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Title: Early Attempts to Control Smallpox Epidemics in California
Author (s): Compiled by John C. McKenzie
Source: Fort Ross Conservancy Library
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./ ' .:_'~1~ :· :i ·· ; ~ ~ ~~1 1 - ~ · -·· J: r ~ :. cr; -~L t.; c~ : t - l~ L r; of Jur ~ ~e s t)hj_r" _; !?a i~ tia nnd ( t t !u:.~ rs ~,;. r; ; ~-:. :c 1. ; : : :.i C' :- '·f ~-; .' !L.po:: ·.. ; j d r:.: h [; ~;rue l: n' .' ::.'' ·: h!:• ::rl.'! California H: .d cpr ~ ad G ' ~0lt .:i::\. j. ~; ~ (~ ') <:"· :t·ly lCut !•s . Tbe J:'c'GOl"dS suceest as r.ww unant.:nrc:t•ed f'j)JDS t ionr; ~~::; : .. .:: · ·,;~~ [i . ~·: y. :_ ,! :;t:, c:·: :_,l} o"ve j c:Ul"l la l of such nc: .:lvitic·n ;n ~ :'lP...d!:: tw S;m; :- e C'h5o '~: ::,t :~ c -~·ro ;i :1 ? ,_· 'c,o J. .' ' :J • .·;J.L, <. ~ rLie r pa. -t.ic:i.panto a::-e '1 n -...ion d in the .!: ' < ~ coru G · f ~ ; ·: :; 'S m ' ..c ·tn ~~ : n ~: .'ey ...a ;r . l·,, m1s :iJlt•.. :,~ , .· :; 'i..:i.r~g to no·t.o rJmt t~.a o ru:lio~:ri i <" ' ." 4 ·-·~ r.-·. -. -,+ c " ,- f' l~ · -, · , - ~~ · ! ·'...... h~. •o , .. ~ t-..4;, . ,1· · - ~ ·rt · .., l'l·.l.t...... ,.( rtJ ""fl ~iuoq ·i ""' "'l.,..f.~)O •··t io .. v - ~ •J·l 1"' .., . .. _, . .11~• · v .::> · ~ J.•} !.;.., £• "'-"' ,.. u.r.,uv .>. 1vv . . ,_ p va ... ··v u • • · · ~· ~ · · • · ·~- "'._, , o ..l. v J...... v :: .. .;. ·; :-. - ,., .... ~ -.~ : ~ ' "'~' 1-..,, ·· · ' ~ "" L "'; ..- ·· h e . ,;of,.-..;.~ nf l-'r• . "'h·ln•· "'-f' -'·t>e. ~ • n • ·: i rl l"l - ,. ~~-. ,..-~ ,... . , ; 1 '• --·1 " .J ~· •• f\ 1 • ..;.J · ~ ...... ,_,-- "' -
It iG a .:-:it.. r.-ter cf record th.;::, ~. the f ollowing 11ussin.n-Auerioan Con:par$ !;i·d.iJS fro: .~ Al tJG1' u vi::d.t cd l':cn te-'cy lbrbor and hm Cal i t ol•:lia Coaat betl.reon 1·31'1 n .. Jcl J..f) ~~! . ·"!a::!y Ccl1110 for se a ott er pe lta and trade go(ds. 'l'ho KUTUS OV ~ :\n 1:31? ,·:::::: t .• _n ~:. c on-'.:.U Ilaga.neiater. and 1818, the OlUIOT :: .K in 1Blf3 , t he Ili$11 ~ " ' l '~2 u , ~:nt < .in 1\.: . Khlobnikov, the VOJ.Gh urlder CaptK. lnuebniktw 1n P.Tamanin, i n Jf: n , t ho :.:ULi)AKOV in 1823 urld csr Capt, C .Viioldlman~Tbo D.r:t..a.BaUcal (fOl'llllerly t"hc !cr3.b( t o ;.:.m ·.!i ego, urrl Hon ta?.'L"',Y in 1825 aM. 26.(6) 'l'oo best doc _:1 l0.11k d o.ccou."l.t of an early 3ttenpt to no11trol I!WJAJ.l pox i.r1 ~;1J.J ·nr · i u i s t he. Journ;1l o:f Jar.to s Ohio Pattie1wbo w:lth his tatber 1. fl"l~&ter Pattie &ad (.1 jlunt:i.ng par :.;~ - o£ l6 nlBn oame to ~; an Diego from Santa Rita,llew !'.! ~ xi. c o in 1826. Cnl :i.f ornia C-oVe!·nor ~rosa l>Ja.""ia Eeheatldia jailoo them in San D1ego as :•os r;:l. ble n :~ ie s . f:,.· l.vosto r Patt46 brought ?. sm.'lll s-t!pply of Samllpox vaccino f ;: ··171 t.i10 mines at f:·a.nt.x! Hi t~. He d:lea of no;;loot i n jail, (7) :, aaverc B idcmio of fmallpox developed in northern Ca111brn1a in 1826. llhon GoV'':rnor' i~ chi~ia l oarnsd thnt y oung ?ut t!4 bad S00»3 'WaOcine and knew how t o udmjnister it I lb f'reed Pattie and th$ ot.hen or the pa:Mir if' Pattie li)U}d ·:.:.nd.•J rtake a :-'r Oli,'I"am of vaccinationja.f t l'lo reL'idonte of ;~(; a Cal1tornS.a. Young Pat. tie ~<:e )t a r c! COrd of hi~c t iv:t ties b•om San Diego to .San ~co. It is r _etkT!"! (G) O ~.lon. A . ·.~'he C;; J :.rarnia ~;oa Ottor 'l'rade l78·1848,.U.,O. lNss.l9Ll BB.16B-172;, (7) Glol:iurl. J~ .o. A H1.w':-ory of Cali.fomj. a . A.roorica.n Period. ~23. P 72. (8) Ha.n oo.Y. Tl¥J ~o 1.an. ;\mer :l oa Go.in C:;lit. mo. p.S4 (9) Cleland. ? ~ 72. (10) Haase. i? .Slh (11) Clolar~d . P• '13. Pag,:. 2. ~re. 1C l-'i< ,_. ::c· - ~: · ~ n - -v-:l d cn ~ :> · , "" ~ · G ilc ~ -~ f~_ ..:~ c -c. iv l \f:l~:H3 CJ t tl-:.;u::., (} f:l:"'~.. ,L ,n ~~·c. tJ a 'J tl ; c ·. n ! '01 o i' fJ v.. Ll . o ~t • .'h n :'Sn'·.ion of J:u.lf'liit'f.Jdo cf nur>c a.r;CJS ~- . l . ~;~~: -~ ~ ~ S !..I: :: t eet.l.tc(:i Li -.:, l~' l1 [~1:t t1ilf;::tJ Hts r~: r•re .rc ir1foot/i o11S 'trhich llU~"" l1.1v~~ c;:: . G;L.:;.::; "tjlt:wo of'\ :.-:·ta a ·: ~ va cc:lnnl:.:i m _"' · ·:.:t~1 :1 cal l'nrml odgo concan xtt1{J 7. :' . ' ~ :.r · . ..1:· '/ '' ' ' ' ·; 1.. ,,- , ' ~JPn 'l"n'v·h·""'' r·· .,.,._·,," :lr''l 1n·1 ·hn 1 0 ':\ r· ·~ r;, 1_ ,,1-,:r ntO:"'' 1' · """':l.,..r., , .... ~ - .... . _ _. ~ --- C6. __, .• .... .;1.., . •. 1 • • -· ...... ~ WI.:} - ,_,,. \~,\... _. • . _.-,'I ~ , .• .... 1 ....,-u ·• "-· • • ~ ... .-..,7 ' . ""u ... .._r;..;.,; .... .t= _. J. .. "''"'' t · b:<'" .. % COl."i 1 :l :.~ ...., ____ :.JJ:•o,_..._, ,••• 1 • " •·-- t ~· ·..· :·~- ~ - r -~~,_ .J.~" '.. '_, · n" !.u ·· ~c·-· "'"·V ..j~ ·, n ...q "r• t'""'"'"'·-'"""'"'"'l1 v '.J- ~.l.~ ~ D ~ · "· · 'ni>ai:'i:_.. . :' • . ,, . ··' u . 't'1L1. of :i:JV "'3..1 J: OC"· 3:q ~: . tlm ) u ,n ·:!. ngi .nr; ~, ,.) c:l_tlcd '·1·yr"l',oh, ! '93l"'U.r::11 ru¥1 wooc 1~a t,o · .-,;;-; ·r ' 'ttJ :ii': · ~:~•::i.. ~i f: 1 1 o r :: , 1~· :-;ft.e.r• 18.:;v: :L'1 a:.1 nt~t.o;mrJt to ccnt rol t ho In February of 1827 Jmres Ohio Pattie md his father,Sylvester Pattie ;uc ., compan:. o hunters .md trappers \-rore jailed in San Diego on the charge that t hey Here s _.des for old Spain. His fat her took ill and died in prison. he n ;) s : ::~llno x cpi .e nic developed in northern California and was o:lr eadi ng t o sm.l i:-he1·n .. ;nli.f'orn1a . James Oh:i o Pattie to1cl t;ha authoriMes that, ths e p id , ;;~.i c m:·:ght be sl.o:.;c:cl. .:. f !fie uas fr:J cd m:d allo•red to vaccinate ~~panish ::mel In:.l~ a ns ; ::! th n vaccine u hich oo h;· d ,which h:l s father hnd br :...t ght fro ~. , the ~~· .Jn t, a i t a cop;xn· min.? s of New :l\1exico. G0vernor f. choar:diG ~l gre :d t c:. l'elc:.;"l se ~' ~;tt i c on ;} yoar 1s parole, I n i'ull·· l;10~1 t of this agre . :ment and uith the understanding hat ;: oung l'r . I'.::, ttie -:oul c~ rr p ~id fo2· his serv:i ces t,he trappers vere freed and :J' OUl"1 f.'> i.::. t;~, i : be gar: his 1 •r ot;ram of vaccinating all the Eiss'l on Indians a;x:. tho · inha:::i ta ct.~ o" ..:; 1li·:'ornia. His pay tv r o:-.1 tho r·loy ,1973 ccpy of 'l'he 1ndr;Fl8ndent C· ast Observer, news paper. J . C. 1·:c::eznie . 168 CALIFORNIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY QUARTERLY \ /. ~ 1 j'f;;J. '{' in San Diego. The first American doctors were the United States Army surgeons who came with the troops-Lewis B. Hunter and R. F. Maxwell, the surgeons of the " Cyane," and the three doctors with Fremont's battalion who arrived July 29, 1846-although at first these doctors did not remain. In November, 1846, Commodore Stockton arrived with his ships, and his surgeons did duty on shore. After the Battle of San Pasqua!, they "·ere augmented by the surgeon with Kear ny's force, Dr. John T. Griffm , to whom we have alluded several times. As there was no hospital in San Diego, the wounded were quartered with private families in the town where the surgeons could visit them. From this time on, San Diego was never left without her quota of medical men. James Ohio Pattie, a Kentucky trader, played the role of one of San Diego's greatest medical benefactors. It was in the days (1828) of Echeandia, the Mexican governor, that Pattie and his father arrived in San Diego. The former threw them beth into jail, where the father promptly died; and James Ohio would have shared the same fate had it not been for his knowledge and possession of a medical fact and the means of making use of it. Smallpox was raging in California. Already many thousands of the Indians and Spaniards had died, and Echeandia trembled in his gubernatorial mansion. In exchange for his freedom, Pattie, who possessed some vaccine, promised to vaccinate him and everyone else in the territory; so h€ was liberated and began his Hercu lean task at San Diego with the Governor, the missionaries, and then the garrison and neophytes. From there he worked northward, ~vent ually reaching San Francisco and the Russian colony at Bodega. In all, Pattie claims:::: that he vaccinated twenty-two thousand persons. For vaccin ating the Bodega colony, the Russians gave him $100. For his grea t service to the Territory of California, Padre Juan Cabortes, probably in the name of the gove rnor, offered him five hundred cattle and fi ve hundred mules with land on which to pasture the same, pro viding he would embrace Catholici sm, and become a Mexican citizen, both of which propositions he refused? 4 But to him belongs the honor of hav ing vaccin ated at any one time more people than any other one man, doctor or otherwise, before or since in California history. One of the earliest San Diego practitioners was Dr. George Me Kinstry Jr., "- Virginian, '':ho pn:.:tked there f()r over tweniy years. Before he settled there he had an adventurous career, being the first sheriff of the northern district at Sutter's Fort and a hero of the Donner party resc ue, for whom on account of his medical knowledge be was :!3 Pattie, J ames 0 ., Perso11al N arrative, Cincinnati 1833, p . 217. 3·1 Bancroft, Works, Vol. XX, pp. 167- 169. · ~· lGS OVEULAND-SMITJl AND PATTIE-FOREIGNERS. A TOUR OF VACCINATION. lGO It . was deer::1ed . best to tnk~ no risks. By a fn,lsc in nil 22,000 persons,30 receiving from tho padres cer pr o~n1 s~ to thmr ~ncnd, t:he captbn de a.rmus, they got t.iGcates by which the vnlue of his services wns to be th01r n1les and ptstols on pretence of cl?aning them, finally estimated by a, 'high dignitnry' in the north. and refused to return the weapons, wluch were co n After n week's visit to Ross, where everything pleased cealed in tho thicket. Charles L ano· the srnurro-lcr the American, and where he received $100 for his . • V' Ut:l · J no:v m~cle lns <~p_peat:ance secre~ly, 37_ and tho tra.ppers mcdica.l sorvices,40 he returned nnd presented his co r detern1mod to J Olll lnm. Pattw wrth one con1JXmicm tiocates to the padre nt Snn Fmncisco. On July left San Diego Christmas night, and went ddwn to 8th John Ca.bortes, presumably Padre J ua.n Cabot, Todos Sant'os ; but lea.rnino · that Lano·~ hacl beetl u" l"- presented the nmnteur physician a pnper, by which rested, they returned. Their co mrades were still at h0 gnve him 500 cattle and 500 mules, with bnd on libc_rty; no trouble was made by Ec:h eandia about whicl1 to pasture the snme-to be delivered when he their absence or the recovery of their arms; and in lwl become n Catholic nnd a l\fexican citizen. "\rVhen January and F e? r~_ulry ] 82?, ~atti c vaccinated every I had rend this," says Pnttie, "I wns struck dumb. body a.t tlw r:residlO and ll1lSSlOl1.. 0?- February 28th ~ry nnger choked me. " But he soon recovered his a paper \Yas Issued to each, grantmg liberty for a year sp ~cc h ~ sufHciently to give the pndre his opinion in on parole ;38 and Pattie obtained also a letter to tho the mn,tter, to sa.y that he came fi'om n country where pn,clres, who were instnlcted to furnish supplies and th e hws compelled a rnnn to pay nnother what he hors~s for the jou rney~ and "indem nify me for my justly owed him without condition of submi:-:;s ion to serv1ces ns far as t hey thought proper." "nny of his whimsicnl desires;" that as n protestant Pnttie started immecl in, tely on his trip northward, he would not chango his opinions for nll the money called at mission, presidio, and pueblo, and arrived n,t lhc mission wns worth, and that ns an Americnn, San Francisco the 20th of J nne. H e hnd vnccinatcd "rather thnn consent to be adopted into the society and companionship of such a bnnd of murderers nncl rob forms 11 wea k point in the narmtive. It is not certain, however tlwt they hat! n.ny v~ c c mc mn.ttct· in their possession in JS~ S , nor is it cviclCJ;t that. Pat. hers," he would ;;uffcr denth. For this "honest nncl tic could hrwc kept tlta.t which he h".d from being bken. I suppose tbat all is )lnin nttemnce" of his feelings, he was ordered to cx n.ggc m t~,] for. effect, but tlm~ Pattie tna.y lm1·c l""'n t:cally elllployc 200 THE ':-\RRATI\" E nF 201 fourth day, rrovidecl no signs of the comrlaint arrcarecl; and that they were not to ruh, or roughly touch the ~rot, should the vacc ine o bj ections to the rresent form of government? I was C:lfcful not to m:~tter have proper eiTcct. satisfy him on this roint. This done, Don Sercl d" oiTered to :~ccnmpany m e through the He then h a nded m e a w ri tten ptece of paper, the tr:mslation '~ of wh ich is as follows: .. fort and arouncl the settlement, in order to show me the position, j and every thing which mig ht lJe new and interesting to me. Its situ I certifv, that James 0. Pattie has vaccinated all the Indians and ation is one of the most beautiful that I ever beheld, or that the whites on .this coast, and to recompense him for the same, I g ive the im ~Jgi n:Jtion can conceive. The fort stands on the brow of a h :t nd said James 0. Pattie my obligation for one thomand head of cattle, and some hill, abr,ut two hundred feet above the level of the sea. This l ~ nd to pasture them; that is, 500 cows and 500 mules. This he is to re hill is surrounded on all sides for two miles with :t charming plain. ceive after he becomes a Catholic, and a subject of this government. A lofty mountain whose sicle pre<;ents the noblest depth of forest, Given in the mission of St. Francisco on the 8th of July, in the year 1829. raises a summit, g littering with perpetual ice and snow on one hand, and on the other the level surface is lo<;t in the waves of the JnHN CABORTES se:1. Cle:1r cold streams pour down the mount;1in, unceasingly from When I had read this, without m:tking use of any figure of • • !:' diiTerent points, and glide through the plain, imparting moisture speech, I was truck dumb. My anger choked m e. i\s I was well and verdure. The same multitudes of domestic animals, that are aware of the fact, that this man had it in his power to hang me every where seen in this country, graze around in the pastures. if I insulted him, and that here there was no law to give me redress, They find abunda nt pasturage in the wild oJts, which grow spon and compel him to pay me justly for my services, I said nothing taneously upon this coast. Very little attention is paid to cultiva for some time, but stood looking him full in the f:1ce. I cannot judg e tion, where so many :1dvant:1ges are united to favor it. The amount whether h e read my displeasure, ::1nd burning feelings in my coun of rmduce of any kind raised is small, and the inhabitants depend tenance, as I thus eyed him, and would hJve sought to pacify me, for bread entirely upon the Spani;nds. or not; but before I made a movement of ::1ny kind, he spoke, sayi ng, I remained in thi<> d eli g htful place one w eek. At the expiration 'you look displeased, sir.' Prudential considerations were sufficienr of this time Don Serelrlo gave me one hundred dollars, as r::1yment to · ~hold me no lo nger, and I ans\\·ercd in a short manner, that ) 1 for my services, and then mounted me upon a horse and conducted I fL , t that moment as though I should rejoice to find myse lf once me back to the bay himself, :llld remained on the shore, until he more in a country where I should he justly dealt by. He asked m e, , .. ; saw me safe upon the other side. what I meant when I spoke of hei ng justly dealt by? I told him I soon .\aw myself :1ga 1n in the rresence of the Sranish priest, what m y meaning was, and wished to he in my own country, where from whom I was to receive my recomr>en se fo r the snvices per there are laws to compel a man to p::1y :lnother what he justly owes form ed on my lnng trJur. He w:1s not :1ware where I had been, un him, without his having the power to atuch to the debt, as a co ndi til J in fo rmed him. \VIwn I had tr,Jd him, he :"b·d m e what Don tion upo n which the p:1yme1Jt is to ckpcnd, the submi " ion to ..1 11 d Sn eldo h ad p~ i d me? I sf;Jtcd t his m:11t er as it w:1s. He then d e gr::Jtifi catinn of, any of his whims1c: d desires. U pon thi ', the priest's m;ilHkd "f 111e. h"w !liked the coast of Cdifornia I :1mwered, that ~ tone hec:.~me loud a11d an)-'ry :JS ht· s, Ji d, 'then you rcg:ml Ill\' J'ru it I , cry much :1drnired t he a ppeara nce of t he cr>tlntry. His next ques pnsing that you sh" uld hccomc :1 C ;~t lwlic. :1s the oprc.s.'i o11 o f ;Ill t inn w:1s. IHJ \V I would like t],e iclc:1 of li vi n~ in i!" It would he u nj t: st Jnd whimsical d cs ircl' I tuid him 'ye.\, th:n I d](l : :111d that I :.>t:··: ;1grr·c.1i>le :o m e. I retu rned, were it subject to an y ot her fo rm of would ll () t ckm,c:c m y prncnt r•pini<> tJ.s f.,r all the lll<>lll'Y l11s mis .(~ (J \'l'rJ li11 Cll t. J 1e procedcrl to quntion me upon the g round of my sion was worth; and mr ll·L, \'C r. tlut het.ore I wo uld C<>mt·nt to he :1 dopted i nto the society :Jnd cump.llliomhip of such a b::1nd of mur- 97b Patti ~ The personal r.arrati v~ 199 198 THE NARRATIVE O P which he cbrts into th e otter whenever he comes wi thin its reach. " of this establishment informed me, that he did not consider it either necessary or advisahle for me to proceed farther for the purpose of Great numbers_:ne thus taken . . But to return to myself: We cros,ecl the h:1v, whic h is about ' 1; inoculating the in habitants of the co untry, as the small pox had three miles in w id th. is m:1de hy the entr:mce of a consider:tble . prevailed universally throug h its whole remaining extent. As I had I~ .,. river, called by the Spania rds R io de San francisco. ;\ftcr \\·e ! heard, while in S:m Diego, great numbers had been carried off by reached the north shore. ,,.e travelled throuf:h a beauti ful country, it. I then told h im th at I wished to see the church officer who had with a ri ch soi l, w ell watered and timbered, and rc.tched the Rus heen described to me by the first prie~t w hom I had seen on m y way ~ sian settlement in the nig ht, haY ing come :t d istance of thirty mt!es. up the coast. He f urni~h e d me a horse, and I set ofl for the port of ... A~ r.u r journey had been made o n foot. and we had eaten nothing, ~ S:1n Francisco, vaccinating those whom I found on the way who I wa~ exceedingly fatigued and hun~ry. I accompanied m y fellow had not had the small pox. travellers, who belonged here, to their wig w:tms, where I obta111ecl I reached the above mentioned place, on the twentieth of June, ~ some food, and a seal skin to sleep upon. F :nly in the m orni ng I l il 29. Finding the person of whom I was in search, I presented him arose, and le:nning from one of m v b te companions where was the :1 ll the certificates of the pri es t~ uf the missions in which I had vac ....' dwelling of the of the pbce. I proceed ed towards it. I cinated, and the letter of the Ceneral. I had inoculated in all comm~nder h ad become acquainted with this persnn while I w:ts v:tcc inating twenty two-thousa nd persons. After he had finished the perusal of the of San Diego. H e ca me there in a brig, :t nd insisted these papers, he asked m e, what I tho ug ht my services were \vorth? inh::~bitants upon my promising him that I would come and communicate the ;, J -· I rerlied, that I should leave that point entirely to his judg ment and rem edv to the peopl e of hi s establishments, offer ing to recompense d ecision. H e then rema rked, that he m ust have some time to re . ' m e fo; my services. I agreed to do whJt he w is hed, should it be in -· Aect upon the subject, and that I must spend a week or two with my power. Accordingly, fin d ing that the Sp:1n ia rd d id not intend to him. I consented willingly to this proposal, a~ I was desi rous of Lcep a strict g ua rd oYer m y m ovements, I :t \·,tiled myself of thts crossing the bay of St. F rancisco to the Russian settlement, called opportunity of fulfilling the ex pressed wish of D on Screldo, for so the Bodego. ,,.;1" he called. I reached the place pointed out to m e by the fr ie ndly I proceeded to carry my wish into execution on the 23d, accom- ' lncli:m, and was received by the above mentioned gentleman wi th ~ . f. panied by two Coriac Indi:ms, whose occup:nion was the killing of ·t• I' the \\':trmest expressions o£ kindne5' Jnd fri endshq1. H e sJid t h:t t so '(_ ;jt --- sea utters for the Russ ians, who h ire them into their service. Those a time had ebpsed since he saw me, he afr:tid l had forgot "'-'( . w ho pursue this employment, have water crafts made of the sea lon ~ w : t~ ) ...-;·. .. ten our conversation and that circum,tances had rendered lions' skin:;, in the shape of a canoe. Over this spreads a top, com to~e th e r , my coming to h im imp ;> , ~ ihl e. H e had sufTcred g re:ttly from the fear p letely covered in such a manner as to preclude the poss ibility of '.;· .. :-.l. that the sm,Jll pox would spread among his people, before he should ,. . the entrance of any water. An opening is left at the bow and stern, .. '· he enabled to prevent d:tn ,L: er from it, throug h the meaa s of the over which the p cr~ on who ha~ entered draws a covcri ng made of the same m a teri~l w ith th:-tt of the boat, w hich fastens firm ly over kine J'OX. ,\ ft cr breakfast, he circul :n ed ;m order am ong the people. fnr the aperture in such a m anner, as to m ake th is pa rt entirely w ater all who \\'i, hcd to be provided wilh :1 ~;; t f e g u:nd ag:1 imt the terrible prouf, : 1 ~ ;my other portio n of the boat. Tv.·o persons ge ner ~tlly oc 'i mabdy that had :tppro:K hed them so lll'Jr, to come to his door. In CUJW it. ~ o posit io n ca n be more secure tha n theirs, from all the a fc\\' ho urs I began my oper:1ti o ns; :tnd contl ttue,J t" he con,t:tntl y dangers of the sea. The waves dash over them harmle5'. The occu occupied fo r three d ,tys , vacc in:nin;:: Jurtng this J> nioJ fi ft L·c n hun p:llll, .1r e st atio ned, one at the bow , a nd the other at the st ern ; ti1 L' dred indivi duals. I remi nded them :1ll thJt they mml return on the L•ter ~u icJc, the boat, w h ile the ot her is provided wi th a spc.n,