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A PT I S T E R E B I S O

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W L F R E T E O D N E L S O N C O ,

MI S I NA R N R E S O Y I OM .

P H I L A D E L P H I A T H E BI BL E A N D PU BL I C ATI N Y O SOC I ET ,

0 A R S T R B E C T . 5 3 ! ?L \

1XL PH ABETIC AL L IST

OF T H E

PRI NC I PAL AU TH OR S C ONSU L TED I N

TH I S WOR K .

‘ ’ ' ’ ‘ I BL I T H E A R I wtzs R o m a n r um A NAS I A S I U S B O C U S . o on tz cum De p fi , l i a - 1 1 8 - 1 2 vo . . cum n otis 4 fol 7 7 3 . éte r r a n ea I n-fO 2 vo l 1 - 1 s u . . 6 R . R ma 1 6 A R G H . . IN I oma o , 5 5 9

' ' ’ r ztu sa cr a r u m c BBR NA R D I NU S F E R R A R I U S . De E cle s zce ve te r zs con

' ' ' ' ' ’ r w a tzo n e oa m zz Ge o r i z r ae m z Ve r n m G . o ae 1 1 czmzu . , cum p f ? g , 73 I n

' ' ’ ” N tzz zz’ P zttu r e F NC C O . o . a I c BERTOLI RA ES delle ecc tali . ’ ' ’ ' ' is s a z z i N u o z/ . G C tt a z P a E R T O L Z ZI . B U da della arm .

' /zz N I . a C e sa s . S B n K I A N C O Dell del epolcro di olog a . BI BL I O T H E C A MAG N A VE T E R U M PA T R U M E T A N T I QU OR U M S C R I PT O RU M 1 6 E C C L ES I AS T I C O R U M. 44 .

’ ’ ' ' ’ D L A NC H I N I U S D e m o n s tr a tzo lzzs to r zw eccle s za s tzcce co mjfir o éa m:

' ' m o n u m e n tzs e r tzn e n tzéus a d dem e t es to r um p fi temporum g . m i n-fO m 1 2 to . R a . . o , 75 3 ' ’ ’ ' ' ’ ' ' ’ ‘ ’ ’ s s e r va z io m a z czm zte r z d e n a BOL D E T I I . O sopr sa ti m r tzr z e a a n ' R m a n-fO R m 1 2 I . a ticlzz o . 0 . o , 7 ’ ’ ' BO . S e zttu r e a z R o m a TTARI culture p sagre estratte , ' ’ ’ ’ ubélzca te l da h a uto r z R s o tte r r a n ea e d n v p g g della oma , ora uo a e c R m -f° m e n te i n [a e a vol. in 1 dat colle o , 3 . 73 7 1 75 4 6 L OF A TH OR IST U S .

' ’ ' B L e P z r Schltur e ecc dz P v des cr ztte R AND O L E S E . ttu e . , , ado a

' ' ' ' BU G AT I Me m o r ze s to r zc/ze zn to r n o la r e lzguie e d 27 culto ' ' ’ ' ' m a r n n ix n a s z s ze a un dz . r tz e C o un 5 Celso . appe d ella gu le p g ’ ' ’ ' ' ' ' a ckz a m a a z M la n o n Mi a n dzttzco d vo r zo e s e t r o o lzt n d i . I della p l o , 1 82 In 7 .

' ' ' ’ ' ' N A R R OT 1 ° Oss e r va z zo m a a lcz mz r a m m en tz dz va sz BU O U I . sopr f ' ' ’ ’ ’ ' ’ ' ' ’ ’ m a n tzc/zz dz v na a z u r e t r ova tz n e czm zte r z dz R a a . etro , or te fig

' ' ' ' ' i n z i n 1 1 6 2° Os se r va z zo m zs to r zcize a lcz mz F re e , 7 . sopra me n R m a 1 6 8 I . o , 9 ' ' ’ ' ' ’ '

A I vete r zéus sa cr zs C /zr zé tza n o r um r ztzéus ex la na tzo . C A S L U S . De p R m 1 6 1 11 -9 ae . . o , 47 ' ' ’ ' ’ ' A VE D O N I 1 ° R a ua lzo cr ztzco de z n n a e ZZe a z C . gg g mo ume ti rt Cris M d na 1 8 I n o e , 49 .

' ' 1 ° V n n zn u z/ms r ce cz u e m us zva a . é CIAMPINI etera mo ume ta , q p l oper , ’ ' ’ s a c r a r zm z fir a na r u m ue wdzum u a c n o n m dlz a n ti uz [ qf q str ctura , g

' ' ' 1 6 0 -1 6 R m r ztus dzis s e r ia tzo n zbus . a 9 99 o ,

' 2 v l i n -f° 2° s a cr zs a n n in M n co ns tr uc o . . De Co sta t o ag o

' zs R m 1 6 I n-f° i . ae . . o , 9 3 ’ ’

C o sm mo m . h ze sa dz T o C orcell . ' ' ' lc me n r s tza n T . zn r n a a C z e . D E L L ft to o z t . ORRE e . ’ ’ ' ' ’ ' ’ D b a ti n zttzci de lz r a e sa z a . a o m cr ONATI (Se s o ) De g p f , ' ' ’ ’ ’ ’ zfir z a n i m n e c r l a a l x o a z n . L u a tre , coll ppe d d aleu g , e c le d ri cc , 1 75 3 M un 1 n - ° D R A N D I R na o t . . I f U . atio le g , 45 9 .

' ' ' ' D r z zéu cc e s z ca lz lzc 11 - 1 20 u n 1 t s E l ce t o w. 1 . L du i URANTI . De g , 59 4 .

' ' ' ‘ ‘ R a h a s r z fiz m a n i a r m x F A B R E T I I . [n c t o n u t u u e lzca z m t o . R a ( p el) k g p o , 1 6 I n-f° 99 . .

' ' F R I E ’I ‘ T I os Mus zvzs I n -fO R m 1 2 U . . . a (J De o , 75 .

R E R T R O N E NS I S . a G G O I U S U Oper . ’ ’ ’ ’ m r s B E a c zr cul e . ISA ELLE . gfi

' '

H A E Z ba ttzs te r dz Pa r m a . Pa m 1 6 M L L . 1 1 o a 8 C . I OPE r , 4

° r 1 2 i n - f° 2° na F E 1 M e Ve o n e ns e . . V MA F U S . us um 7 9 , ero illus -f° V n 1 2 a a I n . a . tr t . ero , 73 ’ 1 ° i e a n i z a s h i n R m 1 MA MA C H I . O n“ t t u t te e . a rig q C rist a o , 749 ' ’ ’ ' ' ' 2 v l in 2° c m m iw R ma 1 o . os tu z r z zt 75 . 5 De de p o , 1 -1 vo l i n -80 7 5 3 75 4 . 3 . .

' ' ' H I I n n a z r zs tza ne i v n o MARC . mo ume ti delle rt C pr miti e ella metr ' ’ ' ' m 1 l r zlr za n e s z . R ma 8 o lz a e C t o . f o , 44

' ' ’ ' A R I N O L A i i A n tz uzta tum C /ms tzcm a r um M G (Alo s o). g i 1 2 l i n e a 8 . vo N pol , 5 7 . A 77 1 125 L IST (I F 0 0 . 7

’ ’ ' ' l in-f" Ve ne tiis i z c l s ze z zéus vo . . NE D e a n t u s E c e r t . MAR TE . g 4 ,

1 8 7 3 .

' m 1 28 a R ae . Th a t um B a? P zs n w. MARTINI . e r asilic o , 7 ' ’ ’ ’ ’ ' ' z na r r dzz s r zco -e ccle s za s t zz o zo a i e u . to . MORONI . D ’ ’ ' '

L I B zélzotlzeca scr fito r um eccles za s tzco r zm z. O E A R I (J . iz l i n I e n 1 1 1 2 vo . ae , 7 .

' ° m 1 l n m s a i n R a . PA I A D I 1 D e cu tu S . oa B t te . I C U . 7 p s o , 75 5 ' ' ’ ° m n n 1 8 2 h k r zs tia n o r u ba l e zs I R ma . D e ac C . s s o , 75 ' R mae ba i li a t a ia h L a e r a n e n s z . R AS PO N I C 3 35 . D e e t . t ( ) s c p r rc o , 1 n-fo 65 6. I .

' ' ’ R B 1 ° I n scr z tzone s h i tia n a, u r ézs R om a; s e tzm o OSSI (J . . p C r s fi ' s f a a n i u z r 2° D e m on um e n tis I X ®TN ex af lo t g o es .

’ ' ' lzzb iéu ° m a r a r n a e n t s . 3 R o s o tte ne a C zs t za .

' A L I D e dz t ckzs v ta a m S G . f y e r .

' ' ' ' H E T R AT E A n z u zta tzs E cc le s zce m o n um e n i is S C L S . t q

' ' z i zb r R m 1 2 n - f° 6 . I a c n ot s e l z t . ae llustrat res o , 9 .

' ' V G A n ti u zta tum C h r zs tza n a r um V r SEL AG IO . q e cel i 6v i n 1 8 . o l. l s , 77

' ' ’ ' n z tz n ke l zc a n z m a m R m T I st tu o e s t o o ce t uo r u P t u . a OMASI . g g r o ,

2 vo l. in 1 70 5 seqq .

’ ’ ' ' N Pi t S o iz i o n dz a lczm e a n tic/ze zscr zz zo n i VISC O TI ( e ro). p s e Cris

' R m 1 2 11 -80 8 . 1 . tza ne . a o , 4

' ' ’ ' W D e ba ti ste r zzs ve te r um kr zs tza no r um i s E D L N C . L I I G (C . p p 1 1 11 - 0 73 7 . 4 . ’' ' ’ ’’ ’ F r A n 1 ° R a a z diss e r ta z zo m a z s to r za ZA C C A R A t . I ( . ) accolt eccle ’ ’ ' a i c R ma 22 v l i n 1 2-1 2 ° B zélzo t/ze ca it ua li s z st a o . . . o , 79 797 r s .

' ’ R m 1 v l i n ° D e v t a n : h r zs tza n a r m i n cr ae 6. o . C u s i o , 77 3 3 e er p ' ' ' /z l i c R m a . tzo n um us u zn rebus t eo og zs . o

’ ’ ' ' E G L E R D e dzh co m s e t dza com ss zir vete r i s E cclesze ZI . W b e r 1 688 1 11 - 0 itte aa . g , 4

All th e ab v wo rks a nd th e writin s th e ath m a b e co n o e , g of F ers , y sulte d a t the Bib i t a C as an ate nse a lib ra r a tta he d to th e n v nt l o ec , y c co e the D m i n i a n a nd w c is th e ri he t i n R m in int d of o c s , hi h c s o e pr e w rk I t is m d o f o ne hund d and twe n t o an v ume o s . co pose re y th us d ol s , and co nta ins a valuab e e ti n a n ie nt manu i l coll c o of c scr pts . 6 L OF A TH OR S IST U .

’ ’ ' L e P zt u r e cc' dz P v de s cr ztte BR AN D L E . t O E S S e . , culture , ado a

' ’ ' ' ' BU G AT I Me m o r ze sto n eit e zn to r n o [e r e lzguze e d 27 ca lla ' ’ ’ ' ' dz m a r zr e n n a n n a s z s ze a a n t . C o u dix 5 . Celso ppe ella gu le p g

' ’ ' ' ' ’ ’ ’ ' ‘ d a r zo ckze' sa m r z a n a dz MzZa n o n Milan a zttzco zzo e t o o l z . I o della p , 1 82 I n 7 .

' ' ' ’ ’ N 1 ° s s e r va z io m a a lcum r a m m e n tz dz va BU O A R R U OT I . O sopr f sz ' ' ’’ ’ ' ’ ’ ' m a a n t zcl u d l vet o o n a te dz u r e t r ova tz n e a z R o . r , r fig

' ' ’ ' ' F i re n z e i n 1 1 6 2° Osse r va z zo m zs to r zc/ze a lczm z me , 7 . sopra n R ma 1 6 8 I . o , 9 'b ' k ' ' m ' 'é A A L I . D e ve e r z us sa cr zs r zs za n o r u r z z us ex la a io C S U S t C t t p n t .

R m 1 6 n-f° a . I . o , 47

' ' ' ' ' ' A VE D O NI 1 ° R a ua lzo cr ztzco de z m an um e n tz a z C . gg g delle rt Cris M d n 1 8 n a . I o e , 49

' ’ ’ 1 ° V m o n um n a zn u zéus e i u m us zva o a . t e CIAMPINI etera e , q pr c p e p r ,

' ' ' ' s a c r a r um r o a na r um ue ce dzum a c n o n n ullz a n tz u z p f q structura , g

' ' ' ' ' ' r 1 6 0 -1 R a 6 . m r ztus dzlss e r ta tzo m bu s zco m éus ue zllus t r n tu . ae q 9 99 o ,

' ’ 2 v l in -f° 2° D e sa c r zs wd czi s a C o n ta n ti n o M ma n o . . ifi s ag co strue

' zs R m 1 6 I n-fO i . a . o , 9 3 . ‘ ’ h z a O T A D ONI . es a i To ll C S C rce o . ' ’ ’ T n n a lc m a n s tza n E . C r z e . D L L ft z to r o z e t . ORRE e . ’ ' ' ' ’ ' D O NA T b a t i a n D e dzttza de lz r o a n z a I (Se s o ). g p f e s cri, ' ' ’ ’ ’ ’ ' lzfir z t r e a n dix d a le um n e c r ola z e ca le nda r z L u a , coll ppe g , . cc , I 7S3 ~ M n 1 - ° D R A N D I R a ti o na l o u t . . I n f U . e g , 45 9 .

' ' ' ' D D r z zbus E ccl s ze ca t/z l cw n u n 1 e t e o z . I L du i URANTI . g , 5 94 .

' ' ' ' F A BR E T ’I ‘ I R a ha [nsc r z fitzo n um a n tz ua r um ex lzca z m . t o . R a ( p el) y g p o , 1 6 I n-f° 99 . .

' ' F R I E T T I o s D e Mus zvzs I n -f° R m 1 2 U . . . a (J o , 75 .

R E O R T R O NE NS I S . a G G I U S U Oper . ' ' ' d c zr c la zr es B E u . ISA ELLE . gf . ’ ’

H A E L L Z 1 ba ttzs te r o dz Pa r ma . Pa ma 1 86 M C . [ . I OPE r , 4 F E 1 ° M Ve r o n e n s e 1 2 i n -f° 2° V o na MA F U S . e . . us um 7 9 , er illus -f° V na 1 2 a ta I n . tr . . ero , 73

' ' ' ' ° ‘ m MA MA C H I . 1 Or z zn e s e t a n tz u zta tes C h r zis tza n ae . R a 1 gl g o , 749 ' ’ ’ ’ 2 v l i n 2° c m R m a 1 o . D e os tu z a e 75 . 5 o , 1 -1 v o l i n 75 3 75 4 . 3 .

' ' ' H I m o n um n ti d ll a r t z r zs tzcm e im i i ve n a o MARC I . e e e C pr t ell metr

' m 1 o lz de l R o a 8 . p , 44

’ ' ’ ' I i i A n tz u zta t um C /zr zs tzcm a r um in i u i o MA R NG O L A . n “ (Alo s o) q st t t . i 1 8 2 l in ea . vo . N pol , 5 7 H . L IST OF A U T ORS. 7

’ ' ' ' ’ l n -fi Ve ne tiis D e a n tz u zs E ccles zw r ztzéus vo . i . MAR TENE . q . 4 ,

1 8 7 3 .

' m a i zs a o m 1 28 Th a t u B li a P me . a . MA R T l N I . e r s c R , 7

' ' ' ' ' - les za zz zo na r z s to r zco ecc s t . MORONI . D o ’ ’ ’ ’

L B zélzotlzeca s cr to r u m eccles za stzco r um . O E A R I I (J . ifi

I e n 1 1 1 2 vo l i n m, 7 . .

' ° l n m s a i n R m 1 1 D e cu tu . oa B t te I a . PA C I A U D I . S . ? p s o , 75 5 ’ ' ' ' 2° m 1 8 a h /zr zs za n r u ba ln e z n o ma . D e C t o s . I s c s R , 75 ’ n z R m a R AS PO N I D e ba i li a ai a ia h L a te r a e n s . s c p tr rc . o , 1 6 n-fO 5 6. I .

' ' ' R ° n c z h i i n r ézs o m e s e tzm o B. 1 1 s r 1 t on es t a e u R OSSI (J . } C r s p ' ' ' ’ ’ u a n i z r 2 ° D e h r zs t za m s m m m e n zs X ex sae c la t q u o es . C m t I ®TN

' ' ' ' Izzbe n tzbus ° R o m a s o tte r a n ea r z t na . 3 C s za .

’ D e dz t cki s e te r u m v . SALI C . p y ' ' ' ' H E T R A T E n z u z a tzs E cc les za m o n zze n S C L S . A t q t m tis

' a c n i i llu t a te Zzb r z t R m a 1 6 2 I n -f° ot s s r res . o , 9 . .

' ' ' i z a m /z z a m V G A n t u t tu C r stz na r u i n tituti o n “ . rc SEL AG IO . q s Ve el 6v i n lis 1 8. o l. , 77

' ’ ' T nstztuti o n e s ke l zce a n tz u r um P a t um I t o o o . R ma OMASI . g q r o ,

1 0 2 vo l. in 7 5 s eqq .

' ’ ' V N T Pi S o szz i o ne dz a lczm e a n tzc/ze i IS C O I ( e tro). p Cr s

' R ma 1 82 I n tza ne . . o , 4

' ' ' ’ WE D I N D e ba ti s te r zz e te r um h r zs za u r m L i s L G C . s v C t o u . I ( p p , 1 I n 73 7 . ’ ’ ’ ' ’ ' Z F r 1 ° R dz a iss e r ta z zo m dz fo za eccle ACCARIA ( . accolta s r

' ’ ' ' l n 1 2 -1 2 ° z /z c v i . B élz e ca r z ua s za s ti a R ma 22 o . ot t lis . o , 79 797 .

' ' m 1 l i n ° e v t a n: /zr zs tza n a r m r R a 6 vo . i . D C u i ns c o , 7 7 3 3 e er p

' ' z n b h e lo ' ia s R man tzo mm us u i re us t o g . o .

’ ’ ' I E L E R D e dza co m s e dia c ss zk e e r i E cle si Z G t om v t s c az .

Wi t e b e r a 1 688 I n t g , .

All th e a o wo rks and w i ti n th e a r ma b e co n b ve , the r gs of F the s , y sulte d a t th e B o ca C as a nate nse a lib ra r a a c to th e co n n ibli te , y tt hed ve t th e D mi ni a n and w c is th e r c i n o m in in t d of o c s , hi h i hest R e pr e w rks I t i co m o o ne n r a nd w n th u and o m o . s p sed of hu d ed t e ty o s v lu es , a nd nta i n a a a co c o n an i e nt manu i co s v lu ble lle ti of c scr pts .

IL L U STRATIONS .

' ’ r a o n i n f . Po z a F r n t s z c B o . aptiste y in C tac mb S o o z p e e .

Baptism o f a Co nve rt by C yril

Benedicti o n o f the Fo nt R ussian Baptism

S o o f F um o f B Po u ecti n rigidari ath , mpe

Plan o f F rigidari um

P o f B r o f o R o lan aptiste y C nstantine , me

P n o f Ba r o f z R S . o o la ptiste y C stan a , me

Plan o f Baptiste ry at No ce ra dei Pagan i

S ecti o n and Plan o f Baptistery at Citta Nuo va

Plan o f Baptiste ry at Fl o re n ce

I nte ri o r o f Baptistery at Fl o rence

Plan o f Baptiste ry at Vero na

S o o f Ba r V r ecti n ptiste y at e o na. 1 0 I L L U K A I ON ST T S.

Plan o f Baptiste ry at Crem o na

Baptistery at C remo n a

Plan o f Cathedral and Baptistery o f Torcello

Baptiste ry o f Pisa.

Plan o f Baptiste ry o f Pisa

B o f r o rd Parm a r nth aptism Ch ist in J an , , thi tee cen

tury RIE BAPTISMAND BAPTISTE S.

PAR T I .

B A P T I S M

H E natural tendency of the h uman mind is to adopt a physical and

a fi ure s m outward act , as sign , g , y

l o r o f in ward bo , representation an and f w Spiritual ef ect . This tendency has al ays

been strong , especially in the earlier and

s c e t urifica io n ruder states of o i y. The p t of

e the body by water, for xample , has , in all

ages and in all religions , been considered as an emblem fitte d to express that p urity o f the so ul with which man sho uld approach the I I 1 2 B A P TI S /l! A ZVD B A P TI S TE R I E S .

D eity, and has been therefore adopted as an

important religious ceremony .

Abl ution was o ne of the principal rites of

initiation to the worship of Mithra , a god

Pe s i ans dess held in high veneration by the r . The Egyptians appear to have practised it

. er from the earliest antiquity H odotus , in

2d s v the Book of his H i tory , chapter xxx ii . , informs us that the priests of I sis and Osiris

bathed twice during the day in cold water ,

and as often in the night . Those initiated to the sacred mysteries of these divinities were

bathed in water by the priests . The annual

o fI s is festival lasted eight days , during which

urificatio n l ace a general p took p . The use of water in religious rites was

known to the ancient Greeks , who employed

v fo m s a d it under arious r . No one could be m itte d to the Eleusinian mysteries until he had been plunged in the waters of the river

I Mus e s H e s chius o . lissus , c nsecrated to the y (1 12 says that the priest whose o ffice

1 B A T JII 4 P J S A ZVD B A P TI S TE R I E S .

17 4 1211 o r o f urificat io n , water p , used in the

s o f s religious ceremonie the ancient Roman , wh o were s crupulous in employing it before

s acrifice they performed a . It was common l o f y placed at the entrance the temple , and sprinkled upon the worshipers as they e n te re d m v , with a s all olive branch . A essel

i orum conta ning it was also placed in the f ,

us e o f for the the citizens assembled there . This l ustration was administered at the ter

o f mination the fu neral rites , to remove the de file me nt supposed to be contracted by ap pro ac hing a dead body. According to Theo

l s l c . s E cc e . . . doret (Hi t . , ib iii , it was usual to sprinkle water over the food served

e ulm o r . up at the p , solemn religious repasts

I lluc r r can us ce pu pu ea cum Veste sa rdos ,

a uis Alm o n is d o minam sacraque lavit q .

Ov [71 F a s id , t. , 4 . Sparge ns ro re levi e t ram o fe licis o livae ’ ’ — V l n eza 6 E . L ustravit ue v . q iros irgi , ,

Po rtab it aquas ut sparge t in aede — 1 6 n S a t r . I . uve sidis ] a , y ,

’' ' cz a Metr o olzta n a E”cyclop za p . V 1 B A P TI S AI A / D BA PTISTERIES. 5

It is well known that all the oriental reli gions abound with ablutions . The Syrians ,

Copts , etc . , have their annual solemn wash i ngs . The Mohammedans practise ablutions

most punctiliously , and in the greatest n um b e r . The superstitious attachment of the

e H indoos for the riv r Ganges is such , that ablution in its streams is placed among the

firs t ne ce s duties of religion and when , from s it if y, they cannot reach that river , , in bathin g, O they use the exclamation , Ganges , purify me the Brahmins assure them that the

e ffica cio us service is equally .

In accordance with divine directions , the Jews introduced into their religious rites the

urificatio n use of the water of p , made with the ashes of a heifer (Numbers Several other ceremonies of the Mosai c law were

accompanied by ablutions . Bathing in water is said by some Jewish authors to have been

ad used , together with circumcision , in the

E n c clo e di a Metro l ta n a y p po i . 1 6 B A P TJ S M A N D A P B TISTERIES. m issio n of proselytes . These were required

to renounce idolatry and believe in Jehovah , were interrogated while standing in the

and water , after baptism were declared to be

vz e re clean and holy , and admitted to all the

e privileges of the J wish nation . As the sacred writers make no mention of this c us tom , nor is there any reference to it in the T m best argu s , in the apocryphal books , in

the writings of Joseph us and Philo , nor in the

first Fathers of the three centuries , it is proba

ble , if not in fact certain , that this rite was introduced only after the destruction of Jeru

m sac rifice s sale , when the had ceased . This

custom still exists ; Leo of Modena , Rabbi

’ D e Rilzbzzs 6! U S A“ of Venice , says in his book

’ ua wom m i c H e ? , pars . . 3 , who desires to

first fe w become a Jew is circumcised , and a days after is entirely bathed in water in pre sence of three Rabbis who have examined

H e him . is then considered a Jew like the o thers . A P I S /ll A ZVD B A P I R 1 B T T S TE I E S . 7

’ was to The introduction of John s baptism , a certain degree , in harmony with the long established usages of the Jews — the frequency o f lustrations which constituted a part of the

Mosaic ceremonial , and were practised on various occasions both by the priests and by

o f the people . Ablution in the waters the river Jordan was well fitte d to represent the washing away of si ns through repentance

and faith in the coming Messiah , the Lamb o f God , who was to take away the sin of the

o l w r d .

When o ur Saviour entrusted to his dis ci

ples the great commission , he instituted bap tis m as one of the peculiar rites of his church

k n o m and i gd . All power is given unto me

G o e in . heaven and in earth y , therefore ,

and teach all nations , baptizing them in the

name of the Father, and of the Son , and of the Holy Ghost ; teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded

I am o u w you , and lo , with y al ays , even unto Z' X‘ 1 8 B A P TI S M A ND B A P TI S TE R I E S .

w l H e the end of the o r d . And again , that

h H e believeth and is baptized s all be saved . h ” that believeth not s all be damned . (Matt .

1 20 xvi xxviii . 9 , ; Mark .

In obedience to the divine command , the apostles required of all who received baptism

a confession of faith in Christ . The language of Peter on the day of Pentecost to the Jews and Gentiles at Jerusalem was this Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of

” si n s . They that gladly received the word d” were baptize , to the number of three thou

s . and . (Acts ii ) When the Holy Ghost fell o n all who heard his preaching in the house o f : Cornelius , Peter said Can any man for

bid water , that these should not be baptized , which have received the Holy Ghost as well

re as we ? (Acts x. When the eunuch quested to be baptized by Philip , his answer was If thou believest with all thine heart ,

” thou mayest . (Acts viii . Thus was ZI 1 B A P TI S I A N D BA PTISTERIES. 9

im fully established Christian baptism , which

plied , not only repentance and the washing

away of sins , but also faith in a risen Saviour and allegiance to him . It was an outward and visible sign that the convert took upon him B self the profession of Christianity . y this

act, he renounced his Jewish or Heathen

opinions and practices , and adopted the prin

i le s c p of the Christian faith . Instituted by o ur Lord as a perpetual

ordinance of his religion , baptism is the

symbol of his death , burial , and resurrection .

It represents , as regards the believer, death

to sin and the world , and resurrection to a

“ n e w K w e life . no y not, that so many of yo u as were baptized into Jesus Christ , were baptized into his death Therefore we are

a buried with him by baptism into death , th t like as Christ was raised up from the dead by

the glory of the Father , even so we also

should walk in newness of life . For if we have been planted together in the likeness 20 B A P TJ S M A ND B A P TI S TE R ZE S . o f his death , we shall be also in the like n o f ess his resurrection . (Romans vi . 3 u In his comments pon these passages , Jus

A olo tin Martyr ( p g . ii . ) says We celebrate in baptism the the symbol and sign o f his

’ death and resurrection Gregory o f Nys s a , Tin his sermon on repentance , remarks

o ld ne w The man is buried in water , the

” m an is born again , and grows in grace .

(D e C h rys o sto m i says in o ne

“ o f his celebrated H omilies : By o ur being

M r r r r r r o f o Justin a ty , a celeb ated G eek w ite the sec nd

r o r o f r m o r n o r centu y , and the auth seve al i p ta t w ks in de

f r Am o n n fence o Ch istianity . gst them may be menti o ed his

F i r st A olo w o f n r p gy , in hich he gives a detail the man e s , r an d o r o f r r S eco n d ites , d ct ines the ea ly Ch istians ; his

A olo o o f r o f p gy , which is a c mplaint the t eatment the

' r n ia lo ue wzt/z Tr /zo Me 3 20 o r Ch istia s ; his D g yp 7 , a w k c o n tai n ing vari o us arguments to dem o nstrate that Jesus M was the essiah .

H e G re o r B o o f N o r A . D . 0 . T g y, ish p yssa , b n in 3 3 is

o r o f r o o r o r . the auth seve al h milies , ati ns , and lette s His

r Twelve Books against E un o m ius are his best w o ks .

C hr so sto m B o o f A o I y , ish p nti ch (3 54 a judi cio us o r o o r o f S r r . , el quent , and ene getic exp sit c iptu e

M 22 B A P TI S A N D BAPTISTERIES.

' ’ ’ Maximus in his H o mi/za a e ?ua a tra di tore : us , says Baptism is to burial with

Christ , in which we die to sin and iniquity ;

o ld and , the man being destroyed , we rise

to again a new life . It is a burial , by which

o ur it we lay down life that we may save ,

and receive grace that we may live . Great

o f therefore is the grace this sepulture , through which a useful death is brought to us , and a still more useful life freely bestowed .

Great is the grace o f this sepulture with fi Christ , which puri es the sinner and gives

” life to the dying .

Gregory the Great e We also , when we

immerse three times , symbolize the three

’ ' E zst i e days of Christ s burial . ( p . lib . . p .

M B o o f T r fifth r aximus , ish p u in in the centu y , and a

o w r r well kn n Latin w ite .

r r r P A D 0 G e o o . . T g y the Fi st was elected pe in 5 9 . His

o r are r o f r are o r n t chief w ks lette s , which the e m e tha eigh

r H e l o r o f o r o n o b hund ed . is a so the auth a C mmenta y J ,

P a stor a le o r T r o n P o r l D r a , eatise ast a uties , and seve al

H o milies . ' 2 B A P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES. 3

Alluding to the words o f o ur Saviour °

F o r as Jonas was three days and three

’ n ights in the whale s belly, so shall the Son o f man be three days and three nights in the

” "< M A lcuinus earth . ( att . xii . says , in his Sixty - ninth Epistle : The three immer

n sions represe t the three nights .

The o dul h us p , an ecclesiastical writer of

’’ D e Om zne the ninth century , writes in his

' ’ B aplzs mz : We die to sin when we renounce the devil and all his works ; we are buried with Christ when we descend into the font o f washing as into a sepulchre and are im m e rs e d three times in the name of the Holy

urifie d Trinity ; we rise with Christ when , p of

o ut o f all our si ns , we come the font as from

” a tomb .

Alcuinus o r A o n o a r o f , lbinus , the m st disti guished sch l the r co nfidant r o f r eighth centu y , the and advise Cha le

o r o f ro o r o t magne , and auth nume us w ks , which c nsis

r o f o r r o n ff r n p incipally p ems , el ementa y t eatises the di e e t

r o n r o f o o and sciences , lette s a va iety the l gical subjects , o r o r o o f are o the w ks , s me which l st . 2 B AP ZI 4 TJ S I A ND B A F TJ S TE R I E S .

Several allus i ons to baptism are found among some o f the paintings of what Signor

” D e R ossi in his work Roma Sotterranea

” de fin ite calls the Ciclo Biblico , that is , the series of purely scriptural subj ects repre s e n

o f o f ted in many the Catacombs Rome , and which belong to an earlier period o f Christian

Art than those of special saints , martyrs ,

Bishops of Rome and of other Sees , which D are also found there . Thus the eluge and the Ark of Noah are represented in the Cata

o f combs as symbols baptism , according to

: the words of the apostle Peter The ark , w fe w herein , that is , eight souls , were saved

by water ; the like figure whereunto eve n

us baptism doth also now save , not the put

o f filth o f fl ting away th e the esh , but the

answer of a good conscience towards God ,

” I by the resurrection of Jesus Christ . ( Peter

iii . Tertullian expresses himself on this

subj ect in the following terms : As after the

o f e i o ld waters the delug , in wh ch the ini M D BA P TI S A N BAPTISTERIES. 25

uit q y was purged away , as after that baptism

s o it o f o ld ( to call ) the world , a dove sent o ut o f the ark and return i n g with an olive branch was the herald to announce to the earth peace, and the cessation of the wrath o f heaven , so by a similar disposition with

cl reference to matters spiritual , the ove of the

H oly Spirit sent o ut from heaven flies to the fl earth , that is , to our esh , as it comes out of

o ld the bath of regeneration , after its sins ,

us o f o d D e and brings to the peace G . (

' B a lzs mo p , vii . )

in Another painting , representing a man closed in an ark and receiving the olive bran ch

o f from the mouth the dove , painted upon the

in walls of a chapel in the catacombs , was

o h tended to show that the faithful , having taine d the remission of their si n s through

faith in Christ and baptism , had received from the Holy Spirit the gift of divine peace , and are saved in the mystical ark of Christ from the destruction which awaits the world . 3 26 B A P TJ S M A ND BAPTISTERIES.

And if the same picture be rudely scratched o n a single tomb , it denotes the same fact and

o f u the hope the s rvivors that the deceased , being a faithful servant o f Christ and a mem

o f o f ber his body , had died in the peace

n o w God and had entered into his rest .

The passage o f th e Red Sea was also re

fi ure o f ac o r presented as a g baptism , i n c dance with the words o f the apostle Paul

I n o t e Moreover, brethren , would that y should be ignorant how that all o ur fathers

were under the cloud , and all passed through

the sea , and were all baptized unto Moses i n

” 1 r x C o . I the cloud and in the sea . ( . ,

- o f In his thirty ninth sermon , Gregory Na

* z ianz e n says : Moses truly baptized in

r o r o f Naz ianz e n o a T o o G eg y als c lled the he l gian ,

ro r o r r r o r A . D . 28 f m his e uditi n in sac ed lite atu e , was b n 3 ,

n d o ne o f first o r o r m o o a became the at s , and st acc mplished

r r o f r and th o ughtful w ite s his time . His su viving wo rks

o f o f o fift - r o ra o two r c nsist chie ly ab ut y th ee ti ns , hund ed

nd o r -two r o ne r fift - o a f ty lette s , and hund ed and y six p ems ,

o r o . b esides meditati ns , desc ipti ns , etc 2 B A P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES. 7 water by causing the Israelites to pass through

re the sea and under the cloud . The sea

o f presents the waters baptism , and the cloud

” the Holy Spirit . fift Augustine , in his Three hundred and y

“ ' : Per ma re lra nsztus second Sermon , says

' ” éa tzsmus am t p , and then , developing this

fi ure : t ifie s g , he adds The Red Sea yp bap tis m ; Moses leading through the sea , Christ himself; the Israelites passing through re present the faithful ; and the death of the

” D e Egyptians , the destruction of our sins . (

' Pe nilm tza . ) Prosper, an ecclesiastical writer o f th e fi D e Prawn i c s . fth centu ry ( , pars .

ws z‘ s u E the Venerable Bede (s . p . xod . xx) , make remarks of a similar character . A picture o f the pas sage of the Red Sea was lately discovered on a sarcophagus of the

Bede (672—73 5 ) surnamed the Vene rable o n acc o unt o f r H e ro ra o his lea ning , piety , and talents . w te seve l the

o o o o r o n o S r r o l gical b ks , c mmenta ies the H ly c iptu es , h mi

o f o r o f En lies , lives saints , and an ecclesiastical hist y g land . 8 B A P TI S M A N D B A P I 2 T S TE R J E S .

Catacomb of the Vatican , a reproduction of which may be seen in The tri um phal arch of Santa Maria Maggiore contains

a celebrated mosaic on this subj ect .

But the symbol to which the Fathers o f the church seem to have attached the great

est importance , as bearing directly upon the

’ an d L subj ects of baptism the ord s Supper ,

o f o f was that the Fish . In the language

the Christian writers , both in the East and

r the West , from the second centu y onwards ,

” o ur I xo r z as Lord is spoken of as , Piscis ,

” Piscis Noster, and the like , and that for a fi variety of reasons . First , the sh , blessed to the feeding of great m ultitudes and o f his

o wn disciples , by our Lord himself while on b earth , was regarded as a type of that eav

e nly food which he gave for the life of the

fis h world . Secondly , as was , in primitive

times , very generally i n use as an ordinary

' ’ ’ ‘ Bo r S cultur e e P iztu r e m re E stm fle da z C zm zter i tta i , g

di Ro m a .

' 0 BA P TJ S M A N D A 3 B P TISTERIES.

o f naturally to speak the waters of baptism .

The earliest example o f this is the well

: We known passage in Tertullian , smaller

fishe s afte r o f o ur , the example Fish , are

born in the waters , and it is only by contin

” D e uing in those waters that we are safe . (

B a tzismo c I p , . . )

A D Melito , Bishop of Sardis (about . . is the earliest writer who furnishes us with an authority for the application of the term

’ zsces : p to the Christians , when h e says

” th e G o d Pisces Fishes are holy ones of ,

' s a nctz ; for so it is written m erzm t m fe

' lenum 955 5 25 215 ma ms I I p [ g , John xxi . .

la ws E ii C . ca n . X . ( , xl lsewhere ( p . he

' ' refers to the same : C entum guzflquagzm‘a

Wes 0 77m m I n Ma tt Hilary ( ), Opta

r 0 B o o f Po r o an Hila y (3 5 ish p itie s , ccupies impo rta nt p art in the pat ristic lite rature o f the Weste rn

r o a a o r o n Tr n Chu ch . His m st v lu ble w k is that the i ity ;

ro o o n o n A r a he w te als the C uncils , agai st the ians , and

r o n P lm M c o mmenta y the sa s and atthew . 1 B A P TI SM A ND BAPTISTERIES. 3

' D e c zs m D o na 1 c tus S /z l . . . ( . , iii and Augus

’ u c o n s o n m . . C e sz . tine ( f , lib xiii express the

- in same idea . The second named writer forms us that the Greek £1 9 15; represents the

” first 1 7 605 X oar b 0 5 0 5 Ti c E w letters of 1 ; p g ; fip,

”

Jesus Christ, Son of God , Saviour , and

wa adds that , owing to the presence in the

o f ters the Fish , th e basin containing the

“ ” in ing fish baptismal waters was called p , a

o n d ‘ ’ p . l A remarkable inscription of great antiquity

was discovered a few years ago , buried in the soil of an ancient cemetery in the imme

diate vicinity of Autun , a town in France ,

where many ruins of Roman temples , gates ,

f il ri A D O tatus B o o M e o . . p , ish p (ab ut a cele

r d r r b ate ecclesiastical w ite .

“ ' w r rr t z he o o o : . e 1 T f ll ing is the passage efe ed Hic ( . Christus) est piscis qui in b aptism ate pe r invo catio ne m fo n

i nse ritur o a talib us undis . Cujus piscis n men secundum p pe llatio ne m G raecam in uno n o mine pe r singulas lite ras

r o r no minum co ntin e t I X G T E o tu bam sanct um , qu d est

' ’ ’ ’ ’ ' fiz /zr t a for . D e S c sm latinum 7 a m C zs us D ez F zlzus S a h ( .

on at . . c . D , lib iii 2 3 BA P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES. an cl in tri umphal arches still exist . This

o f o r scription is the fourth century , perhaps o f fif h o ne t . the Is is a sepulchral , in memory o f a Pe cto ri us o f A s ch ande ius certain , a son , and seems to have been placed near the bap tiste r o f y a church , and to have been de

first the signed as an invitation , , to receive

o f ordinance baptism , and next , to partake with earnest desire and devout reverence o f L ’ the ord s Supper . This inscription begins as follows

’ ' I X ®TO E ov o wcov 5m r o o c p 7 g, n p v , and has been translated thus 0 thou offspring of the Heavenly Ichthu s

(Christ), use with a reverent heart when th o u hast received the immortal fountain o f D i O vine Waters among mortals . my friend

(who hast been baptized), quicken thy so ul with the ever- flo wing waters of wealth - giving w - isdom . Come and receive the honey sweet f f o f o . ood the Saviour the saints Eat ,

dr . ink, holding Ichthus in thy hands Faith TJ M A ND A B A P S B PTISTERIES. 33

us us brought to and set before food , a Fish

and from a divine font, great pure , which she

took in her hands and gave to her friends ,

wa that they should al ys eat thereof, holding

goodly wine , giving with bread a mingled

On l drink . Ichthus my hands are c asped ;

i n thy love come nigh to me , and be my u O g ide, my Lord and Saviour, thou Light

” o f the dead .

In the primitive church and up to the s ix te e nth m century , the ordinary mode of baptis was by the immersion of the whole body in

’ éa lzz o water . The original term p conveys

o f the meaning immersion , and no other .

On this point we have most valuable testi

mony from the Fathers of the church , and

a The in other ecclesiastic l writers . y va riab ly

di in éa zlz designate baptism as the act of pp g,

' zn o r washin l g, g, and fol owing the language o f the apostle Paul , who calls baptism th e washing of regeneration (Titus iii . use these two terms as equivalents . Thus J ustin B A P TI S M A J VD A 3 4 B PTISTERIES.

D Tr h o e w Martyr in his ialogue with yp , the J

“

c . : B ( speaking of baptism , says y the washing o f repentance 1 6V xowpzw n};

s m voi a y g), which God has instituted for the

o f sins his people , we have understood and affirm this baptism , announced beforehand

by Isaiah , and which alone can purify the

o f penitent, to be the Water Life . For what

o f b is the utility that baptism , y which the body only is cleansed ? Let your soul also

fi o f avarice e nv be puri ed all its passions , , y , ! ” and hatred , and lo the body is pure .

c In his First Apology ( . the same writer

says : This washing (9.01 1 1 p ) is called illu

- o f mination 0u) on account the light that enters the minds of those who have been

H e instructed . who is enlightened is washed

crucifie d in the name of Jesus Christ , under

”

P . Ponti us ilate , and of the Holy Ghost D ionysius , the in his book ,

D o A r o B o o f A i nysius , the e pagite , was ish p thens in

H o r o f r first r . e D the centu y is the auth the t eatises , e B A P M TIS A ND B A P TI S TE R I E S . 3 5

’ ' D e Ecclesias ical zem rc za iii t H /z (c . refers the following words to trine immersion , that is ,

immersion repeated three times , which , he

o f says , was done after the three persons the

“ : Godhead As Jesus , who is the Prince of

Life, remained three days and three nights in

o f the heart the earth , so the three immer sions xa m aéoem ) represent the three

’ o wa aéaw v nights , and the three emersions ( ) the three days .

* Ad A uto Theophilus, in his second book ,

/cum : o f {j , says Men receive remission sins th rough the wate r and the washing of rege

H ne ratio n St d xa o K ovr ov ( p ).

’ I re nae usj’ in his work Adwmus e esej

’ ’ ’’ ' H ze r a rcfiza C e leste D e b zer a 7 5 1222: cclesia stzca D e N o , E ,

° ' ' n d lze w nzzn zbu5 a Mstzce T ologi . Theo philus was Bisho p o f Anti o ch in the seco nd

r H e ro r o o f o f r n centu y . w te th ee b ks in de ence the Ch istia

r to A o r w faith , add essed ut lycus , a lea ned heathen , ith

o n wh m he was acquai ted .

I r o f s A H e dis a B o o . D . 1 0 . T en eus , ish p Ly n , 7 was a ci le o f Po r r o r a . p lyca p . His p incipal w k is th t which is B A P TI S TE R J E S . 3 6 BA P TI S M A ND

o f c . , (lib: iii . Speaking baptism says Our bodies through this washing (lavacrum) have received that which leads to an incor ruptib le unity . Tertullian wrote on the subject o f baptism a whole treatise to establish the necessity of that ordinance in refutation o f the opinion

o f m a female , na ed Quintilia , who maintained that faith alone (we suppose faith without

works) was s ufficie nt for salvation . In this

m o f tract , Tertullian , who at times akes use x k somewhat e aggerated expressions , spea s

strongly o f the e fficacy o f baptism in procur

ing the remission of sins , and the descent

o f an d re the Holy Ghost , connects it with

generation ; he also discusses many questions

relating to this rite as practised in his time .

o f In this and other tracts his , Tertullian

o m o n A dve rsus ffm f eses A r c m ly cited as ( gainst He esies),

ro r n o f o o is afte r which he w te in the eig C mm dus , that , the

r 0 o r r r f o r 1 8 . o a e o o yea His the w ks m st them d ct inal ,

r a e o . o ra and kn wn nly by f gments .

M A N 3 8 BA P TI S D BAPTISTERIES.

S ala a m 10mm salwzm 10mm r : . by c ying ,

o r and Baptized , more literally , washed saved ,

” A ci d S a nctom m i washed and saved . ( , lib . . )

' A os tolzm l C onstitutio ns C a no ns In the p , or ,

find : o r we these words If any bishop ,

‘ presbyter, shall have administered but one immersion , and not three immersions (tres imm e rs io ne s ) at the initiation (baptism), he

o ur must be deposed . For Lord has said ,

‘ G o e y , teach all nations , baptizing them in

o f o f the name the Father, and the Son , and

‘ o f C o n es zum a no ne the Holy Ghost . ( g C s

A osto/orum er C lemefltem n p , p , . The

o r Apostolical Constitutions , Canons , are a collection o f regulations attributed to the

to apostles , and supposed have been com

o f piled by Clement , Rome , whose name

. they likewise bear It is the general opinion ,

however, that they are spurious , and that

Clement had no hand in them . They have

to no external evidence support them , not bei ng quoted by any o f the Christian writers BA P TI S M A ND B A P TI E R S T ZE S . 3 9 o f first the three centuries . They are also

i o f dest tute internal evidence , as they con

tain many superstitions , profane comparisons ,

mystical expositions , and ascetic regulations ,

e together with glaring inconsistenci s , and

m uch false history, which destroy all claim

first to apostolical origin . They appeared in

the fourth century , but have been much

changed and corrupted since that time . They

c o nsistin r o f are divided into eight books , g a

great n umber of rules and precepts , relating

to the duties of Christians , and particularly the ceremonies and discipline of the church .

Though destitute o f apostolical sanction and authority , these Canons are valuable as de

ce re m o scribing the form , customs , and the

o f 00 nies the churches , about the year 3 .

We shall have occasion to quote them again .

in his Commentary on the G o s

Origen (1 84— 25 4) was at the head o f the C atechetical

S o o A r o ne o f o ch l at lexand ia , and was the m st eminent

f r r r r H e o [J exa 1a o . the ea ly Ch istian w ite s c mpiled a p , I S TE R J E S . 40 BA P TI S M A ND B AP T

pel of John (t . makes the following statement o n the subject o f baptism : The washing of water (7 6 ao vz' pbu) is the sym bol of the p urificatio n o f the soul cleansed

’ s in r o f all impurity of . In his Commenta y

: o n the Gospel of Matthew , he says We

xovr bv are , therefore , through this washing ( p )

” buried with Christ in regeneration . D in his Second Letter to onatus , — calls baptism Zewacm m sa lutarem the salu

' ’ tary bath also a guwsalzzzarzs lava cm m— the

Ad D ona l o f . . bath salutary water (epist ii ) ,

' mle— ii Ad a acm m vz . V and l v Vital bath (epist .

' ’ ubaza n D e B a tzs mo he ? ) In his tract , p ,

o r Po o B ro o r o n S r r lygl t ible , and w te c mmenta ies c iptu e ,

r o n r rr o r r o r r t eatises the esu ecti n , ma ty d m , p aye , and a de

fence against Celsus .

i A 2 8 B o f r r . D . o Cyp ian (d ed 5 ) was ish p Ca thage , and

r o a r o f A r r H e an illust i us F the the f ican Chu ch . is the

a o r o f o r r r a r r uth s me ema kable lette s , dd esses , and t eatises ;

' ' amo ng these latte r may be menti o n ed the D e G r a tza D ez

' On G r o f G o d D e [dolor um Va n zta te On ( the ace ), and ( o f I o the Vanity d ls). 1 BA P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES. 4

writes Water cleanses indeed the body , but the Holy Ghost sets his seal upon the

o ur soul , so that with bodies washed in clean fi w water , and our hearts puri ed , we may dra

” o d near to G . Gregory in his Sermon on

’ Christ s Baptism , Speaks of the immersion o f Christ , which took place in the river

” Jordan .

L actantius z t When man , cleansed by

' ' Za vd crzzm D e D zwi zis the holy washing ; . (

lib . viii . )

r o r T m r so o n o o f G eg y hau atu gus , called acc unt the number o f mi racles he is said to have perfo rmed du ring

an d r B o o f Ne o a r his life afte his death , was ish p C esa ea ,

h d A H e o D . 2 . o r and flo uris e . 45 c mp sed a panegy ical dis o r o n Or r r r o n E c u se igen , a c eed , a pa aph ase cclesiastes ,

r o and so me se m ns .

antius A 2 w D . as 1 L act (died . 3 5 ) an eminent Christian

r o a wr H r r. e o r w ite , and a m st eleg nt Latin ite is the auth o f the remarkable t reatise D e (Ou

D I i n o rro r o f the ivine nstitutes), which he exp ses the e s heathenism and sets fo rth the truth and excellence o f Chris

tianit . H e ro o o n ea f}: P ersecuto rs y w te als the D qf , and the f o G od Wr a iz f . 496 42 BAP TI SM A ND BAPTISTERIES.

< E us eb ius fi in his Ecclesiastical H istory

i c o f (. . makes use the following expres

“ sion : That we might be plunged in the

bath o f baptism In the succeeding

o f chapter, he alludes to the cleansing the

body and that o f the soul .

C ril o f D y t Jerusalem , in his iscourses to

E 2 0 B o o f a r P usebius ( 7 ish p C esa ea , in alestine ,

r r o f r r r ar was a w ite g eat lea ning and vast ese ch , and the

f o r o r are father o ecclesiastical hist y . His chief w ks the

' C /zr on zcon histo x o f o r o to r o f o ur , a y the w ld d wn the yea

o r 2 28 E va n elica l P r e a r a tion fifte e n L d 3 7 and 3 ; the g p , in

o o o o o f r ro o ld b ks , a c llecti n such ext acts f m the heathen autho rs a s we re fitte d to make the mind regard the evi dence o f Christi a nity in a favo rable light ; the E va ngeli ca l

' ' D emon szm tzon o o r to o n , in twenty b ks , w itten c vince the

' ' Jews o f the t ruth o f Christianity ; and the E cclesza slzca l

‘ ffiszm' o o to r 2 y , in ten b ks , which extends the yea 3 4 .

r 1 B o o f r a an t 1 Cy il (3 5 ish p Je us lem , was eminen

r r o r n are chu ch Fathe , wh se w iti gs exceedingly valuable o n

o o f r o o as r o r ro acc unt thei the l gy well as thei vig , p fundity ,

H e o and beauty . is well kn wn fo r his catechetical dis

o r o f r are - r c u ses , which the e twenty th ee still extant . They are divided into two classes ; the first eighteen are ad

r to o r o f d essed catechumens deemed w thy baptism , and are a brief exp o siti o n o f the gene ra l do ct rines o f Ch ris i it t an y the remaining five are addressed to perso ns al ready B A P TI S M A N D B A P TI S TE R J E S . 43 the catechumens he was pre paringr for bap tism : Yo u , says to them are about to des cend into the b aptistery in order to be plunged

a tee/l . xa a évs w C . in water (u s 1 6 m fi ). ( iii ) For he who is plunged in water is s urrounded on all sides by water ; th us the apostles were baptized in the Holy Spirit,

u f b t with this dif erence , however, that whilst the water can reach only the outer surface o f the body , the H oly Spirit cleanses in a

” a tec/z C . mysterious manner the inner soul . ( xvii . ) In his second Mystagogical Lecture , he says : Yo u have been plunged three im times in water , to symbolize by the three mersions the three days o ur Saviour was ” C buried in the tomb . The discourses of y prian give us a minute and very interesting account of the rites of baptism and the

’ Lord s Supper . bapti z ed ; they are distinguished by the name o f Mystago

ical r are chie fl o to o n g Lectu es , and y dev ted the explanati o f r o f o r the natu e the dinances . 44 BA P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES.

* E i hanius o n e p p , in his Treatise Her sies ,

‘ writes : Instituting the washing (xo vr pcw) o f

: G o e baptism , he (the Saviour) said y , and

o f o f baptize in the name the Father , and

o f H m? the Son , and the Holy ( ses , vii . )

' ‘ “ Basili in his Sermon D e B apzzs mo : As o ur Lord Jesus Christ was corporeally buried in the sepulchre three days and three nights , s o man , in imitation of this sacred mystery ,

is by trine immersion buried , and then by

” emersion res uscitated again .

D e 111 5 22740 B a Augustine , in his Sermon 7 p

‘ zzlvma tzlv , which he addressed to catechumens , who were candidates for baptism , expresses

“ himself in the following m anner : When

E i h ius B o o f a an o r o A D . 0 S p p (b n ab ut . 3 3 ) was ish p l A o r n m o m o r n amis . m ng his w iti gs the st i p ta t is his

’

P a n a r zon o r o o f All r n r . , Catal gue He esies (eighty in umbe )

B 2 B o o f a r a o 1 asil (3 9 ish p C esa ea , in C ppad cia , is o ne o f the m o st eminent and el o quent o f the G reek

r H e r r n o o f Fathe s . was su named the G eat o acc unt his

r H e ro o o o a lea ning and piety . w te h milies , exp siti ns , p i ne r cs a r o o f S r . gy , evisi n the eptuagint , and lette s

A 46 B A P TI S M A N D B PTISTERIES.

1 the century , paraphrases Matthew iii . 4 in following manner

Sh o uldst th o u n o t be imme rsed in water by wo rthie r

hands than mine ,

o wn o r Since thy washing c uld cleanse me bette , Said Jo hn

’ ' ' H zstor za Eva ngelzca

in his refers to baptism as follows

’ ' H zsfor za E va n elical T ac are o . l st , except his g his is an ’ f ur r o r o o o S o o o o . I t c unt avi u s life and acti ns , in f u b ks

r i n r o r to narr is w itten hexamete s , and cl sely adhe es the a

’ ’ o f E a I t m a B zblzot/zeca tive the v ngelists . y be seen in the m P a tru .

Pr r o o f o r ce ntui udentius , a Ch istian p et the f u th y ,

n f r o r are t was a ative o Spain . His p incipal w ks the C a /ze

’ ’ mer zn on fo r A ot/i eoszs , twelve hymns daily use ; the p , a

' ‘ d o f o r o f T r H a m a n z e n eza efence the d ct ine the inity ; the g , ; a w o rk o n the o rigin o f evil ; the the tri umph o f the Christian graces in the so ul o f the believe r ;

C o n tr a S m ma c/zzmz o y , a p lemic against the heathen gods ;

P er i S te /za n o n o r o r o f S p , f u teen p ems in p aise panish and

o r r r D i l c/zon o r o r - the ma ty s ; and lastly the p y , f ty eight

o m o n r r r o Pr p e s sc iptu al incidents and pe s nages . udentius “ has been called the H o race and Vi rgil o f the Chris ” tians . ’ P TI E R J E S BA P TI S M A ND B A S T . 47

T o rt hen the imm al tunic , which , with skilful hands ,

o o ffo r r H ly Faith has w ven , and which a ds an impenet able

o r c ve ing ,

She r o to o who r he self w uld give th se , with thei bathed

are o to o r . chests , ab ut be b n again

A lc uin us A vitus o f , Archbishop Vienna

’ ’ D e D zlzwzo A D . ( . says , in his hymn

’ W o r s r A rk h eve is wa hed with Ch ist s baptism is in the .

* Leo the Great writes. in his Sixteenth

Epistle : In baptism trine immersion re

’ presents the three days burial (s epu/tum m

' ' ' ’ ' ’ ‘ ‘ tma zza m zmzta zur zrzmz dcmers zo ~ ), and the ris

' ' ing from the waters (eleva lzo d é a qzzzs) is a

” o f symbol the resurrection .

o f Maximus , Bishop Turin , says , in one

“ ' ' o f his H omilies : H zc zlz f ame lzo mo mergz fur Here in the font man is immersed .

’ In his ffis torza Ecclesias tical 6e7z1l A nglo

L e o r Po o f R o 0 an d the G eat was elected pe me , in 44 , is at the head o f the w rite rs o f the Latin Chu rch in the

fift r The o o r n o f o r are his h centu y . m st imp ta t his w ks

r S r o o f r are two o . Lette s and e m ns , which the e v lumes 48 B A P TJ S M A ND B A P TI S YE R I E S .

m 1 1 c m (lib . . . the Venerable Bede gives the following account o f the missionary la bors o f Paulinus

K o f ing Edwin , with all the nobility the n o f ation , and a large number the common

f o f sort , received the aith and the washing

e o f regeneration in the eleventh y ar his reign , which is the year o f the incarnation o f o ur

Lord 627 S o great was then the fer

vor of the faith , and the desire of the wash ing o f salvation among the nation of the h Northumbrians , t at Paulinus stayed with

- them thirty six days , fully occupied in cate chis in g and baptising during which

days , from morning till night , he did nothing

else but instruct the people , resorting from

’ all villages and places , in Christ s saving r word , and when inst ucted he washed them with tlie water o f absolution in the river

o f D In the Province eiri , he baptized

it Now d Bo we nt calle . BA P TI S M A ND B A P TI S TE R ZE S . 49 in the river Sarle , which runs by the village

< o f C ataracte fi for as yet oratories o r fonts could not be made in the infancy o f the

” ’ Church in those parts . i

o f The Fourth Council Toledo, held in

A D 6 m . . 3 3 , decreed but one im ersion , say ing that it was not b e fitting to immerse three times the person baptized (N on apartere tar mer ere gum a g (C p . But both the simple and triple forms o f immer

sion continued to prevail in the Latin churches , whilst the Greek churches persisted in p rac tisin g trine immersion only , and still hold to it . In the Ordo Romanus , a ritual composed

find i n the eighth century , we trine immer

r o r r o f Yo rk Catte ick , in the n th iding . ’ 1 I n a plan o f Paulinus sec o nd e difice (Edifice o f the ’ r f t P r Yo r Met ro po litan Chu ch o S . ete s at k) the p ro bable

o o o f o o r o r re p siti n a w den baptiste y , encl sing a sp ing still

ma o o ut. B o o r o r ining , is p inted ede menti ns this at y as being built in haste fo r the exp ress purp o se o f bapti z ing

T r K ing E dwin . his ci cumstance w o uld seem to indicat e r r o r r r E that baptiste ies we e f me ly e ected in ngland . 5 M A 5 0 BA P TJ S AN D B P TI S TE R ZE S . sion prescribed in the following form

“ ' ' E o 16 5 525153 0 232 nomine Pams et mer zt g 7 , g

' ' ’ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ same] at E M eZ mer zf zzem m ez rzzus ; , g s

' ' ” S a nd i ez mer zt Zerfzo I , g . baptize thee in the n o f ame the Father (and immerses once), and o f S o n the (and immerses a second time), and o f the Holy Ghost (and immerses the third time).

' D e O c E ccleszast in his work fi . .

c o f ( . says that in baptism the stains sin are washed away through the bath of re

' generation (a éluunlur per rege' m m fimzzs [z wa cr am ) and adds , Therefore , when we are

o f baptized in Christ , we are born again

’ er a ua m renasczmur u water (p g ), that being p

” rifie d we might live .

I o r B o o f S flo urish e d at sid e , ish p eville , the beginning

f r H e o o the seventh centu y . is am ng the earliest re pre se ntative s o f r S o n e o f m o the chu ch in pain , and was the st

r r o f o r distinguished ecclesiastical w ite s his time . His w ks , b r o n o o r o r a and ea ing the l gical , ascetical , litu gical , hist ic l ,

o o are r ro . The Mo s phil s phical subjects , ve y nume us

r r e - o ok o f S a abic Litu gy , which becam the text b panish

wo r r ro . ship , was p incipally f m his hand 1 BA P TI S M A ND BA PTISTERIES. 5

The Gothic Missal contains the follow

o f ing form prayer, which was used at the ceremony of the benediction of the baptismal fonts : We pray our Lord God that he will

sanctify this font , so that all who will des

’ ' cend into this font (zzt o mnes gzzz descm derzl/Z

‘ 1mm f ai zzem) may receive through the washing o f the most blessed regeneration

' ' ’ ’ (Zawacm m éea tzsszmz regm em lzoms) the re

” o f mission all their sins .

’ Be rnardj’ in his Sermon o n the Lord s

: he rst o f Supper, says Baptism is t fi all

the sacraments , in which we are planted to

T G o M ro r o ld r his thic issal is f m a ve y manusc ipt , the

o f r I t f r o r date which is unce tain . di fe s in s me espects ro R o f m the man .

B r r f A . D 1 1 o n e o m o i n 1 e na d (died . 5 3 ) was the st

flue ntial o o o f H e the l gians the middle ages . was called

' Mellz lzwus octo r r n r r o f r the f D , and his w iti gs a ive pa a

o r are n r T co n dise His w ks exceedingly ume o us . hey

o f o r r r - r r to sist f u hund ed and thi ty nine lette s , add essed the leading pe rs o ns o f his time o n ecclesiastical and public affai rs ; o f three hundred and fo rty se rm o ns ; and o f so m e

o o o ro r r dev ti nal and c nt ve sial t acts . P TI S M A ND 5 2 B A BAPTISTER IES.

’ gether into the likeness o f his (Christ s)

' ' ‘ zmmz merszo death . Hence trine immersion ( )

o r represents the triduum ( three days), which

” I n me D o mini C a . we are about to celebrate . ( )

Pope in his Opusczzlum 05 m vum the , writes Baptism is washing of the

' cor oris a blzztzo body ( p ), which represents the

urificatio n o f H o w inner p the soul . great

therefore the virtue of water, since it can

reach the body , and at the same time cleanse the heart

Thomas A q uinas T makes the following

' important statement in his S umma T/zeologzz

Po o f R o r r Celestine , pe me , in the thi teenth centu y .

T o m a A n a o r T o o f A o 1 22 1 h s qui s , h mas quin ( 4 is the m o st rema rk able represe n t ative o f the s cho lastic

a o r are A C om the o l o gy o f the middle ges . His chief w ks men ta ry on 1126 F ou r B o oks of S en /en ces of P 3 16? L om ’ ’ éa m S u m ma T/zeolo zce c first m at ; the g , whi h is the atte pt

’ ' ‘ ‘ a c o mplete the o l o gical system ; Quwstzon es D zspwa zw f t

’ ' ' u oa lzéeta les O uscula Tlzeolo zm . A Q , and p g quinas was “ o ften called by his enthusiastic scho lars the Seco nd ” Augustine .

5 4 BAP TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES.

the former placed his right hand o n the head of the candidate , and , pronouncing

s fo r the baptismal word , gently bowed him wardj‘ till he was completely immersed in the

In some very ancient paintings , the candidate is represented as standing in the

water up to his middle , and the adm inistrator by his side bending him forward . The most remarkable of these paintings is that o f the

o f Catacomb San Ponziano , outside of Rome , in the chapel called Capella del Battis

” o f terio . The Baptism the Saviour is roughly sketched and painted in the o ld technical style . The Redeemer is re pre

Se e A ro D e S a cr a men f i . . . c . mb sius , , lib 5 ; and Gre

o r D e a cr u m . D e . S a é . P en tecosl g y , S , lib .

T a o f Pr 1 his is the me ning udentius , when he speaks f “ ” ' o the candidates with thei r bathed che sts z pector zbus ' lotzs .

Pa A r R oma S uétem' a fm ea l i lih 6 , . . c I uli inghi , . . 4 , ' e B a tzsm o D . o Vale r a Mon ume p J an Ciampini , nta .

a o f B r r f Ch pel the aptiste y, a pictu e o which fo rms o ur ro f ntispiece . ‘

BAP TISM A ND B/J P TJ S TE R J E S . 5 5

sented up to his waist in clear water, with a n imbed head of regular features , inclosed by long falling hair and a small beard . John stands on a bank to the right , holding a reed ,

’ and placing his hand on the Saviour s head .

On the left bank an angel , resting upon a ’ A t cloud , holds the Saviour s garments . its f fixe dl eet is a stag or deer, looking y at the pure water, symbol of the catechumen ar

n l de t y desiring the waters of baptism .

Below is painted o n the wall a cross set with precious stones , and ornamented with

flo we rs and leaves , and two candlesticks .

The cross descends into the water .

A 0. The symbols of the Redeemer, and (Alpha and Omega) are seen suspended from

o f the arms the cross . Inwoven in this man ner these letters formed a frequent symbol

in the early church , and were considered as

expressive of the supreme divinity o f o ur

i s l Saviour, H eternity and immutability , lis creative and all - embracing pres e nce and 5 6 BA P TI SM AND BAPTISTERIES.

Bo lde tti energy . According to these paint ings belong to the fifth o r sixth century .

They will b e found reproduced in the large picture we give o f the Baptistery o f the C a

S ee taco mb o f San Ponziano . (

I . The annexed engraving (Fig . )reproduces

o f t a fresco found in the ancient Basilica S .

Clement, at Rome , lately discovered by ex

cavating the soil beneath the modern church

o f the same name . This painting, which is

o n the southern wall near the western angle ,

r epresents an archbishop , with the Greek pal

u o f lium , baptizing by immersion a yo ng man barbaric type From its vicinity to another

’ t firs t n S . painting , alluding to Cyril s m issio

to the Bulgarians , it probably represents the

o f C haz ari baptism the Cham of the , if not ,

o f R astice s D o f o r Bo r that , uke Moravia ,

D o f fo r goris Michael , uke Bohemia , all t these three were converted by S . Cyril and

' ' ' ’ ’ ' ’’ Bo lde tti 05 ser 7za z zo7zz o ra , s p z C zm zter z a z S a nti

’ ' ' ’ ' ' ’ Ma rtzr z ed A nlzcfiz C r zstza n i dz oma R . B A P TI S M A N D BAPTISTERIES. 5 7

-B O F A C O NV BY C YR L I . APTISM ERT I , N B G MI S S I O NA R Y I UL ARIA .

* his brother Methodius . This fresco is pro bably o f the ninth century . There is a miniature of the eighth or ninth

o f century, representing the rite baptism by

immersion , which belongs to an unnumbered

” “ R R ev St. B o . Clement and his asilica in me , by ull b Jo seph M o o y. D 5 8 BA P TI S M A N BA P TI S TE R J E S .

‘ manuscript in the large library o f the Minerva R r in Rome . The edeemer stands in the wate up to his waist , John places his right hand

’ o n r upon the Saviour s head , and the othe

o f s side the stream are ministering angel .

“ The title o f this valuable manuscript is Be

’ ne dictio o r o f Fontis , , Blessing the Font, r epresented in the annexed woodcut (Fig .

- i . 2 . B D O F T E F F g ENE ICTION H ONT .

in which the archbishop , surrounded by his clergy , pronounces a special blessing upon the baptismal waters , previous to administering

. fi ure s the rite The short g , the characte ristics A J S M A D B P T N BAPTISTERIES. 5 9 o f this manuscript, are even more reminiscent o f 868 the antique than the Terence , No . 3 ,

c o f o r whi h is the eighth ninth century , and is now preserved in the Vatican . It contains fourteen miniature paintings o n eight parch ment leaves .

In the sacristy o f the ancient church o f

v an San Celso , at Milan , is still preser ed an

o r tique diptych , church book , in which were

o f co m etenles inscribed the names the p , or m candidates for baptis . This diptych con

o f o f tains a picture the Baptism Christ .

o f S t In his Memoir . Celsus , who was a

bishop at Milan , Bugati , a canonical priest, alludes to this picture as follows : The R e deemer is represented immersed in the water according to the ancient discipline o f the

church , observed for many centuries in the

o f administration baptism . John holds in his left hand a curved and knotty staff,and

’ u places his right pon the Saviour s head .

Finally the Holy Spirit descends from heaven 60 BA P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES.

in the form o f a dove . This scene is found depicted o n the most ancient Christian m o

” n um e nts o . Acc rding to Bugati , this pic

fifth o r ture is of the sixth century , but the absurd manner in which the water, instead o f being level , is raised into a hillock , clearly shows it to be a production o f the middle ages .

The great door o f the ancient Basilica o f

S t a o f e . Paul , outside the w lls Rom , burnt

1 8 2 n in 3 , and replaced by the modern mag i

fie o f e n ent Basilica the same name , was

fi ure s riched with g , engraved in outline in

fille d the bronze , and in with silver . This door had been cast in Constantinople in the

The eleventh century . whole front was di vide d in six equal parts in width , and nine in fift - height, giving y four oblong compart

fi ure s in ments , containing subj ects , g , and scri tio ns p . The subj ects were taken from

' B Memorial dz S a n C elso— A m di ce ugati , pp .

62 BA P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES.

i — . Y F BA PT I S M A O R D N F g 3 . CEREMON O C C I G T O T H E F R O M A R NI RUSSIAN RITE . U C MANUSCRIPT O F T H E 1 th o n 1 Y 3 4th CENTUR . o f the Greek school established in Italy in

r to the ninth o tenth century . It was still

’ C iam ini s be seen in p time , although partially

o f St inj ured , in the ancient ch urch . Andrea,

a o n o f in Barb ra , which was built the ruins the ancient Basilica S icim ana in the fifth

r o e centu y . It is , h wever, now quit de * stroyed .

o f The Hotel de Ville Rheims , in France , contains a large canvas painting of the fif

C Valera Mon umen ta t i c 8 iampini , , . . . . BAP TI SM A ND 6 BAPTISTERIES. 3 te enth r o f centu y , representing the baptism K ing Clovis by trine

Mention might be m ade o f many other

ancient paintings of baptism by immersion ,

but time and space forbid . We will merely ,

o ur for the present, indicate to readers the ex iste nce o f o r a Greek Monologue , Calendar, o f o r the ninth tenth century, and another

Greek manuscript, the Book of th e Evange

f r lists , of the twel th centu y, and manuscript

1 6 o f No . 43 , which are all in the library

re re the Vatican , and in which baptism is p sented according to the primitive m o de i’

We will again refer to this subj ect in o ur de

f o f scription o the various baptisteries Italy .

b e The custom of trine immersion , which gan as early as the third century , continued till the Reformation . It was prescribed in

Ma an A e t R en a vo l L a e la issa n ce . . y g , ii 1 The same subject is fo u n d in a miniatu re painting o f ’ ' ' L ff zsto zr e de la B elle H é/é/ze a r o f fifte enth , a m nusc ipt the

r r r R o r r o f Br centu y , p ese ved in the yal Lib a y ussels . 64 B /I P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES.

o f the Prayer Book o f Edward VI . Eng

f . land , but was a terwards omitted Baptism was accompanied in the earlier times o f the church with various forms and

o f t ceremonies , some which are s ill retained in the Greek and Romish churches . These additions to the simplicity o f the ordinance began at a very early period . Thus it be came customary to exorcise the converts pre

i us v o to their receiving baptism . This exor cism first n , which was at nothing else tha calling upon them to renounce the devil and

mo difie d all his works , was subsequently so as to include certain prayers , adj urations i n

the name of Christ, commanding the demon

to quit the persons about to be baptized , and

o f imposition hands . Tertullian , in his Apo

c . C an logy ( and Origen , in his work

1m alm s o f C (lib . speak exorcism as o f

This Prayer Bo ok was c o mpiled by Cranme r and R id o r in ley , assisted by eleven the divines , and published 1 5 49 . ND 6 BAP TI SM A BAPTIS TERIES. 5 o rdina ry occurrence ; and the Council o f Car tha e 2 g , in 5 5 , decreed that heretics and schismatics were first to be exorcised with

o f imposition hands , and then to be baptized before they could be admitted as true mem f bers o the Catholic Church . In the passage

t o f alluded to above , Ter ullian thus speaks the b e ne fits conferred upon the pagans by ex o rcism : Were it not for the Christians , who could rescue your souls and bodies from the power o f the hidden enemies that destroy ? I everything allude to the demons , who continually beset you , and whom we cast

u o f o u o r o t y without reward payment . We might have satisfie d our revenge by merely l eaving you an undisputed prey to the im~

pure Spirits . And you , forgetting the bene

fit o f o ur protection , prefer to treat as enemies us , who not only do you no harm , but are — even necessary to your welfare we are ene

” o f o f mies , it is true , not men , but error .

Cyril o f Jerusalem attach ed great importance 696 A ND 66 BAP TI S M BAPTISTERIES.

fo r o ne o f he to exorcism , in his L ectures

“ s ays : As mixed metals cannot be purged

fire s o without , neither can the soul be pu rged

without exorcisms , which are divine , and gath

” a zeck C . e red o ut of the Scriptures . ( xvii . )

o f Turning to the East, as a symbol turning

o ne o f to God , was the ceremonies connected

the with baptism in ancient times . When

persons to be baptized entered the baptistery , where they were to make their renunciation o f o f Satan , and their confession faith , they were placed with their faces towards the

West , and commanded to renounce Satan with some gesture o r rite this they did by striking their hands together as a token of

o ut abhorrence , by stretching their hands

e xs ufflatio n against him , by , and by spitting at him , as if he were present . They were

then turned round to the East, and desired to h lift up their hands and eyes to eaven , and enter into covenant with Christ, the S un o f

” Righteousness . The West, says Cyril, 6 BA P TI SM A N D BAPTISTERIES. 7

o f is the place darkness , and Satan is dark

F o r ness , and his strength is in darkness . this reason ye symbolically look towards th e

West when ye renounce that prince of dark

” and C a teck i st e ness horrors . ( . M , ii . ) J rome says : First we renounce him that is

us o ur in the West , who dies to with sins ;

and then , turning to the East, we make a

o f covenant with the Sun Righteousness , and

” C o mment promise to be his servants . ( , lib . iii . ) Severus referring to this

' D e B a tzs mo custom , says , in his treatise p

“ H e anoints the whole body of him who is

to be baptized , and leads him into the bap tiste r y, with his face turned towards the

’ ' East (D e R ztzéus

I ns ufflatio n was next added ; it consisted in breathing upon the catechumen before

o f baptism , to signify the expulsion the devil , and again after immersion to symbolize the

S r B o o f A r flo uri she d A . D . 6 6. eve us , ish p lexand ia , 4

e r o f r r H is the autho seve al t eatises . 68 BAP TI S /Vl A ND BAPTISTERIES.

o f gift o f the Holy Ghost . Cyril Jerusalem exhorted his catechumens to receive exor cism with diligence in the time o f cate chis ing ; fo r whether it was ins ufflatio n o r exor c ism it was to be esteemed salutary to the

” s oul . xvii . ) Tertullian informs us that it was the cus to m in his time to give the bapti z ed person

a o f to portion milk and honey , denote hi s

e o f ntrance into the Promised Land Canaan ,

e and that he belonged to the spiritual Isra l .

D e orona x C . v. ( , lib ) Milk and honey were a o f lso given in token his spiritual youth , and

o f his reception of spiritual gifts and graces . This custom seems to have been discontin ued

ft a er a few centuries .

o f Another addition was made , that anoint

o il ing the catechumen with before baptism ,

and with unguent after . This custom is

* C rian mentioned by Tertullian , yp fir Cyril , 1

' D e B a tzsm p o .

'

r . Ad uba zan 1 Cyp ian , epist lxiii . , ? .

r C a fecfi sta u I Cy il , . M g. , .

70 B AP TI SM A ND BAPTISTERIES. o f e soul , which by this rite the converts wer * e supposed to have acquired . Thes gar

e m nts , which were commonly worn eight

days , were metaphorically called the gar

o f o r . ments Christ , the mystical garments

Jerome , writing to Fabiola , alludes to this custom in these words : We are to b e

o f washed with the precepts God , and when

o f we are prepared for the garment Christ,

o ff o f putting our coats skins , we shall put

on the linen garment that hath nothing o f

it o ut death in , but is all white , that rising

o f o f u the waters baptism , we may gird abo t

o ur loins with truth , and cover the former

filthine ss o f o ur Gregory the

’ ‘ S aem mm zarzum Great, in his , gives the fol

lowing charge at the delivery o f the white robes to the neophytes : Receive the white

and immaculate garment , which thou mayest

’ ' T r D e R esu r rectzon e m r (fa r s . o f ru e tullian , Cy il Je

/z . s C a tec . alem , , xviii

' ro Ad F a ézola m 1 ]e me , , epist . cxxviii . 1 BA P TI S M A ND B A P TI S TE R ZE S . 7 bri ng forth without Spot before the trib unal o f o ur Lord Jes us Christ, that thou mayest

” have eternal life . Amen .

In his account o f the baptism by immer

o f C e do aldo K o f - sion , ing the Anglo Saxons ,

o f by Sergi us , Pope Rome , Paul us Warne fridus says

Fo nte renascentis que m Christi gracia pu rgans ” Protinus A léa tu m ve xit in arce poli .

'

lib 0 . (D e Gestzs . vi .

* Ve nantius Fortunatus writes i n o ne o f his poems :

e re ditur nitidis e xe rcitus Candidus g undis , A tque vetus vitium purgat in amne n o v o

' F u lgen tes a n imus vestzs qu o que candida signat ’ ” r P r Et g ege de m wo gaudia asto habet .

A t the baptism o f great men many o f th e attendants clothed themselves also in white .

In an epistle o f Marcus G az e nsis Tit is re

Ve n antius o r B o o f Po r flo urish e d F tunatus , ish p itie s ,

6 o r A . D . 0 . H e ro o o f o m o t 5 w te eleven b ks p e s , and sh ’ ’ r o n o r Pr r A o C r . t eatises the L d s aye , and the p stles eed

M r r r o f o r r 1 a cus, a w ite the f u th centu y . 72 BA P TI SM A ND BAP TISTERIES.

m a nifice nt o f corded that, at the g baptism

Y ro ce s Theodosius the ounger, a splendid p sion accompanied the newly baptized prince from the church to the palace . The leaders o n the occasion were clothed in white gar

ments , which made the company look as if it had been covered with snow ; and all the

o f senators and men quality , an d soldiers in their ranks carried lamps in their hands , that o ne would have thought the stars had ap

e are d p upon earth . The white garment was made to fit the body tightly, and was bound round the middle with a girdle - sash ; the sleeves were

o r either plain , like those of a cassock , else

o n full , and gathered close the wrists , like

the sleeves of a shirt . It resembled m uch the tunic worn by the ancients , and which

' was called by the Greeks poderzs (reaching to

' ta /arzs the feet), and by the Romans (reach ing to the ankles). It was also designated as A15 4 o r Ala the , , from its white color . B AP TI S M AND BAPTISTERIES. 73

Candles were lighted after baptism , and placed in the hand of the person baptized , as early as the fourth century , as an emblem f o f the illumination o the Spirit . This cus torn i s mentioned by Ambrosius in his fifth

' Ad Vzr L a s treatise , g. p , and is still practised in the Church o f Rome .

o f the The kiss peace , which neophytes

received after baptism , denoted that they

u we re brought into the new spirit al relations o f Christian brotherh o od and church fellow

- ship . Chrysostom makes allusion to this

u c stom , when , comparing the spiritual with

n : f the atural birth , he says Here no suf er

ings , no tears, but greetings , kisses , and em

o f braces brethren , who acknowledge their

” S en n a i new member . ( . . ) In the ancient African Church it was usual

to give , with milk and honey at baptism , a

o f a the portion bread , se soned with salt, that

neophyte might have a foretaste, as it were,

o f the H oly Supper . B AP TI S M A ND 74 BAPTISTERIES.

The custom o f putting a littl e salt in the

o f to mouth the baptized , signify the wisdom

fo r r and taste heavenly things , which eve y

o f Christian should have , and that touching

to his nostrils and ears with spittle , denote

that his ears are to be ever open to truth , and that he should ever feel the sweet odor o f virtue ; these two ceremonies were n o t introduced before the eighth century . They are still retained in the Romish Church .

The washing o f the feet o f the baptized neophyte used to be practised in some ch urches .

From a period as early as the second and

third centuries , Easter and Pentecost were C onsidered solemn times for the administra tion o f baptism ; thus derogating from the

to co n apostolic practice , which was baptize

Te rtul verts whenever opportunity served .

us co n fine d lian informs that baptism was ,

o f e except in cases urgency, to thes two

'

D e Ba tzs mo . great festivals . ( p , xix ) Easter BAP TI S M A N D BA P TI S TE R ZE S . 75

’ was celebrated in memo ry o f Christ s death

and resurrection , and Pentecost was chosen

as the anniversary of the great Jewish feast , when the apostles were baptized with the

fire Holy Ghost and with , and they them

selves commenced their puplic ministry by

baptizing three thousand persons . The rite o f baptism was performed on Easter Sunday e ve and , Pentecostal eve , that is , on the pre

ceding Saturday evening , when there was a

special ceremony of blessing the Font . The neophytes used to wear the white garments (Alb) then given them throughout the follow

ing week , which obtained from this custom

' ' ’ ‘ the name of S eplzma fla zi z As s fi The Sun

I nsc ripti o ns have been disc o ve red o n s o me sepulch ral

n a a a ha d o r r slabs , i dic ting th t the dece sed died sh tly afte r an d r th e eceiving baptism , du ing eight days in which the

r w r T I N A L BI S R EC ESSI T ar o . white g ments we e n hus , ; ” A L BAS SuAs OC TA BAS PA SC H /E A D S E PU L C R U MD EPOS I VI T .

“ H e departed in the albs (that is the white garments) a

a z H e a few d ays after he had been b pti ed . l id at the ” r n f P o r G r o r o f sepulch re his white ga me ts o ass ve . eg y

zzz To r o r o f r E ito e . c . s u s , in his Hist y F ance ( p make 6 B A P TI S M A N D I ’ 7 B A P T S TE A I E S .

’ day following was called D o mzfizm in 241s

' de oszlzlr p , because those who had been bap tiz e d o ff then threw their white robes , which were laid by in the church as evidence against them if they broke their baptismal vows . Whitsunday (White Sunday), the

to English name for Pentecost, is supposed have b e e n so called from the white garments worn by the newly baptized catechumens to whom that ordinance was administered o n the vigil of Pentecost .

Epiphany was also o ne of the stated times for the performance of the rite o f baptism in the Greek Church (See Leo the First, epist . and in the churches of Africa (Victor ’ D e Persecut a 7zczal f . V o U . . tica , , lib In th e celebration of Epiphany , the Greek Church

appears to have dwe lt more strongly than

the Latin Church upon the baptism o f o ur

‘ o to fo llo win i nscri ti o n allusi n the g p , which attests the same

A BI R E ESSI I NGOMER ES I n o me re s de fact : I N L S C T . g ” r pa ted in the albs .

78 B A P TJ S MA ND BA PTISTERIES.

A oslolzkal held the contrary Opinion , and the p

' ‘ i m to x 1. v. mzs ca . o izs tilzztz . C ( p , ) forbid lay en Ad baptize . Ignatius (epist . and

Chrysostom (D e lib . iii . ) are also

- opposed to lay baptism . U nder the impression that baptism was in itself an actual washing away of all former there were many persons in the early

o f i ages Chr stianity , who , though convinced f u o the truth of the gospel , delayed s bmit ting to the rite till near the close o f their

se lives , hoping thereby to die relea d from t the guilt of sin , and to secure heir admis sion into heaven This baptism was called

’ climb xmm a , from the Greek word y, bed and the persons thus bapti z ed were known as the

157255 5 o r l v 6 . . . , clinics (See Cyprian , epist xx i )

Against this custom the Fathe rs o f the

’ N sse n Naz ian church , Gregory y j Gregory

A a r Str a ta lib c 2 om . . . Clemens lex nd inus , , iv 4 .

' ' TG rego ry Nyss e n us A dversus eos qu i dgfier un t B ap

' mum Gr a tza i n O er a 1 tis . . . ; his p , ii p B AP TI S /ll A ND BAPTISTERIES. 79

* z e n C hr s o sto m , y pt Basilius , 1 and others , inveighed in powerful language , and the

f - A D Council o Neo Cesarea ( . . and that o f A D Laodicea ( . . decreed that no cli nic should ever be considered as qualifie d for ordination to the Christian ministry .

’ It was customary to administer the Lord s S upper to the neophytes immediately after baptism . In the account which Justin Mar tyr gives of the celebration of the com

“ : m union , he says After the believer is bap tiz e d co r o rate d , and so p and made one with us , we lead him to the congregation of the

brethren , as we call them , and then with great fervency pour out our soul s in com

mon prayers , both for ourselves , for the per s o n baptized , and for all others in the world

that, having embraced the truth , our conver

sation might be as becomes the gospel , and

r o r Nazian z n Or a tio l c 2 e . 8 G eg y , , x , . .

H am l . [72 A ct r o o i . . A os t . TCh ys st m , xxiii , p

B s H m l n B a tism c — a i . . I a ilius , i p ” 3 4 . 80 B A P TI SM A ND BAPTISTERIES.

o f that we may be found doers the word , and s o at len gth be saved with an everlasting

e salvation . Prayers being over, we salut f each other with a kiss ; a ter this , bread and a cup o f water and wine are brought to th e

o f president the brethren , which he takes , and offers up praise and glory to the Father o f o f all things , through the name his Son , and the Holy Spirit ; and this thanksgiving

us o f to God , for rendering worthy these his

o f r creatures , is a prayer more then ordina y

' o Whe n . h e fin ish e d th e ra e rs length . has p y

the and the thanksgiving , all people conclude

‘ n No w with an audible voice , sayi g Amen .

A men w o 62 it S . , in the Hebre tongue , is The eucharistic o ffice being thus performed by

accla the president, and concluded with the

o f mation all the people , th ose whom we call deacons distribute to every o ne present o f

this eucharistic bread , and wine and water,

The and then they carry it to the absent .

o f e food we call the Eucharist, which non A P TI S M A ND B BAPTISTERIES. 8 1 a re allowed to be partakers but such only as

us believe the truths taught by , and have been baptized in the laver for the remission o f sins and to regeneration , and live accord

’ ing to Christ s precepts ; for we do not take m ” this as common bread and co mon drink .

' A olo za ( p g , ii . ) It is evident , from this pas sage of Justin Martyr, that only baptized be

’ lie ve rs were admitted to the Lord s Supper in the early ages of Christianity . That this was the invariable rule i s clearly attested by the o f form celebration , contained in the

' o olzcczl l st . b e Ap (ib viii . It gins th us :

’ T/ze a m wfl m y ,

Let none of the catechumens , none of

o f the hearers , none the unbelievers , none

Ye o f the heterodox stay. who have prayed the former prayer (the prayer for the use of the cate chumens) depart . Mothers take

e o ne away your childr n . Let no have aught

us against any man . Let stand upright to M D 8 2 B A P TI S AN BAPTISTERIES. present unto the Lord o ur offerings with fear

9 ” and trembling , etc .

Tertullian th u s refers to the entrance o f

“ the baptized neophyte into the church : After

the declaration of faith has been made , and the pledge o f salvation (baptism) received in

o f ne ce s the name the Trinity, then follows s arily a mention o f the church ; forasmuch

S o n as , where the Three are , that is , Father, , and Holy Ghost, there is the church , which

” ' o D e Ba tzs mo is their b dy . ( p . ) In his other

' D e C oro na MMZS e treatise , , T rtullian speaks

’ o f o f baptism , and then the Lord s Supper .

“ H e : We says are plunged three times , ful

filling more than o ur Lord requires in the gospel . Having arisen (from the water), we f taste a portion of milk and honey . Then o r a whole we ek we abstain from washing o ur

o f h bodies . We receive the sacrament t e

Eucharist in meetings , which are held before daylight .

' D e Pecca fom m R emisszmze In his treatise , , ’ B A P TI S /ll A ND B A P TI S TE A I E S . 83

’ r Augustine , alluding to the Lord s Suppe ,

says that, according to custom , none draw

< near to it unless they are b aptiz e dfiand in

' ’ his Second Book o f A nzmadwrszo nes te stifie s that the Eucharist was no t accustomed to be

rs o ns given to unbaptized pe . T

a In the apostolic age , the converts , th t is ,

all who repented of their past sins , and pro

to fessed believe in Jesus Christ , were at once

‘ re ce ive d into baptized and the church . But,

the afterward , this ceased to be case . None

were admitted to baptism , until they had been fully instructed in all the principles of

the Christian religion , and had passed through a period of probation . H ence arose the dis

tinction between believers and catechumens .

' ' D emo nslm tzo Eva n elzca In his g , Eusebiu s

“ A : D e r o a a suae uo ugustine sac ament sanct e mens e , q ” '

iz a us di zt. R em D e P eca zss . o r e b a t t acce t. nem it nisi p ( , i lib . . )

' E ucharistia iis dari n o n so le b at o st uam 1 Quia , nisi p q ” b a tiza i f runt t . p t ue . . ii ) 84 B AP TI S M AND BAPTISTERIES.

“ speaks of the faithful (m am a) and o f those who had n o t as yet b e en j udged worthy o f L ib regeneration through baptism . ( . vii . p . Persons were admitted into the state o f o o f catechumens by impositi n hands ,

o f prayer, and the sign th e cross , and were

s called Chri tians , but were not as yet num

’ a zt/z zl bered among the f fi . (See Ambrosius ,

e a cra ment i c l D S . . . a , lib , Augustine l udes to this distinction in the following

“ ‘ : m an ? terms Ask a , Are you a Ch ristian

I f o r he be a pagan a Jew , he will answer,

’ I am not a Christian . B ut should he say,

‘ ’ I am a Christian , then ask him further,

‘ o r o ne o f Are you a catechu men , the faith

Tm ot xl [n o c m v. c ful ( . i , ? q . ix . ) Th ere

is , therefore , no pleonasm in the inscription

C H R I ST I ANU S I D I F EL S , which is sometimes

found on ancient sepulch ral slab s , for it indi cates that the deceased was a baptized Chris

e f tian . Augustin speaks o a certain Pontia

/ll A ND 86 BA P TI S BAPTISTERIES.

casio nall 1 5 1 5 1 01 y the believers were called , — o r n as t o fi wo c t a the perfect , in allusion o

’ ualified fo r their being q the Lord s Supper , which was mystically denominated

— f f The the per ection o perfections . f u aithf l could attend all religious ass e mblies , while from some the catech umens were sum mo ne d to to re retire . They were permitted

’ peat the Lord s Prayer aloud , while the cate

chume ns could only do it in silence . H ence

’ “ ” the Lord s Prayer was called 5 1375 75 r am 71 061 5611

— o f the prayer the faithful . The baptized

’ believers were admitted to the Lord s Sup

per, but the catech umens were excluded . The catech umens were divided into thre e

' ‘ I A udzemes o r who classes . . The , Hearers , were so denominated from their being per

mitte d to hear sermons and the Scriptures

no t read in the ch urch , but who were allowed

to stay and participate in the The

T r D e C r t e tullian , yp ian , epis . xiii . BA P TI S /ll A ND BA P TI S TE J CI E S 8 . 7

' ' ‘ s ixth book o f the Apos tolic C o nszzlzztzo ns pre scribed to the deacon to give them notice to depart, as soon as the bishop had ended his

“ ' fo llo win r : N e 777s sermon , in the g terms 9

’ ' a udzemzum 726 7775 , 9 no more

s hearer , no more unbelievers ; and then h e was to call upon the other catechumens and

: Om fe ca le the faithful to pray for them ,

' c/zumem at 07727285 deles 577 0 5 77777 a ttm , fi , 7 tim e oremfl The A udie nte s usually assem

o r in the Narthex , ante temple . Augus 'bled ’ ’ ’ D e C a teckzz a ndzs R a dibus tine s treatise , was especially designated for this class of catechumens ; it was written for the use o f

D e o ratias the deacon g , who had under hi s

A udie nte s o f charge the Carthage . The second class of catechumens were designated

‘ Gemz ea efltes K under the name of fl , or neelers , because they received the bishop ’s benedic

o n ~ the ir tion knees . A great part of the liturgy particularly applied to this class ; it — was called xa mz ovaévm 5 1521} the praye r o f 88 B A P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES.

the catechumens , and came immediately after

’ ' ' A oslo/zm l C o m zzm the bishop s sermon . ( p

io ns i Z v . , lib . ) They continued in this class

for three , and occasionally for seven years . The third and last class was called by the

’ ‘ a n n o s vm 01 1 60 1 5 7 0 1 Greeks fi ga and 9 5 7 , and by the

' C o m etentes Eleclz Latins p and , which words ,

among the ancients , denoted the immediate candidates for baptism , who had delivered

their names to the bishop , signifying their intention to be bapti z ed at the next approach

ing festival of Easter , or of Pentecost . From their petitioning for this favor they were

‘ ’k C o m ezemes termed p (petitioning together),

’ o r and from the bishop s approbation choice ,

“ 5 165 171 they were styled 1 Cyril of Jerusalem , m in his third Catechetical Lecture , ter s this

’ ” to n s vo o o r class e zw , illuminated , as having received the illumination of catechetical in

A S e r mo D e a t B is mo . ugustine , p

’ ’ ' S e e L e o G r i A d E zsc S l . . z zc. 1 the eat , epist xv , p . and a o S r i c n ls i icius , epist . . , . . 3 . 8 B AP TI S /ll A ND B A P TI S TE R ZE S . 9

' o f A os tolzm l struction , and the author the p

' ’ ’ ‘ ons lizulzmzs a n n o sy o e C uses the word fi gp , no t fo r those who were already actually bap tize d o f re , but for those who were desirous

e ce iving that rite . The Competentes wer

re required to give their names , which were

iste re d g in the diptychs , or church

u - Augustine , in his H ndred and thirty second

“ : E cce Pa sc/za est dc: 77 0 777 7 77 Sermon , says ,

' ad ba tzs mum — p here is Passover, give thy

name for baptism . In his Sermon addressed

to those who deferred being baptized , Gre

gory Nyss e nus invites them in the following

“ : t I terms Give me your names , hat may inscribe them in the books God will

write them o n tables which cannot be de

” o f stroyed . A Special form prayer was

offered for the candidates ; it will be found

' A oslo/zcal C ons titutions l c in the p (ib . viii . , . 7 , as follows : Those who are about to be de

' ' S e e S o r H zst . ccles . vii 2 1 c ates , E , . . 8* S 90 BA P TI S M A ND B A P TI S TE R ZE . dicate d to God through Christ shall here

o f bow themselves , and receive the blessing

' in the se : O the bishop words thou , who by the holy prophets hath said to those who are about to dedicate themselves to thee :

and Wash you , make you clean ; who hast appointed a spiritual regeneration through

n Christ , look now , we beseech thee , upo these persons soon to be baptized ; bless

them , sanctify them , and make them worthy

o f e to partake thy spiritual gifts , the tru

b e adoption , thy spiritual mysteries , and to

o f received i nto the body the redeemed ,

o ur through Christ Saviour, through whom

all lo r be unto thee , . g y, honour, and worship,

’ in the Holy Ghost, for ever . Amen . Then

: D e shall the deacon say epart, y candidates

o r f baptism .

Previously to their reception o f the rite

o f baptism , the catechumens were repeatedly

e xamined concerning the pro ficie ncy they

had made i n Christian doctrine . They we re BA P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES. 9 1

all e C a tec/z xercised for twenty days (Cyril , . during which they were obliged to frequent f * astings , prayers , confession of their former

sins , which confession was sometimes public

and o f sometimes private , as the wisdom the

dire cte dfl’ A t church l this time , the Compe

tentes were taught to repeat the creed , which they were obliged to say before the bishop

’ th e at their examination for baptism . 1 With

creed they were also taught to make th e

proper responses in baptism , particularly the form of renouncing the devil and covenant

Adv ing with Christ . (Jerome , .

Some days before baptism they went veiled ,

o r with their faces covered , in order that

their mind might be more at liberty, and

' o n stituti n v1 1 c 2 T r D A oslolzca l C o s . . e p , , 3 ; e tullian ,

'

B a tzsmo . ro . A d P a mm a c/L A p , xx Je me , epist ; ugustine, ' ’ 8 e F zae at O en v . . D p ,

' T r a D e P a llzo E [77 Vita C onsta n tzm T e tulli n , ; usebius , , L a a r 6 r o r o f Naz ianz e n S er m a ar . v c 1 . . iv . ; G eg y , S

r C a tec/z. sfa . . I Cy il , M g , ii 2 BA P TI S M / 24. VD 9 BAPTISTERIES. that the wandering o f their eyes might not

distract their soul .

With respect to the instruction o f the

no t catechumens , it does appear that any distinct order o f ministers o fficiate d as cate chists , but that it was only a particular em

o n ployment, which might devolve any o ffice r o f find the ch urch , and which we , at

f o f dif erent times , attached to all the orders

o ffice the ministry . Th us this was some

e s times discharged by the bishop himself,

e ciall o n - o n p y Palm Sunday, which day , after the sermon , he would take the catechu

mens apart and explain to them the creed .

L ector (Ambrosius , epist . 3 3 ;

olle ta m C c . . . , lib ii ) The presbyters and deacons

l o ffice were a so entrusted with this . In some

co nfide d cases it was to a reader, who was

' ’ called fo r that reason D octor A udzenlzzzm

T o o r B o o f Mo suesti a i n flo r he d us , ish p p , Cilicia , u

he d A D 2 H e r f is . . . o o r o o 3 9 w te c mmenta ies , which nly fe r r a wf agments emain .

M 94 BA P TI S A ZVD BAPTISTERIES.

It was the o ffice o f the catechists to p re pare the candidates for baptism by a course o f instruction s uited to each , but in what

first their teaching generally consisted at , we know no further than that the sum and sub

o f stance it was repentance and faith . Such was in fact the character o f the teaching o f the apostl e s and others to an unconverted

’ audience . In Paul s addresses to the Jews

at Jerusalem , and to the Gentiles at Athens

a t and Rome , his teaching appro ches neares to catech etical instruction . This method was s ubsequently adopted by the Fathe rs o f

the church , who usually began their dis courses with the doctrines o f repentance and r o f emission sins , the necessity of good

works , and the nature and use of baptism . Then followed in the second and third

s o - centuries , an explanation of the called

’ Apostles Creed , which , as we have already

said , was always used before the administra

o f tion baptism , when the catechumen made M A N D A B A P TI S B PTISTERIES. 95 an Open confession of his faith hence the

Md a o r 105 5 077 b e creed was called q , the , it cause catech umens were obliged to learn .

o f To the explanation the creed , some Fathers added that o f the nature and immortality of

o f the soul , and an account the canonical

books of Scripture . No mention , however,

’ o f was made the Lord s Supper, because , as o ur readers already know , it was not given to e u e u cat ch m ns ntil after baptism .

The catechists , merely as s uch , were not allowed at firs t to instruct their catech umens

the i n ch urch , but only in private auditories appointed for that purpose . That there were such catechetical schools in many places is evident from the Sixty- seventh Novella o f the E mperor Leoi who calls them K a rqz oé

Adv r s P r a xea r l T r e m s . . e tullian , ; Cyp ian , epist xx ;

f r ‘ r r o C a tec/z. jll sza . . o A d Cy il Je usalem , y g ii and Je me ,

' n L u cefe r za os .

L e o r I r E ro r o f C o n 1 , su named the sau ian , was mpe

in le A D 1 H ro r stant o . . . e p ; died 74 w te a few t eatises , f ” r ovel/e o r Ne w “ o r . which we e called N , ks ’ 96 B A P TI S J I A ZVD B A P TI S TE A ZE S .

um - a o f m , and says that they were kind

S ub se buildings attached to the church .

re quently , the catechumens received their ligio us education and trammg in a portion o f the church expressly reserved fo r that * o r r object , in a hall adj oining the baptiste y . Thus the large room attached to the Baptis te r o f y Constantine in Rome , and now de si nate d o f 07 0 107 o 5 1 V0 g by the name ] f .

was formerly used fo r the instruction o f fo r catechumens , and is still employed teaching the Romish catechism to children . In the Catacombs o f Rome there still exist

071 0107717 o cha e ls which n , r sepulchral p , contai e several grav s , and in the angles are seats

cut in the rock . There have been found

o f o f S t two these chapels in the Catacombs .

Anciently the inne r parts o f the po rtico o f chu rches

r o o f r r o we e divided int small places eti ement , s metimes

077 01077 11 o r r r o r r called , small chambe s , whe e w shippe s

r r fo r o r r T r re might eti e meditati n and p aye . hey we e garded as a po rtio n o f the o r bel o nging to u the catech mens .

D A P TI S TE R E S 98 BA P TI S M A N B Z . s ide rab le r no t time was j udged necessa y, only

o f to to make trial their conversion , but also instruct them fully in the principles o f the

B o rt - Christian religion . y the F y second

o f o f Elib e ris Canon the Council , the dura tion o f the catech umenate was limited to two o n years , condition , however, that the candidates had led irreproachable lives .

00772 75 7077 777 1 The Emperor

”< Justinian required also a probation o f two

years for the Jews embracing Christianity .

Three years are indicated by the 247 05 101700 1

' ' 0775 17177170775 th e l A D C ; but Counci of Agde ( . . 5 0 6)decreed that a probation o f eight months

s ufficie nt was . Thi s rule was not rigidly

— 6 A . D . 8 R o ro r who Justinian ( 4 3 5 5 ) was a man empe ,

r r o o r. H e o o gained g eat en wn as a legislat c mpiled a c de ,

o r o o n o f r o r which c mp ised all the c nstituti s his p edecess s ,

o o H e b r o and which is kn wn as the Justinian C de . a m 7 niz e d d r o f 0 7 05 10 1 0 77 710010 and published , un e the title 20 ,

o r o ar o f r [77 5 11 the auth itative c mment ies the ju ists . His

777 105 r o n fo r e is a systematic t eatise the laws , the guidanc o f r students and lawye s . BAP TI S M A N D BAPTISTERIES. 99

S o adhered to , for we read in the account

* crates gives us o f the conversion o f the

a ancient Burgundians , th t they were cate chized and bapti z ed in the course o f eight days .

So r r r o r o f fifth c ates , a celeb ated chu ch hist ian the r centu y . ART I I P .

TH E BAPTI TERIES OF ITAL Y S .

N the times o f the apostles and

their immediate successors , the

a converts were baptized in a river,

s ufficie nt lake , a sea , and wherever water in quantity could be found for the administra

o f n tion the rite by immersion . Th us Joh the Baptist immersed in the river Jordan at

Enon , where there was m uch water . The

Ethiopian Eunu ch went down into water ly ing by the roadside to receive baptism at the hands of Philip . It is not unlikely that Paul baptized Lydia and her household in the river that runs by the city o f Philippi .

In his Second Apology, J ustin Martyr states that this was the custom in his time , and

1 00

1 0 2 B A P TI SM A ND BAPTISTERIES.

o f A o llinarius m e n Acts p and Victor, it is tio ne d that these two missionaries led their catech umens to the sea to administer to them f * the rite o baptism .

D uring the dark days o f imperial pe rs e cu tions the primitive Christians o f Rome found r a ready efuge in the Catacombs , where they constructed bapti steries for the administra tion o f the rite by immersion . The most remarkable o f these is the baptistery in the

o f o n Catacomb San Ponziano , the right side o f Os tie ns is the Via , and at a short distance beyond the modern Porta F ortese Through

o f the this cemetery a stream water runs ,

o f channel which is diverted into a reservoir , which was used for administering baptism by immersion from the first to the fourth cen

turie s o f e . A perspective View this antiqu

baptistery will be found in the Frontispiece .

Ou the arch over the reservoir is a fresco

‘ A n £ 1 i Marte ne D e lz . £ 00105 . 1 70 . , g , , p . 3 . 1 0 BA P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES. 3

o f o f b e painting the baptism Christ, which h longs , according to to the sixt

R o ma 5 01107 7 7777 00 century. In his work , ,T Bottari gives the following explanation o f

H e : U this painting . says pon the wall ,

over the arch , the Redeemer is represented up to his waist in the waters o f the river

Jordan , and upon his head rests the right

o f o n hand John the Baptist, standing the shore . It is by mistake that modern artists represent Christ in the Jordan up to his knees only, and John pouring water upon

o n his head . And although the portico of

o f o f the church San Lorenzo , outside the

o f walls Rome , that saint is seen in a paint ing pouring water U pon the head of San

Romano , this was certainly not the case , as this picture is far more modern than those o f first the centuries , and the artist was evi

' ' ° Bo lde tti 05 5 07' 7 mz 7077 7 so r a 7 7777 11077 1 5 0 77 1 , p 6 1 Ma r

' 117 7 071 A 77 11017 7 (377 15 1 7077 1 0 7 16 077772.

Bo r £ 07770 011 7 5 07 70 77 00 t i . 1 1 tta i , , . , p . 94. 1 04 BA P TI S M A N D BAPTISTERIES. de ntly ignorant o r wrongly informed co n f cerning the acts o San Lorenzo . It is not

improbable , however, that subsequently it became customary to pour water upon the head o f the catech umen after he had been immersed . On the other shore an angel is seen upon

’ a cloud , holding the Saviour s robe ; the H oly Ghost descends like a dove and alights

upon the Redeemer . John places his hand

u o f pon the head Christ to immerse him .

A h art 1 8 also seen standing o n the shore

and looking fixe dly at the wate r ; symbol o f

the catech umen ardently desiring the waters

o f e in baptism , according as Jerom says his

commentary o n the Forty - second Psalm ° H e wishes to com e to Christ i n whom is

o f the source light, that , being washed by

o f re baptism , he may receive the gift the

o f mission sins .

Behind the re servoir is painted o n the

wall a cross set with precious stones and o r

0 6 B A P TI S M A ND 1 BAPTISTERIES. we re converted to the gospel might be ad m inistered . This rite being performed by i e o f mmersion , and the numb r persons being

considerable , because in general it took place only at the two most solemn festivals o f the

a year , spacious building for this purpose

o ne e was required , and was usually erect d in

o f the vicinity of a ch urch . The baptistery Constantine at Rome is the e arliest e xampl e

o f o f this species building .

” The word “ baptistery is derived from

a nmor co v the Greek B fip , a large vase , labrum , o r piscina o f the frigidarium in the ancient

in Roman baths , which was used to bathe . It was calle d by the Romans Pliny mentions a large baptistery he had in * r his ho use . The Ch istian baptisteries were

o r circular octagonal in form . The oldest

ae were circular, copied , as some arch ologists

te m le s which think , from the circular Roman p ,

lib 1 l P . ii . ib . . v . 6 liny, , epist 7 , and , epist . . D A 1 0 BAP TI S M A N B PTISTERIES. 7 supplied a graceful model for buildings that

were not to be so large as churches . It is

o f more probable , however, that the form these buildings was imitated from som e

apartment in a Roman bath , most likely the

o r frigidarium , cold bath , a round hall , a plan o f which i s shown in the annexed engravings . (Fig . They represent the fri gidarium o f the Po rn

peii baths , discovered some years ago . It is a round chamber, with a ceiling in the form o f a truncated cone ;

the to win near p is a a m 0 . K O F H m m m IUM BAT ’ dow , from which it is

o r lighted . The plinth , base of the wall , is

entirely of marble , and four niches are dis

posed round the room at equal distances ,

fo r with seats the convenience of the bathers .

o r The alveus , basin , is twelve feet and ten 1 0 8 B A P TJ SM A ND BAPTISTERIES.

e n inches in diameter, three feet deep, and tire l e y lined with white marble , two marbl steps facilitate the descent i nto the basin . (Fig . The water ran into this

in - a bath copious stream , through a Spout placed in

i 4 L , . , F g. 5 . “ 0 1 m m the wall , three feet and

F ' O BAT H ’ POM seven inches from the edge

b A o f s of the asin . t the bottom the alveu is a small outlet fo r the purpose o f emptying it and cleansing . This frigidarium had been d highly ecorated , and is still remarkable for its preservation and

The internal arrangement o f the ancient baptisteries strictly corresponds with the above plan t They are in most cases cir cular o r buildings , surmounted with a dome

cupola . In the centre is a large basin , which

E r 0 o a 3 0 1 . ncycl p edia , a ticle ' The r N o r n o w o rch 1 baptiste y at ce a , kn wn as the Chu of S M r M o r o r r R o anta a ia aggi e , was f me lya man bath .

1 1 0 BA P TI S /II A N D BA PTISTERIES. all to resorted , and which was attached the

’ Metropolitan o r Bishop s Church . We now give a full list of the baptisteries t d o in I aly , with in ication of their f rm and

* o f f d the time their oun ation .

PO H OF E F M E C B PT T . O . A IS ERI S R C ONS R U C ON T TI .

hn f r n O o R o St. o o me , ] Late a ctag nal , S r r . Ci cula ,

N S . aples , Maria Ma o r N o ra S . ce , ggi e f r M n 8 . o o ila , Gi vanni , O o men ctag nal , S an o fo r wo M S . ilan , tef , men Pesaro R o m a Ba a o A o A D 0 S . S . . , silica tef n b ut 44 . a D Pe triana S r Cl sse , ella qua e , ( C R n 8 . ave na , M r C o s S . a ia in

A . D 0 medin . 5 5 . A a w - 6th r o . T Can sa , in puli elve sided , centu y . T rie sta I r O o , in st ia ctag nal , P r n z o C ‘ a e , P r o ( 6 i an , 6 n o v £ Citta a , o r r r Cap dist ia , Ci cula , A . O o a quileja ctag n l ,

S e e [1 8 71 1115 1077 0 (11 a r m 7171 01 10170 010 L o ez P a p , pp. l P B A P TI S /l A N D BA TISTERIES. 1 1 1

M E POC H O F B PT T . F O R . A IS ERIES N T U T I N CO S R C O .

O o a 6th G r o . r . ad ctag n l , centu y Br r r En d o f 6th escia Ci cula , cent . O a o n a ct g l , 6 A Po o n 6 sti lyg al , B o o n Ma aven , Lake g r ar 6th r n o th . Ci cul , 7 ce t o o O a o a C m ct g n l , 66 6 o o n o o ‘ Lenn , Lake C m 66 G ra o a ved n , 66 Me n o aggi , G o a n n A n S . r o o i v i in t i , Lake Co m o G a lh ano Pro o f o m o I rr ar , v . C egul , 6 A r o Pro v o f M 6 sag , . ilan . . B rz no O o e a , ctag nal , 6 Maz z o Pro o f n a 6 , v . Valtelli C asti o caro a r o r rc r , ne F li Ci ula , o r n O a o n a Fl e ce ct g l , S a r qu e , Bo l o gn a Twelve - sided S rra Oc o a 8th r e valle tag n l , centu y 6 Pa a fo r m e n 6 n r 8th . vi , ce tu y fo r w o men 66 O o 6‘ N ctag nal , a 1 n Ve n e tian Pro Civid le , vi n ces Po a G r ro l , in 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 eek C ss , A o S r 1h o r 1 0 th sc li . qua e , 9 cent . ( 6 o rr O a o n a V lte a “ ct g l , 66 B a Pi dm G r ro s o . . iell , in e nt eek C s , r Oc a o n C Chie i , t g al , 66 A Pro o f gliate , v . 6 Mar o Pro o f o o 6 ian , v . C m T 6 c X are s ( c 66 e , r m n 00 ? D . c e o a A . 9 1 1 2 A /I B P TI S / A ND BA P TISTERIES.

E POC H OF B PT I ST ER I A ES F OR “A 0 N T U T N CO S R C IO .

D o r o Pro o f 1 1 r n , v . th centu y . a S r o o n a C stel ep i , Hexag l , O o n o O o ggi , ctag nal , A bias ca D o o f M a , i cese il n Faid o u u u T o rce llo O o A . D . 1 00 . ctag nal , 9 M ran o 1 1 r u th centu y . r ar Ci cul , R o n o I r th n o r . vig ( st ia) Heptag nal , 9 ce tu y Pa S r 1 1 o r 1 2th dua qua e , th cent . o o M r Pro v Vig l a chese , . o f P a nz a r r i ce Ci cula , G n o a G o a S . O a o a e , i v nni ct g n l ‘ R o E m a P eggi , in ili P s a r r i , Ci cula , P r O a o a ma , ct g nal , Pist o ia 66

BA F T A T I PTI STE RY O CONS N NE .

We may now proceed to speak o f this

C o n baptistery , which has been ascribed to stantine , and in which some antiquarians have been willing to discover the remains

o f 117077 7772 o r , baths , originally within the

o f precincts the imperial palace . This build ing stands at a short distance from the church

f t o f n no w e the o S . John Latera , and b ars

1 1 4 B A P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES.

”<

A D 0 . who died in . . 44 Anastasius says that it was he wh o placed the eight porphyry

o f columns , which decorate the interior the

co building . The probability is that these lum ns had been th e ornament o f some pala

a o r tial mansion , a nymph eum , baths , in the

o f L ate ran us gardens ; that Sixtus , wishing to construct a baptistery in connecti on with f t f o S . o the church John , availed himself

these precious materials , and that the bap tiste ry derived its name from the palace in which Constantine had once resided . In f 1 1 . o 5 3 , Anastasius IV raised the walls the

ne w ro o fi’ building , and covered it with a l

H e must have added the second tier o f s maller pillars , which support the attic . f Other popes , at dif erent times , contributed I I . X I additional embellishments Gregory ,

1 2 U in 5 7 , added the panelled ceiling . rban

1 628 X 6 u V . 1 e II I , in , and Innocent . , in 44 ,

A a [77 V110 I I I nast sius , .

7 D 0 5 0 07 15 { E dz ci zi ca . 1 Ciampini , fi g p 3 . BAP TI S M A ND 1 1 BAPTISTERIES. 5

6— 1 ‘ F i . . 0 1 BA PT I S I E R Y o p T I g PLAN CONSTAN NE . riched the ceiling and the walls with frescoes by the best masters . A chapel opens out o f each side of the baptistery ; the one de dicate d to John the Baptist, the other to

* John the Evangelist . In the centre of the building is a magnifi

cent circular basin , three feet deep , lined and

7 K 2400011 001 70 0 177 1 10 . night , 11 1 1 6 BA P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES.

ro paved with marble . It occupies a large p

portion of the building , being about twenty

five m . feet in dia eter Anastasi us , in h is Life o f Pope and D amas c us j‘ describe the basin existing in their time as being o f porphyry , and covered entirely both within and without with silver, the weight of which was estimated at three thousand and eight pounds . In the middle of the basin stood

o n a column of porphyry , bearing its top a f golden phial full o precious ointment . On the edge o f the font were figure s o f seven l m harts of so id silver , and a lamb in assive

gold , which poured water into the basin ,

o f previous to the administration baptism .

This m agnifice nce is in harmony with th e

descriptions given of the baths in Rome , at the time of Agrippa and the emperors after

and finis h e d Augustus , which were built in a style o f luxury almost incredible . In his

s 71 0 1 77 1 A [77 V110 S . 5 77 5 . nastasiu , 7

D s [77 P 07zt i 0 . (10 5 717705 1 . P a . 1 ama cus , 1/ 7 p

1 1 8 B A P TI S M A ND BAPTISTERIES. ti uit o ne q y, which might ascribe to a build ing of the fourth century, still it is certain that the exterior and the general arrange ment of the interior have been preserved

from the beginning , as may be seen from an ancient design of the building in the bap tiste r n in scri y itself, bearing the followi g p

” A E M R E ST I TU I T tion : B PTIST RI U .

A descent o f three steps leads to the bot

o f tom the basin , which is provided with a

small outlet , which was used for the purpose o f emptying it after th e ceremony of baptism

by immersion had been performed . That this basin was formerly used for the admini s tratio n o f the rite according to the primitive method is evident from the following ia scription in Latin verses upon th e architray e supported by the col umns of porphyry which surround the basin :

G E NS SAC R AND A POL I S H I C SEMI NE NASC I TVR A L MO QVA M F EC VND ATI S SPI R I TVS E D IT AQVI S MERG ERE PEC C ATOR SAC R O PVR GANT E F L VENTO QVEM VETER EM AC C I PI ET PR OF E R ET VND A NOVVM B A P TI S M A ND 1 1 BAPTISTERIES. 9

In the centre of the basin now stands a

o n and modern font , raised steps of marble ,

composed of an antique urn in porphyry , which serves to contain the holy water used

i n sprinkling infants .

BA E OF S TA ZA . PTIST RY . COS N

Beyond the Porta Pia , near the church of

S . Agnese , is a circular building erected by

r Constantine as a baptiste y , and in which the

two Constantias , his sister and daughter , are supposed to have been baptized . This bap tiste ry is about eighty feet in diameter ; the interior is adorned by a double range of co lum ns supporting arches , on which rises the

o r drum , circular part , supporting the dome , which is pierced with a clerestory of twelve

windows . In the square niche opposite the entrance stood a sarcophagus of porphyry ,

o f n belonging to the family Constanti e, and which has been removed to the museum o f i the Vatican . (F g. 1 20 B A P TI M S A ND BA PTISTERIES.

i — P o p E 0 1? F g . 7 . LAN BAPTIST RY

s . C O N Z . STA A , ROME

Some pers ons have imagined that this building was neither the work o f Constan

tine , nor , originally , a Christian fabric . They admit that it was the burial place o f Con

o f stantia and Helena , the daughter Con s tantine , because they are unable to account in any other way for the sarcophagus of

porphyry found within its walls . But they

o f assert that it was an ancient temple Bacchus , transferred to a new destination by Constan

r tine o his sons . This opinion is principally founded o n the mosaics with which the ceil

o f e re ing the aisles is adorn d , and which

M 24 / D 22 A P S V . 1 B TI . BAPTISTERIES

* tiste r o f S t y close to the ch urch . Agnes .

On the other hand , Ammianus Marcellinus says that Constantia and Helena were buried

finall in exactly this situation and y, as we have already said , the porphyry sarcophagus was discovered within the walls o f this build

ing . From this fact , coupled with the testi

mony of the historians , it cannot be doubted that this building was eventually used as a

sepulchral chapel , but as it is so distinctly stated that Constantine built a baptistery i n

this situation , and as there are no vestiges o f any other buildings , the probability is that the baptistery and the sepulchral chapel are

ne o ne and the same . It might be built for o d purpose , and afterwards use for another , in the case of persons o f such consideration as

o f the sister and daughter Constantine , and

m o r b asilicam Mart ri E o de temp e fecit S . y s Agn e tis

ro atu C o nstan tiae filiae suae e t r e o de m ex g , baptiste ium in l o c o ubi e t b aptiz ata est so ro r ejus Co nstantia cum filia

l stro o o A V110 A u ustia S ve . S S l g y episc p ( nastasius , . y ’ ’ BH P TI S ZII A A D B A P TI S TE A I E 1 2 S . 3 it was in accordance with the custom of those times that they should be buried in the im

mediate vicinity of holy ground , as was , for example , the cemetery in which the remains S t of . Agnes and other martyrs had been

. 1 2 i discovered In 54 , the build ng was con I V verted into a church by Pope Alexander . , and was then dedicated to another Constan

o r re tia , who is believed to have founded t built the adj acent church of S .

BA E OF NOC E R A D E I PAGA I PTI ST RY N .

A t Nocera dei Pagani , on the railroad

C aste llamare in from Naples to , is a very te re stin a g church , named Santa Mari Mag

io re g , which was formerly a Roman bath , restored and employed as a baptistery in the fourth centu ry . It is very similar in plan and general arrangement to the baptistery o f Constanza at Rome , though somewhat

K 677 77 7 00 2477 01100177 7? o I a l . night , f t y A P 1 24 B AP TI S M A N D B TISTERIES.

— i . 8 O F A T NO C ER A D E F g . PLAN BAPTISTERY X PA G A NL

larger, being more than eighty feet in dia

meter . (Fig . Its arched roof is s up

ported by a double row o f twenty - eight c o

lum ns o f f o f dif erent orders and lengths ,

five th e which are of oriental alabaster, and

rest mostly of ancient marbles . In the

centre is a large basin , circular in the inte

rior , and octagonal externally . A descent

o f three steps leads to the bottom o f the

2 M D 1 6 B A P TI S A N BAPTISTERIES.

o f - five e San Lorenzo , is about forty fe t i n

diameter, and is approached by a vestibule

in the same manner as that o f Constantine

o f at Rome , and as in the tomb his daughter

. no w Constantia This baptistery, known

o f under the name San Giovanni alle Fonti ,

was exclusively used for the baptism of men , t and it was here that S . Augustine was

buried with Christ in baptism . This baptis te ry was m uch inj u red by the invasion o f

the Goths , but was restored by Lorenzo , fifth Bishop of Milan , about the end of the

centu ry . Another baptistery for the women ,

erected on the Opposite side of the church , was designated under the name of San Ste

E uno dius fano alle Fonti . , speaking of this

‘< baptistery in his Epigram sf says that it was

E usto r ius o f reconstructed by g I I . , Bishop

co n Milan , who provided it with a hydraulic trivance o f , by means which the water was

b 7' z i i i . a 777 . E r 1 L . C . . , p zg 49 B A P TI S /ll A N D A B PTISTERIES. 1 27 made to descend from above the font in th e fill form of rain , and the large basin pre vio us l o f y to the administration baptism . These two baptisteries still existed in their original form at the beginning o f the twelfth

* r Be ro ldus centu y , and are mentioned by , who I I 0 wrote about the year 3 . Since then

r ve y great changes have been made , and they

re have been so painfully altered , that little mains to attract the attention of the arch aao lo gis t besides the bare plan o f the build ings .

m a nifice nt In the g Cathedral of Milan ,

there is a modern baptistery , a small square temple supported by four columns of marble .

17707 77777 It contains an ancient , now used as a

o f font , and taken from a bath the Lower

o f Empire , the rite baptism by immersion being required by the Ambrosian ritual .

7 1 24 07 M0 1 7 11 77 N 1 7 777 E 00 . 777 0 D 0 1 7 1 0 Or do 0 1 . : 6 , 20 .

ra r 77 — 1 77 1 0 15 5 077 1 M o 24 1 01 07 E . D om . S e e o . als u t i , , 5 5 ’ n 1 ii 1 1 a5 1 1 a 011a C 0105 0 Ma n on . . . . F G . and iuli i , , etc , , p 5 ,

vo l. i . . 1 . v , p 5 3 1 28 B A P TI S /ll A ND B A P TI S YE R I E S .

BA E R OF ST . S E PH E N NEAR R . PTIST Y T , OM E

Leaving Rome by the Porta San Giovanni , the Via Appia Nuova immediately crosses

s the Mariana stream , and soon after separate A t from that leading to Frascati . the second

n milestone we cross the ancie t Via Latina , the direction o f which is marked by a line o f two o f ruined sepulchres , which , in brick , and now converted into temporary farm

o n buildings , at a short distance the line , A t are in good preservation . this point , and beyond where the modern road intersects

the Via Latina , and in the space between

them and the Claudian aqueduct, upon the

o f farm the Arco Travertino , or del Corvo ,

1 8 8 excavations were made in 5 , which led to the discovery of some most interesting

sepulchral monuments o f the age of the A n

to nine s o f t S . , and the Basilica of Stephen ,

f o ntificate o f ounded in the p Leo the Great ,

in o f h f e the middle t e fith centu ry . Sev ral

0 BA P TI S M A ND BA P TI S TE RJ E S 1 3 .

BA E E OF R AV A PTIST RI S ENN .

a two There are at R venna baptisteries , which are among the m ost interesting mo n um e nts o f that city so famed for its e difice s

- o f the Roman Byz antine period . The oldest o f these baptisteries is that o f San Giovanni

n in Fonte , which is attached to the origi al

o f basilica Ravenna , and is said to have been

erected in the fourth century by Orso , Arch

o f bishop that city , and restored by his suc

cessor Neon , who adorned it with mosaics ,

A D 1 in . . 4 5 Externally it is a plain octa

gonal building , surmounted by a circular

o r On dome , cupola . entering the front

find door, you yourself in an octangular hall

f - o about thirty two feet in diameter . In the

centre is a large bath o f white Grecian

M 077 F 077 105 [1 7 5 177 77 12 E00105 12 7 7710007 7 1772 710

'

07 7777 11 [11 775 177 0 A £ 10. P 077 1 z z077115 r i . . 0 , gnelli , j , pa t , p ” 11 C 17 077 177 17 05 ta v. 2 . 2. r 2 I a E 7 . 3 7 . s belle , 7 , 4 , p 9 Fab i , 6 77 7 0 M077707 10 R a v07777 77 77 77 11077 . 1 . 5 g , p 5 BA P TI S JII A JVD A 1 B PTISTERIES. 3 1

m arble, ten feet in diameter, and three and a

half feet deep , and provided with an outlet

it for the purpose of emptying . Attached

Wh I C h to this basin is a marble pulpit, from the administrator addressed the catechumens before the performance of the rite of baptism .

s The cupola is divided into three circle , the smallest o f which is the medallion centre o f o f the vault, where the baptism the Saviour

ma nifice nce is depicted in mosaics of great g . The Redeemer stands up to his waist in the river Jordan ; above him is the dove re pre senting the Holy Ghost ; John stands o n the

o ne bank to the left , foot raised on a stone , h his head erect , and with his rig t hand he

’ pours the water from a cup o n the Saviour s

head . With his left he holds a j ewelled cross . Much stress has been laid by Pedobaptist

o n writers the fact , that in these mosaics ,

re re which are of great antiquity , John is p

’ sented as 7 0777 17757 water o n the Saviour s 1 2 B A P TI S M A N D B P 3 A TI S TE R ZE S .

head ; therefore , they conclude that baptism in primitive times was administered both by

‘ afiusio n immersion and . It is well to note ,

o f h owever, that the mosaics this baptistery

in have been repeatedly restored , and well formed critics are o f opinion that unwarranta ble additions and alterations have been made in this m agnifice nt work by incompetent ar

is s t t . These restorations have been rendered necessary by the leaky condition o f the e u f pola , a de ect which unfortunately still

o f The head , right shoulder, and right arm the Saviour have been restored and also the

head , right shoulder, right arm , and right

o f leg and foot John the Baptist . Thus we

o may be indebted to a rest rer for the cup ,

which John holds in his right hand , and the

j ewelled cross in his left, for in every other

o f re re painting the same period , he is p

7 0071 sented holding a in his left hand , and

r l C asalvasanca H 15 1 07 o P 77 1771177 177 C esswel and , y f g

177 7 vo l i 1 17 , . .

1 B A P TI S M A ND A P 34 B TI S TE R J E S .

o f the mosaics after the expulsion Goths , w A D . 0 hich took place in the year . 5 4 . The cupola is divided into circles like that o f the earlier baptistery . The same subjects adorn the basin o f the dome and the circle imme diate l it a y beneath . In the baptism the S

Vio ur is represented youthful and beardless , standing in the Jordan up to his waist ; a

u nimbus s rrounds his head , and the dove

sheds green rays upon his features . John , o n fine l the right , y shaped , with long hair

and beard , holds a reed in his left hand , and

’ o n The places his right the Saviour s head .

water is level , and not raised into a hil lock in the absurd manner afterwards intro

* d ce d u in the middl e ages .

BA E OF NAP S PTI ST RY LE .

The baptistery o f Naples is an irregular octagonal building surmounted by a cupola .

’ A inc urt 1 No s 1 6 6 N s D o . . o . g , tav 7 , and 3 ,

ll i 7 1 Be e n h 0 1 7 72 2 5 77 1 8 77 115 107 1. 1 8 1 . 5 5 0 1 1 0 and 9 g , Ciam ’ M 77 77 7 77 10 R 5 107 1 011 A 7 00111 177 V0107 77 0 77 0 77 71 . pini , . icci , B A P TI S /ll A ND 1 BAPTISTERIE S. 3 5

A n old inscription in this baptistery , which

is now called San Giovanni in Fonte , sup ports the tradition that Constantine erected

0 n m the building in 3 3 . This fact is co fir e d by the chronicles of the church Santa Maria

del Principio in Villani , but contradicted by

s se manni A , a modern writer , who pretends that the erection took place under the aus

ice s A D 6 p of Bishop Vincenzo , between . . 5 5

0 o f and 5 7 . The evidence the mosaics is less favorable to the theory of A sse m anni than to the tradition which assigns them to an earlier date . The mosaics represent four

fi ure s S t symbolical g of the Evangelists . .

o f John in the form an angel , has the head o f an aged man and the regular features of the classic Roman period . In the centre of the cupola is the Greek monogram and cross .

Scenes from the life of the Saviour, such at least as might se rve to impress the multitude

7 ’ 6 L 0 677 105 0 0 1 N a olz vo l. ii . . . Catalani , p , , pp 4 , 47 1 6 B A P TI S M A ND 3 BAP TISTERIES. with the idea o f his s upernatural power and

s o * benevolence , adorned the cupola , but are

altered by restoring as to be worthless . This baptistery is attached to the church o f b o r Santa Restituta, the ancient asilica * o f cathedral Naples .

BA E OF C A N A PTIST RY ITT U OV .

According to a fragment o f an inscription

o ne o f found on the steps of this baptistery ,

— A N D L N O F F Fig . 9 . SECTION P A BAPTISTERY O C ITTA NU OVA

I N 1 5 1 11 1 11 . it was erected and adorned by B ishop Mau

iti us u ’ r ce nt r . , in the sixth yj (Fig Like the ancient baths it has internally all around ;

M z z o D e C 0 10. E 00 N 0 . 2 o o . 1. a cchi , 0 , p 5 and f ll wing

5 77 77 t v. 22 U [177 1177 07 . . . 1 ghelli , , , p 9 x8 B A P TI S M A N D A 3 B P TI S TE R I E S .

’ this baptistery may be seen in Be rto li s well

* o n o f known work the antiquities Aquilej a .

BA E OF NOVARA PTIST RY .

o D uo m o r Opposite the great d o r of the o ,

a o f o c Cathedr l Novara , opens the curious ta o nal g baptistery , supported , as is the case with almost all the very early e difice s o f the

the kind , by ancient columns ; and hence tradition , almost invariably annexed to these

buildings , of their having been Pagan temples .

o f flute d These columns , white marble , are and of the Corinthian order, and have origi nally belonged to an e difice of a go od

Roman pe rio dfif In the centre of the octa

ui n gonal basin is a circular Roman , bearing

U mb re na an inscription to Polla , which is as follows

' ’ ’ z M n B r o A n fzc/zitdd A zzle a . D e R ub e is o . E t c]. e t li , g j , i Agu l. ’ ‘fi t l 1 Murray s H a n déaoé for N or z er n I a y . BA P TI S M A ND B AP R x TISTE IES. 39

VMBR ENAE

A . F . POL L AE D OX A LI BER TA

T . F I . .

This sepulchral urn was formerly used for m baptis by The large basin , it which contains , and was undoubtedly the

original baptismal font, is octagonal in form , and provided with three steps inside and an

outlet for the escape of the water . It is

about four feet deep and eight feet wide .

BAP E OF F R TI ST RY LO ENCE . The building which is now the Baptistery o f Florence has been the subject o f much discussion , havi ng by some been considered to be the ori ginal temple of Mars ; but

' ' L ez zo m Tox a na Lami , in his , has set this

matter at rest by showing that, though the baptistery is almost entirely composed of a ntique pillars and marbles , yet , as these

’ R D e!19 21 07l e (161 8 121115 1670 a i N ovada . acca , S M E S 1 40 B A P TI A ND B A P TI S TE R I .

r material s are ir egularly put together, and

s o f a the capitals the pillars are not the same ,

n , this building ca not be Roman work , and m ust h ave been constructed in subsequent

times . The exact time at which this e difice was

constructed is unknown . That it was a

finish e d A D 2 building in . . 7 5 is clear from a

o f S e cio s us o f letter p , who was Bishop Flo

at o f rence that time , and who speaks it as

was his church . Originally this building

not the baptistery , b ut the cathedral . It t stood wi hout the walls , but in th ose times it was not unusual for cathedrals to be so

. t placed In the thirteenth cen ury , the citi

zens o f Florence determined to have a cathe

o n dral a larger scale , and when this was t ’ S . accomplished , John s became the baptis

Originally , like the Pantheon at Rome ,

' K C i mr c/z A r fi ’d r ta l R tzz c zfl u e o I . N o night , f y icca , .

I S M A N D B A P TI S E 1 42 BAP T T R I E S .

f s h undred eet in diameter . It tands de tache d from , but in the immediate vicinity

‘ o f D o r the uomo , cathedral . It is built o f black and white marble in the style

which Giotto is said to have introduced , and which i s peculiar to Tuscany . Internally a gallery , which runs nearly round the whole b uilding , is supported by sixteen large gra

nite columns , and the vaulted roof is deco

Tafi the rated with mosaics by Andrea , pupil f o Cimabue . This baptistery i s celebrated especially for its three great bronze doors

- f o f with their beautiful bas relie s . Two thes e

imm o r doors , sculptured by Ghiberti , were

talis e d by Michael Angelo with the name of

Gates o f On the pavement o f the baptistery is a

o f fi ure s large circle copper, with numerical g

o f U it and signs the zodiac pon , and in the

centre of this stood originally a very fine o c

' ' ' ’' ’ ' ‘ S rilli D ercr zz zon e del B a 11 25 1e7 o a z F zrm z e. g , Pa e 1 42. r e g Baptism and Baptiste i s. f F or nce . I nter ior of Baptiste ry o l e

1 44

Ne l mio b el S an o Gi vanni , ’ Fatti pe r luo go de batte zz ato ri ; ’ ’ - o r no n é o L un degli quali , anc m lt anni , ’ ’ R upp io pe r un che dentro v anne gava ’ E o su e l ch o ni o o quest sia gg g u m sganni .

n i I . 1 ( f . x x , 7

’ I n St. o r f n b o J hn s fai a e , by me el ved ,

T o o r fo r r to z h se basins f med wate , bapti e

One o f I ro o r a o the same b ke s me yea s g , T o save a d ro wning pe rso n be this my w o rd ; ” A ] o o f to o sea , the m tive my deed sh w . ’ Wr /zt ig s Da me . )

It is not known to a certainty which font

it was that the poet broke , for it appears that the Baptistery o f Florence was provided with

o f a number fonts , where , at Easter, baptism

was administered by immersion .

BAP E OF B G A TIST RY OLO N .

o f o r No record remains the origin , date , o f the circular ch urch o f San Stephan o ; but

m o st ro b ab le b e the p hypothesis appears to ,

r that it was the ancient baptiste y of Bologna , and that it was built either by th e Lombard BA P TI S/ll A ND B A P TI S TE R I E S . 1 45 king or by the people o f Bo

ce ntur logna , in the eighth yfr In the im mediate vicinity of this building stands a church , of which the predecessor was the

original Cathedral of Bologna , near to which , t 0 S . about the year 43 , Petronius , who was

at that time Bishop of Bologna , built the

o f monastery San Stephano , which after wards gave its name to the whole regioni The monastery and the church were almost

A D entirely destroyed by the Hungarians in . .

0 r 9 3 , b ut were rebuilt about a centu y after

e s wards . The baptistery appears to have caped with little inj ury . After the Crusades , and when the baptismal rite was transferred

to the church , the baptistery was converted

o f for into a chapel the Holy Sepulchre , Which destination it was already adapted by its circular form .

' 1 o [1 15 107 o A r c/zzted u r e I a o , . 06. H pe , 7 f , t lian editi n p " B o i 2 . R S tar . dell t . . . 1 icci , , p 3 9 ianc ni ,

' / r o del 5 . S a o e D ella C fizem p .

' ’ ‘ i o nius H z5 1 . B on om en szis. I S g , I 3 1 6 BA P TI S M A ND A I E 4 B P T S T R I E S .

The name o f L uitprandus is associated with this building o n account o f a large m b e arble basin , which is yet to seen in the

o f court the adjacent ch urch , and which bears an inscription in which the name o f

L uit randus p appears . B ut there i s no evi dence to showwhether he built the whole e difice o r e W a d , only pr sented it ith a font ; n the short time during which he was in po s sessi on o f Bologna (which in those days

o f o f formed a part the Exarchate Ravenna), makes the latter more probable than the

BAP E OF V R A TIST RY E ON .

A D 1 1 This baptistery was rebuilt in . . 3 5

by Bishop Bernando , the older building hav n I I 1 6 i g been destroyed by an earthquake in . In the centre is a large octangular basin o f

- e marble , twenty eight feet in circumferenc ,

’ n fited m ' in I ta l K A r c z e . ight , y

' 1 8 B A AI 4 P TJ S A N D B AP TI S TE R I E S .

in Flight into Egypt , the Baptism of Christ

- e the Jordan . In the last m ntioned subject, the water of the Jordan is ' raised into a hil lock , and our Saviour is being immersed in it Two . angels stand on the shore holding his garments . There is also a picture of the

o f baptism Christ over the high altar .

BA E OF I I D A PTI ST RY C V LE .

P o f Cividale , in the rovince Venetia , the

ulii ancient Forum J , is interesting from its D numerous Roman antiquities . Its uomo , o r A D 0 Collegiate Church , founded in . . 7 5 ,

a e difice is a remarkable medi eval , and con tains a handsome baptismal font . It is an

octagonal basin , four feet and a half in dia

meter, and three feet deep , and was formerly

‘ use d fo r the administration o f baptism by immersion . This elegant font stood in for mer times in the centre o f the baptistery e Bi rected near the cathedral by Callixtus ,

f A D h o . t e shop Aquileja, in . 7 37 . But after B A P TI S M A N D B A P TI S TE R I E S . 1 49

destruction of the building, which took place

1 6 4 , in 5 the font was transferred to the church , where it is still to be seen . It is sur rounded by eight columns elegantly sculp ture d - , which support semi circular arches ,

fi ure s us adorned with g , symbols , and vario * inscriptions .

BA E OF A I PTIST RY SCOL .

On the north side of the cathedral there

o f h is a detached baptistery , a building t e n inth or tenth century . It is square at the

base and octagonal above . Recent excava tions Thave brought to light a large circular

basin , built of travertine marble , and which

To stood in the middle of the baptistery . it

the was attached a square pulpit, from which administrator addressed the catechumens

' Zan caro l A 721 zy F r ! D e G . o . a . . R ub is . e , y ” lib iii ,

' D e l To rr £ 11 11 [n tor n l 71 E ccl A u zl. Mo n . . o a le A 1 g e , .

' ' C 7 z5 1 .

' ' ’ ' Or D a cr zz zo n e d elle P 211 . E 1 1 . della C z11d (15 A5 T sini ,

' ' ' ' colz z z r A 5 co/z zn P r a eflzva . . La a i , y 1 3 * 0 BA P TI SM A ND BA P I 1 5 T S TE R I E S .

— I P OF o r A . F ig. 3 . LAN BAPTIS TERY CREMON previous to admitting them to the rite of

The style o f the whole building i s

Byzantine .

BA S E OF R A PTI T RY C EMON .

Neither ancient nor modern writers agre e in determining the epoch o f the construction

' 6 o z B a tt ter i . 2 z5 . L pe , , p 9

B a m and Ba e r e . P ptis ptist i s age 15 1 . The Ba ste r of r mona pti y C e . BA P TI S M A ND B AP I E R ZE S 1 1 T S T . 5 o f m a nific e nt the g Baptistery of Cremona , but it is generally thought to be not m uch posterior to the tenth century . The building

is octagonal , about sixty feet in diameter , and has sixteen columns of Veronese marble which support the roof and cupola . (Fig . In the centre is a large octagonal marble basin of a diameter of six The build ing is in a plain and simple Lombard style .

It has , what is very rare in this class of edi fi fine ces , a projecting porch , supported by

lions . The windows , by which it is scantily

. lighted , might serve for a Norman castle The walls within are covered with ranges of

o f Lombard arches , and fragments frescoes

l o m are seen in the g o . T

BA E OF T R . PTIST RY , O CELLO

Torcello was the parent island o f the Ve

f r ne tian States the spot to which the un o

' ' ’ C rem A o rti E t c]. . M r S a n tu a r zo d a C re mon a . , e ula , p ’ l 1 Mu rray s H a n dbooé f or I ta y . 1 2 BA P TZSM A ND A P I E 5 B T S TE R I S . tunate inhabitants of A ltinum and Aquilej a

fle d for safety when their homes were made

“ desolate by the northern invaders . Thus

e 0 le d To rce llo p p , became a town , and had its cathedral and its bishops long before the ex

’ iste n ce o f S t . Mark s at

Venice . The cathedral stands in the same state in which it was rebuilt

in the beginning of the !

r eleventh centu y , by

Orso Orseolo , Bishop

o f o f Torcello , and son the celebrated D oge Pie

tro Orseolo .

o f i I — o p C H D L In front the west F g . 4 . PLAN AT E RA A N D BAPTISTERY O F TORCELLO . door o f the cathedral may still be traced the remains o f a very

a i . perfect baptistery . (F g This was square building externally , measuring thirty seven feet each way and internally an octa

a gon , with the angles cut into hemispheric l

1 54 B A P TI SM A ND B A P TI S TE R I E S .

* o f no t the the architect, but he did bring

o unfinishe d work to a conclusi n . It remained

o f fi o f a number years , from a de ciency funds .

A t o f length , the citizens Pisa levied a rate

A n o n for the purpose. inscription the south

fl o f side of the interior, near the oor the gal

lery , cut deep in the circular wall , indicates

1 2 8 e that the work was resumed in 7 . Ther is reason to believe from the date o n the

o e ra rius o r monument of an p , builder , within

the fabric , that it was not completed before the fourteenth century ; all which s uffi cie ntly accounts for the finials and orna

ments in the pointed style , which appear in the upper parts o f the b uildingj‘

This baptistery is of singular design . The

o f o ne h t m plan is circular, with a diameter

The fo ll o wing insc ripti o ns are fo und o n two pilasters within the building

MC L I I M N AVG . F VND ATA F VI T H EC L I E SE ECC ESIA . D EO SAL VI M G S ER H VI VS P TI A I T O ERIS .

' ' K ( deszastzm l A 7 1 5 111 1 1 74 t M r 21 9 o I a l . o o T night , E f y na ,

P25 11 1 11u5 1m 1 a . Ba ptism and Baptiste r ie s . Page 1 5 4 h r f a T e Baptiste y o Pis .

6 M 1 5 BAP TI S AND B A P TI S TE R I E S .

gether, and the order i s surmounted with

pinnacles and high pediments , placed at equal distances : the terminations o f these

r pa ts are crowned with statues . Above this h is an attic story, decorated with ot er high

pediments , pinnacles , and statues . The dome , w hich is covered with lead , is intersected by long lines o f very prominent fretwork ; all

the lines meet in a little cornice near the top ,

and terminate in another dome , above which is a statue o f John the Baptist The interior

is m uch admired for its proportions ; light

o f columns granite , placed between four

piers decorated with pilasters , are arranged

a round the basement story, which support

o f second order piers , arranged in a similar

manner , on which the dome rests . This

dome is famous for its echo , as the sides pro duce the well -known effect o f Whisperi ng

' ' M a 1125 1era E o a Ait icle B a 1 z5 1er . ncycl p edia , p y ilani , B

’ ' ’

m la zr e5 . i P isa . I E d . C zr d sabelle , gf BA P TI S ZL/ A ND BA P TI S TE R ZE S . 1 5 7

The principal entrance , facing the east

and the duomo , is by a decorated doorway , and there is a descent of three steps round the building ; the space between the steps and the wall was provided for the acco mm o dation of the persons assembled to witness the ceremony of baptism . In the centre of the baptistery is a large

octagonal basin , fourteen feet in diameter , and four feet deep . It is provided with an outlet for the escape of the water . The basin can be fille d by means of a tube con ne cte d o f with a pump outside the building .

A t the alternate sides o f the font are four

small conical basins , which are supposed to have been used when baptism by immersion was But what was their parti c ula r purpose , we have been unable to ascertain .

o z 5 0 m 1 5 121115 15 7 1. Michael L pe , p 1 4 B P T AI A N P I 1 5 8 A I S D B A T S TE R I E S .

BA E OF PAR A PTIST RY M .

The baptistery at Parma Was commenced

A D 1 1 6 n d in . . 9 , and co structed after the e signs o f Benedetto But the work

experienced many interruptions , especially during the supremacy of the powerful and

ferocious Ezzelino da Romana , who , in the

m d o f , id le the thirteenth century , governed the North o f Italy in the name o f the Em

e ro r Wh o inhab i p , and , displeased with the

o f to tants Parma, forbade them access the

o f quarries the Veronese territory , from which the marble with which the ba ptistery was built was o b taine dj’ In consequenc e o f these interruptions , the building was not

U po n the archit rave o f the n o rthern d o o r o f the bap tiste ry is the fo ll o wing inscripti o n BI S E BI NI S E D E MPTI S I NC EPI T E D I C TU S A NNI S E D E MI LLE OPU S ? H OC E SC U L TOR D U C ENTI S E BENE D I CTU S

’ ’ ’ ‘ 7 221 e 1 d a r a a z A n elo P ezz a n a Tb e 1 5 10 a Zla C 1 1d i P m g .

' v fl S tar za d P a r m a au r E ccle5 1az P a r mm szl . A b 1 . s w , ,

60 B A P TZ M A ND B 1 S A P TI S TE R J E S .

"< scription cut o n the rim that this font was

Pallass o nus 1 2 made by Johannes in 99 . It

is about eight feet in diameter , four feet deep , and contains another b as m i n the form of a

Greek cross , in which the administrator sto od during the performance of the rite fr Thz t this font was formerly used for baptism by immersion , is clearly attested by the follow

o fficial ing extract , taken from the rep ort

w 2 l st for arded to the Pope on November ,

1 8 o f 5 7 , in which is given a full description

the baptistery and its uses . This report is still preserved i n the ch urch records of

Parma . The extract is as follows

e t In eadem Ecclesia adest Baptisteri um , a ds unt fontes separati a Baptisterio .

“ A d sacri fontis co ns e cratio ne m paro chi

c o nve niunt Civitatis non .

The fo ll o wing is the inscripti o n MC C L X X X X VI I I I

B “ A A L L A N I . PP J OH NES D E P SO O .

' ' m a 1 61 H is M z lt te o (11 P a r . o B a zs r . 1 ichael L pe , , p

r r o desc ipti o n o f this baptistery is ve y c mplete . B A P TI M D A 6 S A N B P TI S TE R I E S . 1 1

Officium b aptiz andi pe rtine t ad duos sa

’ ce rdo te s qui appe llantur D agma m ; attame n

b a tiz ant h ab e nt s ub stitutum ipsi non p , sed

e o rum qui Vices supplet .

Ba tizant imm e rs io ne m p per .

In one corner o f the baptistery is a smaller

o r font , , at least , what is now used as such , covered with Runic foliage and strange ani mals ; it stands upon a lion setting h is paws

a upon a ram . All the children born in Parm

are now brought to this font to be sprinkled , a practice which was introduced after the

first sixteenth century , and mentioned for the time in 1 62232< On the pilasters and lunette of the north ern gate are carved the roots of jesse and o f Joachim , and scenes from the life of the

Saviour and John the Baptist . In the bap tism they are both represented standing up to n the middle in the waters of the Jorda , which are raised into a hillock in the absurd man

’ M z 1 20 o B a 1115 1er o a 1 P a r ma . . ichael L pe , , p 1 4* ‘ M 1 62 BAP TI S A ND BAP TI S TE R ZE S .

— i 6 o p C H R I S T I N D . A B AS F . 1 B PTI g . SM J A ‘ OR AN R E L I E F m T H E BAPTISTERY O F PARMA ; 1 3 th Y CENTUR . ner so generally adopted in the middl e ages .

A sketch o f this sculpture is prese nted i n the accompanying (Fig .

In the third course o f the dome are also scenes from the life of John the Baptist,

o f amongst which one , the Baptism Christ, was represented in a form which is but an amplificatio n of that adopted in the Catacomb o f San Ponziano at Rome . The Redeemer is placed in the middle o f a running stream ;

John o n the right bank places his hand o n

’ the Saviour s head ; o n the left bank stand three angels holding his clothes . The scene is repeated in a second baptism o n the wall

o behind the altar . It is almost bliterated .

M L o e z B 11 15 1e r d 1 a o i P a rma . 0 ichael p , , p 7 .

6 BA P TI S M A A P 1 4 ND B I YS TE R I E S .

’ BA S E OF S T E E AT R PTI T RY . P T R S OME .

' o f first In the chapel the baptistery , the o n o f m a nifice nt the left this g basilica , there

o f is an ancient vase red porphyry , which formed the cover o f the tomb of the Emperor

o f Otho II . , as it did more anciently that

no w i Hadrian , and which serves as a bapt s

the mal font . When ch urch was erected

* o n this font was raised three marble steps , b ut X I 1 2 Benedictus II , elected Pope in 7 4, being anxious to conform to the ancient rite o f i administering baptism by immers on , ordered the construction o f two steps below

in the pavement , forming thus a large basin , which adult persons could be immersed with e No w de fini ase . , that the primitive rite is tive l y abandoned , this basin is partly closed

a m e nt with a woode n p ve . T A commemora

' 6 M r 8 4 11 41 a tzca n a . . I 1 5 11 V . a tinelli , , lib p

'

V 8 11 5 111c Va tzca n a t. . 1 alentini , , ii T 1 B AP TI S M A ND B A P TI S E R I E S . 65

e tiv inscription , engraved in gilded letters a marble slab beneath the large picture

o f : rear the font, reads as follows

NE D I TV X I I I P BE C S . ONT MA . X . R D PR E D I C ATO R VM O . .

I -I VMAN/E R E G E NE R A TI ONI S FONTE M VETE R I R I TV I NSTAVR AVI T A NNO SAL MD C C X X V . . P NT VI A I I O . S NNO .

TH E END .

1 68 ND X I E .

Ba ptisteries C a ta c o mbs a n n o n 1 26 S a o a F , . a n n in 2 2 28 Stef lle te p i ti gs , 4, 5 , , 5 4, i n a n a ra 1 2 1 0 2 Mil C thed l , 7 . .

a 1 . wa r h o w o a n 1 0 N ples , 3 4 te , bt i ed , 5 .

o c ra de i a an 1 2 . C a c N e P g i , 3 te hists ’

o a ra 1 8 . a o cr b N v , 3 p stles eed used y , 94 . a 1 fic f a . o f e o P du , 5 3 , 9 4 . a rma 1 8 ac f n 5 . o r r c o n . P , pl e i st u ti , 9 5

a 1 . a c m na d ra o n o f Pis , 5 3 C te hu e te , u ti , 97 . 1 2 m o a 6 . a c n Pist i , C te hu e s n n 1 0 firs t a a . c a Audie n te s R ve , 3 l ss , , v i n n 1 0 S an o a n n o . ar r 8 Gi i F te , 3 he e s , 7 . a n a ar a i n C o s m e din co n c a G e nufle cte n te s S t M i se d l ss , , 1 o r kn r 8 3 3 . eele s , 7 , o m t r c a o m n o r R e hi d l ss , C pete ti , o n an n 1 0 6 1 1 2 Ele c ti 88 of C st ti e , , . , . 1 1 xa m n o n o f 0 S t . o a n za . a . of C st , 9 e i ti , 9 ' 6 m f r 1 . a a de a o S t . c o ne s Pete s , 4 fe les t ught by

n 1 28 . S t . . of Stephe , ses , 9 3

o rc o 1 1 . o n 1 . T ell , 5 g i g veiled , 9 ro na 1 6 a rn th e c r d 1 Ve , 4 le ee , 9 . wo r 1 0 6 n o 2 d r a o n . . e iv ti of d , Celesti e , P pe , 5 n rna a rran m n 1 0 8 r m o n i te l ge e t , . Ce e ies f in a 1 1 0 a no n n 6 68 6 o . . list , It ly , i ti g , 7 , , 9 1 6 n a n c in w a 0 . a o sh pe , tte d ts l thed hite , nd 1 1 2 a o n a 0 . situ ti size , 9 7 . 7 Ba r ad n wixh milk and sil . 44 . 7 7 . 79 b e give f 1 8 1 61 1 62 n Ha s . o Relie s , 4 , , h ey , 73 .

i n a r a t ro na 1 . c an . b ptiste y Ve , 47 dles , 7 3 Ba n i nsumati o n 6 thi g , 7 . l m i n m r 1 2 o f a 80 a t E e us a . k c yste ies , iss pe e , 73 , . 1 m k n o n n b r 2 . a d 68 y p iests , il h ey give , , 73 , ro b w 1 8 2 of P selytes , y Je s , 5 . . B 2 8 rn n t o E a 66 ede , 7 , 4 . tu i g the st , . d A nte lmi n wa n 82 B n o b a . e e ett desig s p shi g the feet , 74 , tis te r a t a rm a 1 8 w ar n w a rm n 6 y P , 5 . e i g hite g e ts , 9 ,

n d c X 1 2 r a r . Be e i tus III . ( 7 5 ) p ep es 7 5 n m f m m r o o m 20 6 8 o a t o o r r o n . f t R e i e si , Ch ys st , , 9 , 73 , 7 , 79 m n 61 1 6 . a . 4 Ci pi i , m n x n 1 2 B rnar 1 a n r . e d , 5 . Cle e s Ale d i us , 3 , 9 l 1 2 m n o f o m 8 Be ro dus . . , 7 Cle e t R e , 3 B o B rnar o r a o m m n o n ish p e d ebuilds b ptis C u i , s 7 n gelie ve r nd b a t e r ro na A . D . 1 1 n o s a y of Ve , 3 5 , e but p i ' ke 8 1 1 6 t z e d arta . 4 . p , o m n Ele c ti a Bo a r 1 0 . o r C tt i , 3 C pete ti , , see te h m ns B a . c u e . ug ti , 59 o n a n n Em ro r 1 0 1 1 C st ti e , pe , 5 , 3 , 1 3 5 .

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D aco n ac ma ca na 8 . e esses te h fe le te Ig tius , 7 h m e n mm r o n m c u s . . , 9 3 I e si , si ple , 49

ualific atio ns o f . r n 8 q , 93 t i e . 3 5 . 3 7 . 3 . 43 . 2 6 82 D o n . i ysius , 3 4 49 . 5 . 3 . D o a a rc c a r m o r a m : i tis lvi , hite t of b ptiste y I p t of b ptis f a 1 m ro o u 2 1 o . Pis , 5 3 A b sius , .

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H ro o 1 2 . e d tus , H e s chi 1 2 m h us . a t e a 8 8 . y , N es of f ithful , 4, 5 H ar 0 il y , 3 . H o no r s 1 1 O tatus 0 ius Augustu , 0 . p , 3 . 1 0 D X 7 IN E .

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fi ure W ala frid S trab o n 1 0 1 R e d S e a a a o f a . , p ss ge , g of , W f idus a 1 a m 2 6 2 . a rne r . b ptis , , 7 , P ulus , 7 W r o f r fi ca o n 1 o no r 2 . a . R ssi , Sig , 4 te Pu i ti , 4 sp ri nkled o n wo rshippe rs in 1 he m n m 1 S a n o ann in F o n R m 1 . t o a . Gi v i te , o e , 3 R te ples , 4 i n r m 1 S an G o a nn a F o n an o . i v i lle te , Mil , used f u , 4 in n r 1 1 26. a r . fu e l ites , 4 b w 1 a rn . 5 . S tu us , 3 7 y Je s ,

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