VOLUME XII, NUMBER 3, SUMMER 2012

A Journal of Political Thought and Statesmanship

William Michael Voegeli: Ledeen: We Are e New the 1% Anti-American Alliance John Yoo: Bush-whacking Joseph Historians Epstein: Words’ Ramesh Worth Ponnuru: Why Politics Michael M. Is Polarized Uhlmann: Upside-Down Constitution Algis Valiunas: e Iliad R. Shep in Translation Melnick: Charles Murray’s Christopher Coming Apart Caldwell: Should We Live Forever? Harvey C. Manseld: Nietzsche in America

PRICE: $6.95 IN CANADA: $6.95 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm The New War Against America

Essay by Michael Ledeen

ast january, president obama went spectacular drop in the value of its currency. Saudi ambassador in Washington) into the over to the Pentagon to announce deep Money, weapons, refined petroleum products, United States. The Christian Broadcasting Lcuts in defense. He took the occasion and even crude oil get laundered through for- Network reports that 28 Iranians were ar- to proclaim: “Even as our troops continue to eign banks, shell companies, and ports. But rested, briefly detained, and then released fight in Afghanistan, the tide of war is reced- sanctions-busting is the least of it. by Homeland Security in the first two years ing.” He could not have been more danger- Iran has been waging war against America of the Obama presidency. All promptly van- ously mistaken. for 33 years, and kills Americans whenever ished. Staff from Iran’s United Nations offices While the Pentagon ceremony was tak- possible. Since September 11, 2001 they have have been sent packing when found perform- ing place, Iranian President Mahmoud been the primary sponsors and suppliers of ing late-night surveillance of New York City Ahmadinejad was packing his bags for a tour arms and improvised explosive device (IED) bridges, tunnels, and subway stations. of friendly Latin American capitals, including materials for the insurgency in Iraq and do Caracas, Quito, Havana, and Managua. The much of the same for al-Qaeda in the Arabian The Latin American Connection Nicaraguan visit was on the occasion of the Peninsula (AQAP), al-Qaeda Organization presidential inauguration of our old enemy, in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and the re- ran smuggles weapons to venezuela, Daniel Ortega. The others, Ahmadinejad’s maining insurgents in Afghanistan. And they and vice versa. On May 24, 2009, for ex- spokesman said, were to discuss matters of will continue to provide this support to any- Iample, the State Department sent a secret “mutual interest.” Venezuela was far and away one who joins their alliance. Not for nothing cable to an official at the American Embassy in the most important, but each was a significant is the Islamic Republic at the top of the State Ankara, regarding a shipment of “unmanned part of a tide of war that is advancing, not re- Department’s list of state sponsors of terror- aerial vehicles and related material” from Iran ceding—and it is advancing toward us. ism. High-ranking al-Qaeda terrorist Saif to Venezuela by way of Turkey. The shipment The matters of mutual interest feature al-Adel lived for years in Iran. Abu Musab al- was to have been transported overland from military and “terrorist” projects aimed di- Zarqawi, the head of al-Qaeda in Iraq, oper- Iran and then loaded onto a ship bound for rectly at the American homeland. And that ated from Tehran for a long time. Hezbollah, Venezuela. The Iranians planned to label the is only the Western hemispheric dimension. an arm of the Iranian regime, sends kill- shipment “electronic equipment,” in order to Ahmadinejad and his cohorts have worked ers to Syria to massacre protesters, and to evade U.N. Security Council sanctions. The very energetically to forge a global network Afghanistan to murder Americans. embassy was instructed to alert Turkish au- that includes Russia, China, (sometimes) The war against us extends straight into the thorities and get the shipment stopped, which Turkey, Syria, and the Western hemisphere heartland. The Iranian-Latin American alli- they did. gang. In part, the network helps Iran bust ance sends Iranians (or their surrogates, as in On January 30, 2011, around 5:00 a.m., the sanctions that have recently catalyzed a the plot discovered last year to assassinate the there was a huge explosion in one of the Iranian

Claremont Review of Books w Summer 2012 Page 51 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm facilities connected with the Venezuelan mil- cording to the U.S. Justice Department “an established in many border cities and in itary-industrial giant CAVIM (Compañía Imam and leader of the Shiite Muslim com- Venezuela…. Once the network is es- Anónima Venezolana de Insutrias Militares) munity in Trinidad & Tobago, [who] pro- tablished…one can move from Cuba to in Maracay, a city in north central Venezuela. vided religious instruction and operational Mexico, and from there to the United A second explosion followed a couple of hours support.” States. later. It was serious enough for President The mixture of religious leaders and ter- Hugo Chavez to fly there personally to inspect rorists is a common phenomenon. Drug- The Russian Connection the damage. Press accounts described the area dealing is often folded in, as in the case of as a storage site for Russian weapons, which the Iranian Revolutionary Guards General here there’s cuba, russia can’t was no doubt true, but they did not mention Gholamreza Baghbani, who was sanctioned be far behind. The Kremlin is a the Iranian facilities, which have remained by the Treasury Department on March 7, Wmajor player in the global alliance. mostly secret. 2012, for overseeing the traffic in drugs and Much remains to be learned about its ex- Indeed, even if the explosion was out- arms between Afghanistan and Iran. The act role, but it is safe to say that the Cubans side the tightly guarded and very secure same pattern can be seen in the Iranian plot would not provide Hezbollah with an opera- Iranian sites (there are some areas where no to assassinate the Saudi Arabian ambassador tional base if Vladmir Putin told them not to. Venezuelan is permitted entry), the Russian to the United States, in which the Iranians The Russians are clearly part of the money- weapons may well have been intended for Iran, worked with a Mexican drug smuggler. DEA laundering apparatus, and are major suppli- since Venezuela has been used as a cutout for officials believe that the drug/terror nexus is ers of weapons to Iran, Venezuela, and Syria. Russian arms shipments to the mullahs. That so tight that it makes no analytical or opera- The Latin American cutouts serve them way, the Russians can deny selling forbidden tional sense to treat the two activities sepa- well. Well-informed people believe that the goods to Tehran, and if the traffic is discov- American drone that recently came to earth ered Caracas can take the blame. The same in Iran was defeated by a Russian system that system is used for laundering money to avoid jams satellite communications, including sat- the ever-tightening sanctions on Iran. The United States ellite phones and television broadcasts. More The most recent figures I’ve seen value faces a global alliance ominously, there appears to be very close coop- Iranian ventures in Venezuela at $30 billion, eration between Russian intelligence and the which is surely less than the real magnitude that embraces radical Iranians. As we learned in June, the Russians (secret projects don’t make it onto publicly Islamists and radical are supplying Bashar Assad with attack heli- available balance sheets). The symbol of the copters, and, according to Le Figaro magazine, relationship is a flight between Tehran and secular leftists. a recent attack in northern Syria was carried Caracas, sometimes with a stop in Damascus, out to protect a Russian radar installation in operated by one or another of the two coun- Kessab, which monitors NATO, Free Syrian tries’ national carriers. Some of the passengers rately. The same conclusion has been reached Army, and U.S. Air Force activities. who disembark in Caracas do not pass through by Colombian government officials, who have A considerable part of the Iranian nuclear immigration, and are given Venezuelan pass- seen an expansion of drug- and arms-smug- weapons project—starting with the reactor ports. Western counter-terrorist experts gling, along with an unexpected proliferation at Bushehr—is Russian, and the Russians believe that these “instant Venezuelans” are of mosques near Venezuela’s borders. and the Iranians are working together in the Hezbollah operatives. Other passengers are The ties that bind Iran, Syria, Venezuela, paramilitary defense of the Assad regime in believed to be drug smugglers. Ecuador, Cuba, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Russia, Syria. (A Russian Special Forces unit was re- There are good grounds for these beliefs. China, and others are all visible, even if many ported to be in Syria as of March 19, 2012, The Iranians have created a terrorist net- of the details of the relationship are pub- and Russian advisers had been spotted on work in the region under the leadership of licly unavailable. We know that Hezbollah the ground even earlier.) Russian naval ves- Mohsen Rabbani, who is under indictment conspires with drug-trafficking networks in sels loaded with attack helicopters and other in Argentina for lethal terrorist assaults in South America as a means of raising resourc- materiel have been found headed to their port Buenos Aires in the 1990s. The network car- es and conducting joint operations, and we in Syria. ries out the full range of preparations for le- also know Hezbollah works closely with the Alongside the Russians and Iranians, thal operations. Rabbani’s followers prosely- Cubans. As the leading Italian daily Corriere Bashar al-Assad is being vigorously support- tize, fund-raise, recruit, and train operatives della Sera reported on August 31, 2011, three ed by the most outspokenly leftist leaders on behalf of Iran and Hezbollah. members of Hezbollah “recently arrived in in Latin America, the so-called ALBA (for The Iranian-Latin American network Havana from Mexico City, with instructions “Bolivarian Alternative”) countries (Venezuela, raised its head in federal courts in New York to build a beachhead on the island.” Cuba, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and a City in 2010, 2011, and 2012, when four men handful of Caribbean countries dependent were convicted of plotting to blow up John In a few days [the report continued], 23 on Venezuelan oil). At a summit meeting in F. Kennedy Airport. One of them, a former others will follow…. Known as the “Ca- Caracas in February 2012, the group rallied member of parliament from Guyana named ribbean File,” the project has a robust to Assad’s side, using the same language as the Abdul Kadir, had met with Rabbani and oth- budget: more than a million and a half Syrian dictator (and the same the Iranian re- ers in Iran as the plot was being organized, dollars…. For years, Hezbollah…has gime uses against its own domestic opponents): and was arrested on an airplane about to leave operated in Latin America. Their strong “the member countries of ALBA condemn Trinidad for Caracas and thence Tehran. The points are in Ciudad del Este (Paraguay) the violence armed rebel groups supported conspiracy included Kareem Ibrahim, ac- and Brazil, but their extremists are also by foreign powers have unleashed against the

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Syrian people.” The ALBA countries work threatens American security, and tightens ter the Allied victory, the jihadis shifted their hand-in-glove with Iran to hide financial op- the noose around the necks of the people we allegiance to the new totalitarians, whether erations. Ecuador, for example, does a surpris- sometimes claim to support. Italian fascists, German Nazis, or Soviet ing amount of business with Tehran, which, Bolsheviks, as Murawiec writes, “in succes- because of the introduction among ALBA Red Jihad and Green Revolution sion or simultaneously.” All provided grist countries of a virtual currency (the so-called for the Islamic revolutionaries’ ideological SUCRE), is very difficult to track. n short, we’re facing a global alli- mill; not so much doctrinally (the Koran and There is even the tantalizing possibil- ance that embraces radical Islamists and the prophet’s hadiths provided everything re- ity that Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Iradical secular leftists. How can this be? quired on that front) as organizationally, from Khamenei, may have spent some time in the It bumps up against the widespread convic- the creation of cadre to the manipulation of Soviet Union. A report from Russia Today on tion according to which Islamists hate infidels the modern masses. The 20th-century to- February 5, 2010 named Khamenei as one and leftists despise religion. And yet, there it talitarian regimes showed the Islamists how of Patrice Lumumba Friendship University’s is. As Laurent Murawiec tells us in the intro- to seize power, how to maintain it, and how “most notable graduates.” Earlier Russian duction to his masterpiece, The Mind of Jihad to destroy their enemies. Stalin was admired publications—for example, Kommersant on (2008), it goes back to the first decades of the because of his purges, and Hitler became a November 25, 2003—made the same claim. If last century. Middle Eastern cult hero (despite his lack of Khamenei indeed graduated from Lumumba interest in supporting the Islamists) because of University, you can write your own spy story I uncovered a lavish pattern of relations the Holocaust and his pseudoscientific racial about the connections between Tehran and between radical Islam and Soviet com- theories. Above all, the Islamists admired the Moscow. Lumumba University was a major munism, starting in the earliest days of Western dictators because of their systematic center of KGB recruitment of Soviet “friends” Lenin’s putsch, and, essentially, never use of terror as a system of power. Murawiec and agents. ending. Strangely, this pattern had went further still: the theories and practices Not to be outdone, China is engaged in re- started with the First World War’s “Ji- of “Islamic Revolution” smashed the boundar- markable, though not much remarked, activi- had Made in Germany” before mutat- ies between Sunni and Shiite. Shiites like the ties inside Iran. Just as it is building underwa- ing into a Soviet-Muslim affair. Iranian Ali Shariati (who inspired many of ter submarine docks and other naval bases in Khomeini’s followers), and Sunnis like Sayyid myriad locations from the South China Sea In World War I, the Muslim world sided Qutb (a key figure in the development of the to Pakistan and beyond, the People’s Republic with the authoritarian Germans in their war Muslim Brotherhood), alike called for and or- is establishing a chain of virtual colonies to against the liberal Anglo-Americans, and af- ganized a revolutionary Islamic movement. ensure its access to Iranian resources. CNN reports that a draft treaty gives China total Carolina Academic Press • 700 Kent Street, Durham NC 27701 • 800.489.7486 control over three big areas inside Iran, in- cluding on- and off-shore gas and oil deposits. Five 20th-Century College Presidents Communications Law and Policy All personnel are Chinese, and security is in From Butler to Bok (Plus Summers) in the Digital Age their hands as well. There are now upwards Jeffrey O’Connell, University of Virginia School of Law The Next Five Years Thomas E. O’Connell, President Emeritus, Randolph J. May, President, Free State Foundation, editor of 10,000 Chinese military personnel in Iran, Berkshire Community College Forthcoming October 2012, ISBN 978-1-61163-212-5 organizing operations at these sites, which 2012, 158 pp, ISBN 978-1-61163-035-0, paper, $28.00 are slated to remain under Chinese control The marketplace and technological changes that have This book is composed of five chap- occurred since the last major revision of the Communications well into the 2020s. In return, the Chinese ters on American college presidents whose Act in 1996 have rendered existing law and policy woefully offer banking outside the reach of the United overlapping tenures largely spanned the outdated, if not obsolete. There has been a switch from analog States government, shipping companies that 20th century (plus a coda). It is written for to digital services, from narrowband to broadband networks, all those, specialists and generalists alike, and from a mostly monopolistic to a generally competitive lend their flags to Iranian vessels, access to interested in the leadership of American environment. In this book, some of the nation’s most eminent their ports, and easy entry to the internation- higher education, especially elite institu- scholars explain both why communications law and policy al drug and weapons traffic. The increasingly tions. Each president (except in the coda) should be changed in response to these profound marketplace is discussed extensively on his compara- transitions and how law and policy should be changed. effective throttling of the Iranian people’s ac- tive roles as Leader, Manager, Energizer, cess to internet and other communications Envoy, and Intellectual. Shareholder Democracy media is in large part courtesy of the Chinese. A Primer on Shareholder Activism and Participation Is the American Constitution Obsolete? The Iranians then turn around and pass their Lisa M. Fairfax, George Washington University Law School Thomas J. Main, Baruch College, editor expertise to the embattled Syrian regime. 2011, 206 pp, ISBN 978-1-59460-919-0, paper, $25.00 Forthcoming September 2012, ISBN 978-1-59460-958-9 An even more frightening possibility is the Shareholder Democracy offers a suc- potential for military exchanges in the realm This book is the most comprehensive one-volume debate on cinct, practical guide for understanding the pros and cons of our basic law. Among the topics debated what some have referred to as share- of cyber war. As we know from extensive cov- here are: does the Constitution encourage gridlock?; judicial holder democracy — efforts to facilitate erage of “Stuxnet” and “Flame,” the Iranians, review and democracy; an imperial presidency; and race and the and increase shareholder voting power Chinese, Russians, and others are developing Constitution. These topics are analyzed by a group of distin- within the corporation. In addition to guished contributors that includes: Akhil Amar (Yale Law examining shareholder activism, this better capabilities to prevent and deter future School), Mark Tushnet (Harvard Law School), Stephen Macedo book highlights and analyzes the debate Western actions against nuclear weapons pro- (Princeton University), Larry J. Sabato (University of Virginia), regarding the propriety of increased grams. Their support for one another por- and others. shareholder power. tends deeper ties in the future and more com- Save 20% off these titles when you use the discount code CROBS12 through December 31, 2012. plex threats to the United States and its allies. For more information, and to view other titles, please visit www.caplaw.com. Thus, the network sabotages American policy,

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If we listen to a 1980 sermon from Ayatollah leader, such as the infamous grand mufti Montazeri, long considered Khomeini’s right of Jerusalem, Amin al Husseini. The mufti arm, we can hear the echoes of 20th-century is best known as Hitler’s favorite Muslim, a Hoover Institution Press totalitarian regimes: friend of Adolf Eichmann, an enthusiastic visitor to Auschwitz (whose technology he The entire nation is coming to the Fri- wanted to bring to Palestine in order to kill day prayers…. All classes come and they even more Jews), and a Nazi enthusiast. But have one slogan…based on the faith in before he became a camp follower of Hitler God, in Islam…. All kneel down before and Mussolini, the mufti-to-be was an active God…and they follow one leader who Communist who instructed the Pan-Arab stands before them. When he kneels nationalist movement, as Murawiec puts it, down, all kneel down; when he bows, “in the fine arts of Communist agitprop, the all bow. conveyer of crucial Marxist-Leninist con- cepts such as ‘imperialism’ and ‘colonialism.’” Serious scholars of Islam have long recog- And he reminds us that “most of the ugly nized its kinship with political totalitarian- repertoire of modern Arab and Muslim anti- ism, from the theory of dictatorship to the Semitism came from the Soviet Union (with total control of everything and everybody only the racial-biological component added by the Islamic state. Bernard Lewis has fre- by the Nazis).” quently remarked on this feature of Islam, as So we shouldn’t be surprised to see Iranian has one of his critics, Maxime Rodinson, for Shiite revolutionaries or their trained mur- example in his book Marxism and the Muslim derous disciples from the Syrian-Lebanese World (1979): Hezbollah, and the Sunni terrorists from Islamic Jihad, fighting side by side with radical ISRAEL Islam has been totalitarian to an ex- leftists from Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, and the STRUGGLE treme. Indeed, in principle, it domi- or alongside Russian special forces. That cur- over the INTERNATIONAL nated every act and every thought of rent Middle Eastern bestseller, The Protocols the faithful…. All actions, even those of the Elders of Zion, came originally from LAWS OF WAR arising out of the most elementary bio- Russian presses, after all. logical needs…were regulated by the Both of the principal components of the Israel stands on the front lines of a new ideological system. Even social actions enemy alliance—Islamists and radical left- struggle over the international laws of of the kind which other cultures con- ists—seem, at least for the moment, quite war. In his new book, Peter Berkowitz sidered outside the realm of religion, comfortable in their own doctrinal bodies, shows how the UN Goldstone Report be they technical, economic, or artistic, and happy to cooperate as such people have were integrated into the system. in the past. This is not merely a tactical al- engaged in disreputable fact- nding liance of convenience; it is based on a large and misapplied the relevant legal tests, It is hard to know how best to describe bundle of shared beliefs and passions, the even as its mission lacked proper foun- this “mind of jihad.” Is it a basically Western toxic ingredients of modern totalitarianism. dations in international law. view of revolution, adapted to the theocratic It’s far more than an alliance held together by Israel and the Struggle over the Interna- requirements of Muslim leaders? Is it instead the conviction that the enemy of my enemy is tional Laws of War exposes abuses of a form of Islam that has been permeated by my friend. The alliance makes good ideologi- law that have been promulgated by ideas of class struggle, anti-imperialism, and cal sense. international human rights lawyers, the like? Some scholars insist, along with the In addition to their embrace of “revolution,” UN bodies, and intellectuals to circum- Islamists, that the faith is immutable, essen- their acceptance of a world view that stresses scribe illegitimately the right of liberal tially the same today as in centuries past. class conflict, identification of America and democracies to defend themselves However we choose to speak of it, any Israel as their two great enemies, and hatred against transnational terrorists. credible analysis must reflect the post-war of the Jews, there is one other core conviction theories that spoke of totalitarianism as a that binds the leftists and the jihadis: the be- 2012 100 Pages surrogate religion, in which traditional ritu- lief that history, as we have known it, is coming Cloth ISBN: 978-0-8179-1434-9 $19.95 als of the sort Montazeri described in his ser- to an end, and the world will soon be funda- E-book ISBN: 978-0-8179-1436-3 $14.95 mon were translated into political rituals of mentally changed. To be sure, the instrument the sort we see in the Nazi film Triumph of for that profound change is quite different: For related titles, visit the Will. In like manner, the jihadis involved the Islamists are working for the Mahdi (or, www.hooverpress.org in the global anti-American alliance practice in the Shiite version, the 12th imam) to lead a religion that has fully appropriated radical them to victory over the infidels, while the politics. leftists are organizing the world revolution It does not much matter to them if the against the hated capitalists, imperialists, and Hoover Institution Press political radicalism comes from the Right bourgeoisie. But this difference in prophecy is Stanford University or the Left; both have been embraced by ji- easily resolved, at least for the moment, in the Hoover Institution hadi leaders, sometimes in the life of a single common struggle against us. Press Claremont Review of Books w Summer 2012 Page 54 mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

Changing the World It is not easy to accept that such an alliance, swered those important questions, but when one so dedicated and far reaching, exists. It is the Soviet Empire fell, Communism’s mass he internal conflicts within the especially not easy to accept this and see an appeal was dealt a severe blow. enemy alliance may offer us oppor- easy or quick way forward in the aftermath Messianic movements, whether explicitly Ttunities to exploit (there are plenty of of more than a decade of war. Media com- religious or seemingly secular and “scientific,” Islamists who abhor the godless leftists, and mentators are all too fond of citing the war read history’s tea leaves for proof that their ef- lots of secular radicals who despise the reli- weariness in our country. But that current forts are blessed. No matter if the blessings gious fanatics), but such tactical strokes can complaint does not take into account what come from the god of the dialectic or Allah, be delivered only once we see the alliance plain, a strategic conflict with the alliance could victory today confirms belief in the glory of meet the challenge of the alliance with a view or would truly look like. For starters, let me tomorrow. Defeat thus opens fissures within to an American grand strategy, and resolve to suggest that an acceptance of the threat we the ranks, for they ask themselves, and their win the war now being waged against us. We face does not mean that we must wage all out leaders, whether and why the cause has been seem to be quite far from such considerations. war: far from it. If we were to at least attempt abandoned by the Prime Mover. Jihadis re- Instead of seeing the global battlefield, we to formulate a grand strategy to combat this cruit well when bin Laden strikes America, consider each theater separately—yesterday alliance, one utilizing all our strengths, the but there are fewer candidates for cannon Iraq, Egypt, and Libya, today Iran and Syria, battle we wage can be grounded in a war of fodder when al-Qaeda is smashed in Iraq, or with little attention to Latin America. This ideas, with our military superiority providing the Taliban routed from its seats of power in type of perspective, one our current adminis- only background and a sense of seriousness Afghanistan. We have many opportunities, tration seems to hold, is naïve and dangerous. in pursuit of large and long-term global na- and these will expand if we are able to dem- The necessary perspective is one that ac- tional security objectives. onstrate that we can defeat the global alliance. knowledges that we face a global alliance As we grope toward understanding and The central element is clearly Iran: the Islamic which relentlessly seeks to exploit any and then toward a winning strategy, one lesson Republic’s downfall would change the world. all of our vulnerabilities (both perceived and from the Cold War should shape our think- real) around the world. Its members have ing. We long debated the nature of our enemy. Michael Ledeen is the Freedom Scholar at the and will continue to do this from Iraq to Were we fighting a Communist mass move- Foundation for Defense of Democracies and Afghanistan, Africa, Yemen, Somalia, and ment, or a traditional empire, commanded the author, most recently, of Virgil’s Golden all over Latin America. As mentioned previ- from Moscow? Should we concentrate our ef- Egg and Other Neapolitan Miracles: An ously, the evidence is blatant and overwhelm- forts on “the war of ideas” or on militarily con- Investigation into the Sources of Creativity ing. Why is it so challenging to see the truth? taining the empire? I am not sure we ever an- (Transaction Publishers).

The most serious questions of politics and statesmanship deserve the careful consideration of the best minds.

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