Insects on Trees and Shrubs Around the Home

Dß I United States Department of Agriculture Insects on Homeland Garden Trees and Shrubs Bulletin No. 214 Around the Agricultural Research Service Home CONTENTS

PAGE Insecticide Sprays 1 Use of Pesticides 3 General Plant Pests 4 Insect and Mite Pests of Shade Trees 11 Insect and Mite Pests of Flowering Trees 24 Insect and Mite Pests of Deciduous Shrubs 28 Insect and Mite Pests of Broad-Leaved Evergreens 32 Insect and Mits Pests of Narrow-Leaved Evergreens 35 Beneficial Insects 42 Index 47

Department publications contain public information. They are not copyrighted and can be reproduced in whole or in part with or without credit.

11 Insects on Trees and Shrubs Around the Home

Prepared by P. H. Schwartz, Jr., ARS Entomologist ^

This bulletin has been prepared It is not possible to cover all especially for homeowners. It tells aspects of the subject in a single how to recognize ar^d control the bulletin. If you need additional more common insec'ts and mites information, write to your local that attack trees and shrubs in extension agent, your State Ex- widespread areas of the United tension Service, or to the U.S. States, It also tells how to recog- Department of Agriculture, Wash- nize beneficial insects. ington, D.C. 20250. Include your return address and ZIP code. The homeowner will find that If you cannot identify the in- the insecticides recommended for sects that are damaging your control are, with few exceptions, plants take specimens of the in- readily available and provide a sects (in a small bottle of rubbing wide range of uses. The sprays alcohol) to your local extension are easy to prepare. If directions agent or State Extension Service. are followed, they can be used Do not send live insects through safely. the mail.

INSECTICIDE SPRAYS Few sprays come ready to use in the strengths recommended for on the plants. It is usually neces- control of insects in home plant- sary to prepare a spray by mixing ings. References to sprays start a wettable powder or an emulsifi- on page 2. able concentrate with water. The table on page 2 gives pro- These materials contain different portions for mixing a small quan- percentages of active ingredient tity of spray. If you use a mate- (different strengths). rial in which the percentage of The table, "Insecticide spray active ingredient differs from that formulations and mixing propor- shown in the table, mix proportions," shows how to mix sprays tionately more or iess of it with ^ National Program Staff, Plant and the water. If ,you need to mix a Entomological Sciences. Beltsville, Md. larger quantity, refer to the con- 20705. version table. Insecticide spray formulations and mixing proportions Amount of formulation to mix with Insecticide Formulation^ 1 gallon of water ^ BadlluLS thuringiensis Carbaryl 50-percent WP 2 level tablespoons Chlordane 50-percent WP 2 level tablespoons Diazinon 50-percent WP 2 level teaspoons Dicofol 50-percent EC 1 teaspoon Dimethoate 25-percent EC 2 teaspoons Endosulfan 50-percent WP or 4 teaspoons 25-percent EC 1 tablespoon Lindane 20-percent EC iy2 tablespoons Malathion 25-percent WP or 1 tablespoon 57-percent EC 1 teaspoon Oxydemetonmethyl 25-percent EC 11/^ teaspoons Methoxychlor 25-percent EC 3 tablespoons Trichlorfon 40-percent EC 1 tablespoon Zectran 25-percent WP or 3 tablespoons 25-percent EC 2 teaspoons

1 WP=wettable powder; EC—emulsifiable concentrate. 2 If the available formulation contains more or less of the indicated active ingredient, mix proportionately more or less of it with 1 gallon of water.

Conversion Table for 1, 3, and 100 gal of v^ater

Type of Quantities of Material for Indicated Quantities of Water Material 100 gallons 3 gallons 1 gallon Emulsifiable 5 gallons ll^ pints 13 tablespoons concentrate 4 gallons 1 pint 10 tablespoons (EC) 3 gallons % pint 14 pint 2 gallons 1/2 pint 5 tablespoons 1 gallon 8 tablespoons 3 tablespoons 1 quart 2 tablespoons 2 teaspoons 1 pint 1 tablespoon 1 teaspoon Wettable 5 pounds 10 tablespoons 3 tablespoons powder 4 pounds 8 tablespoons 8 teaspoons (WP) 3 pounds 6 tablespoons 2 tablespoons 2 pounds 4 tablespoons 4 teaspoons 1 pound 6 teaspoons 2 teaspoons 1/^ pound 1 tablespoon 1 teaspoon If you use a wettable powder, powder from settling to the bot- stir it vigorously in a small tom of the spray chamber. amount of water to make a smooth If you use an emulsifiable con- paste, or slurry. Add this to the centrate, shake the container thor- full amount of water and stir until completely mixed. When applying oughly before measuring out the wettable-powder sprays, shake the amount needed for the spray mix- applicator frequently to keep the ture.

USE OF PESTICIDES This publication is intended for ble to their localities. nationwide distribution. Pesti- The pesticides mentioned in cides are registered by the En- this publication are available in vironmental Protection Agency several different formulations (EPA) for countrywide use un- that contain varying amounts of less otherwise indicated on the active ingredient. Because of this label. difference, the rates given in this The use of pesticides is gov- publication refer to the amount of erned by the provisions of the active ingredient, unless other- Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, wise indicated. Users are re- and Rodenticide Act, as amended. minded to convert the rate in the This Act is administered by EPA. publication to the strength of the According to the provisions of the pesticide actually being used. For Act, "It shall be unlawful for any example, 1 pound of active ingre- person to use any registered pesti- dient equals 2 pounds of a 50 per- cide in a manner inconsistent with cent formulation. its labeling.'' (Section 12(a)(2) The user is cautioned to read (g)). and follow all directions and pre- EPA has interpreted this Sec- cautions given on the label of the tion of the Act to require that the pesticide formulation being used. intended use of the pesticide must Federal and State regulations be on the label of the pesticide require registration numbers on being used or covered by a Pesti- all pesticide containers. Use only cide Enforcement Policy State- ment (PEPS) issued by EPA. pesticides that carry one of these The optimum use of pesticides, registration numbers. both as to rate and frequency, USDA publications that contain may vary in different sections of suggestions for the use of pesti- the country. Users of this publica- cides are normally revised at tion may also wish to consult their 2-year intervals. If your copy is Cooperative Extension Service, more than 2 years old, contact State Agricultural Experiment your Cooperative Extension Serv- Stations, or County Extension ice to determine the latest pesti- Agents for information applica- cide recommendations. The pesticides mentioned in The user is cautioned to deter- this publication were federally mine the directions on the label registered for the use indicated or labeling prior to the use of the as of the issue of this publication. pesticide.

Special Precautions Chlordane, diazinon, dimetho- tures containing oil. Do not use on ate,endosulfan, lindane, and oxy- plants growing in greenhouses. demetonmethyl can be absorbed Do not use dimethoate on Ameri- directly through the skin in harm- can elm because injury will result. ful quantities. When working with Endosulfan.—Do not apply en- these pesticides in any form take dosulfan to white birch or Ameri- extra care not to let them come in can red bud because it may injure contact with the skin. Wear pro- foliage. Do not apply endosulfan tective clothing and use respira- to Anderson yew because it may tory devices as directed on the cause needle drop. label. The other pesticides men- Malathion,—Do not apply mala- tioned can be used without special thion to ferns, hickory, viburnum, protective clothing or devices if lantana, Crassula and Canaerti they are in dilute form. juniper, Boston pteris, maiden Carbaryl,—Do not use carbaryl hair ferns, petunias, small leaf on Boston ivy as injury may re- spiraea, white pine, and maples sult. because injury may result. Under Diazinon.—Do not use diazinon extreme heat, drought, and dis- on certain chrysanthemum ferns, ease conditions the emulsifiiable poinsettia, hibiscus, papaya, pilea, concentrates of malathion may and gardenia because plant injury cause slight damage to elms. may occur. Trichlorfon,—Do not apply tri- Dimethoate.—Do not use di- chlorfon to certain varieties of methoate on any ornamental carnations, hydrangeas, and zin- plants unless this bulletin recom- nias because it may injure foliage. mends its use. Do not use on any Zectran.—Do not use zectran ornamental stock plants grown as on maiden hair fern, cape chest- a source of propagation materials nut, and geraldton wax flower. such as cuttings, layers, root Excessive dosage may cause slight stocks, or scions for grafting or injury to new foliage growth on budding. Do not use in spray mix- roses, phlox, and petunias.

GENERAL PLANT PESTS Some insect pests attack a wide Aphids variety of trees and shrubs. This section outlines their life history Description,—Several species. and suggests methods to control Tiny; light green, dark green, or them. black; soft bodied; winged or Damage,—Feed on leaves and may defoliate plants. Distribution,—Generally found East of the Rocky Mountains; also found in California, Colo- rado, and New Mexico. What to do,—Apply methoxychlor, carbaryl, or Bacillus thuringiensis (a bacterium that pro- Aphids duces a poison that kills certain insect pests, particularly caterpillars) when caterpillars are first wingless. Cluster on stems and noticed in the spring. A band of under leaves. sticky material such as tanglefoot Damage,—Cause leaves to curl placed around the trunk of the and thicken, turn yellow, and die. tree 2 to 4 feet above the ground Leaves often sticky from honey- will help to reduce infestation. dew produced by aphids. (See This must be done during the first p. 9 for color illustration.) warm weather in February or Distribution.—Continental March and again in late fall to United States. trap and kill females before they What to do,—Apply malathion can climb the tree to lay their or oxydemetonmethyl as soon as eggs. aphids appear. To reduce the number of aphids through nonchemical methods of control wash the aphids off the plants with a soap Casebearers and Bagwornis and water solution applied under fairly high pressure. Check to see Description.—Several species. if natural enemies—such as larvae Adults : Small, gray moths. Case- of lady beetles—are present. If bearers have fringed wings. Bag- this is the case, aphids can be con- worms have clear wings. Larvae : trolled without additional meas- Brown to dark brown. Bagworms ures. can grow as long as IVè inches

Cankerworms Mention of a proprietary product in this publication is not a Description,—Two species : guarantee or warranty of the Spring Cankerworm and Fall product by the U.S. Department Cankerworm. Adults: Brown of Agriculture and does not imply moths with stripes on wings. its approval by the Department to Larvae: Brown to green worms the exclusion of other products that are looping or measuring that may also be suitable. worms. and are found on leaves in con- hair projecting from sides of body spicuous, spindle-shaped cases or and yellow stripes down back. Up bags. Casebearers can be % inch to 2 inches long when full grown. long and are found in brown or Has five pairs of blue dots fol- gray cases that are cigar or pistol lowed by six pairs of red dots shaped. arranged in two rows down the Damage.—Larvae eat leaves back. and may make small holes in buds. Damage.—Caterpillars strip Distribution. — Casebear- trees of foliage often causing ers: Continental United States. death of trees. Bagworms: East of the Rocky Distribution. — Northeastern Mountains. United States. What to do.—Apply diazinon, What to da.—Apply Bacillus Bacillus thuringiensis, malathion thuringiensis, carbaryl, or tri- or trichlorfon. Remove bags and chlorfon when caterpillars are destroy them. During the winter, first noticed. Reduce infestations hand pick the bags from the by destroying the egg masses be- plants that can be easily reached. fore the eggs hatch ; band the tree Make sure that the bags are com- trunks with sticky material as for pletely destroyed; if they are cankerworms. merely thrown on the ground, eggs will hatch and many of the worms will find their way to the Japanese Beetle trees. Description. — Adult: Shiny Gypsy Moth green; reddish-brown outer wings; oval; about Y^ inch long Description.—Female : light- and 1/4 inch wide. Larva: White, buff color; irregular, darker brown head ; up to 1 inch long. markings across wings. Heavy Damage.—Adult attacks foli- bodied; cannot fly long through age, skeletonizes leaves which the air. Lays eggs in masses up may turn brown and die. Larvae to an inch long; egg masses are feeds on roots of grasses and covered with a coating of hair other plants. and are buff colored. Eggs are de- posited in July on buildings, trunks of trees, undersides of stones, and other sites, but do not hatch until the following May. Male: Dark brown; small bodied; strong flyer. Larva: When young, are suspended on silken thread and dispersed by wind. Caterpillars are dark with FI-9705 long, rather stiff brown tufts of Japanese beetle Distribution,—Southern Maine and south as far as Georgia and westward into Kentucky, Illinois, Michigan, and Missouri. What to do.—To control the adults, apply carbaryl, methoxychlor, or malathion to infested foliage. Treat infested lawns and turf with milky disease spores to kill larvae in the soil. For more information, see Home and Gar- Azalea lacebug den Bulletin No. 159, ''ControHing the Japanese Beetle." Distribution.—Throughout To reduce Japanese beetles United States. through nonchemical methods, What to do.—Apply malathion shake trees or shrubs in the early or dimethoate when lace bugs are morning when the temperature is first noticed. Adults migrate from low and beetles are sluggish. neighboring plants; this may Catch the beetles that fall to the make repeat treatments necessary. ground on plastic sheets and kill If this is the case, repeat the treat- them by dumping them into a ment in 10 days and again several bucket of water with a little kero- weeks later. sene floating on the surface. Small trees and shrubs, especially roses, can be protected from Leafmmers injury by covering them with plastic or cloth netting as soon as Description.—Several species. beetles begin to appear on the Adults: Small moths, beetles, or premises. flies. Larvae : Small worms found inside leaves in irregular-shaped tunnels. Damage.—Deform leaves and Lace Bugs cause dead areas on them. Description.—Several species. Adults: Lacy wings with brown and black markings l^ inch long. Unless otherwise noted, single Nymphs : Spiny ; colorless at first, copies of all publications cited in later becomes black. this publication can be obtained Damage.—Nymphs and adults free from your County Extension Agent or by writing to the Office suck sap from underside of leaves. This causes gray, stippled appear- of Communication, U.S. Depart- ance on the upper surface and re- ment of Agriculture, Washington, duces plant vitality. Underside of D.C. 20250. Send your request on a postcard. Be sure to include leaves become discolored by excre- your ZIP Code. ment and cast-off skins. Scales

Description,—Several species. mm&ß^ Tiny, soft-bodied insects with a BN-7361-X Azalea leaf miner hard, waxy covering. Crawlers or young appear in early spring, move to new feeding sites, molt Distribution,—Continental and lose their legs ; they are usu- United States. ally less than % inch in diameter. What to do,—Apply diazinon, (See p. 9 for color illustration.) dimethoate, or oxydemetonmethyl Damage,—Suck plant juices and when damage is evident. Damaged cause discolored spots on leaves leaves can be picked from the tree and stems. or, if they have fallen, raked from Distribution,—Continental the ground. Destroy the young United States. larvae in the leaves to prevent What to do,—Apply diazinon, subsequent attacks by later gen- malathion, or zectran when crawl- erations. ers are present. If scales are not present in abundance, remove the larger species by scraping them Mealybugs from the twigs and crushing them.

Description.—Several species. Females: Soft, oval, segmented body covered with a white, pow- Spider Mites dery wax. White, cottony filament covers masses of eggs behind fe- Description,—Several species. male. About % inch long. Adult Very tiny; reddish, greenish, or Males: Winged. Does not feed. brownish; found on underside of Crawlers (young) : Flattened, leaves. oval, light-yellow ; sixlegged bugs Damage,—Make yellow specks with smooth bodies, Vs to l^ inch and minute webs on leaves ; plants long. Crawlers present in early and fruit are stunted. (See p. 9 spring and in early summer. for color illustration.) Damage,—Female sucks juices Distribution,—Continental from roots, stems, and leaves of United States. plants dwarfing their growth. Secretes honeydew-like material which is sometimes covered by a growth of black mold. Distribution,—Throughout the United States. What to do.—Apply malathion when crawlers are active; repeat in 10 days if necessary. Spider mites

8 SOME GENERAL PLANT FEEDERS

Mealybug on coleus. Wax scale on euonymus.

Spruce mite injury on hemlocl<. Bagworm.

i ^ p À WZ 1 ^fe n mmrjí^j^: .^ • -^ Aphids on rose. Eastern tent caterpillar.

Plant damaged by Spider mite. Plant damaged by Leaf miner. What to do.—Apply dicofol or oxydemetonmethyl when mites are first noticed. Mites can also be washed off the plants as in the case of aphids. Use a soap-and- water solution applied under fairly high pressure.

Tent Caterpillars and Wehworins Fall Webworm

Description.—Several species. usually found at the ends of Adults: White to brown moths; branches in summer and fall. active near lights. Larvae: Hairy Damage.—Feed on leaves, can caterpillars; up to 2 inches long; defoliate trees. construct tents of webbing on Distribution.—Continental branches. Eastern tent caterpillar United States. is dark with dotted white stripe What to do.—Apply malathion down its back. Fall webworm has or methoxychlor when webs are black and orange spots over body ; first noticed. Webs with worms construct tents of webbing on can be removed with a pole or branches. Eastern tent caterpil- brush. Wind the web on the end of lar: Tent is usually found in the pole and then kill the worms. crotch of tree limbs in early Remove egg masses of Eastern spring. Fall webworm: Tent is tent caterpillar from the branches. Egg masses are a firm shiny- brown covering that look like an enlargement of the twig. Larvae or small caterpillars develop inside the eggs, but do not hatch until spring. For more information, see Home and Garden Bulletin No. ^^%?« 178, "Controlling the Eastern Tent Caterpillar."

-L Whiteflies Description.—Several species. Adults : Wedge-shaped ; white- winged; '/],; inch long; fly in a cloud when disturbed. Nymphs: Tent caterpillars Oval; pale green; waxy threads

10 or spines; motionless on under- strong flyers. Dark, wavy bands side of leaves ; usually present in across wings. Female : Wings are large numbers. stubby; cannot fly; body stout, Damage.—Adults and nymphs hairy, dirty white. Larva: Yel- suck sap from leaves which be- lowish, black, hairy, striped cater- come pale yellow, sticky with pillars up to 1% inches long. Eas- honeydew, and blackened with ily recognized by four tufts of sooty mold. short, white, erect hairs on the Distribution,—Continental back and by two bright red spots United States. on the back near the hind end. What to do,—Apply malathion Damage.—Leaves are skeleton- or oxydemetonmethyl once a week ized by caterpillars. for 2 or 3 weeks. Concentrate cov- Distribution.—Eastern United erage on underside of leaves. States and Canada, westward to Colorado and British Columbia. Less troublesome in the South. Whitemarked Tussock Moth What to do.—Apply carbaryl Description.—Adult gray moth : when larvae appear in spring, re- Male wingspread li/4 inches; peat treatment for later broods.

INSECT AND MITE PESTS OF SHADE TREES The pests discussed in these Damage.—Worms bore into sections appear only once under trunk and branches, more com- the name of a plant on which it is monly into trunks just below the likely to occur. Other insects that soil surface. Damages young trees commonly attack the plants are more seriously than mature trees. named in boldface type with ref- Distribution. — Generally erence to the pages on which they distributed throughout the United are discussed. States. What to do.—Cut and destroy infested parts. Eemove worms from trunk of tree and destroy. Ash Apply lindane during early to mid Ash borer May; thoroughly wet bark of trunk and branches and avoid Description.—Adult moth: foliage. Black with a wing expanse up to ll^ inches. Antennae yellowish at tip. Forewings are blackish-brown Carpenterworm with a violet reflection and red cross bar. Hind wings are trans- Description. Adult moth: Gray parent with a narrow, black bor- color mottled with black and der. Larva: White or yellowish lighter shadings. Male: Hind worm. wings with distinct orange mar-

11 gin. Female: Hind wings faintly Thoroughly spray bark of trunk tinged with yellow. Wing expanse and branches, wetting them, and up to 3 inches. Larva: Up to 2 avoiding foliage. inches in size; white, tinged with pink, head is dark brown, numer- Redheaded ash borer ous dark brown spots over the Description,—Adult : Long, body. slender, cylindrical beetle up to % Damage,—Larva burrows into inch long; usually found under bark of the trunk. Burrows run bark. Reddish-brown markings through the wood with occasional with yellow crossbands on the openings through the bark from wings. Larva: Robust and cylin- which sawdust may be forced out ; drical ; pupate in wood. dark-colored sap may ooze out of Damage,—Feeds in the wood, these openings and discolor the honeycombs sapwood ; tunnels trunk. These burrows can be nu- tightly packed with granular ex- merous enough to weaken trees so crement. May eventually girdle they are vulnerable to breakage tree and kill it. Prefers weakened during high winds. or newly set trees. Distribution,—Throughout the Distribution, — Eastern and United States. Central States and southwest to What to do,—Inject carbon di- Arizona. sulfide or carbon tetrachloride What to do,—Keep trees in a into burrows, then close openings healthy growing condition—such with mud or putty. trees are practically free from attack. Lilac borer Description,—Adult moth: Sawflies Body has brownish tinge some- Description,—Two species : times marked with yellow; hind Brown-headed ash sawfly and wings are transparent. Larva: black-headed ash sawfly. Adult: White or yellowish worm up to Small, wasplike, clear wings. % inch long. Major identifying characteristic Damage,—Bores into main is head color. Larvae: Worm up stems causing wilt; stems some- to % inch long. Yellowish white times break oiï. Makes numerous to greenish white. holes through the bark; dark- Damage,—Young larvae eat colored sap may ooze out of these holes in leaflets, later consume en- openings. Leaves dark-colored pel- tire leaf areas. Seriously damage lets outside of the holes. trees by defoliation. Distribution,—Throughout Distribution,—Eastern and Eastern United States, and from Central parts of United States. Texas and Colorado to Canada. What to do,—Apply carbaryl What to do,—Remove infested when adults emerge. This takes parts and destroy them. Apply place about the time when leaf- lindane during early to mid May. buds show green.

12 Fall Webworm. (See p. 10 under surface of leaves when the larvae Tent Caterpillars and Webworms.) are full grown. What to do: Apply trichlorfon Damage.—Larvae, upon hatch- when webbing is first noticed. ing, mine into the leaves leaving Leafminers. (See p. 7.) a serpentine track. After feeding Scales. (See p. 8.) several weeks, they leave the mines and feed on undersides of Beech leaves which they skeletonize. Se- vere attacks can defoliate trees. Flatheaded appletree borer Distribution. — Northeastern part of the United States, west to Description,—Adult: Dark Minnesota, and southward to brown beetle ; indistinct spots and North Carolina. bands of gray; underside reddish What to do.—Apply methoxy- brown ; up to Y^ inch long. Larva : chlor or malathion when caterpil- Yellowish-white legless grub; U- lars are first noticed. shaped; broad, ñat enlargement just back of head; up to i^ inch long. Bronze birch borer Damage.—Larva feeds between bark and sapwood or in thick Description.—Adult : Slender, inner bark ; sometimes kills young olive-bronze beetle up to 14 inch trees; rarely attacks strong, long. Larva: White, slender, healthy trees. ribbon-like, footless grub ; up to 2 Distribution.—Continental inches long. United States. Damage.—Tunnels underneath What to do.—Practice good cul- both the bark of trunks and limbs tural methods to keep trees vigor- of trees. Infested trees die from ous. Remove dying trees, newly the top downward. Branches gir- cut logs, and prunings from dled early in season, retain dead around home plantings. Paint tree leaves in the fall after other foli- wounds with a mixture sold for age has dropped naturally. Can this purpose. kill trees in a weakened condition. Aphids. (See p. 4.) Distribution. — North central Scales, (See p. 8.) and northeastern parts of the United States and throughout the Rocky Mountains. Birch What to do.—Apply lindane, methoxychlor, or endosulfan. Birch skeletonizer Treat entire tree (especially upper Description.—Adult: Tiny part of tree) about June 1 ; repeat brown moth ; diagonal silver bars treatment twice more at 3-week on front wings. Larva: Slender, intervals. To reduce infestations yellowish-green caterpillar ; less prune back infested branches. than Vs inch long. Constructs a Water often and stimulate growth tiny white silken web on under- by using fertilizers.

13 Aphids. (See p. 4.) Legless white grub with brown Casebearers. (See p. 5.) head; Vs inch long when fully Leafminers. (See p. 7.) grown. Adult: (Native elm bark beetle) Brown; almost Vg inch long; distinguished from Euro- Catalpa pean species by duller appear- Catalpa sphinx ance. Larva : Similar to European Description. — Adult: Moth; species. overall gray color. Wing expanse Damage.—Carriers of Dutch up to 3 inches. Fly at night and elm disease fungus. Larvae tunnel are seldom seen. Larva: Yellow- under bark of trees. Form gal- and-black-striped caterpillar from leries in inner bark. Smaller 1 to 3 inches in length. Sharp horn European elm bark beetle: Cuts at tail end ; 2 or 3 generations an- parent galleries or brood cham- nually. bers along the branch, as well as Damage, — Young caterpillars larva galleries extending outward feed in groups and skeletonize from it. Parent gallery of the Na- leaves; later each w^orm feeds tive elm bark beetle is cut around alone on leaf edges ; can defoliate branch; larval tunnels extend trees. from the parent gallery along Distribution.—Widely distrib- branch. Beetles feed in twig uted throughout United States. crotches and this feeding intro- Most troublesome in zone from duces spores of Dutch elm disease New York to Colorado. fungus which can kill trees. What to do.—^Apply methoxy- Distribution.—Native elm bark chlor when caterpillars are first beetle: Throughout the United noticed. States and Canada wherever American Elm is found. Smaller Comstock mealybug European elm bark beetle: Throughout most eastern and (Description, Damage, and Dis- southern States and as far west tribution.—See p. 8.) as Colorado and Wyoming. What to do.—Apply malathion What to do. — Keep trees in early summer or late spring healthy, vigorous, and free from when caterpillars are first noticed. injury. Promptly remove and destroy diseased or infested trees. Elm Apply methoxychlor in the spring just before the buds open and the Elm bark beetles temperature is above freezing. Description.—Two species: Use two times the amount of Smaller European elm bark beetle methoxychlor recommended in the and Native elm bark beetle. table on p. 2. Thorough coverage Adult: (Smaller European elm is necessary. Drift of methoxy- bark beetle) Dark reddish-brown ; chlor sprays may spot automobile shiny ; about Vs inch long. Larva : finishes.

14 Elm borer Damage.—Feeds on leaves and skeletonizes them so they dry up Description.—Adult: Up to V2 and drop prematurely. Heavy de- inch in length. Grayish brown foliation weakens trees so they are with brick-red or yellow bands subject to attack by other bark and black spots. Larva: White beetles and borers. cylindrical grub tapers from head Distribution.—Throughout to tail. Head end somewhat larger the United States. than tail. What to do.—Apply methoxy- Damage,—Bores through bark chlor to undersurface of leaves making galleries through inner when larva are first noticed. bark and sapwood. Outer bark often darkened and loosened from tree. Galleries tightly packed with Leopard moth frass or brownish sawdust. Af- fected branches either die or pro- Description.—Adult: Both duce undersized foliage of a yel- wings and end of head have white lowish color. Beetles gradually blotches and are spotted blue destroy the trees, killing the tops black. Wing expanse is from 2 to first and moving downward ; trees 3 inches. Body is white with dark generally die within 3 years of crossbands. Larva: Fleshy, grub- like caterpillar; pinkish tinge infestation. Distribution.—Throughout when full grown. Dark brown spots distributed over body. Northeastern United States. Damage.—Caterpillar bores What to do.—Keep trees in as into branches, feeds on living vigorous a condition as possible. wood. Begins in twigs and small Water and fertilize well. Sick branches. Can girdle tree or weak- trees and dead or dying branches en branches so that they are often should be destroyed during the broken in heavy winds. Leaves winter months. may wilt suddenly on small branches. Holes along branches from which damp sawdust is be- Elm leaf beetle ing pushed out. Description.-—Adult : Yellowish Distribution.—Along the At- to olive green with black stripes lantic Coast from Maine to along margin of each wing cover ; Delaware. 14 inch long. Eyes are black ; What to do.—Dig out or probe antenna and legs are yellowish. wires in holes to kill larva or in- Larva: When newly hatched ap- ject carbon disulfide ethyl acetate pears nearly black, hairy. Full- (fingernail polish remover) or grown larva about V2 inch long; carbon tetrachloride into burrows dull yellow with two black stripes and seal with mud or putty. Badly down back. Head and legs are infested trees or limbs should be black. cut and destroyed promptly.

15 Twig girdlers Gum Description.—Several species. Adult: Brownish up to 1/4» inch Bagworms. (See p. 5.) long". Larvae : White, legless grub. Fall Webworm. (See p. 10.) Damage,—Female girdles Leafminers. (Seep. 7.) branches l^ to i^ inch in diameter Scales. (See p. 8.) by cutting a circle through bark Tent Caterpillars. (See p. 10.) into wood ; deposits eggs in small scars chewed through bark. Hawthorn Branches die and most fall to ground after strong winds. Young Aphids. (See p. 4.) hickory seedlings may be cut off Cherry and Hawthorn Sawfly. near ground. (See leafminers p. 7.) Distribution.—Eastern States, Lace Bugs. (See p. 7.) south to Texas. Scales. (See p. 8.) What to do.—Apply lindane in Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) late summer or early fall when Tent Caterpillars. (See p. 10.) females are active. To reduce infestations gather and destroy broken twigs and branches in late Hickory fall, winter, or early spring. Hickory bark beetle Aphids. (See p. 4.) Cankerworms. (See p. 5.) Description.—Adult : Black bee- Casebearers. (See p. 5.) tle, cylindrical, about 1/5 inch Fall Webworm. (See p. 10.) long, and half as wide. Larva: Gypsy Moth. (See p. 6.) White; legless, slightly curved. Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) Adult deposits eggs in bark in 1 Lace Bugs. (See p. 7.) to 3Y2 inch tunnel. Leafminers. (See p. 7.) Damage.—Adults feed by bor- Scales. (See p. 8.) ing into petioles of leaves and Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) young growth of twigs causing Whitemarked Tussock Moth. leaves to wither and twigs to (Seep. 11.) break. Greatest damage occurs from egg-laying habits of adults and tunneling of larvae. Foliage Ginko of trees attacked begins to fade Bagworms. (See p. 5.) and tree may be killed if infesta- Fall Webworm. (See p. 10) tion is heavy. Mealybugs. (See p. 8.) Distribution.—Maine to Geor- Whitemarked Tussock Moth. gia, Alabama, and Mississippi and For description, damage and westward to Texas, Oklahoma, distribution: (See p. 11.) Kansas and Minnesota. What to do. Apply methoxy- What to do.—Spray bark of chlor when caterpillars are first tree with methoxychlor using two noticed. times the amount recommended in

16 table on p. 2 during June and brown, head and body black-steel- early part of July in the north ish blue. Some specimens more and early in May in the south. brownish than black. Larva : Yel- Thorough coverage of twigs and lowish to greenish white, black bark is necessary. Drift may spot stripe down the middle of the automobile finishes. Bark beetle back. Skin pebbled in texture. outbreaks are more likely to occur When at rest usually coiled. Full when there is a shortage of rain- grown, up to 1% inches long. fall during the summer months Damage.—Larva : Eat leaves than during years of adequate and defoliate tree. Adults some- rainfall. times cause injury by chewing in the bark of twigs. Walnut caterpillar Distribution.—Florida north to Maine, west to Oregon and south Description,—Adult : Brown to New Mexico and Texas. moth, wingspan about 2 inches. What to do.—Apply carbaryl Larva: Black caterpillar; white when worms are first noticed. hairs, raises both ends of body when disturbed; up to 2 inches long. Linden borer Damage.—Feeds in groups on Description.—Adult beetle: l^ the leaves and causes defoliation. to 1/2 inch long, dark reddish Distribution.—Most of Eastern brown with dense olive-yellow United States, and west to hairs, three small black spots on Kansas. each wing cover. Larva: White What to do.—Apply diazinon or with a brown head, up to 1 inch malathion when caterpillars are long, slender grub. first noticed. Damage.—Adult eats green Aphids. (See p. 4.) bark and deep in the wood of Twig Girdlers. (See p. 6.) trunk near the ground, exposed roots and lower limbs. Trees die Larch slowly, large branches going first. Distribution.—Eastern United Aphids. (See p. 4.) States. Casebearers. (See p. 5.) What to do.—Dig out borers or Gypsy Moth. (See p. 6.) probe with wire. If borer cannot Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) be killed inject carbon disulfide or Whitemarked Tussock Moth. carbon tetrachloride and plug (See p. 11.) holes with mud or putty. Heavily infested and badly damaged trees Linden are best cut and destroyed during the winter. Elm sawfly Aphids. (See p. 4.) Description.—Adult : Robust % Gypsy Moth. (See p. 6.) to 1 inch long. Wings smoky Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.)

17 Lace Bugs. (See p. 7.) early spring when the leaves are Leafminers. (See p. 7.) unfolding. Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) Whitemarked Tussock Moth. Mimosa webworm (See p. 11.) Description,—Adult : Small moth, gray to brownish. Larva: Locust small greenish caterpillars up to 14 inch long. Pupates in soil, 2 Leafhoppers generations per year. Ties foliage Description,—Adults : Green ; together with silken thread. wedge-shaped ; up to Ys inch long ; Damage,—Feed on leaves, in- fly quickly when disturbed. fested leaves grayish in color and Nymphs: Similar to adults, but appear unsightly. smaller; crawl sideways like Distribution, — Pennsylvania crabs. and southward. Westward into Damage,—Cause leaves to curl, Oklahoma, Iowa, and Nebraska. or roll downward, crinkle, and What to do,—Apply diazinon or turn yellow or reddish brown. methoxychlor when caterpillars Distribution.—Continental first appear—usually in early United States. summer. May need to repeat What to do,—Apply malathion again 1 and 2 months later. when leafhoppers appear. Bagworms. (See p. 5.) Cankerworms. (See p. 5.) Locust borer Carpenterworm. (See p. 11.) Description,—Adult beetle : Scales (See p. 8.) about % inch long, black with Spider Mites. (Seep. 8.) yellow crossbands on wings. Larva: White cylindrical grub about 1 inch long. Magnolia Damage,—Grubs bore through Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) bark innerwood where they feed and make extensive mines through Scales- (See p. 8.) heartwood and granular frass ex- For more information on mag- udes from holes. Damage results nolias, see Home and Garden from breaking of the stems and Bulletin No. 132, ''Growing Mag- branches weakened by borer nolias." Single copies of this pub- mines in sapwood and heartwood ; lication can be obtained free from can kill infested trees. your County Extension Agent or Distribution,—Continental by writing to the Office of Com- United States except possibly Cal- munication, U.S. Department of ifornia and Oregon. Agriculture, Washington, D.C. What to do,—Paint or spray 20250. Send your request on a bark of tree with lindane from the postcard. Be sure to include your ground to a height of 6 feet in ZIP Code.

18 Maple inches long. Head cherry red, body pale yellow to green with Boxelder bug seven dark green or nearly black Description.—Adult : Flat back, lines running its entire length. rather narrow bug, about Vè inch Two prominent slender horns long. Brownish black with three noticeable near the head. longitudinal red stripes on the Damage.—Eats leaves, can back and red veins on wings. cause complete defoliation of tree. Nymphs (Young) are bright red. Trees may be able to withstand Damage,—Feed by inserting two or three complete defoliations the pointed beak into leaves and without permanent damage. sucking the plant juices. Nymphs Distribution.—Throughout feed on seeds of female boxelder Eastern United States. tree. Trees are seldom damaged What to do.—Apply methoxy- severely enough to justify control chlor when caterpillars are first efforts. Most troublesome as a noticed. house pest invading homes during warm days in fall, winter, and Maple bladdergall mite spring. Description. Microscopic in size, Distribution,—Especially trou- eight-legged, elongate, white to blesome in the Mississippi Valley ; pale-yellow mite. also in the eastern States. Damage.—Feeding of mites What to do,—Spray with mala- causes leaf tissue to form galls thion when nymphs are observed. which are irregular, spherical or Control of nymphs will aid in the bladder like. Most conspicuous on reduction of the adult populations upper side of leaves, galls rest on which may later invade houses in short hollow stems with openings the fall, winter, and spring. Plant on underside of leaves. Galls vary only male boxelder trees, grown in color from purplish green to from cuttings. bright red. Each gall contains one mite. If mites are numerous, Greenstriped mapleworm leaves become deformed. The tree however is not seriously damaged. Description.—Adult : Has wing- Distribution.—Continental spread of 11/2 to 2 inches. Body United States. yellow on top and sides, legs are What to do.—Spray trees in pink; front wings pink on inner spring when leaves are about l^ and outer border with a yellow expanded with malathion, oxyde- band between. Hind wings usually metonmethyl, or dicofol. In the pure yellow, may contain rose fall, apply malathion to bark. pink streak. Larva : Young caterpillar yellow tinged with pale Sugar maple borer green, head is black, body covered with prominant black spots. Full Description.—Adult beetle : Ro- grown caterpillar: about IV2 to 2 bust, somewhat elongate beetle.

19 Up to 1 inch long. Black marked Scales. (Seep. 8.) with bright yellow crossbands. Tent Caterpillars, (See p 10.) Head and tip of wings are entirely yellow. One of bands near base of wings is W-shaped. Larva : White Oak grub, large, robust, with head Galls wider than length. Up to 2 inches long. Description,—Small flies, tiny Damage,—Grubs mine in cam- wasps or mites; size, shape and bium directly between bark and appearance of galls vary consid- sapwood, cutting a deep channel erably depending on species of in- across the grain of the wood. sects or mites which are infesting Mines frequently girdle and kill leaves. Gall wasp: Larva is foot- the branches or smaller trees. The less, creamy white in color. Adult : second year, grubs bore into deep Four-winged wasp. Gall gnats: wood and may kill large limbs or Creamy, greenish, or pinkish cause bark to slough off from maggot feeds in gall. Adult : Fly. trunk or larger limbs. Mite: Minute; pale yellow to Distribution, — Northeastern green. States and south through the Ap- Damage,—Over 400 species of palachians. gall makers are know to affect What to do,—Apply lindane to oaks. All parts of tree from root trunk and larger limbs in June up including buds, flowers, and and again in July to kill females fruit are subject to gall deformi- or young borers before they pene- ties. Foliage may be covered with trate into the bark. Place a small galls of one or more species. Gen- eral health of tree is not seriously quantity of carbon disulfide or affected. carbon tetrachloride in the hole Distribution.—Continental then plug hole with moist soil or United States. putty to kill borers. Borers may What to do.—Cut and destroy also be killed in the holes by prob- gall-laden wood or fallen leaves ing them with a stiff wire while while insects or mites are still they are in the tunnel. within gall. Control measures Aphids. (See p. 4.) using chemicals are not practical Bagworms. (See p. 5.) on shade trees. Cankerwarms. (See p. 5.) Carpenterworm. (See p. 11.) Orangestriped oakworm Elm Sawfly. (See p. 17.) Description, — Adult: Moth Flat head Applet ree Borer. (See with wingspread of about 2 p. 13.) inches. Thick body covered with Gypsy Moth (See p. 6.) yellowish-red hair, front wings Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) orange with a stripe, a white spot, Leafhoppers. (See p. 18.) and numerous black spots. Larvae : Leopard Moth. (See p. 15.) Up to 2 inches in length. Body,

20 legs and head are black with Yellownecked caterpillar orange or yellow stripes running Description. — Adult: Moth, longitudinally down the sides and wingspan of about 2 inches. Front back. Two black horns arising wings are cinnamon brown, near the head. Young larvae are marked with irregular darker greenish yellow. Young larvae are lines ; hind wings pale buff. Cater- found in clusters; later the older pillar: Yellow and black stripes larvae spread out and feed indi- on body, up to 2 inches long, collar vidually. of bright yellow just behind head. Damage,—Eats leaves and can When disturbed, raises both ends cause serious defoliation. to form a U. Distribution, — Northeastern Damage.—Young larvae skele- United States southward to Geor- tonize leaves ; old larvae eat entire gia and westward to Iowa and leaf. Minnesota. Distribution.—Continental What to do,—Apply methoxy- United States. chlor when caterpillars are first What to do.—Apply malathion noticed. when caterpillars appear, usually in July or August. Twolined chestnut borer Aphids. (See p. 4.) Description.—Adult : Small bee- Cankerworms. (Seep. 5.) tle up to % inch long. Blackish- Carpenterworm. (Seep. 11.) blue color with golden-yellow Flatheaded Appletree Borer. stripes on side near head and one (See p. 13.) on each wing cover. Larva : Elon- Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) gate, flattened and slender. Re- Lace Bugs. (See p. 7.) sembles flat-headed appletree Leaf miners. (See p. 7.) borer. Leopard Moth. (See p. 15.) Damage,—Attacks trees that Periodical Cicada. (See p. 25.) are severely weakened. Larva Scales. (See p. 8.) feeds on inner bark and makes Spider Mites. (See p 8.) tunnels a foot or more long ; more Tent Caterpillars. (See p. 10.) or less angular with the grain of Twig Pruners. (See p. 16.) the wood. When larvae are numerous, tunnels can completely girdle a tree. Trees usually die from the Poplar top down. Distribution.—Throughout Imported willow beetle Eastern and Central States. Description.—Adult : Stout oval What to do.—Watering the metallic-blue or greenish-blue bee- trees and applying fertilizer to tle about Vs inch long. Larva: stimulate growth may be benefi- Head and legs black, body with cial and may save some trees that numerous black and brown mark- have been lightly attacked in the ings ; about l^ inch long when full top. grown.

21 Damage.—Beetles cut holes in larvae feed on the outer bark, then leaves. Larvae skeletonize leaves between the bark and the sapwood feeding on both upper and lower and later in the wood itself. Make surfaces, more common on lower tunnels more than an inch or more surface. in diameter. Trees so tunneled are Distribution, — Northeastern weakened and may break during United States to Virginia. the first high wind. Frass exuded What to do,—Apply methoxy- in large quantities from hole. chlor when beetles or larvae are Takes 3 years from eg^ to adult. first noticed. Small trees are often killed. Greater damage results from de- Poplar-and-willow borer cay in borer tunnels and breaking Description, — Adult: Weevil of trees where heartwood has about % inch in length. Dark been weakened. brown to black mottled with light Distribution,—Throughout the brown and gray scales. Larva: Continental United States. White legless grub with a brown What to do.—Keep the trees in head. a healthy, vigorous growing con- Damage,—Riddles twigs with dition by fertilizing and watering burrows causing them to break the trees. Destroy all infected easily. Feeds between bark and branches. Introduce carbon tet- outer sapwood. Base of the tree rachloride into the holes and then usually most seriously affected. plug the holes to kill borers. Distribution,—Maine to north- Aphids: (Seep. 4.) ern Wisconsin, south to Virginia. Bagworms: (Seep. 5.) Also found in Washington and Fall Webworms: (See p. 10.) Idaho. Scales: (Seep. 8.) What to do.—Very badly in- Whitemarked Tussock Moth : fested trees or most seriously in- (See p. 11.) fested branches should be cut and destroyed before early summer. Redwood

Poplar borer Cedar tree borer Description, — Adult: Beetle, Description,—Flattened beetle about 1 inch long, grey with 3 1/4 to 14 inch long. Wings yellowish stripes near head ; lines black to dark blue marked with and blotches of orange yellow on yellow or orange. Larva: Shiny wing. Larva: Legless worm or cylindrical grub. grubs, cylindrical with many Damage,—-Larvae feed beneath wrinkles appearing as rings bark and on the sapwood of dying around the body. Whitish with a and recently dead redwood. Galler- dark-brown head. ies are excavated beneath bark. Damage, — Larvae feed in The galleries deeply score the trunks and larger limbs near the wood and are tightly packed with middle third of the tree. Young granular frass.

22 Distribution,—Throughout the Lace Bugs. (See p. 7.) United States. Scales- (See p 8.) What to do,—Keep trees in a Whitemarked Tussock Moth. healthy vigorous growing condi- (Seep. 11.) tion by fertilizing and watering the tree. Tulip Tree Aphids (See p. 4.) Sequoia pitch moth Scales. (See p. 8.) Description, — Adult: Clear- winged moth about % inch in Willow length somewhat resembling a wasp or yellow jacket, body mark- Browntail moth ed with yellow lines. Larva : Dirty Description. — Adult: Pure white to yellowish caterpillar white moth, tip of abdomen about % inch long when full brown, up to IV2 inch wingspan. grown. Larva: Up to II/2 inches long, Damage. — Caterpillars con- light brown head, body dark struct mines through inner bark brown to almost black with a and outer. This tunneling may broken white line on either side weaken small trees enough to be and two reddish spots on the back vulnerable to wind damage. Large near the rear. Numerous warts mass of gummy, sticky pitch with long barbed hairs and many mixed with frass exudes from short brown hairs between them point of entrance. Usually not a on back and sides of body. CAU- serious pest. TION: Hairs are poisonous and Distribution. — Pacific Coast cause a severe rash when they and Northern Rocky Mountain come in contact with skin. States. Damage,—Young larvae feed in What to do.—Caterpillars may masses on the surface of the leaf be removed by cutting them out causing leaves to turn brown or with a knife being careful not to appear scorched. Overwinter as damage any healthy bark. The larvae ; in spring, feed on leaf bud wound should then be cleaned and scales and unfolding leaves ; skele- treated with a tree wound dress- tonize leaves. ing. Distribution. — Southeastern Mealybugs: (See p. 8.) part of Maine, southern half of New Hampshire and eastern part Scales: (Seep. 8.) of Massachusetts, eastern part of Vermont and Rhode Island and Sycamore Connecticut. What to do.—Cut off and de- Aphids. (See p. 4.) stroy winter nests of webbed Bagworms. (See p. 5.) leaves containing the larvae be- Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) fore they begin to emerge in April.

23 Gall midge yellow spots on each side. Up to % inch long when full grown. Description. — Adult: Small Damage.—Eats leaves and de- slender fly, resembles mosquito, foliates trees—especially young long antenna and broad wing. trees. Larva : Slender, somewhat flattened body tapering at both ends. Distribution.—Eastern United States. White to orange color. What to do.—Apply carbaryl Damage, — Products a pine- when larvae are small before ex- cone-like gall about % to 1 inch tensive feeding is noted. long on terminal branches pre- Aphids. (Seep. 4.) venting twigs from making a nor- Gypsy Moth- (Seep. 6.) mal upright growth. Larva feeds in gall on sap. Imported Willow Leaf Beetle. Distribution,—Continental (See p. 21.) Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) United States. What to do.—Prune and destroy Lace Bugs. (See p. 7.) galls during dormant season. Poplar-and-Willow Borer. (See p. 22.) Willow sawfly Scales. (See p. 8.) Description.—Black or green- Zelkova ish-black worm with row of large Elm Leaf Beetle. (See p. 15.)

INSECT AND MITE PESTS OF FLOWERING TREES Flowering Cherry What to do.—Apply endosulfan to trunk and branches in April in Lesser peachtree borer the South and in May in the Description. — Adult: Shiny North; reapply it four times, 3 blue-black moth ; transparent weeks apart. Reapply in August wings that have whitish and yel- and September in the South. Re- lowish markings. Larva: White, move any broken, diseased, or brown head; up to 1 inch long. dead limbs. Treat tree wounds promptly. Damage.—Larva bores holes in trunk and branches, weakening them; causes masses of sawdust Peachtree borer and brown gum on trunk and Description. — Adult: Bluish branches. Generally attacks trees black; yellow or orange bands that have wounds or where bark around abdomen ; transparent or limbs have split. wings. Larva : Yellowish white or Distribution.—Continental pale beige; dark-brown head; up United States except for the West. to 1 inch long.

24 Damage. — Larva feeds on growing tissues of trunks, usually just below soil level. Gum oozes from holes made by larva. Trees become weak and die. Distribution.—Continental United States, except the Far West. What to do.—Before planting, dip roots of nursery-grown trees in a mixture of 12 tablespoons of 25 percent endosulfan emulsifi- Shot-hole borer (Adult) able concentrate per gallon of water. Apply endosulfan to trunks of established trees at the dosage recommended in the table on page 2. Apply it in early July and again 3 weeks later. A third treatment may be needed in the South.

Shothole borer

Description. — Adult: Dark- Damage brown or black beetle ; cylindrical ; 1/8 inch long. Larva: White; leg- spring. Prune out weakened or less; slightly curved. Adult de- damaged portions. Increase vigor posits eggs in bark, in 2-inch-long of trees by fertilizing them and tunnel bored parallel to grain of by other good cultural practices. wood. Larva feeds on inner bark Aphids. (Seep. 4.) and bores tunnel at right angle to Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6./ original tunnel ; feeds 6 to 8 weeks Scales. (See p. 8.) and turns into pupa; when the Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) adult develops, it bores to the out- Tent Caterpillars. (See p. 10.) side. Damage. — Bark appears pep- Flowering Crabapple pered, as with birdshot; leaves wilt and drop. Branches are part- Periodical cicada ly or comletely girdled. Buds dry Description. — Adults : Black ; up and fall. red eyes; reddish-brown legs; Distribution.—Continental wing veins orange except for United States. black *W pattern near lower What to do.—Apply methoxy- edge. Nymphs : White, pale beige, chlor at twice the dosage in table or light yellow; resemble small just before leaves appear in crayfish.

25 Damage, — Adult females in late fall and early spring is damage twigs and limbs when important to control. Avoid eggs are laid ; damaged limbs ap- damage to bark by lawn mowers pear rough and break easily. and other garden implements. Nymphs feed on roots and weaken Damage,—Larvae bore into the the tree. bark and feed between bark and Distribution,—Eastern United sapwood. Kill young trees or kill States. main branches of small trees. What to do,—Apply carbaryl in They gain entrance under rough late May or early June when bark or around wounds. adults appear; repeat every 3 to Distribution, — Eastern and 5 days as needed. Apply in early Central States. morning before cicadas become What to do,—Spray trunk and active. Protect small trees by cov- lower branches of the tree with ering with a coarse mesh cloth. endosulfan. Begin spraying about For more information on Peri- May 15, then spray once a month odical ciadas, see Leaflet No. 540, through September 15. In late "Periodical Cicadas—17-Year Lo- summer, inspect trunks and custs." branches for evidence of injured Aphids. (See p. 4.) bark or for fine boring dust being Fall Webworm. (See p. 10.) pushed from the holes. Cut the Flatheaded Appletree Borer, borers out with a sharp knife, (See p. 13.) trim the edges of the wound back Japanese Beetle, (See p. 6.) to green bark, and then paint Scales. (See p. 8.) wound with tree wound dressing. Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) Tent Caterpillars. (See p. 10.) For more information on flow- Dogwood twig borer ering crabapples, see Home and Description. — Adult: Beetle, Garden Bulletin No. 135, "Grow- yellow, with three black spots near ing Flowering Crabapples." head. Wings black along sides and down the middle. Up to 1/2 inch Flowering Dogwood in length. Larva: Yellowish, legless grub, up to % inch long. Dogwood borer Damage,—Adult girdles tip, de- Description, — Adult: Clear- posits eggs in living twigs. Larva winged moth, blue-black with yel- feeds down center of branch mak- low stripes on abdomen, yellow- ing a long series of closely placed banded legs, wingspread % to % round holes from which frass ex- inch. udes. Leaves wilt on individual Larva,—Caterpillar up to 1/2 twigs or girdled tips drop. inch long. White or slightly pink Distribution, — Eastern and with pale-brown head. Overwin- Central States. ters in larval stage, therefore What to do.—Prune out larva thorough cleanup of infested parts and destroy infested twigs. This

26 can be done any time after injury 4* t''^ r - becomes apparent in summer. Aphids. (See p. 4.) Leafminers. (See p. 7.) Scales. (Seep. 8.) Whitemarked Tussock Moth.

(Seep. 11.) Er ■ '-' ' --íjí"' For more information on dogwood, see Home and Garden Bul- letin No. 88, "Growing The Flow- ering Dogwood."

Flowering Peach

Peach twig borer Description. — Adult: Gray moth ; wingspan % to Vo inch. Larva: Reddish brown or dark brown ; black head ; caterpillar up to V2 inch long. Damage.—Larva feeds inside twigs, especially new shoots. Tips of twigs die and gum oozes from them. Larvae Distribution.—Continental United States. What to do.—Apply endosulf an just before bloom and when petals about 1 inch. Larva: Pinkish, orange, yellow, or greenish worm ; fall. Aphids. (See p. 4.) up to 1 inch long. Fall Webworm. (See p. 10.) Damage.—Larva burrows next Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) to sapwood and causes large dead Lesser Peachtree Borer. (See p. areas in bark; dirty sawdust accumulates outside burrow. 24.) Peachtree Borer. (See p. 24.) Distribution.—Continental United States. Scales. (See p. 8.) 'W]iat to do.—Apply lindane 3 Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) Tent Caterpillars. (See p. 10.) or 4 times at 3-week intervals be- ginning in June. Dig the larvae out of the burrows with a knife. Flowering Plum Paint wounds with tree wound mixture sold for this purpose. American plum borer Aphids. (See p. 4.) Description. — Adult: Incon- Fall Webworm. (See p. 10.) spicuous grayish moth ; wingspan Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.)

27 Lesser Peachtree Borer. (See p, Redbud 24.) Peachtree Borer. (See p. 24.) Treehoppers Scales. (See p. 8.) Description, — Wedge-shaped; Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) have sharp corners; adults up to Tent Caterpillars. (See p. 10.) % inch long. Damage, — Eggs laid in branches and twigs cause rough- Golden Chain ened bark and stunt growth of Aphids. (See p. 4.) branches. Insects have disappear- Mealybugs. (See p. 8.) ed by the time damage is noticeable. Distribution,—Continental Mimosa United States. What to do,—Apply mineral oil MimosaWebworm. (Seep. 18.) when trees are dormant. Scales. (See p. 8.)

INSECT AND MITE PESTS OF DECIDUOUS SHRUBS Barberry Scales. (Seep. 8.) Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) Barberry webworm Whiteflies. (See p. 10.) Description, — Adult : Reddish to olive-brown moth with a wing- Crape Myrtle span of about 11/^ inches. Larva: Aphids. (See p. 4.) Up to 11/2 inches long; head dark Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) dotted with white; body black with white spots arranged in two irregular rows on each body seg- Forsythia ment. Fourlîned plant bug Damage,—Caterpillars web together leaves and twigs of bar- Description,—Adult: From l^ berry where they feed on leaves. to i/à inch long, greenish-yellow Distribution. — Southern New color with 4 distinct black stripes England to Iowa and southward down the wings. Nymph: Bright to Texas. red to orange with black dots on What to do,—Apply diazinon the back. Full-grown nymph has when webs are first noticed using a yellow stripe on each side of a forceful spray to penetrate wing pod. webbing. Damage,—Feeds on leaves, Aphids. (See p. 4.) sucks plant juices. Wherever feed- Asiatic Garden Beetle. (See p. ing occurs distinct white or dark- 31.) colored spots i/ie inch to % inch in

28 PESTS OF SHRUBS

Whitefly adult. Azalea mealybug.

Scale on euonymus. Japanese weevil injury to azalea.

Fourlined plant bugs.

29 diameter appear on upper side of pearance and sometimes break off. leaves. When these insects are Conspicuous frass accumulates abundant these injured areas are sometimes accompanied by oozing continuous and the entire leaf sap. turns brown and usually drops Distribution.—Eastern United off. States and from Texas and Colo- Distributiom., — East of the rado to Canada. Rocky Mountains. What to do,—Cut and destroy What to do,—Apply malathion the infested parts. Apply endosul- at first notice of bugs or damage. fan or lindane in early May and repeat twice at 3-week intervals.

Lilac Obliquebanded leaf roller Description.—Adult : Moth, 1 Hornworms inch wingspan, reddish-brown Description, — Several species. front wings crossed by 3 distinct Adults: Moth, narrow winged, bands of dark brown. Larva : Pale- brown or gray, about 1 to 11/^ green caterpillar with black head, inches long, 21/^-inch wingspan, up to % inch long. swift flying. Resembles humming- Damage. — Undersurface of bird in flight. Visits flowers at leaves are eaten by catQpillars, the dusk. Larvae : Caterpillars, promi- upper surface left intact. Leaves nent horn on posterior, green or are sometimes covered with a gray, diagonal lines on side, up to light web enclosing several leaves 4 inches long. or drawing the parts of a single Damage. — Eat foliage, stems, leaf together. and flowers. Infested plants ac- Distribution. — Abundant in cumulate conspicuously large pel- many States. lets of fecal matter. What to do.—Apply malathion Distribution.—Throughout the or diazinon when caterpillars or United States. damage is first noticed. What to do,—Handpick worms, Leafminers. (See p. 7.) or apply malathion. Scales, (See p. 8.)

Lilac borer Mock Orange Description. — Adult: Clear- Aphids. (See p. 4.) winged month, body has brownish Leafminers. (See p. 7.) tinge, females marked with yellow. Larva: White or yellowish caterpillar about % inch long Privet when full grown. Japanese weevil Damage. — Caterpillars bore into main stems causing them to Description. — Adult: Weevil wilt or become unhealthy in ap- about 3/i6 inch long, stout, light

30 Obliquebanded Leaf roller. (See p. 30.) Scales. (See p. 8.)

Viburnum (Snowball)

Asiatic garden beetle Description,—Oval-shaped beetle, brown, y^ inch long, hides in

BN-7357-X soil by day and feeds at night. Japanese weevil Larva: White grub up to 1/2 inch long, found in soil. Damage.—Adult leaves ragged notches in foliage, eats many to dark brown, mottled with bands plant species. Larva feeds on roots of brown and black. Larva: of grass and many flowering White, slender, legless grub. plants during autumn and spring Damage.—Adult feeds on foli- months. age, leaves broad-rounded notches Distribution, — Northeastern in leaf margins. United States. Distribution, — Connecticut to What to do,—Apply malathion, Washington, D.C. or methoxychlor when adults ap- What to do,—Apply malathion pear. two or three times from May to July to destroy adults before they Flower thrips lay eggs. Aphids. (See p. 4.) Description, — Several species. Leaf miners. (See p. 7.) Adults : Slender, four-winged, Mealybugs. (See p .8.) wings fringed with hairs, feather- Scales. (Seep. 8.) like; lemon yellow to brown; Whiteflies. (Seep. 10.) 1/20 inch long; active. Larvae: Wingless ; lemon yellow to orange. Pussywillow Readily seen when infested flowers are shaken over a sheet of Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) paper. Damage, — Feed on tender Russian Olive flower parts in developing bud causing petals to become flecked Aphids. (See p. 4.) and discolored and flowers de- Scales. (Seep. 8.) formed ; buds may turn brown and die. Spirea Distribution.—Continental United States. Aphids. (See p. 4.) What to do,—Apply diazinon

31 when insects first appear usually green ; very tiny at first ; grows to in late May or early June, about l^ inch. Damage. — Attacks blossoms, Mealy flata buds and twigs ; causes new shoots to die back. Description, — Adult slightly Distribution,—Continental oyer 14 ii^^h long, covered with a United States. whitish powder over dark-purple What to do,—Apply malathion or brownish wings. Wings folded when bugs are first noticed. Weeds vertically against sides of the and trash serve as over-wintering body, young, greenish, produces sites and should be removed. This long masses of white woolly mat- helps reduce numbers of this pest. ter. Aphids. (See p. 4.) Damage,—Feeds on plants by Dogwood Twig Borer. (See p. sucking the plant juices. Weakens 26.) plants and reduces vigor. Distribution,—Continental Hornworms. (See p. 30.) Scales. (See p. 8.) United States. Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) What to do,—Apply malathion when young are active, repeat in 10 days if needed. Weigela Aphids. (See p. 4.) Tarnished plant bug Fourlined Plant Bug. (See p. Description, — Adult: Brown, 28.) tan, or green; l^ inch long; ap- Leaf rollers. (See p. 30.) pears rusty. Nymph: Yellow or Whiteflies. (Seep. 10.)

INSECT AND MITE PESTS OF BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREENS

Andromeda feeds during night. Larva : Grub ; curved ; dirty white ; brown head. Lace Bugs. (See p. 7.) Damage,—Adults scallop leaves Scales. (See p. 8.) and flowers, chew off or girdle Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) some stems. Larva feeds on young roots in fall; older larvae later girdle larger roots or cut them off Azalea and Rhododendron in spring. Black vine weevil Distribution,—^Cooler parts of the United States, chiefly in Description. — Adult: Rough; Northwestern, Northeastern, and broad snout; black; scattered North Central States. Extended tufts of yellow hair, % inch long. range southward from northeast- Hides among foliage during day, ern States to Washington, D.C.

32 Damages, — Caterpillars bore into the stems and branches usu« ally about a foot or more above ground. Foilage may wilt or die or stems or twigs break off. Scars produced on older branches. Larva

'^■-^ " ^íS^^S^SíStíS' X,^ feeds between bark and sapwood. Distribution. — Northeastern United States. Black vine weevil What to do,—Apply lindane during May and June. Thorough- What to do,—Dust plants with ly wet the bark of the trunk and chlordane in June and July to kill branches avoiding the foliage. To adults in foliage, treat soil with reduce infestation, cut off and de- chlordane to destroy young larvae stroy all infested parts in the late as they enter the soil in search of fall, winter, or early spring. roots. Borers can be killed by probing with a flexible wire or pulled out Fuller rose beetle by means of a hooked wire. A few drops of carbon disulfide or car- Description, — Adult: Beetle, bon tetrachloride injected into the short broad snout, grayish-brown, tunnel will kill the borers; open- cream-colored stripe on each side ; ings should be closed immediately 1/3 inch long. Active at night, hides with grafting wax,, putty, or wet by day among twigs, foliage or in clay, and kept closed for a day or flowers. Larva : Curved grub, yel- two. Larger wounds may then be lowish brown head, lives in soil. cleaned or painted over with Damage, — Adult eats ragged shellac or tree wound dressing. areas from margins of leaves. Aphids. (See p. 4.) Larva feeds on roots and girdle Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.^ underground stem causing yellow- Lace Bugs. (See p. 7.) ing or death of plant. Leafhoppers. (See p. 18.) Distribution.—Southern United Leaf miners. (See p. 7.) States and California. Mealybugs. (Seep. 8.) What to do,—Apply malathion Scales. (See p. 8.) when adults are present. Spider Mites. (See p. 8.)

Rhododendron borer Description, — Adult: Clear- winged moth, wing spread % to V2 inch. Body black with 3 yellow stripes. Larva: Caterpillar up to y^ inch long, yellowish-white body, reddish-brown head and legs. Fuller rose beetle

33 For additional information on What to do,—Apply malathion azaleas and rhododendrons see in early spring when new plant U.S. Department of Agriculture growth starts and again about Home and Garden Bulletin No. 71, May 15. Spray about June 15 to "Growing Azaleas and Rhododen- control adults. drons." Scales (For description, damage, and Boxwood distribution: See p. 8.) What to do,—Prune heavily in- Boxwood leafminer crusted branches before spraying {For description, damage and dis- with dimethoate. Apply dimetho- tribution: See p. 7.) ate about June 15 to control young What to do.—To control leaf- crawlers. miner in young larval stage apply malathion or dimethoate about Spider mites June 15 just after eggs hatch. (For description, damage and dis- Spraying later in the summer or tribution: See p. 8.) autumn also controls larvae but What to do,—Apply sprays con- their mines will remain as yellow taining dicofol or dimethoate spots in the leaves. Dimethoate about May 15 and again June 15. will control mature larvae if ap- Mealybugs. (See p. 8.) plied early in the spring as plants Webworms. (See p. 10.) resume growth. Do not delay early For additional information on spring treatment because dimeth- boxwoods see U.S. Department of oate is not very effective against Agriculture Home and Garden pupae. Bulletin No. 120, "Growing Box- woods."

Boxwood psyllid Camellia

Description, — Adult: Small, Rhabdopterus beetles grayish-green sucking insect re- lated to aphids. Nymph covered Description, — Several species. with a whitish, waxy material. Shiny black or bronze beetles, Damage,—Sucks plant juices. about 14 inch long. Hide during Plants may become unattractive day, feed at night. in appearance. Overwintering Damage,—Eat long, narrow nymphs emerge from beneath bud holes in the foliage. scales and feed on young develop- Distribution, — Generally dis- ing shoots, causing characteristic tributed where camellias are leaf-cupping deformity. grown. Distribution, — Generally dis- What to do,—Spray plant with tributed where boxwoods are lindane when leaf injury is first grown. noticed.

34 For more information on camel- Holly lias, see Home and Garden Bulle- tin No. 86, "Growing Camellias." Bud moth Fuller Rose Beetle. (See p. 33.) Mealybugs. (See p. 8.) Description. — Adult : Grayish Scales. (See p. 8.) moth mottled with brown with a Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) i/2-iîieh wingspread. Larva: Yel- Whiteflles. (See p. 10.) lowish to greenish-gray caterpillars about 1/^ inch long. Damage.—Larva eat leaves, in- Daphne fested leaves turn brown. Distribution.—Western States. Aphids. (See p. 4.) What to do.—Apply diazinon Mealybugs. (See p. 8.) when larvae are first noticed. Scales. (Seep. 8.) Holly Leaf miner. (See p. 7.) Scales. (See p. 8.) Euonymus Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) Whiteflies. (See p. 10.) Aphids. (Seep.4.) For more information on holly, Leaf miners. (See p. 7.) see Home and Garden Bulletin No. Scales. (See p. 8.) 130, ''Growing Hollies." Spider Mites. (See p. 8.)

Firethorn Laurel

Aphids. (See p. 4.) Lace Bugs. (See p. 7.) Japanese Beetle. (See p. 6.) Rhododendron Borer. (See p. Lacebugs. (See p. 7.) 33.) Scales. (See p. 8.) Whiteflies. (See p. 10.)

INSECT AND MITE PESTS OF NARROW-LEAVED EVERGREENS

Arborvitae Cedai

Aphids. (Seep.4.) Bark beetles Bagworms (See p. 5.) Cedar Tree Borer. (See p. 22.) Description. — Many species. Leafminers. (See p. 7.) Adults: Small oval beetles, black Mealybugs. (See p 8.) to red, Vs to l^ inch long. Larvae: Scales. (See p. 8.) Small white to yellowish grubs. Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) ' Damage. — Usually attack 35 weakened, dying, or sick trees; emerges; later becomes brown feed under bark and construct with yellowish white warts ; when tunnels or galleries. full grown it is dark reddish- Distribution.—Continental brown with a shiny black to United States. brown head. What to do,—^Keep trees in Damage. — Larva tunnels in good condition, well watered and needles or into opening buds. fertilized to promote vigorous Needles are cut ofl^. Feed on de- growth. Weakened trees can b'e veloping foliage and make small protected by applying lindane silken nests. Feeding usually be- during May (or June) and July. gins at top of tree and results in Generally 1 application each stunted growth. It is an important month is sufficient to prevent at- pest on several evergreens. tack by these pests. Distribution.—Throughout Con- tinental United States. However, Deodar weevil greatest economic damage occurs in Maine and northern Minnesota. Description. — Adult: Snout What to do.—Apply malathion beetle, elongate, brownish, about or Zectran when caterpillars are l^ inch long. Larva: Footless first noted when growth starts in grub, white to % inch long. the spring. Damage. — Adults puncture Aphids. (See p. 4.) bark on small twigs and leading Bagworms. (See p. 5.) shoots and often cause twigs to Scales. (See p. 8.) break. Grubs feed on inner bark, Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) girdle, and may kill shoots. Heavy infestation may kill trees. Distribution. — Eastern and Hemlock southern United States. Hemlock borer What to do.—Apply lindane in April when adults emerge. Description. — Adult: Dark Aphids. (See p. 4.) bronze beetle, l^ to y^ inch long, Bagworms. (See p. 5.) wing covers marked with yellow Juniper Webworm. (See p. 10.) spots. Larva: Pale yellow to Scales. (See p. 8.) white, brown head, body flattened Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) rather than cylindrical. Legless grub, U-Shaped, broad flat enlargement just back of head. Fir Damage. — Young larvae bore through bark, cutting an oblique Spruce budworm gallery. Usually found beneath Description.—Adult : Moth, dull bark of weakened or dying trees. gray with brown markings ; wing- Distribution.—Throughout the spread about 1 inch. Larva: Eastern States. Caterpillar, nearly 1 inch long, Control. — Maintain trees in yellowish green when it first healthy vigorous growing condi-

36 tion through proper fertilizer and Pine watering. European pine sawfly Hemlock looper Description.—^Larva is up to 1 Description, — Adult: Moth, inch long, black head, body is creamy tan to grayish brown with dirty grayish green; it has two purplish tinge, wingspread about whitish lines bordering a stripe of 1^4 inch long. The front wings very intense green (or sometimes have two transversed irregular blackish) on the sides. purplish-brown lines and a dot of Damage. — Larvae feed in same color midway between edges groups on foliage. Eat along the of wing. Hind wing has only one edge of individual needles at first transverse line. Larva: Cater- and later devour all the needles pillar, up to 114 inches in length. on a branch before migrating to Ranges from yellowish green to another. May defoliate tree. grayish or darker. Head and body Distribution. — Northeastern flecked with black spots. When United States and west to South disturbed may drop and remain Dakota. suspended for some time on silken What to do.—Apply malathion threads. When moving forms a when larvae first appear. loop with its body. It is an important pest of many other ever- European pine shoot moth green and deciduous trees. Damage. — Caterpillars cut Description. — Adult: Moth, needles off near base where only rusty orange-red with whitish one side of needle is eaten causing legs, wingspread about % inch. remaining part to dry up and drop Front wings marked with several to the ground. Can defoliate trees. irregular forked silvery cross- Complete defoliation may kill hnes. Hind wings: plain dark trees. brown. Larva: Brownish cater- Distribution,—From Georgia to pillar up to % inch long, black Wisconsin. head. Body is brownish. What to do,—Apply malathion Damage. — Young caterpillars when loopers are first noticed. bore into the base of the needles. Leafminer. (See p. 7.) Later bore into buds. Injury to Scales. (See p. 8.) buds causes flow of pitch which Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) hardens; larvae bore into developing shoots in spring, killing them. Destruction of buds and Juniper new shoots causes malformation of young trees and retardation of Bagworms. (See p. 5.) growth. Sometimes injured shoot Juniper Webworms. (See p. 10.) survives but bends or curls at Scales. (See p. 8.) point of attack causing a perma- Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) nent crook.

37 Distribution. — Massachusetts continues to mine in the tissue. south to Virginia, west to Illinois Serious pest of young trees, older and Michigan, Washington, and trees are not seriously injured. Oregon. Mining of tip of twigs may cause What to do.—Apply dimethoate deformity in growth and loss in or diazinon when needle growth is height. about half developed, repeat in Distribution, — Massachusetts about 10 days. south to Florida and west through the central States to Texas. What to do.—Spray with di- Introduced pine sawfly methodate or trichlorfon when Description. — Adult: Heavy- new foliage appears in spring if bodied, wasp-like insects, V2 inch larvae are noticed. long, % inch wingspan, not con- stricted at waist, sawlike organs Pine needleminer on the tip of the abdomen of female. Larva: About 1 inch long, Description. — Adult: Yellow- black head, yellowish-green body, brown moth marked with white double stripe of black down the or gray, tip of forewing and three back, sides mottled with yellow bands dividing the wing into equal and black. parts are white or grayish. Wing- Damage. — Young larvae feed spread about % inch. Larva: only along edges of the needles, Caterpillar about %6 inch long, later eat entire needle, old needles yellowish brown with dark-brown preferred. head. Distribution.—Throughout the Damage.—Caterpillar bores in- Northeastern United States west- to needle, burrowing toward the ward to North Dakota. tip; later reverses and burrows What to do.—Apply carbaryl to toward the base. Heavy infesta- needles when larvae first appear. tion gives the tree a sickly and unsightly appearance. Distribution.—Eastern part of Nantucket pine tip moth the United States. Description. — Adult: Moth, What to do.—Apply diazinon or reddish brown with silver-gray dimethoate during first warm markings, wing expanse about days of April or May. 1/2 inch. Larva : Yellowish to pale- brown caterpillar, dark-brown Pine sawflies head, up to % inch long. Damage.—Caterpillars begin to Description. — Several species. feed on new shoot near base of Redheaded pine saw fly: Larva is needles or base of the bud, spin whitish and unspotted with the web where feeding, web soon be- head brownish. Later becomes comes covered with pitch. Later yellowish with six rows of con- larva bores either into a bud or spicuous irregular black spots on new growth near tip of shoot and the body, the head is reddish.

38 TREE PESTS

Orangestriped oakworm. Redheaded pine sawfly.

Tip moth injury to Nantucket pine. Pine spittlebug.

:^..vmm Elm leaf beetle larva Elm leaf beetle adult.

39 White pine saw fly: Larva is yel- killed first. Infestation moves up- lowish white with four longitudi- ward in the crown until the whole nal rows of black spots on body; tree is killed. head is black. Larva up to 1 inch Distribution. — New England long when full grown. Red pine west to the Great Lake States and saw fly: Larva when nearly full southwest to Missouri and Arkan- grown is about % inch long, sas. ranges from dull grayish green What to do.—Apply malathion to black on top and greenish white or endosulfan when evidence of beneath. Light-green stripe down spittlebug is first seen. Later, use the back, head is black. endosulfan only because malath- Damage.—Feed on needles and ion is not effective against older to some extent on tender bark of nymphs. young twigs. Aphids. (See p. 4.) Distribution.—Throughout the Bark Beetles. (See p. 35.) pine-growing regions of the east- Scales. (See p. 8.) ern part of the United States from Webwarm. (See p. 10.) Maine to Florida, and Minnesota to Louisiana. Spruce What to do.—Apply zectran when larvae first appear. Call aphids Description. — Two species. Pine spittlebug Eastern spruce gall aphid and Description.—Adult : Oval, leaf- Cooley's spruce gall aphid. Tiny hopper-like. Nymph: Pinkish to bluish-gray aphids when young. yellowish green, up to %6 inch Overwinter on twigs at the base long, usually found under masses of the bud; become covered with of white froth or spittle which a white cottony secretion. they produce. Damage.—Produce galls. East- Damage.—Young nymphs feed ern spruce gall aphid produces on twigs. Migrate to new locations galls that are small cone-like and form masses of froth, when swellings on the base of new full grown migrate to the main growth shoot, usually about % trunk of tree where a large num- inch long and somewhat resemble ber occupy the same spittle mass. a miniature pineapple. Twigs in- Adult ejects undigested sap in the fested by galls may die if infesta- form of a mist which drops from tions are heavy. Cooley's spruce heavily infested trees like the fall- gall aphid causes a gall or swell- ing of very light rain. Spots on ing 1 to 3 inches long at the tip bark where they have fed are in- of the new growth shoot. Infested vaded by a black sooty mold. If tips are killed and trees may be- infestation is allowed to continue, come deformed. Galls are more or branches die progressively from less cylindrical in shape, some- the tip toward the main trunk. what curved, and usually formed Lower branches are generally at the free end of the branch.

40 Galls affect the entire new growth in early spring when larvae are of infested branches and may re- small. sult in the death of new growth. Spruce Budworm. (See p. 36.) Distribution,—Throughout the growing range of spruce. White pine weevil What to do,—Spray with malathion, diazinon, or oxydemeton- Description,—Adult : Elongate, methyl in autumn or early spring. brownish snout beetle; about % inch long, marked irregularly with groups of brown and white Sawflies scales, snout curved. Larva: White footless grubs, % to %6 inch Description. — Many species. long. European spruce saw fly: Young Damage, — Grubs feed down- larva is yellowish green; when ward on inner bark; may girdle nearly full grown is about % and kill shoots. When the growing inch long and darker green with tip is girdled, new shoot of cur- five narrow longitudinal white rent year's growth withers and lines. Yellowheaded spruce saw- tip bends over and turns brown. fly: Full-grown larva about % Serious insect pest of white pine inch long, chestnut-brown head, in the East. May kill 2 to 4 years body is dark yellowish, greener of growth. Tree becomes forked above and lighter beneath. Body and crooked, loses esthetic value. marked with a double gray-green Distribution, — Occurs over longitudinal stripe down the mid- range of Eastern white pine. dle of the back. Another broad What to do,—Apply lindane to stripe is sometimes more or less only the terminal upright leader divided into a double stripe on down to the first whorl of branch- each side. Broad, darker or under- es. Do not spray entire tree. Treat side stripe and spots near side of in early spring before adults lay each leg. Greenheaded spruce eggs. saw fly: Similar to other sawñies Bagworms. (See p. 5.) with green head. Leafminers. (See p. 7.) Damage,—Feed on the foliage Scales* (See p. 8.) of spruce. Can severely defoliate Spider Mites. (See p. 8.) trees when infestations are heavy. Spruce Budworm. (See p. 36.) Distribution,—European spruce sawñy throughout New England, New York and New Jersey. Yel- lowheaded spruce sawfly, British Yew Columbia to Wyoming and the Black vine weevil New England States. Greenheaded spruce sawfly along the Pacific {For description, damage, and Coast, many northern States from distribution: See p. 41.) Maine to Idaho. What to do.—Apply carbaryl, What to do.—Apply malathion chlordane, or malathion when

41 adults appear, usually in late Strawberry root weevil spring or early summer. Description. — Adult: Black Mealybugs beetles about l^ inch long, short blunt snouts protruding from the {For description, damage, and front of the heads. Larva : White distribution: See p. 8.) What to do.—Apply diazinon or legless grub, up to % inch long malathion when crawler stage ap- with light-brown heads. Hold pears usually in late spring. their body in a more or less curved position. Scales Damage.—Larva feeds on the roots of the yew and stunts plant, (For description, damage, and causes poor growth. distribution: See p. 8.) What to do,—Apply malathion Distribution.—Northern United or carbaryl when crawlers are States. young, and attached scales appear What to do.—^Apply chlordane in very early summer; repeat around the base of the plant to about 10 days later. control grubs.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS

Some insects cause no damage Aphid lion (Lacewing) to plants and are beneficial to Description. — Adult: Gauzy man. They destroy other insects green wings ; yellow eyes ; fragile, that are injurious to trees and hairlike antennae; deposits eggs shrubs around the home. singly on stalk. Larva : Yellowish, Learn to recognize these bene- or mottled red or brown; long, ficial insects and avoid destroying narrow body that tapers at both them. Following are descriptions of a few of the important benefi- ends; large, sickle-shaped jaws; cial insects. prominent, projecting hairs; about % inch long. (See p. 44 for color illustration.) Ant lion (Doodlebug) Benefit. — Larva feeds on Description. — Brown ; rough ; aphids, mealybugs, scales, thrips, sickel-shaped jaws ; up to 1/2 inch and mites. long. Lives at bottom of cone- Distribution.—Continental shaped pit in sand. United States. Benefit.—Feeds on ants and other insects. Distribution.—Many parts of Assassin bugs the United States ; most abundant Description. — Light brown; in the South. long legs; i/2 to % inch long;

42 Distribution,—Continental United States.

Lady beetles Description, — Adults : Shiny red or tan ; some have black spots ; oval ; about 14 inch long. Larvae : Blue, orange, or gray; carrot- Assassin bugs shaped; warty i/ig to l^ inch long. (See p. 44 for color illustration.) walk over plants slowly and clum- Benefit, — Feed on aphids, sily; hold forelegs in prayer-like spider mites, scales, and mealy- position and use them to capture bugs. and hold their prey. Distribution,—Continental Benefit, — Feed on immature United States. forms of insects. Distribution,—Continental Minute pirate bugs United States. Description,—Adults : General- ly black, marked with white spots Damsel bugs or streaks; oval; flat; about %6 Description, — Resemble assas- inch long. Nymphs: Similar to sin bugs; pale gray; about % adults; yellowish brown. Found inch long ; use forelegs to capture on flowers and under loose bark. prey. Benefit,—Feed on aphids, flea- hoppers, and small larvae of other insects. Distribution,—Continental United States.

Ground beetles Description, — Adults : Usually dull black or brown; long, oval bodies; narrow heads; usually found on ground under stones or loose trash; hide by day and are active at night ; run rapidly when disturbed. Larvae : Slender, flattened bodies that taper slightly at the tail; two spines or bristles at hind end.

Benefit, — Feed on caterpillars BN-14755-X and other insects. Damsel bugs

43 BENEFICIAL INSECTS ,-,'::M^'

Aphid lion larva 44 hunting spiders that have leg spreads of 2 inches or more to very tiny predaceous mites. Some spiders have hairy bodies and legs ; others are smooth and shiny; they are black, brown, yellow and black, or gray. Predaceous mites are gray or pinkish gray. Some spiders construct webs for snar- ing prey; others run or jump to BN-14754-X capture prey. Minute pirate bugs Benefit. — Suck body juices of other insects. Large web-spinning Benefit,—Feed on small insects spiders attack large flying and and on mites; feed on eggs and crawling insects; small hunting larvae of many kinds of insects. and jumping spiders attack small Distribution,—Continental insects—flies, beetles, caterpillars, United States. aphids, and leafhoppers. Predac- eous mites feed on spider mites, cyclamen mites, aphids, and Praying mantids thrips, and on larvae and eggs of Description. — Green; green many kinds of insects. wings that have brown front Distribution.—Continental edges; large abdomens; slender United States. thoraxes ; wedge-shaped ; movable heads; large front legs that have Syrphid flies spines for grasping prey; 21/^ to Description. — Adults: Bright 5 inches long. Eggs laid in fall in yellow and black; l^ to % inch masses on shrubs or tall grass, long; hover above flowers and and covered with froth that hard- plants. Larvae: Resemble slugs; ens. Young hatch in spring; re- brown, gray, or mottled. (See p. semble adults, but are wingless. Benefit.—Young feed on aphids 44 for color illustration.) Benefit. — Larvae eat insects ; and other small insects. Adults feed on many kinds of large insects. Distribution.—Continental United States; most numerous in the Northeast.

Spiders and mites Description. — Range in size from orb-webbing black-and-yel- BN-14753-X low garden spiders and large Praying Mantids

45 single larva can eat one aphid per minute. Distribution,—Continental United States.

Wasps Description. — Vary widely in CF-3869 size, color, and general body struc- Wasps ture; some are parasites; others, predators. Benefit.—Tiny parasitic wasps lay eggs in bodies of insects ; de- caterpillars to paralyze them, and veloping larvae kill the hosts. feed them to their young. Large predaceous wasps — well Distribution.—Continental known to every gardener—sting United States.

46 INDEX

Page Pag« Andromeda : Beneficial Insects—con. Lace bugs 7 Minute pirate bugs 43 Scales 8 Praying mantids 45 Spider mites 8 Spiders and mites 45 Arborvitae : Syrphid nies 45 Aphids 4 Wasps 46

Bagworms 5 Birch: Cedar tree borer 22 Aphids 4 Leafminers 7 Birch skeletonizer 13 Mealybugs 8 Bronze birch borer 13 Scales 8 Casebearer 5 Spider mites 8 Leafminer 7 Ash: Boxwood : Ash borer 11 Boxwood leafminer 34 Carpenterworm 11 Boxwood psyllid 34

Fall webworm . 10 Mealybugs 8

Leafminers 7 Scales 8 Lilac borer 12 Spider mites 8 Redhead ash borer 12 Webworms 10 Sawflies 12 Scales 8 Camellia : Fuller rose beetle 33 Azalea : Aphids 4 Mealybugs 8

Black vine weevil 32 Rhabdopterous beetles 34 Scales 8 Fuller rose beetle 33 Spider mites 8 Japanese beetle 6 Lace bugs 7 Whiteflies 10 Catalpa : Leafhoppers 18

Leafminers 7 Catalpa sphinx 14

Mealybugs 8 Comstock Mealybug 8 Rhododendron borer 33 Cedar: Scales 8 Aphids 4 Spider mites 8 Bagworms 5 Barberry : Bark beetles 35 Aphids 4 Deodar weevil 36 Asiatic garden beetle 31 Juniper webworm 10 Barberry webworm 28 Scales 8 Scales 8 Spider mites 8 Spider mites 8 Crape myrtle: Whiteflies 10 Aphids 4 Beech : Japanese beetle 6 Aphids 4 Daphne: Flatheaded appletree borer 13 Aphids 4 Scales 8 Mealybugs 8 Beneficial Insects: Scales 8 Ant lion (doodlebugs) 42 Elm: Aphid lion (lacewing) 42 Cankerworms 5 Assassin bugs 42 Casebearers 5 Damsel bugs 43 Elm bark beetles 14 Ground beetles 43 Elm borer 15 Lady beetles 43 Elm leaf beetles 15

47 Page Paga Elm—con. Flowering peach: Fall webworm 10 Aphids 4 Gypsy moth 6 Fall webworm 10 Japanese beetle 6 Japanese beetle 6 Lace bugs 7 Lesser peachtree borer 24 Leafminers 7 Peachtree borer 24 Leopard moth 15 Peach twig borer 27 Scales 8 Scales 8 Spider mites 8 Spider mites 8 Twig girdlers 16 Tent caterpillars 10 Whitemarked tussock moth H Flowering plum: Euonymus : American plum borer 27 Aphids 4 Aphids 4 Leafminers 7 Fall webworm _„ ^_^ 10 Scales 8 Japanese beetle 6 Spider mites 8 Lesser peachtree borer 24 Fir: Peachtree borer 24 Aphids 4 Scales 8 Bagworms 5 Spider mites 8 Scales 8 Tent caterpillars 10 Spider mites 8 Forsythia: Spruce budworm 36 Fourlined plant bug 28 General Plant Pests: Firethorn : Aphids 4 Aphids 4 Cankerworms 5 Japanese beetle 6 Casebearers and bagworms 5 Lacebugs '^ Gypsy moth 6 Scales 8

Flowering cherry: Japanese beetle 6 Lace bugs 7 Aphids 4 Japanese beetle 6 Leafminers 7 Lesser peachtree borer 24 Mealybugs 8 Peachtree borer 24 Scales 8 Spider mites 8 Scales 8 Tent caterpillars and webworms 10 Shothole borer 25

Spider mites 8 Whiteflies 10 Whitemarked tussock moth 11 Tent caterpillars 10 Ginko : Webworms 10

Flowering crabapple: Bagworms 5 Fall webworm 10 Aphids 4 Fall webworm 10 Mealybugs 8 Flatheaded appletree borer 13 Whitemarked tussock moth 11 Japanese beetle 6 Golden chain : Periodical cicada 25 Aphids 4 Scales 8 Mealybugs 8 Spider mites 8 Gum: Tent caterpillars 10 Bagworms 5 Flowering dogwood: Fall webworm 10 Aphids 4 Leafminers 7 Dogwood borer 26 Scales 8 Dogwood twig borer 26 Tent caterpillars 10 Leafminers 7 Hawthorn : Scales 8 Aphids 4 Whitemarked tussock moth 11 Cherry and hawthorn sawfly 7

48 Page Page Hawthorn—con. Locust : Lace bugs „ 7 Bagworms 5 Scales 8 Cankerworms 5 Spider mites 8 Carpenterworms 11 Tent caterpillars 10 Leafhoppers 18 Hemlock : Locust borer 18 Hemlock borer 36 Mimosa webworm 18 Hemlock looper 37 Scales 8 Leafminers 7 Spider mites 8 Scales 8 Magnolia : Spider mites 8 Japanese beetle 6 Hickory : Scales 8 Aphids 4 Maple : Hickory bark beetle 16 Aphids 4 Twig girdlers 16 Bagworms 5 Walnut caterpillar 17 Boxelder bug 19 Holly: Cankerworms 5 Bud moth 35 Carpenterworm H Holly leafminer 7 Elm sawfly 17 Scales 8 Flatheaded appletree borer 13 Spider mites 8 Greenstriped mapleworm 19 Whiteflies 10 Gypsy moth 6 Juniper : Japanese beetle ^ Bagworm 5 Leafhoppers 18 Juniper webworm 10 Leopard moth 15 Scales 8 Maple bladdergall mite 19 Spider mites 8 Scales 8 Larch : Sugar maple borer 19 Aphids 4 Tent caterpillars 10 Casebearers & Mimosa : Gypsy moth 6 Mimosa webworm 18 Japanese beetle 6 Mock orange: Whitemarked tussock moth H Aphids 4 Laurel : Leafminers 7 Lace bugs 7 Oak: Rhododendron borer 33 Aphids 4 Whiteflies 10 Cankerworms 5 Lilac : Carpenterworm H Hornworms 30 Flatheaded appletree borer 13 Leafminers 7 Galls 20 Lilac borer 30 Japanese beetle 6 Obliquebanded leaf roller 30 Lace bugs 7 Scales . 8 Leafminers 7 Linden : Leopard moth 15 Aphids 4 Orangestriped oakworm 20 Elm sawfly 17 Periodical cicada 25 Gypsy moth 6 Scales 8 Japanese beetle 6 Spider mites 8 Lace bugs 7 Tent caterpillars 10 Leafminers 7 Twig pruners Linden borer 17 (see Twig girdlers) 16 Spider mites 8 Twolined chestnut borer 21 Whitemarked tussock moth 11 Yellownecked caterpillar 21

49 Page Page Pine: Russian olive: Aphids 4 Aphids 4 Bark beetle 35 Scales 8 European pine sawfly — 37 Spirea European pine shoot moth 37 Aphids 4 Introduced pine sawfly 38 Obliquebanded leafroUer 30 Nantucket pine tip moth 38 Scales 8 Pine needleminer 38 Spruce : Pine sawflies 38 Bagworms 5 Pine spittlebug 40 Gall aphids 40 Scales 8 Leafminers 7 Webworms 10 Sawflies 41 Poplar : Scales 8 Aphids 4 Spider mites 8 Bagworms 5 Spruce budworm 36 Bronze birch borer 13 White pine weevil 41 Fall webworm 10 Sycamore : Imported willow leaf beetle — 21 Aphids 4 Poplar-and-willow borer 22 Bagworms 5 Poplar borer 22 Japanese beetle 6 Scales 8 Lace bugs 7 Whitemarked tussock moth 11 Scales 8 Privet: Whitemarked tussock moth 11 Aphids 4 Tulip tree: Japanese weevil 30 Aphids 4 Leafminers 7 Scales 8 Mealybugs 8 Viburnum (Snowball) Scales 8 Aphids 4 Whiteñies 10 Asiatic garden beetle 31 Pussywillow : Dogwood twig borer 26 Japanese beetle 6 Flower thrips 31 Redbud: Hornworms 30 Scales 8 Mealy flata 32 Treehoppers ^— 2S Scales 8 Redwood : Spider mites 8 Cedar tree borer 22 Tarnished plant bug 32 Mealybugs 8 Weigela : Scales 8 Aphids ^_ 4 Sequoia pitch moth 23 Fourlined plant bug 28 Rhododendron : Leafrollers 30 Aphids 4 Whiteflies 10 Black vine weevil 32 Willow: Fuller rose beetle 33 Aphids 4 Japanese beetle 6 Browntail moth 23 Lace bugs 7 Gall midge 24 Leafhoppers 18 Gypsy moth 6 Leafminers 7 Imported willow leaf beetle 21 Mealybugs 8 Japanese beetle 6 Rhododendron borer 33 Lace bugs 7 Scales 8 Poplar-and-willow borer 22 Spider mites 7 Scales 8 Whiteflies 10 Willow sawfly 24 50 Yew : Yew—con. Black vine weevil 41 Strawberry root weevil 42 Mealybugs 8 Zelkova: Scales 8 Elm leaf beetle 15

51 FOLLOV THE LABEL.

U.S. PEPAITMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Washington, D,C. Issued 1975 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price cents Stock Number 001-000-03572-0

TÎrU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1977 0=^216-200