del Estado. del Palabras laico. nacionalismo del representativas figuras las de apropian se grupos estos su A vez, sectarias. posiciones de beneficio en otros y suprimen texto de libros promueven se cómo determinados estudiamos Así, vista. de puntos a otros cabida dar sin realidad, la de distorsionada representación una arrojar para utilizan tuciones insti que las historiografía, la en prejuicios los sectario-religiosos Examina . histórica la interpretación de políticas y ideológicas ramificaciones sobrelas reflexiona artículo Este Resumen power. Keywords exercise. farcical a —clearly movement nationalist secular of the icons to appropriate prompts the them forces munal comthe of thepart on for legitimacy need This analysed. are power state wielding groups communal by the sponsored for schools textbooks the in distortions the and standpoint scientific fromsecular a written thetextbooks suppression The of perspectives. alternative suppress and point of view communal the propagate institutions so of reality, representation to show how it adistorted is of history writing on the perspective communal the It examines interpretation. historical of ramifications political and the ideological discusses article This Abstract Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses Estudios de Canaria Revista

clave AGENDA AND HISTORY WRITING: AGENDAHINDUTVA AND : Communalism, Distortion and appropriation, History writing in India, State State India, in writing appropriation, History and Distortion : Communalism, : Comunalismo, Distorsión y apropiación, Historiografía en India, Poder India, en yapropiación, Distorsión Historiografía : Comunalismo, DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2018.76.15DOI: IMAGININGS OF NATION IMAGININGS Jawaharlal Nehru University, Nehru Jawaharlal Sucheta Mahajan Sucheta , 76; April 2018, pp. 211-221;, 76; April e-2530-8335 ISSN:

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REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 211 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 212 atrocities, is there before our eyes. The present day large Muslim population in our in population our TheMuslim daylarge present before there eyes. our is atrocities, of barbaric sorts of depredation, incidents all of destruction, full years, hundred two (1966), thousand oneof Thoughts the past of history [Muslims’] he wrote: “Their movement, were silent on movement 41). the (Bhatt on and colonialism Sangathan – of Saviour a Dying Race 53).(Bhatt Savarkar’s Hindutva oppression of of aperiod ruthless rule, Mughal with comparison in benign, as seen was rule British by Muslims. history, especially Indian in foreign invasions the 99). highlighted (Bhatt Savarkar Christians and for no place Muslims it has Pitribhumi superior its progenitor. even and to them Romans, and ancient Greeks worldview, the this oldperiod.In to deemed as India’s as be was ancient civilization British abeneficial and period Muslim adecadent a glorious ancient Hindu past, into history of its division Indian in writers historiography followed colonial munal Com colonial. basis, is, at very interpretationits history of century.communal The points of suppress view. and alternative bodies research and educational power use thestate controlof and to history scientific and of secular undermining Training the (NCERT), and Research of Educational Council National schools and (RSS) Sangh Swayamsevak for Rashtriya written textbooks in its popularization to grow up in. children their want they of country kind the in a stake with by citizens it idea of nation waged and the is of the It on terrain is the only about or professional history, otherwise. its practice, conceptions broad, of nation inclusive and the ones respectively.contest Theis not representation ofdistorted history. certain is on a predicated ideology of people The the fought. spread communal is of minds the for the the battle body overis which This to comes mind. generally what Bunch In Bunch RSS. thethe of head perception continuedGolwalkar, with This V.D. Savarkar’s Hindutva glorification of India’sThenineteenth the to back goes ancient past Hindu interpretation of history, communal the Ipropose to discuss article, this In narrow, espouse exclusivist andsecular, communal twoperspectives, The is writing of nation, the history of contested imaginings the we speak When ments of the present. ofments the require political for the past the from legitimation to gain is of history Rewriting race. Hindu of our whole being of the activity and of thought departments the all embraces Hindutva dutva... of Hin apart afraction, aderivative, only is Hinduism. term, cognate other the with confounded by being to be it mistaken is attimes people as of our history or religious not is aword but spiritual Not ahistory. the only Hindutva (land of punyabhumi ancestors) and (land ([1923] 1989) Hindu Shraddhanand’s Swami and Who is aHindu is Who —or (1926), both written during a mass anti-colonial (1926), anti-colonial amass during written both I (sacred land) in such a way that away (sacred that such in land) ? ([1923] 1989) defined (Thapar 2000) (Savarkar 3-4) (Savarkar - - - Saraswati Shishu Mandir Prakashan and Vidya Bharati Publications. The Com The Publications. Vidya and Bharati Prakashan Shishu Mandir Saraswati published by and the RSS by the run schools the in used textbooks the examined Dev, others, Arjun among and Kumar Ravinder Chandra, Bipan of historians ing Goyal 2000). 2002; (Kanungo students! 1,800,000 and teachers 80,000 with schools Bharati rapidly.1998,schools in spread influence RSS In the there 1999 were Vidya 14,000 With students. BJP power in in centre 1,200,000 at the and teachers 40,000 with By 6,000 1993-94syllabi. was by Vidya number of run Bharati schools total the their to frame given licence and states the of in BJP periods rule during encouraged 114). (Bhatt schools opposition in and to Christian-run were schools Vidya Bharati ideology Hindutva RSS with year, line in formed that was Vidyastudents. Bharati to 1952. back go By 1977, 20,000 and schools about RSS 500 were there already Mandirs Shishu 2004). of TheSaraswati (Sundar poison concern a matter and is 2017) (Bharatiya compulsory teaching [over] invaders ‘foreign years’, 2,500 making last and the against Freedom of Indian Struggle’ the to provide a ‘history textbooks university school and rewriting education system, the in values’ of Bharatiya ‘eternal introducing aim (“Allow” of Hinduism derivatives are 2017) Islam and Christianity that and Shiva temples of world, Taj the the around were including actually Mahal, structures Vatican, iconicthe Abbey, Westminster like similarly places and that It claimed the Samiti aim of The of history. writing the to attempts communalize Compilation their Committee) in Samiti Itihas Akhil Sankalan Bhartiya the and RSS the couraged “hissing Yavana snakes,” who had to be destroyed (Bhishikar 41). Yavana (Bhishikar snakes,” to destroyed who be had “hissing as were They described target. the Later, became land. Muslims the in cowardice to have spread alleged is Ashoka, king, propagation of non violence Mauryan by the 1939:the 11-13)In particular, target. first the is Islam, than rather .Buddhism, (Gowalkar Hindusthan” in Hindus the left and emigrated which but Arctic land the to that not who migrated it Hindus the was that and itself Hindusthan in verily was Home the “the in Arctic that theory startling the up with came Golwalkar schools. Vidya and Bharati Shishu Mandirs as such our people” (Golwalkar 1966: people”our 294-295). (Golwalkar butpeople enslavement of holy and our brought desecration Nothing of us? places Muslim the and faith Muslim the towards behaviour good our has land... What over the all wrought they that devastation of one fatal is the of results the country A National Steering Committee on Textbook Committee Steering A National Evaluation (1993-94), consist hatred such institutions RSS spreading influencethe of growing rapidlyThe in set up was 1969 to Mandal RSS’ promotethe Shikshan The Bharatiya The theBJP’sgovernment Centrein the forming at 2014,andin 1999 en Hence, India. in is whose origin Indians, view, were true ‘Aryans’ the this In schools, RSS in its popularization and history look Hindutva us at the Let is to rewrite the history of India from a “national” perspective. perspective. from a“national” of India history the to rewrite is II (All India History History India (All - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 213 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 214 German race” (“Demonising” 1999; race” German “On Fascism” 1999). of the supremacy the people of advocated opposition and policy Jewish the towards up... set He adopted administrative astrong the by establishing ashort time within government zism”, German to the prestige and “Hitler written, lent was dignity world’. the who were born to rule of Under Na Achievements “Internal head, the entire world... the in cited Hitler’s only pure Aryans the as description of Germans for textbook X approvingly Std. Studies’ The Social Gujarat State of fascism. praise 28). al. et (Mahajan culture Sanskriti of Bharatiya to defend greatness the arisen has RSS the culture, of Indian for emerged preservation the We Bhagwan as just told are that, divine origins. d’etrecouchedin is 27). RSS the al. et raison The of (Mahajan blood” “rivers question,given to the was, of how Prophet spread did Islam, Mohammad to answer memorise, the were students expected format that aquestion-answer In worked people sentiments the with. among they anti-national spreading East, North the as such continued to work sensitive areas in alleged, it was missionaries, there; did door. not at their end squarely mischief The laid was of India for partition the The responsibility were anti-national. dubbed they as of Christians, case ive. the In was lamented that reconversion (“Itihas” 3). not that lamented could achieved to be Hinduism was Forcible of invaders. the it conversion armoury and the decried, a weapon in was (“Gaurav” 30-31, 51-52). sword to as the Quran the Vadded for Class Atextbook changed” was of andname gotit demolishedsome its parts actually Sultan This Vishnu Stambha... was name Its real by built emperor Samudragupta. actually to them.” were unknown We justice and told “Delhi’s Qutb are that Minar... was [...] Mercy were sisters humiliated. Mothers were and destroyed. books Religious were of destroyed. Houses universities prayers and destroyed. way was their came that Anycountry directions. the four all stormarmyin a went like Their hand. their asword in had went, they they “Wherever that said India.” itnorth was On Islam had weakened Ahimsa of borders The the werepreaching demoralized... guarding [...] slowly kingdom. considered the bad... spread throughout Cowardice Soldiers beto began arms use andof yajnas in considered Even sacrifices acrime. hunting, to be of to violence ... be began kind Every advocated. began “Ahimsa that said thecontent. theirpernicious Ashoka, of On because was This schools. in to used be not schools allowed Vidya be in Bharati use in those and Prakashan pointsuit their of view. to tailor they which facts, historical of dismissive are Thebooks fanaticism. and history, bigotry of Indian view ended communal up promotinginstead avirulent but patriotism to instil question claimed in textbooks the concludedmittee that In Gujarat the state-sponsored textbooks came in for sharp criticism for their criticism for their for in sharp came state-sponsored Gujarat textbooks In the The tenor of the booklet on other religions and their founders was dismiss their was founders and The tenor on the booklet religions other of Mandir Shishu that publications Saraswati of advised Committee The Gaurav Gatha Gaurav , Indian , Indian - - their interpretations as anti-national. The RSS Sarvasanghachalak, K.S. Sudershan, Sudershan, K.S. Sarvasanghachalak, RSS The anti-national. interpretations as their leaders. religious by altered content is the if courses on of minds young of impact their the think be done scientific way.in a can to that dreads no research One means effectively leaders to religious a veto into 2002) over textbooks Giving goes what Mukherjee 33-34). 2008: al. et (Mahajan books Madarsa, and Macaulay ofMarx, Children The of Indianisation: Enemies The ment), published (Committee for Save Move the Education Samiti Andolan Bachao Shiksha the and Culture) (Trust of and Nyas Education for Uplift the Utthan Sanskriti Shiksha the of head and of Vidya Bharati Secretary General the Batra, Nath Dina books. tory a concurrent subject— was in violation of norms (Mahajan et al. 32-33). al. et violationa concurrent in of subject— norms (Mahajan was for Centre responsible the education, it as —who were being equally states the with consultation,lack Theof particularly 2000. Framework in (NCF) Curriculum tional Na anew in implemented ushering in lost Joshi no time M.M. on apriority basis. of be education could area key the government in the agenda Education, that so for Minister the made was man, RSS Joshi, atrusted (ICSSR). Murli Manohar Science Research for Social Council Indian the and (ICHR) Research Historical NCERT, the for heads Council as (UGC), Commission Indian University Grants whomen selected would do late 1990s.bidding its the in Thegovernment carefully University. Nehru brought from Jawaharlal being in busloads as press the in reported School of Economics, Delhi at the for going abig meeting I recall textbooks. NCERT history of secular the gagging this we joined protest the against University, Nehru Jawaharlal Studies, for of Centre students young the Historical As widespread protest. sparked proposed ban This prejudice distortion. colonial and from communal were free which books history of writing task the authors with these charged Dev. had Council Integration Arjun The and National Chandra, Satish Sharma, R.S. Thapar, Romila for NCERTwritten by historians government the 1977. and in Party Janata proposed on school was textbooks Aban do not ideology.which to conform Hindutva to prevent and books standpoint publication the of liberal history aleft, espousing historians and history to of attack history. used State powerfor rewriting was the history, in ground theorder create to andsecular scientific to undermine forces Hindu communal forces were quick to brand those who did not agree with with not who were did forces those to quick agree brand Hindu communal and protested (Mukherjee intelligentsia of Indian the section A wide On the bidding of the RSS, passages were NCERT deleted from the his passages of RSS, bidding On the the to power centre BJP when at the the came was A second attempt at aban the of part a became Sangh Jan thewhen RSS increased influenceThe of communal by effort a look determined at the take let us section this In on 15 NCERT 2001.existing the in August listed Thebook distortions 41 III - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 215 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 216 that in ancient India we knew about nuclear energy and aeroplanes. and about energy nuclear we ancient knew in India that ‘anti-Hindu them Euro-Indians’, ‘Vedic who hated notcalled did believe and maths’ might encounter, how to overcome those problems, etc’. problems, those how overcome to encounter, might they of problems kind what height, what at fly would of aeroplanes types what like ‘details discussed course, this had to wait till the regime was voted out was of regime power. the till to wait had this course, Of withdrawal. The optiononly passable. was textbooks —inspired RSS the make were ignored, for other reasons. Communists the and Left, the Nehru, not did reform. need Jawaharlal Hindu society that belief the is perhaps ignored. The reason are Ambedkar Sen, JotibaPhule, B.R. and Chandra Keshav Roy, Mohan Ram reformers, Hindu The social separatism. Muslim of piece is the Mahasabha Hindu modern period, to the Coming form of a legitimate marriage. as described even were approved or were jauhar sati of of abductions women, as as such were which empire nation. of Practices or an a separate dreamt Muslims the were while sincere, alone British, they the against moreover, struggle freedom the In patriots. were true ‘the most profound as ofwere works philosophy declared religion’. any in Hindus, Civilization’. superiorHindu The was The to religion religions. other Upanishads to placement ‘Vedic astronomy heliocentric the were of in numerals made decimal fromzero to discoveries scientific all that It claimed is civilization. ‘Indus Saraswati’ now to called be to Civilization, Indus cover the declared was Vedic civilization have. The historians professional than time in back further placed was Civilization’ ‘Vedic The home of Aryans. show. the original to deemed the Books be was India NCERT statements of new Text following the the as Sangh, by the propaganda the on heavily drew The textbooks bias. acommunal with to present history anxiety pointed errors stem from an the out of Errors that Index an and A Report Books: 2000). (Thapar archaeologists” and historians of required training “There istechnical therecognition no us, of reminds Thapar by books written not by experts but by authors close to the Sangh ideology. but by not authors Sangh to close written the by experts by books and replaced withdrawn were books history NCERT followed.existing The being without proper adopted, procedures again was on NCF the 2000 based syllabus new freedom. for country’s cultural the for awar called and books Dev. deletions defended from Joshi their the Arjun Murli Manohar and The History Congress report concluded that no degree of modification could could concluded of that no modification degree report Congress History The Newvolume, in NCERT the Congress History Text History Indian The 2 1 ‘Talibanisation’Despite of nationwide education this protests, continued. A Sharma R.S. Thapar, Romila of historians were for arrests made the Calls

These included textbooks by Makkhan Lal, Meenakshi Jain and Hari Om. Hari and Jain Meenakshi Lal, Makkhan by textbooks included These but of Aeroplanes’ construction the ‘described Bhoj not only Raja and Bharadwaja Sage (HM) leaders are depicted as great patriots whereas the villain villain the whereas patriots great depicted as are leaders (HM) 1 2 As As clearly said that it is “a term we use without any pejorative meaning and for want and it “a is that without pejorative we any term use said meaning clearly thethebook, Chandra term in time Bipan terrorism’ used ‘revolutionary is first the a‘terrorist’. as him by describing Singh fact Bhagat In denigrating with charged on India’smedia, for Struggle Independence (“Penguin” on Batra 2014). take than book to rather chose pulp the giant, tional The multina publisher, a that be banned. be Books, it demanded outfits, Penguin celebrated book by Wendy education RSS of head various Doniger. Batra, Nath Dina of history. project of rewriting munalist progressive historiography,and order in for ground Hindu to com the the prepare (Media Statement 2000).(Media “Fascist” in by Professor Gopal S. autonomyFreedom” institutional and freedom shut academic was down, violating Frontline in Panikkar K.N. with terview (In British. the with collaborated having as HM, the and RSS the its predecessors, volumes the would expose that BJP anxiety was cancellation the behind that hinted editor of 1940 the Panikkar, volume, K.N. books. the formedhistory, to review was modern Indian in expertise lacked committee,”“expert whose members singularly Shourie. An Arun and Joshi Murli Manohar ideologues Party Janata Bharatiya the “Towards were at the delays levelled and Freedom” expenditure of large project by 1999 Allegations between 2004. (NDA) regime and Alliance Democratic National tenure the of the during back were press, called in editor already and general by the approved Sarkar, Sumit and volumes on 1940 1946, and Panikkar by edited K.N. 1999, December In freedom. with of tryst who the were the not part communalists 2017). (Pandey cause to the commandeered is archaeology marine for which Setu, Ram the is as interest of Council, the special (2000). of Ramayana Historicity history” and archaeology pronounce and of on , scholars infallibility, as have you, what assume and posing foreign journalists journalists-turned-politicians, computergineers, experts, puts it , Thapar “En As proponenta strong ayurveda. Vedic and of yoga, astrology and teacher spiritual American-Hindu an Vamdev is is name Shastri, whose Indian Implications’. Historical and Frawley,on Evidence Vedas ‘Textual in —Cultural 1992. in organizations of Hindu communal by members destroyed Ayodhya contested site at the was Masjid, of Babri which the temple at of Ram the existence the proving of epics and the historicity the lishing estab agenda adoptedincluded RSS. The the with affinity ideological their except 2015 in reconstituted by little was Research members distinguished with Historical Council of Indian The contours space. the of determine academic education and have come to control organizations RSS-minded and bodies, academic and research The second pertained to a two —pronged attack, in Parliament and in the andin in Parliament —prongedtwo attack, to a Thesecond pertained (2009), History Alternative An amuch The Hindus: concerns first episode The Some recent incidents of censorship “TowardsThe thetheHinduire of Freedom”the series attracted of ICHR 2015in The FoundationICHR Day lecture given David by was Frawley appointed have been Increasingly, members to premier of RSS head the IV , 17/5, Nd). 2000. 04, “Towards March, , published in 1988. Bipan Chandra was , published 1988. in was Bipan Chandra have been aimed to discredit liberal liberal to discredit aimed have been and Mahabharata and is the the is - - - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 217 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 218 propriation of nationalist icons, Congress leader Vallabhbhai Patel is set up as a counterpoise to the much-maligned much-maligned to Vallabhbhai leader acounterpoise the Patel up as set is Congress the paid, being is to whom lip movement. service Gandhi, national with the Along on side not the did of nation during stand and the loyalism espoused mation that enjoined was do not past. of to reminded their be want imperialism against Clearly, struggle when the who were those on other side the of barricades the been drawn over the fact that the HM had declared 15 declared had HM the that over fact the drawn been to have seems aveil by Hindu communalists, especially advertised, well afact is Panchjanya of Trust Book National not is, coincidentally, Chairman aformernew editor of followed it. that The polity secular the and struggle of freedom the core values the but not eminent one historian, only an was who upheld Chandra Bipan given that not surprising was The attack launched. of education was communalization against Primer reprint order edition of Chandra’s Bipan for -a the book, Communalism intent conspiracy’. with toprovoke insult ‘criminal ‘intentional and of breach peace’ defamation’, intimidation’, ‘criminal authors with ‘criminal charging court Kanpur at a filed intended was to do, acase Chandra yet Bipan as terrorists, revolutionary The authors theremoved term meaning. negative avery word acquired terrorismhad the as term this dropped Chandra Bipan of term.” adifferent writings, later his In was modified thus: modified was sentence question, anationwide relevant controversy the on was there this When Contemporary India Om’s over. glossed Hari assassination his groups in role the and of Hindu communal the underplayed is role the of Mahatma sponsored the RSS, by the NCERT textbooks in 1965in Report Commission (Kapur up set Commission Kapur by the indicted severely he was corroborative evidence, Murder theforGandhi lack of let off at was Trial Savarkar while Also, (Das 56). it saw and through conspiracy the (hatched) that under Savarkar directly HM of wing Patel, Home then the Sardar Minister’s afanatical conclusion it was that done,was despite This its Savarkar. leader with particularly HM, the and RSS the . The book had been the rallying point around which an ideological campaign campaign an ideological pointaround which therallying been . Thebookhad Today the communal regime in power pursues a strategy of ap selective astrategy powerToday in pursues regime communal the (this freedom is false) false) (this hai is jhooti freedom of azaadi yeh slogan Communist the While In a third episode, in September episode, in 2016, athird In Trust Book National revoked the The communal rewriting of our history results in a completein a inversion. the results In history of our rewriting communal The No mention was still made of who Godse was, and of his strong links with with links strong of his and was, of made who Godse No mention still was (57) meeting. aprayer to attend way on his was Gandhiji while Delhi 1948, 30 in on January Godse by Nathuram assassination end due to his tragic and sudden to a came society in harmony and peace to bring efforts Gandhiji’s , a mouthpiece of the RSS (“Former”, amouthpiece of RSS the 2015). for Class X quietly sidestepped Gandhiji’s assassination. sidestepped Gandhiji’s Xquietly assassination. for Class this being particularly important to a political for to apolitical important particularly being this

303, par. 25.106). V th August a day of mourning. of a day mourning. August - - abhiyaan ignored. is day same Nehru’s on and the birthday late Prime Minister the daughter, Gandhi’s Indira Nehru. Patel’s birthday is observed on Patel’s 31 observed Nehru. is birthday nationalism of nationalists. the wannabe hollow the or record. It pseudo exposes historical by the unsupported agenda, cal of a politi part clearly appropriating is them selectively and legacy their Dividing communalism. and imperialism against fight sturdy their were in united styles, of a demon, rather than shahadat of ademon, than rather termed asuravadh tellingly they which assassination, involved his in directly were HM, the movement, of national avatars, the whose earlier annals from the by its absence distinguished by aparty atravesty is Appropriating Gandhi boards. Gandhi has been reduced to a mascot for present the government’s to reduced amascot been has swachh Gandhi The three leaders, Gandhi, Nehru and Patel, with their different political differentand theirpolitical with Patel, Nehru Gandhi, leaders, three The (cleanliness campaign), his iconic glasses the logo, splashed across all bill all logo, the across splashed iconic glasses his campaign), (cleanliness . Revised paper accepted for publication: 2 February 2018 2February publication: for accepted paper Revised st October as National Unity Day, National October as while Reviews sent to author: 13 2017 November author: to sent Reviews , slaying slaying , - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 219 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 76; 2018, PP. 211-221 220 Kapur Commission Report Commission Kapur Kanungo Hansen Habib Goyal Defined Nationhood —— We Our or Golwalkar Das Chandra Bhatt “Demonising Christianity and Islam.” In Communalism Combat In Islam.” and Christianity “Demonising India DU Vic Chancellor.” and To Authors Book’s the Against Filed Case Dow: Singh “Bhagat Wing.” Outlook History RSS Demands Taj at Mahal, Namaaz Friday or Puja Ban “Allow Shiv Mahajan Bhishikar Bharatiya Book Wendy Doniger’s Controversial Axe to Agrees “Penguin Communalism Combat In Nazism.” and “On Fascism v Class Hai, Rahaa Gaa “Itihas “Gaurav Gatha for Class iv Class for Gatha “Gaurav Documents Asia South In India.” in Historians Secular and on History Attack “Fascist Business Standard chief.” Business NBT New is Editor Panchjanya “Former Sardar Patel Sardar Correspondence , Durga. , Irfan, Suvira Jaiswal Suvira , Irfan, : Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths Modern and Ideologies Origins, Nationalism: Hindu , Cheta. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Swayamsevak Rashtriya Raj. , Desh The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India Modern in Nationalism andHindu Democracy Wave: Saffron The Blom. , Thomas row-320992-2016-05-01 day of : The Hindu Communal Project Communal Hindu The Gandhi: Mahatma of 1999. Press, University Princeton Errors of Index an and India’s for Struggle Independence. 1988. Penguin Murder Mahatma Gandhi the-hindus-alternative-history-penguin-scrapped/1/342913.html India Today www.sabrang. com/cc/comold/oct99www.sabrang. namaaz-at-taj-mahal-demands-rss-history-wing/303549 2017.October https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/allow-shiv-puja-or-ban-friday- com/cc/comold/oct99 html Accessed on 15 2017. December Accessed html standard.com/article/politics/former-panchjanya-editor-is-new-nbt-chief-115030201303_1 indowindow.com/sad/article.php?child=47&article=12 , Sucheta, Mridula Mukherjee Mridula , Sucheta, , Bipan, Mridula Mukherjee Mridula , Bipan, RSS Tryst with Politics from Hedgewar to Sudarshan to Hedgewar from Politics Tryst with RSS , Pralay. , Keshav. Sangh Nirmata Shikshan Mandal. http://www.bsmbharat.org/ Mandal. Shikshan Bunch of Thoughts of Bunch , M.S. , 1 May 2016., 1May https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/bhagat-singh- , 11 February 2014., 11 https://www.indiatoday.intoday.in/story/wendy-doniger- February .” Saraswati Shishu Mandir Prakashan, , 1992, Lucknow, pp. 30-31, 51-52. Prakashan, Mandir Shishu .” Saraswati . and Aditya Mukherjee Aditya and Jeevan Lal Kapur, Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to to Conspiracy into Inquiry of Commission of Report Kapur, Lal Jeevan .” Saraswati Shishu Mandir Prakashan, Lucknow, 1991, Lucknow, p. 3. Prakashan, Mandir Shishu .” Saraswati , Indian History Congress, 2003. Congress, History , Indian . . Acccessed 2 March 2018. 2March . Acccessed . , 1970. Delhi, . New , Suruchi Sahitya Prakashan, 1979. Prakashan, Sahitya , Suruchi . Nagpur 1947. Nagpur [1939]. . Nd., 1966.. Nd., REFERENCES , Aditya Mukherjee , Aditya , 1945–50. Navajivan Publishing House, 1971–74, House, , 1945–50. Publishing Navajivan and Aditya Mukherjee Aditya and . . South Asia Books, 2000. Books, Asia . South , October 1999. Also see http://www.sabrang. see 1999., October Also . History in the NCERT Textbooks: A Report AReport Textbooks: NCERT the in History . Accessed 15 2017. December . Accessed , K.N. Panikkar, K.N. . 2008. Sage, , 2 March 2015., 2March http://www.business- The Hindus: An Alternative History Alternative An Hindus: The . Accessed 15 2017. December . Accessed . , October 1999. Also see http:// see 1999., October Also RSS, School Texts and the Murder Murder Texts the and School RSS, . Accessed 2 March 2018. 2March . Accessed . Manohar, 2002. Manohar, . . Bloomsbury, 2001. . Bloomsbury, . Acccessed 2 March 2018. 2March . Acccessed and Sucheta Mahajan Sucheta and . http://www. , 27 , 27 .” .” - . . . Pandey Mukherjee Thapar Sundar Savarkar , Neelam. “Ram Setu a Man-made structure or Natural? Historical Research Council to to Council Research Historical or Natural? structure aMan-made Setu “Ram , Neelam. , Romila. “Hindutva and History,” Frontline and “Hindutva , Romila. , Nandini. “Teaching to Hate: RSS’ Pedagogical Programme,” Programme,” Pedagogical RSS’ Hate: to “Teaching , Nandini. 2 March 2018.2 March frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/hindutva-and-history/article6805140.ece VmIT5ulMO.html ram-setu-a-man-made-structure-or-natural-ichr-to-explore/story-T9AtcmeKTvM6H Explore.” April 17,April 2004. Controversy S.S. Savarkar 1969 [1923]. Savarkar S.S. Is aHindu? 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