Català. Sociolinguistic Situation

C atalà The Rambles Sociolinguistic (Barcelona. Catalonia) situation

General introduction

Linguistic competence in Catalonia

Personal usage among youth people

Public administrations and official usage

Education

The socioeconomic Urban population sector

Media and culture

G alego Euskara Cymraeg Elsässisch Català Linguistic competence Public administrations The socioeconomic in Catalonia and official usage sector Sociolinguistic situation Personal usage among youth people Education Media and culture General introduction A vision of the knowlegde of the Catalan Linguistic normalization, language among the territories the commitment of the people Olimpic venues (Barcelona. Catalonia)

The majority of the Catalan-speaking population is located within Spain, where the official Catalan-speaking regions occupy over 60,000 km2 with a population of 10,700,000- over 7,400,000 speak it and almost 9,000,000 undestand it. The sociolinguistic situation in the Catalan-speaking Statutory Regions that form a part of Spain is as follows:

Table 1: Catalan knowlwdge grade

Competence Catalonia Community Balearic of Valencia Islands

Understand, speak, read and write 41% 12% 22%

Understand, speak and read 24% 19% 32% Unddestand and speak 9% 24% 17% Understand 22% 35% 23% Català Linguistic competence Public administrations The socioeconomic in Catalonia and official usage sector Sociolinguistic situation Personal usage among youth people Education Media and culture General introduction A vision of the knowlegde of the Catalan Linguistic normalization, language among the territories the commitment of the people Urban population

In the rest of Catalan-speaking territories, linguistic competence is as follows:

Alghero South-western France (Department of the Eastern Aragon Eastern Pyrenees Region) There have been no census statistics Although there are no in this region, but it is possible to extrapolate According to data compiled in a official recent statistics from partial studies. In this way, it is estimated survey conducted in 1993 by Media- regarding Catalan usage that there are approximately 18,000 Catalan- Pluriel, 40% of the population in the eastern Aragon speaking inhabitants in this region. (approximately 140,000 persons) stated region, it is estimated that that they could speak Catalan, while 90% of the population Andorra 16% admitted having difficulty in (approximately 45,000 expressing themselves due to a lack of persons) consider Catalan According to a study commissioned by fluency. Linguistic competence increases their habitual mode of the Government of Andorra, Coneixements with age: while only 16% of young people expression. i usos lingüistics de la població d’Andorra between the age of 18 and 24 speak (Linguistic knowledge and usage of the fluently, this figure increases to 73% in population of Andorra) (1995), approximately the case of persons over the age of 65. 85% of the surveyed population understands Catalan, between 75% and 80% can read and write and over half write correctly. Català Public administrations The socioeconomic General introduction and official usage sector Sociolinguistic situation Personal usage Education among youth people Media and culture Linguistic competence in Catalonia Basic information on the knowlegde of Catalan in Catalonia (1986-1996) Catalan, everyone's responsability Urban view (Barcelona. Catalonia)

Information from the 1986 municipal register and 1996 census data show the evolution of linguistic competence in Catalonia over that period. Expressed in absolute terms, this means that Table 2: Language competece 5,683,237 persons over the age of two understand Catalan, 4,506,512 can speak, 4,330,251 can read and 2,743,326 can write. Catalan linguistic competence 1986 1996 is closely linked to cultural origins. In locations where the number of persons born outside of Catalonia is Understand 90.3% 94.97% low, the generalized usaage of Catalan is practically 100% of the population. In regions where the majority Speak 64.0% 75.30% of the population was born outside of Catalonia, the Read 60.5% 72.35% competence level still remains over 60% (except in the county of Baix Llobregat, where the percentage is Write 31.5% 45.84% slightly lower). It is important to note that the highest levels of competence are found in the segments of youth between the ages of 10 and 19. Cata among youth people Personal usage situation Sociolinguistic Catalan amongyouth people The future: therecuperation of following resultsregarding Catalanusageamongyoung people: Catalan usageby youth people là A survey madeby theGabinetd’EstudisSocials(SocialStudiesCabinet)(1990)yielded Language used withschoolmates Language usedintheworkplace Language of normal expressionLanguage ofnormal Language usedintaking notes Language usedamongfriends Language usedwithstrangers Language usedinthehome Language used inexams 100 2030405060708090100 Youth group in Catalonia Linguistic General introduction fluency usage by young peopleand language The following dataisinreference toCatalan competence Education and official usage Public administrations

TABLE Both Spanish Catalan Media andculture sector The socioeconomic Català Public administrations General introduction The socioeconomic and official usage sector Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Education Media and culture in Catalonia Personal usage among youth people The following data is in reference to Catalan usage by young people and language The future: the recuperation of fluency Catalan among youth people

Table 3: Catalan usage by youth people

Catalan Spanish Both Language used in the home 57 34 8 Language of normal expression 50 32 17 Language used with strangers 53 40 - Language used among friends 58 28 13 Language used in the workplace 56 27 16 Language used in taking notes 48 38 12 Language used with schoolmates 57 25 17 Language used in exams 46 38 14 GRAPHIC Català General introduction Public administrations The socioeconomic Sociolinguistic and official usage sector

situation Linguistic competence in Catalonia Education Media and culture Personal usage among youth people The following data is in reference to Catalan usage by young people and language The future: the recuperation of fluency Catalan among youth people

It should be noted that the improvement in the level of Catalan knowledge and usage in recent years is also confirmed by the fluency and quality of the language used among young people.

100 Competence level among young people 90 Speak 80 70 Read 60 Write 50 40 30 20 10 0

Correctly With some With difficulty Not at all TABLE errors Català Public administrations General introduction The socioeconomic and official usage sector Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Education Media and culture in Catalonia Personal usage among youth people The following data is in reference to Catalan usage by young people and language The future: the recuperation of fluency Catalan among youth people

Table 4: Competence level among young people

speak read write

Correctly 66 73 24 With some errors 19 15 44 With difficulty 8 3 18 Not at all 6 7 15 GRAPHIC Català Personal usage General introduction The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Education Media and culture in Catalonia Public administrations and official usage The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the state, autonomous and local Catalan: the official language of Administrations the Catalan Administration Public administration

Both the statutoty and local administrations present a fairly avanced level of linguistic normalisation, both orally among public servants and between civil servants and the public in general, as well as in written documents. Fewer advances have been made in the Justice and State Administrations, where at informal oral, formal and written levels, Catalan is still a minority language. Within the scope of the State Administration within Catalonia, the degree of linguistic normalisation is very low, although use of Catalan in relations between Administration employees and citizens is permitted (Law 30/1992, Legal Regimen of the Justice and State Administrations, Art. 35 and 36). For years now, there have been bilingual versions of Income Tax Forms and election documentation for the General Courts. In practice, full linguistic normalisation can be considered to be effective among employees of the Regional Government Administration and in the various documents that originate from the various departments. The data compiled in the 1991 survey can be confirmed for the employees of the Regional Government Administration. GRAPHIC Català Personal usage General introduction The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Education Media and culture in Catalonia Public administrations and official usage The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the state, autonomous and local Catalan: the official language of Administrations the Catalan Administration

In the local Administrations, Catalan is the majority language in most cases, both in Town Halls and in Provincial Delegations (except in Town Halls in suburban Barcelona due to the special social- linguistic and demographic configuration in these areas). This widespread usage refers to oral usage of Catalan in sessions and usage among functionaries, as well as oral and written communication between functionaries and citizens, including documents. In general, Catalan usage is minimal in the courts, except for some courts outside of Barcelona. Approximately 98% of the cases are held in Spanish, although the informal usage of oral Catalan is becoming more frequent. This situation is generally due to the fact that most of the judges are not of Catalonian origin and that the temporary status of their appointments does not motivate them to gain further knowledge of Catalan; many of them request to be transferred to their Autonomous Regions of origin. In spite of this, there are positive aspects that seem to indicate a change in behaviour: a) there is a greater knowledge of the linguistic situation in Catalonia, b) there has been an increase in oral Catalan usage in legal proceedings and c) the employees of the Justice Administration have been transferred to the Regional Government of Catalonia in April 1996. Cata and official usage Public administrations situation Sociolinguistic the Catalan Administration Catalan: theofficial languageof 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 là Hear Time-language distribution Speak Read Administrations usage inthestate, autonomousandlocal The following dataisinreference toCatalan General introduction in Catalonia Linguistic competence Write among youthpeople Personal usage Education Spanish Catalan

TABLE Media andculture sector The socioeconomic Català General introduction Personal usage The socioeconomic Sociolinguistic among youth people sector situation Linguistic competence Education Media and culture in Catalonia Public administrations and official usage The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the state, autonomous and local Catalan: the official language of Administrations the Catalan Administration

Table 5: Time-language distribution

catalan spanish Hear 79 21 Speak 79 21 Read 81 19 Write 86 14 GRAPHIC Català General introduction Personal usage The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic

situation Linguistic competence Public administration in Catalonia and official usage Media and culture Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official education and adult Catalan language The future of Catalan courses Preschoolar education

Pre-school level According to data compiled by the Department of Education of the Regional Government of Catalonia, Catalan is the principal language of instruction in the majority of pre-school centers and, at any rate is an obligatory subject for all children. The information regarding Catalan usage at a pre-school level in the 1992-93 school year is as follows: almost 87% of children in Catalonia (138,858 students) receive the majority of their education in Catalan, while only 7.8% (12,556 students) receive part of their education in Catalan. In addition, there is a Language Immersion Program (PIL) offered in schools in which more than 75% of the students are not of a Catalan- speaking origin. Primary level Catalan is the principal language of instruction in the majority of primary level schools as well as being an obligatory subject in all of them. At this level, the majority of students are educated in Catalan. GRAPHIC Català Personal usage General introduction The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic

situation Linguistic competence Public administration in Catalonia and official usage Media and culture Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official The future of Catalan education and adult Catalan language courses

100 Distribution of centers (3 - 14 years of age). 1995-96 school year 90 80 Public schools 70 Private schools 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Catalan Evol. 1 Evol. 2 Static Spanish Monolingual Catalan Schools with full Catalan education Bilingual evolutive (1) Schools in which units in Catalan exceed level two

Bilingual evolutive (2) Schools in which units in Catalan do not exceed level two TABLE Bilingual static Schools that regularly teach some areas in Catalan Monolingual Spanish Schools with full Spanish education Català Personal usage General introduction The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic situation Public administration Linguistic competence Media and culture in Catalonia and official usage Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official The future of Catalan education and adult Catalan language courses

Table 6: Distribution of centers (3 -14 years of age). 1995-96 school year

Public schools Private schools Catalan 73 58 Evol. 1 15 12 Evol. 2 11 17 Static 1 13

Spanish 0 0 GRAPHIC Català General introduction Personal usage The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic

situation Linguistic competence Public administration in Catalonia and official usage Media and culture Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official The future of Catalan education and adult Catalan language courses Students group

Secondary level At the secondary level (BUP), Catalan is the principal language of instruction in the majority of schools as well as being an obligatory subject. As is the case in other levels, the presence of Catalan has been increasing steadily in recent years and at present, the students avail of a broad range of complementary texts for each age group and for each subject.

50 Distribution of BUP (secondary level) schools. 40 1994-95 academic year Public schools 30 Private schools 20 10 0 Catalan CTCS 1 CTCS 2 CTCS 3 Spanish

Catalan Centers with full Catalan teaching CTCS (1) Centers which over 50% teaching in Catalan CTCS (2) Centers which less than 50% teaching in Catalan

CTCS (3) Centers in which all groups receive bilingual education TABLE Spanish Centers with full Spanish teaching Català General introduction Personal usage The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic

situation Linguistic competence Public administration in Catalonia and official usage Media and culture Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official The future of Catalan education and adult Catalan language courses

Table 7: Distribution of BUP (secondary level) schools. 1994-95 academic year

Public schools Private Schools Catalan 32 25 CTCS 1 32 24 CTCS 2 34 25 CTCS 3 1 25

Spanish 0 0 GRAPHIC Català Personal usage General introduction The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic

situation Public administration Linguistic competence Media and culture in Catalonia and official usage Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official The future of Catalan education and adult Catalan language courses

Within the scope of Technical Training (FP), the figures are lower than for high school students during the 1994-95 academic year. Only 17% of the schools consider that they teach in Catalan and 15% in half of their classes.

Distribution of FP (technical training) schools. 50 1994-95 academic year 40 Public school 30 Private schools 20 10 0 Catalan CTCS 1 CTCS 2 CTCS 3 Spanish

Catalan Centers with full Catalan teaching CTCS (1) Centers which over 50% teaching in Catalan CTCS (2) Centers which less than 50% teaching in Catalan CTCS (3) Centers in which all groups receive bilingual education

Spanish Centers with full Spanish teaching TABLE Català General introduction Personal usage The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Public administration Media and culture in Catalonia and official usage Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official The future of Catalan education and adult Catalan language courses

Table 8: Distribution of FP (technical training) schools. 1994-95 academic year

Public school Private school Catalan 20 15 CTCS 1 27 8 CTCS 2 38 44 CTCS 3 15 34

Spanish 0 0 GRAPHIC Català General introduction Personal usage The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Public administration Media and culture in Catalonia and official usage Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official The future of Catalan education and adult Catalan language courses

Post secondary level In order to evaluate Catalan knowledge among post secondary level students, the differences among faculties within the same university and among different universities in Catalonia must be taken into account. Understand Post secondary level language competence 100 Speak 90 Read 80 Write 70

50 TABLE 40

0 UB (1991-92) UAB (1991-92) UPC (1990-91) URV (1992) UdLI (1994) UPF (1995) 20 Català General introduction Personal usage The socioeconomic among youth people sector Sociolinguistic

situation Linguistic competence Public administration in Catalonia and official usage Media and culture Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official The future of Catalan education and adult Catalan language courses

Table 9: Post secondary level language competence

UB UAB UPC URV UdLl UPF (1991-92) (1991-92) (1990-91) (1992) (1994) (1995) Understand 96,20 97,80 92,70 98,90 95,30 93,80 Speak 83,20 92,70 68,20 86,40 84,90 83,30 Read 94,20 95,70 81,20 98,60 94,10 94,80 Write 77,50 87,30 47,50 86,40 79,90 74,70

UB Universitat de Barcelona UAB Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona UPC Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya URV Universitat Rovira i Virgili UdLl Universitat de Lleida UPF Universitat Pompeu Fabra GRAPHIC Català General introduction Personal usage The socioeconomic among youth people Sociolinguistic sector situation Linguistic competence Public administration Media and culture in Catalonia and official usage Education The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in the different levels of official The future of Catalan education and adult Catalan language courses

Adult and continuous education

The purpose of the Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística (Linguistic Normalisation Consortium) is to oversee and coordinate with Town Halls throughout Catalonia all of the initiatives for the support and diffusion of Catalan knowledge and usage. This includes the organisation of a large number of courses every year. During the 1995-96 academic year, approximately 2,000 courses were given to over 5,000 participants.

The Junta Permanent de Català (Permanent Catalan Commission), ascribed to the Servei d'Assessorament Lingüístic (Linguistic Consulting Service) of the Direcció General de Política Lingüística (General Directorate for Linguistic Policy) (Department of Culture of the Regional Government of Catalonia) has had an increase in applications for exams of various levels over the decade of the nineties (from 10,372 in 1991 to 35,498 in 1996). Català Personal usage General introduction among youth people Education Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Public administration Media and culture in Catalonia and official usage The socioeconomic sector The following data is in reference to the usage of Catalan in the socioeconomic Catalan, a working tool sector: publicity, labeling and companies

Inside of a shop

Publicity Within the scope of roadside publicity, a very small percentage of private publicity is in Catalan, while the majority of the institutional publicity is in Catalan. Similarly, practically all of the publicity in public radio is also in Catalan, as is the case with publicity in the two television channels of the Catalan Radio and Television Corporation (CCRTV) and in Spanish Television channel two (TV2) commercials are in both Catalan and Spanish. Most of the direct mail publicity is in Catalan or in a bilingual format. In 100% Catalan newspapers, the majority of the advertisements are in Catalan, except for multinational car sales advertising, which is in Spanish. Labeling The Associació per la Defensa de l'Etiquetage en Català (Association for the Defence of Labelling in Catalan) (ADEC) has a record of almost 1,000 companies that provide Catalan labelling, of which, over two thirds are concentrated in six sectors: wines and liquor, bakery, dairy, meat and sausage, handicraft and oil products. Some supermarket chains label their products only in Catalan. Nevertheless, the use of Catalan in the supermarket sector is minimal. Català General introduction Personal usage among youth people Education Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Public administration Media and culture in Catalonia and official usage The socioeconomic sector The following data is in reference to the usage of Catalan in the socioeconomic Catalan, a working tool sector: publicity, labeling and companies Boqueria market (Barcelona. Catalonia)

Companies In the banking sector, the situation is much better because a large number of savings banks operate only in Catalan and offer their customers the language of choice in their dealings. In the business sector and among self-employed professionals, more and more Catalan is being used in recent years, in spite of many gaps that continue to exist, making this sector one of the challenges for linguistic normalisation. A study made in 1992 by ICOP S.A., commissioned by the General Directorate of Linguistic Policy, analyses language usage among the major companies with head offices in Catalonia. This study is based on annual invoice figures (all of the companies under study invoice over 1,000 million pesetas annually). Almost 90% of the employees of these companies understand, read and speak Catalan correctly, although only 40% have a sufficient written knowledge. The oral use of Catalan in the workplace is relatively high for managerial posts: 82% of surveyed employees speak Catalan very frequently and 13% frequently. 66% of the employees that are in contact with the customer use Catalan very frequently (this figure is 78% for office employees). These percentages are lower for the reading knowledge of Catalan (40% read Catalan documents) and the written knowledge (only 12.3% of employees write in Catalan very frequently). Oral and written fluency in Catalan is a selection criterion in 47% of the companies and 30% respectively. Català General introduction Personal usage among youth people Education Sociolinguistic

situation Linguistic competence Public administration The socioeconomic in Catalonia and official usage sector Media and culture The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in written and audiovisual media: Put Catalan on the screen theate, film, literary and musical industries

Rock group

Newspapers With the advent of democracy, the first fully Catalan newspaper was edited after an absence of Catalan press over a period of almost forty years. In April 1976, the Avui newspaper was launched and the supply of daily newspapers gradually increased: Regió 7 (1978), Punt Diari (1979, currently El Punt). In 1986, the Diari de Barcelona was re-launched, although it is no longer in circulation today, and in 1989-90, the Diari de Girona is born. Considering the significant increase in the number of newspapers in Catalan, it is important to note that their circulation (11% in total) remains far lower than Spanish language publications. Radio The publicly-funded radio stations of a general scope that offer 100% Catalan broadcasts are: Ràdio 4, Catalunya Ràdio, RAC 105, Catalunya Música, Catalunya Informació and COM Ràdio. The following private stations broadcast totally or partially in Catalan: Cadena Flash (100%), Cadena Nova (50%), Antena 3 Radio (30%), Onda Cero (30%) and Cadena SER (15%). Català General introduction Personal usage Education among youth people Sociolinguistic

Television The situation with respect to Catalan usage in the television medium is as follows:

a) Televisión Española: the two TVE channels broadcast mainly in Spanish, although TV2 has some Catalan programs. b) Televisió de Catalunya: the two CCRTV channels have exclusively Catalan language programs. Between the two channels, approximately 85% of the publicity is in Catalan, both oral and written. c) Antena 3 Televisión: the presence of Catalan is purely symbolic. d) Tele 5: the situation is similar to Antena 3, in spite of efforts to broadcast dual system programs in a few episodes of series such as "Melrose Place" and "Beverly Hills 90210". e) Canal Plus: there is no Catalan programming, other than rare and isolated examples of films once a month that are dubbed in Catalan. Català Personal usage General introduction among youth people Education Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Public administration The socioeconomic in Catalonia and official usage sector Media and culture The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in written and audiovisual media: Put Catalan on the screen theate, film, literary and musical industries

Castellers

Book Publishing The publications of books in Catalan had been constantly increasing since the advent of democracy, until 1994, when rates began to fall. The following are figures for the last few years:

Table 10: Development of Catalan publishing 1989 4.327 1990 4.838 1991 4.965 1992 5.806 1993 5.905 1994 5.281 1995 5.793 Català Personal usage General introduction among youth people Education Sociolinguistic situation Linguistic competence Public administration The socioeconomic in Catalonia and official usage sector Media and culture The following data is in reference to Catalan usage in written and audiovisual media: Put Catalan on the screen theate, film, literary and musical industries

Theatre There are a number of professional companies that operate entirely (or almost entirely) in Catalan and which have been very active in the last decade and have gained a successful following in Catalan society. Among the many companies, we have Els Comediants, the Companyia Flotats (linked to the Department of Culture of the Regional Government of Catalonia), La Cubana, Dagoll-Dagom, La Gàbia Teatre, Els Joglars, El Talleret de Salt and the Teatre Lliure. In addition, the recently inaugurated National Theater of Catalonia has done both Catalan and foreign works. There are also a number of experimental theatre companies that offer works that are mainly in Catalan; one of these is the Teatro Fronterizo. Film Industry Practically all of the films shown in Catalonian theatres are in Spanish, most of which are dubbed into Spanish in conformance with a 1942 Decree. A study made during the week of April 12th -18th, 1996 on Catalonian films in Barcelona yielded the following results: 0.50% projections/day, 0.33% projections/week, 0.56% ticket sales/day and 0.23% ticket sales/week. According to data compiled by INUSCAT in 1994 for the media and culture sector, the presence of Catalan in the film-making sector is 0.43%, compared to 91.64% for films in Spanish and 7.88% for original versions dubbed in Spanish.