Geechee Culture and the Black Freedom Struggle in Liberty County, Georgia, 1752-1946
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University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses July 2017 And Liberty For All: Geechee Culture and the Black Freedom Struggle in Liberty County, Georgia, 1752-1946 Felicia Jamison University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Jamison, Felicia, "And Liberty For All: Geechee Culture and the Black Freedom Struggle in Liberty County, Georgia, 1752-1946" (2017). Doctoral Dissertations. 1017. https://doi.org/10.7275/10012732.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1017 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AND LIBERTY FOR ALL: GEECHEE CULTURE AND THE BLACK FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN LIBERTY COUNTY, GEORGIA, 1752-1946 A Dissertation Presented by FELICIA L. JAMISON Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2017 History Copyright by Felicia Jamison 2017 All Rights Reserved AND LIBERTY FOR ALL: GEECHEE CULTURE AND THE BLACK FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN LIBERTY COUNTY, GEORGIA 1752-1946 A Dissertation Presented By FELICIA JAMISON Approved as to style and content by: ________________________________ Barbara Krauthamer, Chair ________________________________ Laura Lovett, Member ________________________________ Jeanne Theoharis, Member ________________________________ Rachel Mordecai, Outside Member __________________________________ Brian W. Ogilvie, Chair DEDICATION To all those who came before me. I am because you are. My grandparents: Amanda and Woodrow Jamison, and Nathaniel and Mamie Ophelia Walthour ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project has been the culmination of four years of research and labor. During that time, many institutions have assisted in funding this project. The Joyce A. Berkman Endowed Fund in Women’s History and the Graduate Travel Grant from the History Department at the University of Massachusetts Amherst allowed me to travel to various archives and conduct research. The Summer Dissertation Fellowship from the University of Massachusetts Amherst Graduate School permitted me to conduct research in Liberty County, Georgia. I would also like to thank the institutions that assisted me in locating archival materials used in this dissertation. Namely, Christopher Harter at the Amistad Research Center, Steven Engerrand and the staff at the Georgia Archives, the Georgia Historical Society, and the Liberty County Court House. My dissertation committee reviewed countless drafts of my dissertation and provided insightful feedback. Thus, I would like to thank Laura Lovett, Rachel Mordecai, and Jeanne Theoharis for their brilliant counsel. I have been fortunate to have Barbara Krauthamer chair my committee. She has been my advisor since I started the doctoral program and my career has greatly benefitted from her guidance, care and mentorship. I would like to thank professors and colleagues in the History Department and the Afro American Studies Department, namely Joye Bowman, John Bracey, Dee Boyle- Clapp, Tanisha Ford, Jennifer Fronc, David Glassberg, John Higginson, Marla Miller, Karen “Kym” Morrison, Robert Paynter, and Manisha Sinha. Particularly, I would like to thank my sister scholars who have been a necessary resource both inside and outside of the academy: Ximena Abello, Thamyris Almeida, Marwa Amer, Shakti Castro, Castriela Hernandez, Korka Sall, Camesha Scruggs, and Erika Slocumb. The board of the Dorchester Center has been invaluable to this project. They allowed me access to the records and shared countless stories of their lives. Thus, I would like to thank Bill Austin, Maurice Bacon, Sallie Richardson and Debra Robinson. And last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my family for their constant love and support: Polly Moran, Lang Moran, Deshawn Jamison, Cornelius Jamison, Staginald Walthour, Nolan Golden, Calvin Cephus, and Patrick Daniels. v ABSTRACT AND LIBERTY FOR ALL: GEECHEE CULTURE AND THE BLACK FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN LIBERTY COUNTY, GEORGIA, 1752-1946 MAY 2017 FELICIA JAMISON B.A., MERCER UNIVERSITY M.A., MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Barbara Krauthamer “And Liberty For All” is a case study of an African-American rural community in Georgia. It argues that to understand the manners in which Southern rural black communities fought for civil rights in the Black Freedom Struggle, one must take the longue durèe approach to researching and writing their histories. Thus, this dissertation covers the period of slavery until the modern Civil Rights Movement of the 1940s. This case study is representative of other Southern rural communities in that it highlights the nuanced ways in which they survived and persevered while facing racism, racial violence, and disenfranchisement by using grassroots organizing techniques that were specific to the needs of their community. However, it takes an ethno-historical approach in centering the experiences of the local black community who self-identified as Geechee and who trace their ancestry and traditions to enslaved West and Central Africans brought to coastal Georgia in the eighteenth century for their knowledge of rice cultivation. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………………………..…………v ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….vi LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………..viii LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ix I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………….………1 II. REMEMBERING THE ANCESTORS, 1752-1864…………………………………………….………....…27 III. EMANCIPATION AND THE LIMITS OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865 – 1900………………………………54 IV. LAND AND COMMUITY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, 1900 – 1940………………………..76 V. COMMUNITY ORGANIZING IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, 1900 – 1940.………………..100 VI. A TIME OF TRANSITIONS, 1940 – 1946……………………………………………………………….….133 VII. GEECHEE GRASSROOTS ORGANIZING IN THE 1946 DEMOCRATIC PRIMARIES………165 VIII. EPILOGUE: REMEMBERING THE ANCESTORS…………………………………..………………….188 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….189 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Demographic Make-up of Liberty County, Georgia – 1860 – 1910…………………….…..66 2. Churches in Liberty County founded between 1864 and 1901…………………….…..…...74 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of Georgia, 1796………………………………………………………………………….33 2. Map of Georgia, 1831………………………………………………………………………….38 3. “100” year old woman in Liberty County, Georgia, circa 1890s……………..62 4. Map of Georgia, 1910…………………………………………………………………………..81 5. Map of Liberty County School District, 1923………………………………………..96 6. Two Girls, Thebes Community, 1930s…………………………………………………...98 7. Woman using mortar and pestle to beat rice, 1915……………………………..112 8. Nurse Eerie Thomas with child, Marien Kallquist, 1931………………………..117 9. One of the Negro families moved from the Camp Stewart area ….………140 10. Woman who has not yet found a place to move ……………………………….141 11. African Americans building houses in the 1940s………………………………..160 12. Map of the members of the Dorchester Credit Union, 1953……….……..163 13. Mimeograph of a Liberty County Citizens Council Flyer, 1946……………177 14. African Americans voting in Riceboro, Georgia, 1946………………………..182 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION As the story goes, in the late nineteenth century an African-American family abruptly packed its belongings and departed town in the middle of the night. The family left on their own accord after hearing an owl hoot three nights in a row. They never returned to the county but instead wrote their relatives to tell of the dubious occurrences that had transpired. Whereas “white persons in Liberty County laughed when they heard the story,” “black persons in the county heard the story soberly and quietly.”1 The local white-owned newspaper paper, the Liberty County Herald, and the widely-read The Savannah Morning News reprinted the story to demonstrate the “superstitious” nature of Southern blacks in general and black Liberty Countians in particular. However, by historicizing the silence of the black community in this exchange, it can be deduced that other black community members agreed with the family and believed that the hooting of an owl served as a premonition that evil was afoot. This account is significant for several reasons. First, it shows that black Liberty Countians, who self-identified as Geechee people, believed that nature and the spirit worlds were intricately connected and served as warnings to the living. These shared cultural beliefs were passed on generationally and can be traced back to the traditions of their enslaved eighteenth and nineteenth-century African and African-American ancestors. Second, it highlights the varying degrees of disconnect between the white and black communities, who were physically separated by 1 Robert Long Groover, Sweet Land of Liberty: A History of Liberty County, Georgia (WH Wolfe Associates, 1987), 95. 1 Jim-Crow segregation and culturally by different systems of traditional beliefs. Third, this account demonstrates that cultural meanings and belief systems often had material consequences for members