 0.9 tons for beans, 3 tons for alfalfa, 1.2 tons for cotton, 10 tons for melons and 1 ton for clover. The large differences between the maximum and minimum values in producing rate, necessitates planning for using the natural potentials of the region to maximize production.

Maximum producing rate per unit of area in the southern regions is estimated to be, in tons per hectare, as follows: wheat, 11; tons of barley, 7; corn, 7; cotton, 5; alfalfa, 36; watermelon, 50; tomatoes, 45; eggplant, 45; cantaloupe, 50; cucumber, 45; melon, 60; garlic, 18; pomegranate, 62; and grapes, 30. Minimum producing rate is estimated, in tons per hectare, as follows: wheat, 2; barley, 1.6; corn, 3; cotton, 1.8; alfalfa,7; watermelon, 10; tomatoes, 10; eggplant, 10; cantaloupe, 12; cucumber, 10; melon, 10; garlic, 5; pomegranate, 8; and grapes, 5.

Farming in the northern parts follows a traditional system and there are no companies on agriculture and industry, or large farming facilities. Although these traditional farming systems are common in the southern parts, one joint-stock agricultural company was

established in Dasht e Garmsar, which facilitated uses of new technologies and production improvements. The investment and development of this company has modified the infrastructures and farmlands and introduced new crops and suitable species. It appears that this company has dissolved recently and the residents do not benefit from the services any more.

Filed surveys for 5 years (1383-1385; 2005-2009) in selected villages have shown a decreasing pattern in agricultural conditions that has occurred to due reasons such as intense seasonality, immigration of farmers out of villages, drying up of wells and springs, air pollution and soil erosion. Overall, this trend has caused a decrease in farm and orchard produce, animal husbandry and bee keeping.

16.7 % of the villages use well waters and 16.7 % of them use spring water for farming.....

Water has been less available in the past five years mainly due to low atmospheric precipitation caused by drought. This issue has reflected as a decrease in quality and quantity of farming products, abandoned farmlands, immigration of villagers and decreases in production which might eventually end agricultural activities in the region. Water quality has changed in the past five years due to less precipitation, shortage of water in aquifers, mixing of sewage with surface and subsurface waters and upstream aquacultures, in particular, pike hatcheries.

Overall, issues that villages have with respect to water can be summarized as the drainages being traditional , shortage of surface waters, especially spring waters, significant waste of water in agricultural uses and unavailability of modern irrigation techniques (such as sprinkler systems). To address these issues, making the cover for water carrying canals, building canals and installing pipes for using water recourses on the way to farmlands, dredging water canals and drainages, developing modern irrigation techniques (such as drip and sprinkler), permits for drilling new wells and transporting water from adjacent watersheds have been suggested by the villagers.

In the past five years, fruit farming, has been a successful economic activity in some regions, but has declined in others. Prosperous fruit farming has been a reason of regular orchard tending, access to modified species that grew faster, access to educational and promotional services, mechanized farming and good quality, hence expensive produce. Unsuccessful fruit farming in some areas was reflected as late sales of the produce, water shortage from droughts and hypothermia in the past few years. Orchard produce are sold mostly local and regional middlemen, fruit sellers at markets and occasionally to fruit exporters. Interaction with the above-said intermediary sellers has always been an issue for the producers. The most important solutions for addressing current gardening problems are providing the needed funds, mechanization and modern irrigation techniques, technical and financial services, mitigating hypothermia damages by extending insurance plans or distribution of saplings that are more tolerant to cold or temperature changes, educating the farmers, eliminating pests and plant diseases, supporting the cultivation of younger species, developing post cropping

industries for orchard produce, establishing co-operative organizations for selling orchard produce and addressing water need

SWOT analysis for agriculture situation:

Strengths:

 Existence of fertilized lands and suitable water in upstream and sub-watersheds for agriculture development and efficiency increase  Existence of high capacities for producing agriculture and livestock production  Good potentials in the region according to amount of irrigated and dry (annually or permanent agricultural productions)  Gardening has good potentials for development according to the topographic and suitable climate conditions  Gardens development, sapling planting and agriculture has been developed in regard with the natural resources conditions  The average number of farmlands in each utilization unit, For 45 selected villages in the study region is estimated for 3.1, which is more suitable comparing with other village areas in the country.

Weaknesses:

 Fragmented farmlands in each utilization unit cause increase in losing the land efficiency as a result of edge effects  The most part of the region especially in Sarab's basin is mountainous.  Land salinity especially in the southern parts of the basin  Lack of suitable plains for agriculture prohibits producing of products such as grains, legumes and forage.  Most of stakeholders in the region are deprived of using farming machines and modern technologies in their farming activities  Wide areas of farmlands have been expanded in unsuitable farming places, therefore most of these farming lands are categorized as unfertilized and unsuitable lands, and it causes low efficiency in farming activities  Using the modern farming machinery in the region has not long history, meanwhile the use of machinery is almost private and there is no sign of cooperative systems, also there is not any active mechanization units in the region.  Low motivation of youth for farming and their wills for selling the lands and immigration to the cities as a result of added values of the lands  The relevant irrigation system in the region is surface irrigation which is one of the problems on farming section. This type of irrigation in the case of good management, furthermore to water supply of plants may bleach and modify the farmlands, it should be considered that vast using of this type of irrigation may reduce efficiency and expanding weeds.

Opportunities

 Farmlands distribution may cause increase in agricultural production diversity for each stakeholder’s households that may keep the efficiency of farms as the result of the land fallowing.  Presence of dried fruits packaging unit has caused suitable background for developing the gardening activities, about the productions such as apple, nuts, peer, sore cherry and etc.  Regarding to the land potentials, incentives from other organizations, assurance of selling the products and suitable prices , steadily planting of some industrial crops such as cotton would be expanded in the Garmsar plain, this trend will continue until the natural constraints ( land potentials ) and human constraints ( lack of experience and market competition ) would ban this kind of development and change it to growth for development of another kinds of products and melon ground farming.  Road network development and improving their quality has caused cost reduction in products transportation.  Modern irrigation technologies and new methods for using steep slope lands, and development of gardens in these lands is a good opportunity for this project, in regard with the average precipitation of the basin.  Government will for increasing water efficiency and using modern irrigation systems, made them good potentials for utilization in the region.  Expanding of gas pipes in the villages has created good opportunities for industrial development

Threats:  All the necessary primary materials for industrial units in the region are not supplied from farming products of the region. So the dependency degree is varying among different industries, for example in the process of livestock slaughtering, about 80% of live animals, are bought from the herders of the Hableh-rood basin. On the other hand, in the food canning industry especially about the fish production, all of the primary needs are provided from outside of this basin (north and south beaches of the country)  Also the Firooz kooh milk and dairy industry provide its needed milk from outside resources. On the other hand Loman production industry, provides its primary products (potato) for producing the starch, gluten and glucose from the sources inside of the basin (Firooz kooh and Damavand)

2-2-2- the ranching situation

In the selected village of Damavand,Firoozkooh and Garmsar in the 5 years before 2009 , had been declining, in order to explain the causes of the bad situation of ranching , items could be explain such as below:

unsanitary corrals, unsuitable places for keeping herds which cause expanding of some social problems such as duff ,lack of forage, increase of forage price and workers wage, the senility of the herders, increase of the ranching costs, instability of the livestock production price in the market, Lack of needed investment to modify the ranching methods, weakness of facilities to rapid transportation of spoiling productions to the market, drought and lack of water, degradation and high rate of overgrazing in the rangeland, legal prohibitions for livestock increasing number in the rangeland, Sanitary problems for keeping the livestock, Lack of veterinary facilities, existence of various livestock diseases and defeats in not on time vaccination of livestock.

Damavand County, in most of the households, this occupation is the second source of income. regarding to the results , in the most of the villages the proportion of the families who are occupied with ranching as their second source of income is more than 20% to 50 % .Only in Lazoor, Shahrabad, and Tarood villages, of Firooz kooh county , ranching is the main source of income for each household, according to the done appraisal, 61% of the respondents believe that, the income achieved from ranching is less than half of the whole achieved income for each household, however it is categorized as their first source of income.

Also in the other villages ranching is the most important source of income for more than half of the households. In Tares village most of families believe that the ranching is their second source of income and for the rest this proportion is 30 % as the maximum limit. It means that in this village, ranching is the second source of income for less than 30% of the families.

In the most selected village of Garmsar county, ranching is the first source of income for more than half of the families. Only in Korus village 70% of families mentioned ranching as their first source of income. On the other hand in the Dehnamak village families are not dependent to this kind of livelihood. According to the done appraisal, 44% of respondents believe that second source of income for more than half of the families is ranching .and in Deh-soltan village, for 80% of households it is their second source of income.

the livestock in the region generally constitutes from sheep, goat, cow and calf, which are preserved using some semi-traditional methods. It means that part of livestock needs is provided by grazing in the rangeland and other part is provided by the purchased forage and feeding in the harvested farms. Also growing the birds of the galli-formes is common in the households of the region. also some industrial activities such as aviculture could be seen in the region. different methods for nurturing and growing livestock are common among those families, which ranching is their main source of income, for example the herder employment is common, also many of the families who are not ranching, use to keep some livestock to produce protein and diary for their own use. the most important livestock products are: selling live or slaughtered animals, meat, dairy products ( milk , yoghurt ,kashk ) wool, etc .

Customers for these production constitutes from a vast range of dealers to direct consumers. there is a private company in Firoozkooh area which collect the milk product in an organized way and transport it to industrial diary production units in the selected villages of Garmsar county, part of the milk products is collected by the local active milk company in order to packaging and delivering the milk to the permanent customers in Tehran, the cooperative company of herders, immigrants, and groceries in the village. Similar to farming activities some of the herders in the area are not rural inhabitants. Although the number of herders seems to be low, according to deep relationship with immigrant who has left the area, their real population is not mentioned clearly by the villagers. The primary estimations indicate that, 4965 individual from livestock are distributed in the selected villages of Firooz kooh county, and 3770 individual sheep and 352 individual cows and calves in Garmasar county have been distributed the among the herders . The list of most important problems of the herders in the study area are such as the following items: lack of suitable corrals, sanitary problems, necessity of keeping the livestock in the village and lack of veterinary services, lack of insurance services, lack of suitable places for forage storage in the seasons that they could be bought by better prices. the passed laws and legal limitations by the official institutions and real persons( governors and related health centers and complains expressed by other rural inhabitants) problems related to forage supplying ,lack of suitable rangeland, lack of cheap and skillful workers. The proposed suggestions of the respondents indicate same problems and activities such as rangeland restoration

and modification, corral reconstruction and land selling for establishment of industrial ranching units .delivering bank facilities in order to genetic improvement activities of livestock , using governmental facilities ( financial, veterinary , providing cheap forage and etc ) , herders education and establishment of ranching cooperative companies and water supplements ,etc. Are among the mentioned solutions.

2-2-3. Industrial situation (the complementary and transforming industries):

In the northern part, 207 job opportunity exist through 10 active industrial units such as 2, traditional slaughterhouse, 2 industrial canning companies,1 packaging unit for dried fruits, 1 starch and gluten producing company, 1 firm for woody material production and 2 springhouses units. From these all above, 3 units are related to ranching activities, 4 units are related to farming and gardening activities, 1 unit is related to producing forestry products and 2 equipped units are for storage of gardening products. One of the 2 canning companies has industrial licenses for fish canning, tomato paste, beans canning and other kinds of edible canned food. But nowadays they are only producing the fish cans

Complementary and transforming industries of the southern parts of the region are consisted of 25 industrial units which are mainly related to agriculture, they can be divided in 9 categories , and provide 534 job opportunities, slaughterhouses , canning unit, dried fruit packaging, milk and dairy products units, milling units, grain production units, food production for livestock and birds , leather industry and cotton producing units are among the active industries in the southern part of the region. but with a general classification, from all the complementary and transforming industries which are related to the agricultural industry, in the region , 6 units are related to the agricultural products and 3 groups are related to livestock.

Table -11- the quantitative characteristics of industrial units

Working Unit name Main products Location Production capacity potential

Zand food industry Fish can East of Absard 15 33

Damavand industrial Damavand food tomato ،pickle area( north of 500 Ton 12 production Absard)

Dried fruits Firoozkooh industrial Pars gohar CO 1485 Ton 15 packaging town

Firoozkooh industrial Milk factory Milk, yoghourt, kashk 7532 Ton 33-53 town

Damavand industrial Starch, gluten, Loman producing CO area( north of 750 Ton 22 glucose Absard)

Firoozkooh woody Firoozkooh industrial Woody products 4000000 M2 47 products CO town

The Sorkh-dasht Preserving of Gardens placed at the 20000 25 spring house fruits east of Absard

Sarhang Taheri Preserving of North of Absard 10000 Ton 12 springhouse fruits

Firooz kooh Slaughtering Firooz kooh city 20000 Individual 5 slaughterhouse

Absard Slaughtering Absard 9408 Individual 3 Slaughterhouse

Davarabad CO Tomato paste Garmsar,Davar-abad 10000 Ton 102

Alvand berian CO Canning Garmsar 3140 Ton 24

Ali-abad industrial Salar Star CO Lavashak 801 Ton 13 town

Dired fruits Delpazir CO Garmsar 4752 Ton 15 packaging

Ali-abad industrial Laban dasht CO Milk products 14079 Ton 25 town

Pooneh cheese CO Cheese Industrial town 116 Ton 14

Iran cheese CO Cheese Garmsar 1100 Ton 40

Garmsar Ard CO Wheat powder Garmsar 50000 Ton 15

Al-e-booyeh Wheat powder The shah sefid 400 Ton 1

Hasan Mazroobi Wheat powder Hosseinabad 300 Ton 2

Hasan Ahmadi Wheat powder Garmsar 300 Ton 2

Garmsar Bahar food corn Garmsar 1800 Ton 72 CO

Food producing CO Legumes Garmsar 550 Ton 5

Ali-abad industrial Pars peima food CO legumes 360 Ton 20 town

Barekat cooperative Ali-abad industrial legumes 120 Ton 10 CO town

Ali-abad industrial Barin Maede CO legumes 280 Ton 12 town

Refah Parvaz CO legumes Ali-abad industrial 750 Ton 17

town

Birds and Tohidi food CO Garmsar 12000 Ton 12 livestock food

Garmsar cotton CO cotton Garmsar 3000 Ton 25

Garmsar cotton CO cotton Garmsar 7200 Ton 38

Azarvash cotton CO cotton Garmsar 4000 Ton 15

Ramezan soori cotton Garmsar 2000 Ton 10 cotton CO

Boor boor CO leather Garmsar 250 1000 37

Garmsar Slaughtering the Garmsar 30000 Individual 5 slaughterhouse livestock

Eivanki Slaughtering the Eivanaki 10000 Individual 3 slaughterhouse livestock

On the topic of industrial units distribution, in the northern parts of the region, 6 units are placed in Firoozkooh, 4 units are near Absard and From 10 units above, 5 units are placed out of the industrial space . The Firooz kooh industrial town near the Firooz kooh city is hosting 3 units and Damavnd industrial region in Absard branch in the middle of Damavand - Firoozkooh road is hosting 2 other industrial units. 2 slaughterhouses in the region which are working with the traditional method are located in Firoozkooh and Absard and are working under the supervision of the municipality. In the southern part, 7 units out of 25, are placed in Ali-abad and 18 units are placed out of the industrial town, finally 16 units are distributed in or near Garmsar county.

In the northern and either in the southern parts of the basin, the number of the workers per each industrial unit is about 21 and it could show the greatness of these units. Only 4 units out of all are belonged to the governmental section which are managed by the municipality, other industrial units in Hableh- rood are belonged to the private section . According to the previous studies by Rooyan and Zist-Zamin-Kav gostar consultative offices, sewing is done as a job, only in some small industrial units in Damavand's villages and they are not important for procurement of regional people income, but according to the low price of the workers and the fewer rent for the place and being near the main cities and other urban focal points like Damavand, Gilavand and Firoozkooh ,these units are considered as good potentials for the investors in the region.These small industrial units need to be planned by governmental section.In Firoozkooh villages, there is only 1 unit in Shad-mahan for producing Carpets, which is working with 25 workers. In Hesarin there is another unit for Carpet manufacturing, with 10 workers.

The Carpet producing is one of the expandable industries in Firoozkooh, which helps the households to increase their income; this development needs the governmental supports for financial procurement and finding the markets. Previously some economists and investors started to produce some of the agricultural industries and industrial springhouses, clothes producing units, In Damavand and Firoozkooh. and there is enough space for more development in this field. according to the studies on

the axis of Tehran-Semnan, the industry generally is developing in Garmsar, but in the study region and selected villages the industry is not very efficient in improving the household income. The Industry in Garmsar is more developed comparing with Damavand. in some villages the producing units which are working on different kinds of Carpets ( Gelim, Jajim, gloves, Hasir, cotton preparing and other handcrafts, have caused the employment of 54 persons. 33 % of the workers for these unit are of indigenous people, however they are not interested in these industries, because of some reasons like, the long distance, transporting problems, not permanent employment and not being skillful on the current industries. the data on the Handicraft situation in the sub-basin is not easily available. It seems that there is not any serious activity on producing the handicrafts in the villages and only in some of the Garmsar villages it could be seen very limited. The reason is having no supports and abuse of investors from the workers.

SWOT analysis:

Strange points

 Placing near Tehran as a huge market for selling the agricultural, livestock and other productions  Use of secondary productions of the ranges  The Honey making and hive development  Water supplement and feeding the aquifers by the snow reserves in the northern parts of the region, seasonal rain in the southern parts of the basin and using the water to produce better and more agricultural production  The possibility for gaining better markets through advanced planning  The possibility for increasing the farming lands in the north and middle parts , and also existence of good strategies to increase the agriculture and livestock production  The existence of bare and dry lands in the south of the basin and using them for industrial development

The weakness points:

 Lack of NGO's and indigenous people associations in the region  Having no enough income, for some of the farmers with small farms and lack of governmental supports.  The everyday migrating to the cities to increase the income  Impossibility of removing the dealers, who buy and sell the productions  Not using the inefficient lands, the steep slope lands and enhancing the agricultural productions to stop soil erosion.  The industrial units are not able to prepare all their needs from the basins resources  Despite of the existence of 2 huge springhouse in the basin, main part of the garden productions are carried out for freezing and preservation

Opportunities:

 Studies show that the northern part of the basin has good potential for irrigated agriculture. it is possible to use these productions to increase and develop the related industries and to make job opportunities for the young people there. This cause reduction in the youth people immigration which is considered as an opportunity, lowest prices of the working force and land units in the region comparing with the central cities such as Tehran and it's adjacent cities and also employment of the graduated people in different educational fields and in

different levels, from production in farmlands to synthetic and industrial productions in food industry factories are from the reasons to progress this trend  The studies show that , the years during 2011 to 2016 will probably be of the wet years, so it Is possible to use enough water to increase agricultural production, as the example the related industries like crisps , and fried potatoes , food canning industries could be mentioned ,  There are lots of medical plants and there is the opportunity to perform some industries like " Riz bargan eAlborz Company".  According to the existence of old Carpet producing industry in Iran and existence of some limited industrial units in the region, it is possible to invest on this industry and restore it, to decline the young people immigration to the cities and increase the villager's income. Winds in the south part of the basin have the potential for producing the electricity which can be used in the local industry; also the thermal energy in this region is another opportunity to decrease the use of fossil energy.  Tourism landscapes and attractions have the capacity to be developed so planning and investing on them can improve quality of life for the indigenous people. Some of these natural potentials are the Rood Afshan cave, Tange Vashi, the Mish Marg mountain,

Threats

 Number of the days with snow leads to the reduction of the garden productions, so the primary material of the industrial units will vanish, and there is a need to prepare some of them from out of the basin  The population increase, the energy criticism and the increasing need to natural resources and the wrong use from the natural resources leads to the enhancement of CO2 and green house gases, this problem In the north part of the region encounters with water erosion and wasting the rain water and in the south part it leads to desertification. In the lowest parts of the basin, in some of the plains, irrigated farms are visible, however because of the salinity issue; it is possible for the lands to become out of order during the years. So the related industrial units may be threatened. The land use change is one of the most important threats. It is better to change the land use of the bad farmland to industrial uses; these kinds of lands are more seen in the southern part of the basin. The reduction in the farming and rangeland areas and the water resources for agriculture and drinking use is another important threat there. The increasing immigration of the villagers to the city and loosing the huge part of the working potential causes consequently problems like social deviances continuing the degradation trend on soil and water resource, cause an increase in the expenditures on the establishment for new industrial units, and either declines the attraction to find the right places for industrial units.

2-2-4. The services and trading situation

From 232 villages which have more than 5 persons, 52 villages (22%) have the cooperative markets and 12 villages ( 5 %) have funding association.

Table 12- trading and services

Villages with more Agricultural Cooperative Coffe Hydrologic than 5 Groceries Bakery Butchery bank machines markets shop sub-watershed householdpopulation repair shop

0 2 0 0 0 0 0 Ich 6

Abdolah-abad 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Rameh 4 Inside Deh 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 3 nanak Gor-sefid 19 3 6 2 2 2 0 1 5 16 4 8 2 0 1 Namrood 23 Inside 9 9 4 3 1 2 0 18 Marzdaran 2 11 2 5 3 0 1 Delichay 12 1 3 4 3 0 0 0 Inside Bonkoh 7 Manufacturing 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 city 17 36 26 16 7 6 6 Garmsar plain 62

Kilan 22 6 7 2 1 1 0 4 Inside 11 3 7 2 2 2 2 2 Eyvanaki 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Garoos 2

Chandab 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 Kolik 3

Sangab 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Inside 34 3 18 17 5 2 1 1 Hable_rud Total villages 52 123 67 47 20 12 17 area 232

2-2-5. tourism situation

Most of the people in pilot villages belief that , in some special times during the year, tourists will visit the nature and beautiful sights around the villages, some of the rich tourists buy the gardens and farms from the inhabitants, and pass their vacation there ,however almost for half of the year, the weekend days, especially in the spring to the middle of the fall, great opportunities are proposed for citizens, specially people from Tehran, so they can use nice sights around, and prepare some of their needed food

As there is no a special responsible for monitoring and planning the tourism activities, presenting the precise statistics on quality and quantity is impossible. According to the statements of inhabitants the tourist's population in different villages is changeable and everyday different numbers of people during the summer are seen especially in the weekend. Some of these tourists buy their food from the villages and rent the villager houses to stay. And these all constitute a small part of villagers income on the other hand in some cases dry and wet wastes made by tourists in the villages make some problems there for the villagers.

The numbers which are showing the income for each household from the tourism industry, don’t seem to be enough precise. Depending on the villager's job, some who have the markets with special materials like butcheries and groceries have more income, so the preference number for the household from tourism industry placed in lowest places. With no doubt the development in this part needs preparing the infrastructures and removing the numerous bans which are seen by the indigenous people. for this reason, they consider it necessary to introduce the potentials and capabilities for tourism through different ways , structuring the suitable parks , preparing and dispensing the brochures and guiding maps and other to improve the tourism At the end to increase the household income and establishing the new job opportunities, it is useful to start small funding associations to offer new facilities to villagers. In the second phase, after determining the watershed land use, it is possible to prepare the plans for new jobs according to the region potentials, and influence the region economy through constitution of job clusters and performing the prepared plan

3. Description and analyzing the infrastructure and service situation

3-1. the electricity and fossil energy situation From 232 village with more than 5 persons , 226 villages ( 97% ) have the electricity , 29 (12.5%) have the gas pipe, and 200 ( 86%) have the water pipes, 30 villages ( 13% ) have the water refinery system. 46 villages (20%) have post offices , and 108 villages ( 47%) have the telephone office.

Table 13- the electricity, gas , water and telephone situation

Gas, water , electricity Telephone and other media

The villages with Drinking Newspaper Hydrologic sub more than 5 Gas water Water Mail Post Telephone Internet Public and watershed Electricity householdpopulation pipe with refinery box office office availability transportation magazine pipe availability

Ich 6 6 0 5 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Abdolah-abad 1

Rameh 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Inside Deh 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nanak 17 0 14 1 8 8 8 0 5 0 Gor-sefid 19

Namrood 23 23 0 21 5 12 12 16 0 10 2 Inside 18 16 0 13 2 9 7 10 0 7 0 Marzdaran Delichay 12 12 0 12 0 4 0 9 0 2 0 6 0 6 0 2 1 4 1 1 0 Inside Bonkoh 7 Manufacturing 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 city Garmsar plain 62 62 25 60 3 17 7 28 9 29 3 22 0 19 8 3 0 5 0 3 1 Kilan 22 Inside 11 0 9 3 4 2 6 0 2 1 11 Eyvanaki 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Garoos 2 3 0 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Chandab 3

Kolik 3 3 0 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sangab 1 Inside 34 3 29 2 5 4 14 1 10 1 34 Hable_rud Total villages 226 29 200 30 69 46 108 12 70 9 area 232

All the selected villages in Damavand ,province and most of the selected villages in Firooz kooh and Garmsar have the telephone facilities and in some cases the telephone centers have been established . Using mobile phone during recent years have became very common, most of the villages in the region are under the coverage of the mobile phone antenna, there is not any problem for watching the television channels. And also there is not any special problem on the fields of drinking water, police office, public transportation and excusing the internet in the villages is very limited. there is no problem on using fossil energy between villagers, although sometimes it is very difficult to carry the gasoline because of the bad situation of roads in the winter, but totally the procurement of the fossil energy is organized and satisfying, and it is clear that sometimes to compensate the lack of gasoline, the woods( 25%) and cut trees are used.

3-2. the path and roads situation

From 232 villages with more than 5 persons, 70 % have the dusty roads, 14% have the sandy roads and 16 % have asphalt roads, the rail way pass from 3% of the villages in the region.

Table 14- the village’s road situation

The natural situation Kind of village road The villages with Hydrologic sub watershed more than 5 Rail householdpopulation one two Four Five 0 one TWO Three way

6 2 4 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 Ich 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Abdolah-abad

Rameh 4 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Inside Deh nanak

Gor-sefid 19 0 19 0 0 0 11 0 8 0 23 0 23 0 0 0 21 1 1 0 Namrood

Inside Marzdaran 18 0 18 0 0 0 10 4 4 3 12 0 10 1 1 0 8 0 4 0 Delichay 7 0 6 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 Inside Bonkoh

Manufacturing city 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 62 61 1 0 0 0 52 10 0 1 Garmsar plain

Kilan 22 9 13 0 0 0 14 4 4 0 11 0 11 0 0 0 8 1 2 0 Inside Eyvanaki

Garoos 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 Chandab

Kolik 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Sangab 34 34 0 0 0 0 24 8 2 0 Inside Hable_rud 232 116 112 1 3 1 161 32 38 7 Total villages area All the selected villages are related through dusty or asphalt roads , only the villages of Ghias-abad and Rameh have the sandy roads in some of their road way. These roads are sometime unavailable in winter, especially in the north parts of the basin. In order to transport between the close cities there is not any problem.

3-3 .the housing situation Totally 18093 houses exist in the basin.

Table-15- housing situation

Area (m2) The villages Number Mor with more of Less Hydrologic sub watershed 151- 201- 301- e than 5 houses than 51-75 76-80 81-100 101-150 household 200 300 500 than 50 population 501

100 98 30 27 20 11 7 3 0 0 0 Ich

Abdolah-abad 20 20 0 7 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 103 103 60 42 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Rameh

Inside Deh nanak 348 329 60 88 35 62 63 11 8 2 0 1,148 1085 67 198 245 301 221 41 8 3 1 Gor-sefid

Namrood 2,260 2030 109 191 613 746 292 52 21 6 0 1,628 1450 105 250 305 441 257 58 27 6 1 Inside Marzdaran

Delichay 1,037 976 113 146 190 304 177 32 13 1 0 533 523 129 118 57 112 62 24 12 7 2 Inside Bonkoh 13 13 6 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 Manufacturing city

Garmsar plain 5,633 5383 488 709 639 1,460 1,481 467 127 9 3 1,446 1298 280 196 150 201 397 54 17 3 0 Kilan

Inside Eyvanaki 1,956 1910 450 511 323 300 262 51 13 0 0 44 43 1 12 18 11 1 0 0 0 0 Garoos

Chandab 109 97 4 6 11 35 32 8 1 0 0 576 507 175 45 15 68 156 32 13 3 0 Kolik

Sangab 8 8 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,528 2220 633 352 287 311 307 148 91 52 39 Inside Hable_rud 19,490 18093 2712 2903 2925 4,368 3,715 981 351 92 46 Total villages area

The area ( m2) for each house

١% ٠% ٢%

-۵٠ %۵ ١۵% ٧۵-۵١ ٧۶-٨٠ ٨١-١٠٠ ٢١% ١٠١-١۵٠ ١۶% ١۵١-٢٠٠ ٢٠١-٣٠٠ ٣٠١-۵٠٠ ١۶% More than 501 ٢۴%

3-4. Health situation

From 232 villages with more than 5 persons, 71 villages ( 31%) have the public bathrooms, 35 villages ( 15%) have health centers , 72 villages have health houses ,in 23 villages (10%) the physicians are working and in 24 villages (10%) are under the supervision of young interns ,finally 42 villages use the health services of under graduation interns.

Table 16 – health situation on i uat d center interns dentists dentists midwife er gra Drugstore Drugstore watershed watershed veterinary Physicians Physicians d Public bath Health center n Health houses Young interns Young interns Hydrologic sub- Hydrologic U than 5 household than 5 household Villages with more Childbirth services services Childbirth Experienced dentist Experienced Veterinary assistance

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ich 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Abdolah-abad 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rameh 4 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Inside Deh nanak 3 5 2 2 5 0 3 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 Gor-sefid 19 15 1 2 7 0 2 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 Namrood 23 10 4 2 9 2 4 1 1 3 2 8 0 0 Inside Marzdaran 18 9 6 1 8 0 1 1 0 1 1 3 0 0 Delichay 12 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Inside Bonkoh 7

Manufacturing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 city 1 9 13 2 19 0 6 3 0 5 11 12 2 1 Garmsar plain 62 6 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 Kilan 22 8 3 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 Inside Eyvanaki 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Garoos 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Chandab 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Kolik 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sangab 1 4 3 0 7 0 3 0 0 2 3 4 1 1 Inside Hable_rud 34 71 35 10 72 2 23 7 2 16 24 42 3 2 Total villages area 232

Some of the selected villages are using the weekly services of the physicians in the health centers of the villages, they are satisfied about the form of these services, but it seems to insufficient according to the health trend in the villages. The current situation leads the villagers to migrate for medical reasons

Most of the complains are about the bathing problems , village weak systems of water closets , the waste and wastewater removing systems.

Most of the villagers are using the insurance services which is showing improvements comparing with recent years .drug addiction is seen and villagers know it as an epidemic problem, the respondents didn’t talk about any epidemic and dangerous disease and the mentioned problems are expressed related to not indigenous immigrants.

3-5. educational situation among 232 villages with more than 5 householdpopulation , 45 % have elementary schools ,19 , 8% have guidance schools , fo r boys, 22 village 9% have guidance schools for girls , 4 % have mixed guidance schools (3%) , 6 villages have high school for boy(3 % ) and 4 villages have high schools for girls (2%) , 25 villages ( 11% ) have public library and 25 village (9%) have sport complexes.

Table 17- education, sport and cultural situation

Villages Boys Girls Mixed Boys Girls with Elementary Sport Hydrologic more guidance guidance guidance high high Library school clubs subwatershed than 5 school school school school school persons

Ich 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Abdolah-abad

Rameh 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Inside Deh nanak 19 7 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 Gor-sefid

Namrood 23 10 1 1 1 0 0 4 2 18 6 2 2 0 2 1 5 4 Inside Marzdaran

Delichay 12 8 2 0 4 0 0 2 0 7 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 Inside Bonkoh 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Manufacturing city 62 29 4 7 1 1 1 5 8 Garmsar plain

Kilan 22 9 1 1 0 0 0 2 1

11 9 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 Inside Eyvanaki

Garoos 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Chandab

Kolik 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sangab

Inside Hable_rud 34 17 4 5 0 1 2 1 0 232 105 19 20 9 6 4 25 21 Total villages area

Many of the people are unsatisfied with the quality and the quantity and insufficiency of the educational services, in an important part of selected villages only educational centers exist in the level of elementary and guidance schools, lack of suitable educational spaces, heating and cooler equipments make the rural inhabitants unsatisfied. Villager’s children are forced to go a long distance to the adjacent villages or cities for education in higher levels. Far distance and difficulties of transportation made some of them to quit schools forever. Some families emigrate from their homeland to enable their children to continue their education, furthermore, difficulties of daily transportation and heavy costs for this kind of education is one of the most important problems for rural inhabitants. In some cases the sport complexes have been constructed in high populated villages. Some of the villager’s youth are studying at university level and are part of the educated and social capital of the villages in the region. Also some of these university graduated people are living in the selected villages. And they should have role in rural development. Unfortunately these people are categorized as "unemployed”. Or as the result of migration they are categorized in the group of temporary rural inhabitants.

4. Description and analysis of management situation

4-1. The condition of institutions and organizations related to sustainable development

Managing the Sustainable development issue in the catchment should be based on the belief to the integrity of social, economical, environmental, and institutional dimensions. Leading the sustainable development strategies in each region encounters with various challenges, and ignoring them would practically stop good implementation of activities and eventually loosing the expected goals

The instances are as below:

 Incompatibility of short term periods of election with long term planning  Adapting the economical growth goals with social and environmental sustainability issues  Not Integrated decision making in some cases ( water and industry)  Poor coordination among administrations  Weak relationship among stakeholders  Unsustainable utilization of resources

Above mentioned points are some of the challenges, with no easy solutions, but it is clear for soil and water conservation in the region, it is necessary to eventually solve them. The coordination between sustainable development and processes is another main challenge; this challenge is common among developed and developing countries. The holistic and multidimensional approach of sustainable development has more coordination capacity comparing to the sectional and intersectional approaches. It is because of dominant and covering essence of sustainable development

Challenges, approaches, instrument, samples, and innovations in intersectional coordination

Inter- sectoral coordination

Challenges Approaches and tools Samples and innovations

HIPC debt و Motivating structures - PRSPs - National budgeting - Cost's revision exemption- processes - Environmental taxes - England - Connection with national planning - Sweden processes - Mex -Philippine - Strategic comprehensive sustainable - England development approaches that make a framework for other approaches - Inter organization Coordination committee - Canada Other strategic processes - Institutional base for national council of - Philippine sustainable development - morocco - Intrer-sectoral workshops and activity - Germany , Canada, districts Cameron, Madagascar, - Intersectional topics south Korea - Green government - Germany , England Sub national and regional - urban sustainable development strategies -Denmark strategic processes Local process of agenda 21 -south Korea

Trust building among stakeholders is a fundamental Principle for participation, in the cases that trust exist among stakeholders with different competitive interests, the innovative solutions for the problem could be identified. There are lots of experiences for permanent councils for stakeholders

Challenges, strategies, instruments, samples and innovation of participation

Participation ( intersectional)

Challenges Approaches and tools Samples and innovation

- The national council of sustainable - Germany- Philippine development - Cameron Institutionalizing - Intersectional councils - England of participation - Independent consultative associations - Cost Arica - Place based councils - Canada, Denmark, morocco, Poland, - Temporal public consultation Switzerland, Sweden

- Using mass media for members - mex Brasilia ، Trust building - Negotiation and conflict resolution as - Brasilia part of participation process

Coordination for intersectional aspect of sustainable development is essential in management process; different aspects exist in coordination of strategic sustainable development some of them are as below:

 Making relationship between, local, regional, national and even global priorities (integrity )  Relating local, regional, and national levels ( integrity )  Linking the different sections (integrity )  Integrity of budgets and strategic priorities  Linking short term, midterm and long term goals

Stakeholder analysis in Hableh-rud catchment stakeholders are individuals , groups and organizations , that directly or indirectly has influence or may be affected in the process of problem solving , or by the related issues and can participate in 3 steps of planning , implementation and revision.

Stakeholder analysis is a participatory process by which all the groups or individuals that may be affected as a result of implementing the project , would be identified , groups are described according to their characteristics , their interior and outside relationship and the interests about the topic or resource. During this analysis, we try to determine the participation method of each stakeholder and also we try to encourage them to have more participation according to their role and their effectiveness. The stakeholder analysis for each topic would be done separately, here according to the project goals, we encounter 2 main socio-economic and environmental aspect.

According to the project activities in the socio economic aspects we have 2 topics of water and livelihood and the environmental aspect we encounter with 2 topics of natural resources conservation and land use and land degradation. Thus, the stakeholder analysis has been done in these 4 topics separately

1- Stakeholder analysis with the topic of water management:

The most important stakeholders are 2 groups:

The first group: stakeholders are rural inhabitants, farmers and gardeners who are currently passive. this group should enhance their participation level to the volunteer participation during the project to be active and influential, for educating and capacity building of this group , educational centers and NGO'S would help as project co-operator . Forming CBO'S and local NGO's including farmers and gardeners (those who have water proportion) and volunteer people groups,( youth and women) inside the villages are among the project activities. Structured groups would become main stakeholders in the future and would play the main roles, this project predicts to make these participatory volunteer groups in the region. These groups will also guarantee the sustainability of the project. So they will be empowered and transform from passive to active participators.

The second group: Government including the, water resource office, watershed office of natural resources organization in the province, office of governor, water and soil and improving the plant production office of agriculture organization in the province in the level of planning and implementation and Power ministry, forestry organization and agriculture organization are in the level of policy making, who has obligatory participation and almost each of them do their activities independently. Intersectional coordination and participatory level and cooperation of these groups should increase during the project. Among the predicted activities is forming the cooperation and planning committee in the provincial and national level and expert’s committee in the provincial level.

In order to synergy and coordination of these committees educational courses and continues and organized meetings would be hold , to enable them for playing the important role which leads to contracting the cooperation agreement, during the project implementation, the group of stakeholders that have obligatory participation may play a treating role for the project because of their competitive trend.

Because of low level of confidence among people and governors, it is better to start work with the projects that is related to the people’s needs, for trust building and increasing participation and cooperation among them. It seems that there is no other project implementing there

Universities and research centers, the rural councils, province governor , the district governors and village councils) the ministry of industry , mine and trade , industries , banks , nomads and farmers , the veterinary office of Jihad administration , nomad affair office , the Mehr housing institution , television administration , and international organizations are among the stakeholders that should be involved in the next step.

2-Stakeholders analysis for the topic of livelihood improvement and increasing the income

The most important stakeholders are included in these 3 groups:

The first group: People including rural inhabitants, youth, women, farmers, herders, orchardists and nomads should be active and influential during the project. Generally in the field of livelihood people face with 3 major obstacles:

The lack of investment, lack of expertise and lack of suitable marketing. Forming the small development funds and job clusters in the villages and also preparing the business plans are among predicted activities for this purpose. For their education and empowerment educational centers would act as project cooperatives. These funds and structured clusters will became the main stakeholders in the future and will play the major role to increase the income. These groups also guarantee the project sustainability.

The Second group: government including the province governor, the district governor , the banks ,and the welfare, job and cooperation organization in the province, the Jihad agriculture organization , the nomads affair office of the province and the employment work group of the province , which has obligatory participation, Intersectional cooperation and their participation and cooperation level should increase during the project. According to lower level of the forestry department role in the field of employment , comparing with other groups ,it is hard but it could have facilitating role in this part .thus these stakeholders should be invited in the cooperation and planning committees in the provincial and national levels and experts committee in the province . And the mechanism should be found for their cooperation with the employment work group. During the implementation of the project this group of stakeholders that has obligatory participation may have treating role because of their competitive trend. Also dealers may have treating role for the project.

The third group: Private section including industries and investors:

Universities and research centers , rural cooperation , Jihad agriculture office in the province , rural councils, district governors, rural councils , industries, private section investors , the industry , mine and trade administration , the tourism organization , the Emdad organization , charities , international organizations are among stakeholders that in the next step should be involved for the livelihood .

3-Stakeholders with the topic of natural resources conservation and increasing plant cover

The lost important stakeholders are these 2 divisions,

The first group: People including rural inhabitants, herders, s and nomads which are currently passive and should reach to the volunteer participation level to become active and influential. for educating and empowerment of these groups educational centers and NGO's would act as project cooperatives , forming CBO'S and NGO's including herders ( based on traditional systems) and the volunteer public groups ( youth and women ) inside the villages. These organized

Groups would act as main stakeholders in future and have the main role in rangeland management. These groups also warranty the sustainability of the project .this group would be empowered, active and change to participatory activists.

The second group: Including the rangeland and desert office of natural resources organization of the province , the department of the environment in the province , province governor, nomad affair administration, in the level of planning and implementation and forestry organizations and department of environment in the level of obligatory participation. And almost each one would act independently. First of all intersectional coordination among the different offices of forestry organization, should increase during the project and then intersectional and participatory level and coordination of these groups should increase during the project. Forming the coordination and planning committees in the provincial and national level and expert committee in the provincial level are among the predicted activities. In order to synergy and coordination of these committees educational courses and organized and continues meetings should be hold on to enable them for playing their important role and lead to contracting cooperation agreements , during the implementation of the project , this group of the stakeholders that have obligatory participation may play treating role for the project . Department of the environment may have projects in the regional level. Universities and research centers, the Jihad agriculture office in the province, the rural councils, district governor, and village’s council, orchardists, the television administration, banks, and international organizations in the next step should be involved.

4- Stakeholder’s analysis with the topic of land degradation and land use

The most important stakeholders which cause the land degradation are these two groups

The first group: stakeholders like rural inhabitants , herders and nomads that may have threading behavior , forming NGO's and volunteer public environmentalist groups ( youth and women) inside the villages and empowering the rural inhabitants may decrease the degradation rate.

The second group: Government including Jihad agriculture organization , the military forces , the provincial governor and the district governor , the forestry organization , the ministry of industry, mine and trade , the road and city organization and power ministry are among the stakeholders who has important role in changing the land use and land degradation. And all of them could have threatening role for the project. The proportion of these groups in the land degradation should be decreased during the project. Holding seminars , educational courses and continues and organized meetings are among activities to enable these groups performing their essential roles .

And also passing law and cooperation with judiciary office to have more sever facing with the trespassers would be effective for the decrease of land degradation

The industries, Mehr housing, Emdad committee, rural council, the district governor and rural council, farmers ,orchardists, the television organization are the stakeholders who should be involved in land degradation issue in the next step. The Islamic council assembly is one of the most important stakeholders, so they should be informed about the project results at the final steps , when expected results are achieved for decision making and planning in future .After forming the local organizations and the intersectional coordination committees in the sub catchments , the establishment of stakeholders relationship network should be considered in the level of the catchment.

The list of stakeholders

CLASS STAKEHOLDERS NUMBER 1 The forestry organization

2 Jihad agriculture organization

3 Ministry of Power

4 Department of environmnet

5 Government Tourism and cultural heritage organization 6 national level Ministry of welfare, job and cooperation

7 Ministry of industry , mine and trade

8 Ministry of roads and urbanization

9 Islamic assembly of Iran

10 Judiciary

11

12 Natural resources organization

13 Jihad agriculture organization

14 Government Water affair organization 15 provincial level Department of environment

16 Nomad’s affair organization

17 banks

18 Job making centers

19 Mine, industry and trade administration

20 Emdad committe

21 Welfare administration

22 Military forces

23 Mehr housing CO.

24 Justice offices

25 inhabitants

26 Rural councils People 27 Farmers and orchardists

28 Herders and nomads

29 UNDP

30 International organizations Non governmental 31 CBOs section 32 NGOs

33 Television administration

34 Investors in private section

35 industries

36 Private section Charity funds

37 dealers

38 local businessmen

39 Universities Research section 40 Research centers

The situation of sustainable development national committee

Based on the decree dated on 1993 /09 /08, after holding the RIO conference, the national committee of sustainable development, including 18 members has been established on 1994.

The members are:

 The president assistance and the head of department of environment and (the deputy)  Thirteen people from representatives of ministries and governmental organizations  Three persons from representatives of the science academia, the NGO’S and head assembly of the environmental conservation

Goals and TOR of sustainable development committee:

 Presenting the view of the sustainable development ad the 21 agenda and related conventions  Proposing suggestions for determination of unfired policy and coordinated with the supreme council of environmental conservation  Decision making for natural strategy of sustainable development  Decision making for common research and operational projects  Establishment and developing database and document center of sustainable development  Forming the sub committees ( 12 units ) for professional cases according to the international conventions and national necessities the Sub committees( 13 units ) has been established , and their own secretary is settled in their key related organization and they are :

o Agenda 21 o The hazardous waste - the water and sol office of department of environment o Climate change - climate change office of DOE o Forestry principles ( the forestry and rangeland and watershed department o Biodiversity , CITES , CMS- habitat office of DOE o Wetland ( Ramsar convention)- wetlands office DOE o MOUNTAINS , habitat office DOE o International waters (seas and oceans) the, office of Beaches and sea of DOE o Global environmental facilities ( GEF) o Rural sustainable development, the planning and economical research center of Jihad agriculture organization o The urban sustainable development management – civil deputy of municipality organization of the ministry of interior o Green and clean production – the ministry of industry , mine and trade o Education for sustainable development- deputy of education DOE