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Appraisal of Underground Energy Storage Potential in Northern Ireland

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Appraisal of Underground Energy Storage Potential in Northern Ireland Appraisal of underground energy storage potential in Northern Ireland Sustainable and Renewable Energy Programme Internal Report IR/06/095 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY INTERNAL REPORT IR/06/095 Appraisal of underground energy storage potential in Northern Ireland D.J. Evans, D.M. Reay, N.J. Riley, W.I. Mitchell and J. Busby Contributors G Earls and N.J. Riley The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Ordnance Survey licence number GD 272191/1999 Key words Underground gas storage, oilfield, gasfield, energy, reservoir sandstone. Front cover Cover picture details, delete if no cover picture. Bibliographical reference D.J. EVANS, D.M. REAY, N.J. RILEY, W.I. MITCHELL AND J. BUSBY. 2006. Appraisal of underground energy storage potential in Northern Ireland. British Geological Survey Internal Report, IR/06/095. 17171pp. © NERC 2006 Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2006 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Sales Desks at Nottingham and Edinburgh; see contact details 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 below or shop online at www.thebgs.co.uk e-mail: [email protected] The London Information Office maintains a reference collection www.bgs.ac.uk of BGS publications including maps for consultation. Shop online at: www.thebgs.co.uk The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA Desks. 0131-667 1000 Fax 0131-668 2683 The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of e-mail: [email protected] Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the London Information Office at the Natural History Museum surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research (Earth Galleries), Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in SW7 2DE geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development and other agencies. 020-7589 4090 Fax 020-7584 8270 020-7942 5344/45 email: [email protected] The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council. Forde House, Park Five Business Centre, Harrier Way, Sowton, Exeter, Devon EX2 7HU 01392-445271 Fax 01392-445371 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Colby House, Stranmillis Court, Belfast BT9 5BF e-mail: [email protected] www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni 028-9038 8462 Fax 028-9038 8641 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB 01491-838800 Fax 01491-692345 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1EU 01793-411500 Fax 01793-411501 www.nerc.ac.uk IR/06/095; Version 0.1 31st March 2006 Foreword Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland currently rely on imported natural gas to meet over 80% of the total energy demands of their economies. This gas comes into the island via undersea pipelines from Scotland, namely SNIP and the two Irish interconnectors (IC1 and IC2), respectively, which are served by a single pipeline route from Moffat in Scotland. There is an obvious vulnerability in a single supply route, potentially exposing Northern Ireland to shortages in the UK gas supply or failures on the pipeline network in the UK or elsewhere in Europe. Energy storage is, therefore, likely to become an increasingly important part of maintaining the reliability of energy supplies. Indeed, the published Northern Ireland energy strategy recognises the lack of storage for gas, on both an all-island context and in Northern Ireland itself, as an obstacle to maintaining reliable energy supplies. Northern Ireland is unique to the island of Ireland in having relatively large aquifers and salt deposits onshore and close offshore. Such underground resources are routinely used in mainland Europe for the storage of natural gas and other products. Since the Second World War, these technologies have been deployed and developed around the world. This report seeks to evaluate the geological feasibility of deploying these storage technologies in the context of Northern Ireland energy and environmental goals, involving not just natural gas storage, but also the possibility of energy (including renewables) storage via compressed air, heat and hydrogen. This scoping study is impartial and not linked to a particular industry, operator or technology. It also aims to raise awareness in government, industry and the public of how these natural resources might contribute to Northern Ireland’s future planning, energy security, efficiency and emissions reduction policy goals. Disclaimer: this is an appraisal of the geological conditions and the technology of Underground Gas Storage (UGS) and energy storage (compressed air, ground source heat pump technology), NOT the control or prevention of pollution, safety of the surface or subsurface infrastructure. The assumption here being that the design, maintenance and operation of such facilities would be subject to the various HSE, waste and environmental regulations covered by such documents as the COSHH (2002), COMAH (1999) and appropriate British Standards. For specific elements of an underground gas storage facility, e.g. wells and surface installations, existing BS standards should be applied or referred to. The British Geological Survey (BGS) has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Acknowledgements BGS acknowledge the help and assistance offered by DETI during this project. Many colleagues are also thanked for their comments on various drafts of this report. Hugh Crilly (GSNI) prepared many of the diagrams of the geology of Northern Ireland. i IR/06/095; Version 0.1 31st March 2006 Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i Contents ................................................................................................................................. ii Executive Summary..................................................................................................................... viii 1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Distributed Energy.................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Introduction to the British Geological Survey ........................................................ 3 2 The functions of energy storage........................................................................... 5 2.1 Moderating supply/demand gap.............................................................................. 5 2.2 Security of supply.................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Trading in the natural gas market............................................................................ 6 3 Energy storage in an all-island energy market .................................................. 7 4 The different types of underground (geological) energy/gas storage............. 12 4.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Depleted oil and gas fields .................................................................................... 13 4.3 Aquifers................................................................................................................. 13 4.3.1 Reconditioned reservoirs, cushion and working gas............................................. 15 4.4 Salt cavity/solution mining.................................................................................... 15 4.4.1 Design concepts for gas storage caverns............................................................... 17 4.4.2 The stored products and pressure distribution in a salt cavern ............................. 17 4.5 Lined rock cavities ................................................................................................ 18 4.6 Abandoned/Reconditioned mines ......................................................................... 18 5 Forms of energy considered for underground storage.................................... 20 5.1 Underground Thermal Energy Storage ................................................................. 20 5.1.1 Sources of heat for storage.................................................................................... 21 5.1.2 High temperature underground thermal energy storage........................................ 21 5.2 Natural gas, LNG, CNG, LCNG and LPG............................................................ 22 5.2.1 The “Bishop Process”............................................................................................ 23 5.3 Compressed air (CAS) and compressed air energy storage (CAES) .................... 24 5.3.1 CAS ......................................................................................................................
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