P166239

Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework

Public Disclosure Authorized NIGERIA: Innovation Development and Effectiveness in the Acquisition of Skills (IDEAS)

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

FINAL REPORT October 23, 2018

Public Disclosure Authorized

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ...... v List of Figures ...... v List of Acronyms ...... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 7 ES 1 Introduction / Project Background ...... 7 ES 2 Rationale for the Project ...... 7 ES 3 Project Description ...... 8 ES 4 Purpose and rationale of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) ...... 8 ES 5 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework ...... 9 ES 6 Study Approach and Methodology ...... 10 ES 7 Description of Project Location and Biophysical Environment ...... 11 ES8 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 11 ES 9 Public Consultations and Concerns ...... 12 ES 10 Overview of Potential Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts ...... 12 ES 11 Environmental and Social Mitigating Measures ...... 13 ES 12 Subprojects environmental and social management procedure, from the screening through monitoring and evaluation of the specific ESMP ...... 15 ES 13 Institutional arrangement for the Implementation of the ESMF ...... 16 ES 14 Implementation Arrangement – Responsibilities and Accountabilities ...... 16 ES 15 Capacity Strengthening / Training Programmes ...... 16 ES 16 Social Integration and Participation ...... 17 ES 17 Labour Influx and Child Labour ...... 17 ES 18 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 18 ES 19 Estimated Budget for Implementing the ESMF ...... 18 ES 20 Disclosure ...... 18 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 19 1.1 Project Background ...... 19 1.2 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) .... 20 1.3 Study Approach and Methodology ...... 20 1.4 Project Overview ...... 20 1.5 Project Components ...... 21 CHAPTER TWO: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 24 2.1 Policy Framework ...... 24 2.2 Regulatory Framework ...... 28

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 2.2.1 Federal Legislation...... 28 2.2.2 State Legislation...... 29 2.2.3 Applicable International Agreements ...... 32 2.3 Assessment of the Policy and Regulatory Framework ...... 34 2.4 Institutional Framework ...... 35 2.5 World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 36 2.5.1 OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment ...... 37 2.5.2 OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement ...... 37 2.6 Comparing the Nigeria Extant EIA Law and the World Bank Operational Policies38 CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 42 3.0 Description of the Nigerian Environment ...... 42 3.1 Location/Regional Setting ...... 42 3.2 Vegetation ...... 42 3.3 Political Geography and Population ...... 42 3.4 Natural Resources and Land Use ...... 43 3.4.1 Agricultural Resources...... 43 3.4.2 Biodiversity ...... 43 3.4.3 Mineral Resources ...... 44 3.4.4 Energy Resources...... 44 3.5 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 52 3.5.1 Socio-Economic Data of the States...... 53 CHAPTER FOUR: IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL RISKS AND IMPACTS...... 59 4.1 Introduction ...... 59 4.2 Environmental Impacts ...... 59 4.2.1 Construction and Rehabilitation Phase ...... 59 4.2.2 Operation Phase ...... 60 4.3 Social and Health Impacts ...... 60 4.3.1 Construction and Rehabilitation Phase ...... 61 4.3.2 Operation Phase ...... 61 CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 68 5.1 Introduction ...... 68 5.2 No Action Alternative or Civil works ...... 68 5.3 Use of Civil Works ...... 68 CHAPTER SIX: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION70

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 6.1 Public Consultation ...... 70 6.2 Stakeholder Focused Group Discussion and Interpretation ...... 70 6.3 Consultations in the study area ...... 70 6.4 Objectives of Public Consultations ...... 72 6.5 Stakeholders ...... 73 6.6 Consultation Strategies ...... 73 CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ...... 74 7.1 Introduction ...... 74 7.2 Mitigation Measures ...... 74 7.3 Implementation Arrangement ...... 77 7.4 Capacity Strengthening for ESMP Implementation ...... 78 7.5 Monitoring Plan ...... 78 7.5.1 Monitoring Procedure ...... 78 Social Development Specialist - IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE ...... 84 7.6 ESMP Cost Estimate ...... 87 7.7 Chance Find Procedures ...... 87 7.8 Description of subsequent safeguard instruments (ESIAs/ESMPs) ...... 87 7.8.1 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIAs) ...... 88 7.8.2 Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) ...... 88 CHAPTER EIGHT: PRINCIPLES FOR MITIGATING IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS AND IMPACTS ...... 89 8.1 Introduction ...... 89 8.2 Monitoring Plan ...... 105 CHAPTER NINE: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMF ...... 108 9.1 Introduction ...... 108 9.2 Implementing the ESMF ...... 108 9.2.1 IDEAS Institutional Arrangement ...... 108 9.3.1 Federal Level Institutions ...... 109 9.3.2 State Level Institutions ...... 111 9.3.3 Community Level and other Institutions ...... 114 9.3.6 Consultants, Contractors and Site Engineers ...... 115 9.3.7 Safeguards Manual...... 115 9.3 Institutional Arrangements ...... 116 9.4 Monitoring of ESMF Implementation ...... 116 9.5 Evaluation of Results ...... 116

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 9.6 Estimated Budget for Implementing the ESMF ...... 116 9.7 Disclosures of safeguard instruments ...... 117 9.8 Training and Capacity Strengthening Plan ...... 118 ANNEXES ...... 126 Annex 1 Assessment of Education Sector ...... 126 Annex 1A Outline for ESMF report ...... 129 Annex 2 Environmental and Social Screening (ESS) of sub-projects...... 131 Annex 3 Standard Format for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 135 Annex 4 Guidance on Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) by Project Phases 136 Annex 5 Federal Guidelines for EIA Process ...... 140 Annex 6 Procedures for determining sub-projects requiring an ESIA ...... 144 Annex 7 Description of Baseline Conditions in participating States ...... 145 Annex 8 Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies...... 191 Annex 9 General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts193 Annex 10 Terms of Reference for the ESIA ...... 200 Annex 11 Draft ESMP Terms of Reference ...... 202 Annex 12 Generic Environmental and Social Screening Checklist...... 203 Annex 13 Generic Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Checklist ...... 207 Annex 14 Additional Screening Questions to Determine the Need and Possible Extent of Further Environmental and Social Review and Management ...... 211 Annex 15 Is the proposed project likely to increase environmental and/or social vulnerability to climate change now or in the future? ...... 215 Annex 16 Public Participation in Project Cycle ...... 216 Annex 17 Protection of Cultural Property ...... 217 Annex 18 Construction Contracts Environmental Management Conditions ...... 218 Annex 19 Code of Conduct on Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children 224 Annex 20 Attendance list and summary of Consultations ...... 230 Annex 21 SCREENING REPORT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (Environmental and Social Screening Checklist)...... 237 Annex 22 Federal Guidelines for EIA Process ...... 243

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 1: Education Projects Typology ...... 23 Table 2. 2: Technical and vocational education and training (Main targets) ...... 27 Table 2. 3: Nigeria Extant EIA Law and the World Bank Operational Policies ...... 38 Table 3. 1: Population Figure of the States ...... 53 Table 3. 2: Youth Literacy Rate in any Language, 2010 ...... 53 Table 3. 3: Unemployment Trend in Nigeria showing States visited (shaded rows) ...... 54 Table 3. 4: Number of Unemployed Youths Trained under Annual Training ...... 55 Table 3. 5: Selected Socio-economic Indicators in the IDEAS States Visited ...... 57 Table 4. 1: Summary of Potential Environmental/Social Impacts of the IDEAS Project .... 63 Table 5. 1: Evaluation of the ' No Action' alternative and use of civil works ...... 69 Table 7. 1: Summary of Environmental Mitigation Measures ...... 75 Table 7. 2: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) per State ...... 80 Table 7. 3: Budget and Responsibilities per State ...... 87 Table 8. 1: Potential impacts and generic mitigation measures ...... 90 Table 8. 2: Monitoring and Evaluation Framework ...... 106 Table 9. 1: Safeguard Responsibilities for IDEAS ...... 110 Table 9. 2: Summary of indicative budget breakdown and responsibility per state ...... 117 Table 9. 3: Typical documents to be disclosed ...... 117 Table 9. 4: Training programs (Environmental and Social Accountability) ...... 120

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. 1: Institutional Framework for SESP ...... 36 Figure 7. 1: ESMP Implementation Arrangement ...... 77

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework LIST OF ACRONYMS EFA Education for All EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMIS Education Management Information System ESA Education Sector Analysis ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management Specialist ESMU Environmental & Social Mitigation Unit ESP Education Strategic Plan ESPIN Education Sector Support Program in Nigeria FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FME Federal Ministry of Education FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment GEM Growth and Employment Project HSE Health, Safety & Environment LGA Local Government Authority MDG Millennium Development Goals MTEF Medium term Expenditure Framework NABTEB National Business and Technical Examination Board NBTE National Board for Technical Education NEEDS National Economic Empowerment & Development Strategy NERDC Nigeria Education Research and Development Council NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NSQF National Skills Qualifications Framework NUT National Union of Teachers OP Operational Policy (World Bank) PIC Project Implementation Committee PPT Project Planning Team PSC Project Steering Committee PT Project Team SBMC School Based Management Committee SDG Sustainable Development Goals SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency SWAp Sector Wide Approach SWMA State Waste Management Authority SE Supervising Engineer SEEDS State Economic Empowerment & Development Strategy SEEFOR State Employment and Expenditure for Results Project SEPIP State Education Program Investment Project SESP State Education Sector Project SMoE State Ministry of Education SMoEnv State Ministry of Environment SMoF State Ministry of Finance TC Technical College ToR Terms of Reference UBE Universal Basic Education UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund YESSO Youth Employment and Social Support Operation

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES 1 Introduction / Project Background The World Bank is supporting the Government of Nigeria to address skills and youth employment issues in different programs on supporting employability of vulnerable youths (YESSO), promoting private-public partnerships in skills development (Lagos EKO Project, SEPIP, Ogun State Development Project), and training for MSMEs and start-ups (SEEFOR, GEMS). Individual projects have shown good impact in selected sectors and states, representing experience to be leveraged in building national structures and systems for skills development. Individual interventions, though, need to be embedded in enabling system structures to be successful and sustainable. Building such structures would require transformative thinking for (i) incentivizing a critical involvement of industry (public-private partnerships) in Technical Colleges for enhanced labour-market orientation and improved quality and relevance of training for industrial development, (ii) improving skills formation for youth in the informal sector by recognizing and strengthening the traditional apprenticeship practice; (iii) improving training and capacity development of technical teachers and instructors, (iv) strengthening and institutionalizing private sector participation in defining and monitoring training contents in line with the NSQF, addressing also the need for ‘soft’ skills (such as information literacy, problem-solving, critical thinking, entrepreneurialism, and ‘learning to learn’), and (v) leveraging technology for improved teaching and learning.

ES 2 Rationale for the Project The institutional framework governing and financing skills development in Nigeria mirrors the provider’s system, spanning over a number of different institutions with overlapping responsibilities. Next to the National Board of Technical Education (NBTE), which oversees public formal TVET and implements the National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF), the National Business and Technical Examination Board (NABTEB) under the Federal Ministry of Education (FME) plays a key role through assessment and certification in formal TVET. Under the Ministry of Labour and Productivity, the National Directorate of Trade Testing runs a trade testing system targeting apprentices and workers. State Ministries of Education supervise and fund formal TVET in their states. Most public programs and institutions, however, appear underfunded. The levy-financed Industrial Training Fund (ITF) is only used to finance ITF skills development programs. Nigeria does not have one overarching institution for skills development ensuring an integrated system of analysis, monitoring and planning and a coherent and coordinated approach to skills development.

In recognition of the fact that environmental and social concerns may result from sub-project activities, the Federal Government of Nigeria through the Federal Ministry of Education commissioned an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) study in fulfilment of the Bank’s requirement for project appraisal. This ESMF has been prepared to satisfy national and

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework state regulatory requirements as well as WB’s safeguard policies. The existing environment is described with respect to the physical, biological, and socio-economic aspects that are relevant to the project.

ES 3 Project Description IDEAS aims to strengthen the labour market fit of the broader skills development space in Nigeria. It will help unlock essential drivers of quality and relevance by increasing involvement of industry and strengthening critical system functions. Tailoring interventions to the specific skills needs and learning environments in the diverse labour markets the planned interventions address skills needed in the formal and informal sectors and increase female participation in skills program. The project proposes to operate at both the federal level (NSQF, policy development, technical teachers and instructor training, improving federal TCs) and the state level (state TCs, improving informal apprenticeship training, strengthening state-level skills development management). Participating states will be selected based on clearly-defined criteria including economic characteristics, reform-mindedness of state government, ongoing and previous support to skills development, proportional representation of regions, and others. Building on international expertise with e-learning adaptation in skills development, the project - cutting across components - will support the introduction and dissemination of technology-based solutions in teaching and learning, as well as in the management and monitoring of skills development. Technology can be leveraged for scaling-up training supply, enhancing access to quality training in remote areas and increasing cost-effectiveness of skills development delivery. Technology can be specifically instrumental to increase effectiveness and efficiency in teachers training and further training, but will also improve teaching and learning in TCs and other TVET institutions and in informal apprenticeship training. By making use of the country’s emerging ICT infrastructure— including the Nigerian research and education network (NgREN) - the project will facilitate the production of instructionally effective educational materials packages, create open platforms for standardized e-content to be used in teachers training and skills development, and deepen the use of blended learning for improved quality. A detailed feasibility analysis for the use of technology solutions in the Nigerian skills space is planned during project preparation.

ES 4 Purpose and rationale of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) The features of the IDEAS Project which make an ESMF the appropriate requirement under the Bank’s OP/BP 4.01 are listed below. The IDEAS has: (i) A number of sub-projects and components; (ii) Sub-projects spread over a wide geographic area; and (iii) Design of the sub-projects and exact locations for implementation are not yet determined at this stage. The purpose of the ESMF is to establish a mechanism to determine and estimate the future potential environmental and social impacts of the Bank-financed activities to be undertaken under the IDEAS, and to define the measures of mitigation, monitoring and the institutional measures to be undertaken during the implementation Sustainabiliti Limited Page 8

Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework of this project. The ESMF outlines the process and procedure to be followed when any activity that will be financed by IDEAS has the potential to trigger any of the World Bank safeguard policies. It includes details of the existing environmental laws and regulatory framework in the country; World Bank safeguard policies, analysis of environmental and social impacts including alternatives; institutional arrangements for implementing the ESMF, capacity building needs; and public consultation carried out during project preparation. As stated above, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has also been prepared to complement the ESMF in addressing resettlement issues that might arise during implementation of the IDEAS sub-projects, and this will be translated to a Resettlement Action Plan (RAPs) or an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) as and when the need arises during project implementation. In addition, the ESMF contains a detailed checklist for screening all IDEAS project’s activities for their potential Environmental and Social impacts to determine: (i) Environmental Assessment (EA) category; (ii) applicable World Bank environmental and social safeguards policy triggers; (iii) potential for environmental and social impacts liability; (iv) cultural or other sensitivities; (v) relevant stakeholders; and (vi) the nature and extent of engagement for each stakeholder category. Finally, the ESMF contains an annex with TORs for conducting an site specific ESIA or ESMP if and when required.

ES 5 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework One of the most relevant legislation in Nigeria is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. The Act makes EIA mandatory for any development project and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies. It requires that development projects be screened for their potential impact. Based on the screening, a full, partial, or no Environmental impact assessment may be required.

The following national, state, and international policies and regulations are applicable to the IDEAS project: Policies: − National Policy on Education 2004 − National Policy on the Environment 1988 − The National Urban Development Policy 1989 − National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) 2004 − State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (SEEDS) 2004 − World Conference on Education for All (WCEFA) 1990 − Dakar World Education Forum 2000 − United Nation Millennium Development Goals 2000 − International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (IESCR) − Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) − This Act provides guidelines for activities of development projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects, which require mandatory EIAs. − National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991 − The FMEH is the regulatory agency charged with enforcing ambient air quality standards in Nigeria. The World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standards were adopted in 1991

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework as the national standards by the FMEH. These standards define the levels of air pollutants that should not be exceeded in order to protect public health.

Regulations: − Revised National Guidelines on Environmental Audit in Nigeria 2011 − National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007 − Universal Basic Education (UBE) Act 2004 − Child Rights Act (2003) − State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) Edict various − State Environmental Sanitation Law 2000 − States Urban & Regional Board and Town Planning Authority Edict various − Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Guideline covering infrastructural projects − Ekiti State Gender-Based Violence (Prohibition) Law, 2011No. 21 of 2011 World Bank Operational Policies Most applicable policies of the Bank triggered by the project are: - OP 4.01: Environmental Assessment - OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

The existing laws in Nigeria are similar to World Bank safeguard policies. However, in the event of any divergence between World Bank safeguard policies and the country laws in Nigeria, the more stringent will take precedence.

ES 6 Study Approach and Methodology This ESMF was developed in accordance with applicable World Bank policies and Nigerian environmental assessment guidelines and regulations. The distinct phases of the study include:

i. Literature Review The approach was based on review of project literature and other strategic planning documents including: the First and Second National Youth Policy document of the Federal Government of Nigeria, 2009, Draft Action Plan and Implementation Strategy for the National Youth Policy 2009- 2014, federal and state environmental regulations, Decrees, Edicts, Acts, policies and guidelines and World Bank safeguard policies.

ii. Data Gathering Data on the current state of unemployment and the environmental management policies and regulations were sourced from different institutions, including federal and state ministries of Youth Development/Human Capital Development, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria and the federal and state ministries of environment. The information gathered was reviewed to obtain detailed descriptive, qualitative and quantitative data on the environmental, sociological, land tenure and resettlement laws, regulations, standards, and policies relating to the project. Subsequently, baseline data of the 6 visited participating states were reviewed. In addition, environmental screening and scoping of the project’s field of influence and activities were undertaken in line with the World Bank and Federal Ministry of Environment guidelines.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework iii. Stakeholder consultations Stakeholder consultations and institutional inclusions were a major consideration throughout the preparation of the ESMF and across the participating states visited. iv. Data analysis and impact identification, identification of mitigation measures and preparation of ESMP were also undertaken.

ES 7 Description of Project Location and Biophysical Environment The Federal Republic of Nigeria is located on the west coast of Africa and is bounded on the west by Benin Republic (with a boundary of about 773 km), on the north by Niger (with a boundary of 1,497 km), on the east by Chad and Cameroon (with a combined boundary of 1,777 km) and on the south by the Gulf of Guinea (853 km of coastline). It has a continental shelf of 200 m depth, an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles (NM) and a territorial sea of 12 NM. Nigeria lies around latitude 10o 00’N and Longitude 8o 00’E and has a total area of 923,768 km2 . It consists of four major natural zones: a 60-km wide coastal band in the south indented by lagoons and by the immense Niger River Delta; a stretch of high forest-covered mountains (Shebshi Mountains) rising to heights of about 2,042 m above sea level in the west; the Jos Plateau (1,200 m) in the centre; the Highlands along the eastern border, south of the Benue River; and the plain of Sokoto and the Lake Chad Basin in the north, which forms part of the Sahel region, and is semi desert. The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m (7,936 feet). The River Niger traverses the country from the northwest, meets the River Benue at Lokoja in the central part of the country before draining into the Atlantic in a deltaic fashion. Nigeria is divided into three main climatic regions: the tropical rain forest region covering the southern part of the country with an annual rainfall of around 2,000 mm (80 inches), the near desert region covering the far north of the country with an annual rainfall around 500 mm (20 inches) and the savannah region with annual rains around 1,000 mm (40 inches) and covering the central portion of the country.

Six States have been identified as potential Pilots for the Implementation of the IDEAS Project: Ekiti State South West Geopolitical zone Edo State South South Geopolitical zone Abia State South East Geopolitical zone Kano Sate North West Geopolitical zone Benue State North Central Geopolitical zone Gombe State North East Geopolitical zone.

ES8 Socio-Economic Environment Across the States, the State Capital is the most prosperous city, and much of the economic activities are concentrated there. The standard of living is higher than in the rest of State.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework The infrastructures in the states vary and include public primary schools, public junior secondary schools, public senior secondary schools and private primary and secondary schools. There are state hospitals and public health care centres in addition to private owned hospitals and clinics. The main water sources in the States are public taps, yard well/borehole, and water vendors. Majority of residents of the states use streams and rivers as their water sources, particularly in the rural areas. Poor solid waste and sewage disposal practices pose potential environmental and health issues in the communities. Common reported health problems include: malaria diarrhoea, cholera, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), asthma, hypertension, skin infections, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers and tuberculosis. Previous studies reveal that malaria is the most commonly reported health problem in the states.

Predominant land uses in the state are residential, industrial, recreational and agriculture.

Details of Baseline data in each participating states attached as Annex 7

ES 9 Public Consultations and Concerns In tandem with World Bank safeguards policy 4.01 governing EA Category B projects, the Government of Nigeria recognizes that stakeholder involvement is an important element of the IDEAS project and the EA process. Both of these recognize that stakeholder identification and analysis at an early stage of a project is critical in the assessment of interests, concerns, relationships, assumptions, their level of influence and the ways in which they are affected by project risks. To this end, the preparation of the ESMF and RPF drew from inputs by stakeholder consultations in each of the participating States. One of the key agreements reached out of these consultations was the establishment of a demand-based and third party monitoring arrangement involving key national and local civil society groups, to monitor those likely to be impacted by prospective IDEAS project activities. This consultation which started early during the project preparation phase will continue during project implementation.

ES 10 Overview of Potential Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts The project will enhance the economic, social and political development of the selected Pilot Project States through the facilitation of improved access to and application of Entrepreneurial skills to Science and technical education, infrastructural improvements, and provision of capacity building programmes for teacher training and local skills development.

Possible Negative Environmental Impacts The rehabilitation and/or expansion of existing schools could result in: • Loss of vegetative plant cover, fauna habitats, soil and land degradation; • Construction waste such as excavated soils and debris; • Erosion, pools of stagnant water ; • Emission of dust and particulate matter leading to the reduction of air quality; • Wastewater spills/run-off but with little or no adverse effect on the immediate environment. Sustainabiliti Limited Page 12

Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework The major impacts on the environment after the construction phase include: • Waste water run-off from improper waste management ; • Air pollution from laboratory and workshop equipment; • Illegal dumping of solid waste in drains; • Improper use of sanitary facilities which could attract pests and diseases. Possible Negative Social and Health Impacts Perceived socio-economic impacts during the construction and rehabilitation phase of the project include: • Temporary disruptions of utility services such as electricity and water • Exposure to health and safety risks for the construction workers and local residents • Disturbance to the local communities from noise and vibration of the construction machinery • Increased human and vehicular traffic Possible Positive Environmental, Social and Health Impacts Once implemented, the project would have the following impacts on the socio-economic environment: • Improved local skills, and increased training opportunities, skill development and income for teachers and enhanced employment opportunities for participating students. • Provision of training opportunities and learning materials for teachers which will improve the quality of enterprise education at both the science and technical schools. • Promotion of enterprise education for science and technical schools. • Strengthened systems for the planning, delivery, monitoring and resourcing of Entrepreneurship education in the participating Pilot States.

ES 11 Environmental and Social Mitigating Measures Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) defines project-specific environmental and social mitigation measures, monitoring programmes, and responsibilities based on the analysis of potential environmental and social impacts of the project.

Mitigation Measures This includes measures that can reduce the negative impacts associated with sub-project activities. Some physical measures include: • Prohibiting the use of defunct machinery to reduce noise outputs and air emissions • Use of silencers, mufflers and well serviced machinery to minimise noise levels during construction • Dust reduction measures such as water sprinkling • Appropriate containment for operational areas, soil erosion control measures, and proper lubricant disposal to prevent soil and water contamination • Regular collection of worksite waste for proper disposal • Provision of adequate on-site sanitary facilities to be emptied regularly Measures to mitigate against the impacts of the project activities on biological resources include: • No siting and excavations in sensitive habitats Sustainabiliti Limited Page 13

Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework • Dust and noise abatement measures to minimise construction generated pollutants • Relocation of any farmland or grazing areas • Quick sorting, collection disposal of waste from the sites in accordance with regulations To minimise potential impacts that could affect the socio-economic environment negatively, the following mitigation measures are advised: • Conduct an awareness raising campaign for school staff and students • Develop an adequate traffic management plan prior to construction • Restrict construction activities to off-peak traffic periods • Monitoring Plan • The ESMS will prepare a long-term monitoring plan that will encompass clear and definitive parameters to be monitored for each sub-project. It will also identify and describe the indicators to be used, the frequency of monitoring and the standard (baseline) against which the indicators will be measured for compliance with the ESMP. • The monitoring plan establishes appropriate criteria to validate the predicted impacts and ensure that any unforeseen impacts are detected and the mitigation adjusted where needed at an early stage.

Environmental: • Reduction in the phenomenon of flooding • Cleaner air and aesthetics in the project areas • Minimization in occupational health hazards • Biodiversity conservation • Increasing efficiency and speed in the ESIA/ESMP process • Improved environmental performance and governance Social: • Reduction in unemployment in Nigeria through increased youth employment • Reduction in poverty and poverty induced-crime in the community • Improved literacy rate through enhanced school enrolment of the poorest households • Increase in the number of skill labors • Increase in income and consumption • Increase in GDP of the country • Improved healthcare access and affordability • Improved household capacity to attain basic needs such as health, education and shelter • Reduction in the vulnerability of the unemployed persons • Improved drainage system through public workfare will mitigate against avoidable flooding conditions and related morbidity

The adverse impacts considered include:

Environmental • Impacts on air quality; • Health and safety risks ; • Noise pollution • Spillages • Wastes generation • Traffic congestion and accident,

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework • Erosion and flooding • Impacts on coastal areas and water resources; Impacts on flora and fauna. Social • Effects of land loss on the communities; • Disruption of the rural economy; • Increased cost of living; • Potential change in local demographic pattern; • Dissemination of diseases including HIV/AIDS spread; • Conflict with social and cultural values; Potential effects on women and children Environmental and Social Mitigation Principles The ESMF considered a number of mitigation and enhancement measures and also principles for implementation to ensure the IDEAS and sub-projects become socially acceptable, environmentally sound and sustainable. The measures include:

• Mitigation principles for the effects of land loss; • Rural economy enhancement principles; • Population influx control principles; • HIV/AIDS prevention and management principles; • Socio-cultural conflict prevention principles; • Gender impacts mitigation principles; • Air quality and control principles; • Health and safety principles; • Water quality protection principles; • Wildlife habitat protection principles; The potential environmental and social impacts that may result from the implementation of IDEAS are consistent with EA-Category B project- minor, site specific and easy to mitigate. However, in the unlikely event in which the screening and scoping exercise of any project activities identifies the sub- project to be typical of category A, such activities will not be financed by IDEAS.

Cumulative Impact Monitoring Even though the ESMF did not at this stage identify any specific potential cumulative impact, for a CDD project of this size, it is not inconceivable to envisage cumulative impacts to result from multi- sub project activities that would be sited in a given geographical areas, across the country. The ESMF provides for environmental and social safeguards audit with particular focus on the potential for and or existence of cumulative adverse impact resulting from IDEAS at mid-term review.

ES 12 Subprojects environmental and social management procedure, from the screening through monitoring and evaluation of the specific ESMP Environmental Screening Process Screening is the first step towards operationalizing this ESMF. The objective of environmental screening is to identify the sub-projects activities that have minimal or no environmental or social concerns. The environmental and social screening process characterizes sub-projects and activities that will require thorough environmental review to prevent or mitigate negative environmental

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework impacts or those, which will provide opportunities to enhance positive impacts. Consequently, a key objective of this screening process is to rapidly identify activities under the IDEAS project that have little or no environmental or social issues so that they can move to implementation in accordance with pre-approved standards or codes of practices for environmental and social management. The screening exercise will be carried out prior to initiation of the project preparation activities. This exercise will be used as a tool to identify the severity of impacts of environmental and social issues, and thereby integrate their mitigation measures into the project preparation accordingly. The screening criteria have been included in this ESMF.

ES 13 Institutional arrangement for the Implementation of the ESMF The successful implementation of the ESMF depends on the commitment of Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF), Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), the capacity within the institutions and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements among others. The FMF and FMEnv have been involved in the preparation and the review of the ESMF. The key ESMF implementation areas and the relevant institutional roles as well as the institutional arrangement and collaboration for successful implementation of the ESMF of the IDEAS have been determined and outlined in this report. Specifically, there is need to have an Environmental and Social Management Unit within the PCU and an Environmental and Social Safeguards Officer in each SPCU. This will be necessary to manage and report all environmental and social safeguard concerns within the sub-project and State level. The Environmental Social impact monitoring and reporting roles and responsibilities within institutions and among the stakeholders have been mapped out in this ESMP.

ES 14 Implementation Arrangement – Responsibilities and Accountabilities The Project Implementation Committee (PIC) will be responsible for proposing management rules, sustainable measures and other concrete means of applying the ESMP. An Environmental and Social Management Specialists (ESMS), seconded from either the State Ministry of Environment (SMoEnv) or the State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) to the PIC will be responsible for the implementation and monitoring of the ESMP. The ESMS will develop a monitoring plan to ensure ESMP implementation occurs in a structured manner. The borrower has the overall responsibility to ensure that WB safeguards polices are complied with. The WB is only responsible for the final review and clearance of the safeguards instruments (ESMPs or ESIAs) including supervision; as well as review and approval of Terms of References (ToRs).

ES 15 Capacity Strengthening / Training Programmes Capacity building will encompass PIC and state agencies involved in sub-project implementation. An assessment of training needs and the development of a training strategy plan need to be conducted as an initial implementation activity which will, inter alia, determine and conform whether the training programme proposed will suffice or is required. Sustainabiliti Limited Page 16

Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework ES 16 Social Integration and Participation In 2015, the world committed to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.” More than an inspirational target, SDG4 is integral to the well-being of our societies and economies – to the quality of life of all individuals. The marginalization of children with disabilities is compounded by the dominant perception of disability as a disadvantage, and assumptions that for students with disabilities, school is a medium for socialization and not learning. Denying disabled children the right to education reinforces commonly held attitudes and assumptions of their diminished capacity, thereby putting them at an even further disadvantage. People with a disability/DPOs will be involved in the design process and their ongoing participation in the project is planned as there will be budget allocation to cover participation expenses and attendance time for consultations with people with a disability and DPOs in the IDEA Project and sub-projects Better education plans and policies that will help break the cycle of marginalization will be considered and. teachers will be trained to recognize and support children with disabilities to learn and make a difference; as we know that good education policies are particularly sensitive to the interconnected nature of disability, gender, conflict, and location. To assure social integration and participation of all groups, some of the suggested measures are:

• Build teacher capacity to ensure confidence in including children with a disability in education programs. • The FPCU at the federal and SPC at the state level being the Ministry of Education to implement the IDEAS project will ensure that the school governance trains teachers in inclusive education using universal design principles. • Encourage universal design for school buildings and equipment such as using ramps instead of steps into classrooms. • Deliver disability awareness training for classmates and all school staff to build a culture of support and inclusion. • Encourage child-friendly learning environments in schools. • Advocate for laws and policies to reflect disability inclusion in mainstream schools. • Encourage creative teaching strategies that focus on diverse strengths and different learning styles to foster inclusion for all.

ES 17 Labour Influx and Child Labour A Labor Influx Management Plan that addresses specific activities that will be undertaken to minimize the impact on the local community, including elements such as worker codes of conduct, training programs on HIV/AIDS, etc; and a Workers’ Camp Management Plan that addresses specific

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework aspects of the establishment and operation of workers’ camps will be developed by the Contractor(s) and enforced by the Environmental and Social Safeguards Unit. To address Gender-based violence, and incidents of child labour under the IDEAS project or sub- projects, Annex 19 provides guidance for all Contractor(s) or sub-contractors which shall be enforced by the Project’s Safeguards Unit at the Federal and state levels.

ES 18 Grievance Redress Mechanism The grievance redress procedure provides a mechanism to mediate conflict and cut down on lengthy litigation which often causes delay in project implementation. It will also provide people with concerns about project impacts a public forum to raise their objections and, through conflict resolution, ensure issues are adequately addressed. The grievance procedure adopted for the project will not entail complex processes or procedures; administered as far as possible at the local and State levels to facilitate access; flexible and open to various proofs, taking cognizance of the fact that most people are illiterate; and, will entail timely, and fair resolutions of their grievances.

ES 19 Estimated Budget for Implementing the ESMF Based on the mitigation principles the estimated budget for the implementation of the provisions of this ESMF is US$ 833,330.00 per participating state. The breakdown is provided in the ESMF. This will amount to N15,250,000,000 for the Project Proponent and six (6) participating Pilot States.

Table ES 1: Summary of indicative budget breakdown and responsibility per participating state Cost Estimate In US Dollars Item Responsibility Cost Breakdown (US$) Mitigation Project Proponent / FPCU 270,000 / SPCU / FMEnv / WB Management Project Proponent / FPCU 10% of Mitigation 27,000 / SPCU / FMEnv / WB Cost Capacity Project Proponent / FPCU 412,500 Building / SPCU / FMEnv / WB Monitoring Project Proponent / FPCU 15% of Mitigation 40,500 and Reporting / SPCU Cost Sub- Total 750,000 Contingency 11.12% of Sub- 83,330 Total Total 833,330

ES 20 Disclosure The Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50) requires that all safeguards policy documents prepared for projects funded by the Bank be disclosed to the public at two levels: 1) In-Country disclosure at domains accessible to stakeholders, 2) At World Bank InfoShop.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background Education plays a key role in national development and is an essential path of a nation’s well-being. Through education, individuals are empowered to make choices that affect their health and livelihood. The United Nations’ International Conference on Population and Development (1994) encouraged governments’ worldwide to ensure access to all to education beyond the primary level. The Federal Government has recognized the risks to Nigeria’s economy if its workforce is inadequately prepared and the importance of education for individual, social and political development and has countered this realization with an ambitious agenda of policy reforms across the entire sector. In 1999 the Federal Government launched the UBE Program making it compulsory for every child to receive nine years tuition free education, and the UBE bill was passed in May 2004. In 2003, the Government prepared the National Economic, Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a major multi-sectoral reform program that sees educational reforms as a vital transformational tool and instrument for socio-economic empowerment. In June 2005, a National Committee was inaugurated to monitor and allocate additional funds from the debt relief funds for the achievements of the MDGs. The Federal Government launched a major education reform program in 2006 which stresses the importance of institutional reforms to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery at all levels of education. Similarly, Nigerian States have also developed individual State Empowerment and Economic Development Strategies (SEEDS) which prioritize education provision at the state level. At this time of project preparation, the sub-projects are not yet clearly identified. Consequently, specific information on numbers of sub-projects, site location, local communities, geo-physical land features, nature etc are not available. Therefore, exact details and intensity of social and environmental impacts and their effective mitigation cannot be determined during project preparation. Thus this Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been prepared in line with the requirements of the World Bank and the existing national regulation (EIA Act No. 86 of 1992). The World Banks Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 requires that an ESMF be prepared which will establish a mechanism to determine and assess future potential environmental and social impacts of project, and then to set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during design, implementation and operation of the subprojects to minimise adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels. The policy further requires that the ESMF report must be disclosed as a separate and stand-alone document as a condition for Bank appraisal. The disclosure should take place both in Nigeria where it can be accessed by the general public and local communities, and at the Infoshop of the World Bank. In recognition of the fact that environmental and social concerns may rise as a result of the proposed project, the Federal Ministry of Education commissioned Sustainabiliti Limited to develop an ESMF in fulfilment of the Bank requirements for project appraisal. The ESMF presents a framework for

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework screening, monitoring and mitigating potential impacts, with a process for triggering subsequent sub- project environment and social assessments, where necessary.

1.2 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) The goal of the ESMF is to improve decision making and to ensure that the rehabilitation and upgrading of selected Technical Colleges, either newly built or rehabilitated, being considered under the IDEAS project are environmentally sound and sustainable. The ESMF identifies the environmental impact of the IDEAS project and establishes a mechanism for determining and assessing anticipated potential environmental and social impacts of sub-projects that will be identified during project implementation on human population or environmentally important areas, and are expected to be site specific. Specifically, it focuses on:

• assessing the potential environmental and social impacts of sub-projects (rehabilitation, extension or upgrade of educational infrastructures), whether positive or negative, and propose mitigation measures which will effectively address these impacts;

• establishing clear directives and methodologies for the environmental and social screening of micro-projects to be financed by the project;

• identifying the environmental policy, regulatory and institutional framework pertaining to the IDEAS Project;

• Informing the project preparation team and the Federal Ministry of Education of potential impacts of the anticipated sub-projects and relevant mitigation measures and strategies.

1.3 Study Approach and Methodology This ESMF was developed in accordance with applicable World Bank policies and Nigerian environmental assessment guidelines. The distinct phases of the study include:

- Literature Review The approach was based on review of project literature and other strategic planning documents. Specifically, the following were reviewed: situation analysis, national education policy, state education plan, federal and state environmental regulations, decrees, acts, policies and guidelines, World Bank safeguard policies and other relevant documents

- Data Gathering Data on the current state of the environment as well as information relevant to the sector program were sourced from different institutions, including federal and state ministries of education. The information gathered was reviewed to obtain detailed descriptive, qualitative and quantitative data on the environmental, sociological, land tenure and resettlement laws, regulations, standards, and policies relating to the project.

1.4 Project Overview IDEAS aims to strengthen the labour market fit of the broader skills development space in Nigeria. It will help unlock essential drivers of quality and relevance by increasing involvement of industry and Sustainabiliti Limited Page 20

Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework strengthening critical system functions. Tailoring interventions to the specific skills needs and learning environments in the diverse labour markets the planned interventions address skills needed in the formal and informal sectors and increase female participation in skills programs. The project proposes to operate at both the federal level (NSQF, policy development, technical teachers and instructor training, improving federal TCs) and the state level (state TCs, improving informal apprenticeship training, strengthening state-level skills development management). Participating states will be selected based on clearly-defined criteria including economic characteristics, reform- mindedness of state government, ongoing and previous support to skills development, representation of regions, and others.

The IDEAS Project is classified as a Category B project, implying that the impacts are small scale and site-specific; thus easily remedied.

The World Bank has been the only major development agency during the 1990’s to support the education sector reforms in Nigeria. The Bank will take on a lead role while collaborating with other development partners to support the implementation of the project.

1.5 Project Components Detailed project components will be finalized during the preparation phase, based on additional project preparation studies. The project components have so far been developed around the following areas: Component 1: Incentivizing Public-Private Partnerships for Enhanced Labour-Market Orientation and Improved Quality and Relevance of Skills Development in Public Technical Colleges

This component proposes to boldly address skills gaps in the labour market by improving teaching and learning quality and relevance in technical colleges. The key lever will be to bring industry onto the campus. The project would provide grant funding for the rehabilitation and upgrading of selected TCs that are transforming their business model into public-private partnerships with industry partners assuming a critical role in governance, management, planning, training and service delivery. Partnership models would be built on successful practices in Nigeria (e.g. Lagos Eko Project, SEPIP) and internationally (e.g. VTIP and STRIVE in India, QIF in Palestine) with the aim to test and set standards for sustainable and institutionalized public-private partnership in different economic environments in Nigeria. Rehabilitation of TCs would be geared towards creating comprehensive skills development hubs offering, in conjunction with surrounding industries, formal TVET alongside needs-based short duration skilling and workers upgrading training. Modern e- learning technologies will be piloted and the introduction of green skills programs incentivized. Curricula to be developed/revised with industry involvement and feeding into national standard setting would include needs-based work readiness, cognitive and entrepreneurial skills. Enhancing Quality and Relevance of Basic and Secondary Education

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Models for dual vocational training1 building on the pilot projects in Lagos, Abuja and Abeokuta would be promoted. Grant funding would also incentivize TCs to increase their share of female students and graduates through various interventions included expanding their course selection. Benefitting public TCs will be selected through a criteria-based selection process. Systematic technical assistance will support TCs through their reform process. Component 2: Improved Skills Formation for the Informal Sector This component aims at breaking the vicious cycle of low skills formation and low productivity in selected informal sector clusters2. Building on good practices in informal apprenticeship training in Nigeria and other African countries, including Ghana, Benin, Cameroon, or Tanzania, IDEAS would support scaling up successful approaches for modernizing and improving the quality of apprenticeship training provided by master craftsperson. Under the overall supervision of government, interventions in various locations would be driven by private sector stakeholders. Interventions would include capacity development and pedagogical training of master craftsperson, supplementary theory classes for apprentices, as well as business development support to both master craftsperson and apprenticeship completers. The latter may entail, depending on circumstances, supporting master craftsperson and former apprentices to access finance and addressing other market entry barriers. To cater to poor families and with low educational backgrounds, interventions will include structured literacy and numeracy skills training for apprentices, building on best practices in adult literacy programs (related to suitability and context adaption). The possibility of using tertiary education graduates to support such training may be explored. Systematic impact evaluations will contribute to the identification of a sustainable long-term blueprint for integrated skills and productivity development in Nigeria’s informal economy. Interventions will be supported by technical assistance from experts with strong experience in modern approaches to informal apprenticeship training development.

Component 3: Capacity Building for Enhanced Quality and Effectiveness in Skills Development This component aims to address capacity constraints in selected regulatory and support functions of the Nigerian skills system that impact on quality of training delivery and management effectiveness in the system, namely technical teachers and instructors training, the National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF), coordination and management capacities in public agencies in charge of TVET. The component aims at: (i) Improving the availability of appropriately skilled and competent technical teachers and instructors in the skills development space. This would entail supporting a policy dialogue on working conditions, training and structures for technical teachers and instructors, and potential implementation steps; (ii) Supporting the roll-out of the Nigerian NSQF for improved labour market relevance and increased transparency in the skills space. Funding would be used to strengthen and capacitate sector skills councils, the formulation of needed National Occupational Standards (NOS) and development of related curricula, as well as initiatives to train assessors;

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework (iii) Framework, including the institutionalization of tracer studies as a key monitoring tool in skills development and building up research capacities for skills in close cooperation with universities and think tanks. (iv) Supporting policy research and national dialogue processes to further reform initiatives in key areas such as TVET funding and institutional coordination. Based on the four components of the SESP we determine that all the activities listed in Table 1.1 will be included in the project, as is typically the case with most World Bank Education projects.

Table 1. 1: Education Projects Typology Activity Type Typical Features Infrastructure Rehabilitation / ▪ New Roof, new cooling systems, structural repairs, Expansion ▪ New classroom wing, laboratories, library, etc. ▪ Design or improvement of strategies, plans and programs Institutional Strengthening ▪ Upgrading educational management and Entrepreneurial Training ▪ Teacher training and skill development Manpower Development ▪ Improved access ▪ Provision of learning and teaching resources

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework CHAPTER TWO: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK There are a number of national, state, and international policies and regulations applicable to the educational sector and environmental and social issues pertaining to the IDEAS project. This section presents an overview of applicable policies and regulations in addition to an assessment of the institutional framework for the implementation of the project.

2.1 Policy Framework National Employment Policy 2009 Nigeria’s current employment policy is an initiation with cooperation from International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1980, when a comprehensive employment mission was undertaken known as “ILO jobs and Skills Programme for Africa (JASPA)”. The outcome was a report entitled “FIRST things FIRST: Meeting the Basic Needs of the People of Nigeria” (1981). Another employment advisory mission was undertaken in 1986 which produced a report entitled “Combating Unemployment in Nigeria: Strategies and Options” (1987). In 1995, the Nigerian Government invited the International Labour Organization (ILO) to contribute to its effort to formulate a comprehensive National Employment Policy which aims at accelerating employment generation, reducing high rates of unemployment, and ultimately attaining full productive, and freely chosen employment. The Federal Government with the support of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) approved an ILO mission entitled “Employment Policy and Strategy Mission”. The mission was fielded from 21st October – 22nd November, 1996 with the following terms of reference: a) Examination of the adequacy and effectiveness of Nigeria’s Labour and Employment Policies (which are implicit in various government pronouncements/documents) in achieving the goals of full employment; b) Identification of the potential for employment creation based on existing socio-economic policies and priorities of government c) Evaluation of the appropriateness or otherwise of the present institutional framework for employment promotion; d) Preparation of programmes to alleviate the soaring unemployment problem in particular, among sub-project leavers, retrenched and disadvantaged groups; and e) Review the scope of the labour market information and prepare the framework for an effective capacity for labour market analysis.

Key objectives of the National Employment Policy of Nigeria include: • promotion of micro small-scale sector jobs, • inducement of more employment in the agricultural sector, • promotion of labor-intensive businesses, • linking education and training to labor market requirements and • strengthening labour

National Youth Policy, 2001 (revised 2009)

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework The first attempt to introduce a National Youth Policy was in 1983. This was followed with a drafting of an inclusive Social Development Policy for Nigeria in 1989, providing the basis for a review of the first policy on youth in 2001. The National Youth Policy in Nigeria seeks to achieve the following:

• Foster appropriate value and positive attitudes among youth • Ensure that all youth are given equal opportunity and guided to reach their full potentials • Recognize the right of the youth to choose, to make decision and accept the consequence of their actions • Inculcate in the Nigerian youth the virtues of patriotism, discipline, selfless service, honesty and integrity • Inculcate in the youth leadership and followership values and make them socially responsible and accountable • Involve youth in decision making at all levels of government in all matters affecting them • Develop and implement a comprehensive programme for youth socialization so that they can become good and productive citizens • Provide opportunities for youth whether in, or out of sub-project, for vocational training geared towards self-employment and self-reliance • Promote the development to individual talent and infuse the youth with keen sense of enquiry and achievement • Organize and harness the energies of the youth in the service of their neighbourhoods and communities • Encourage youth to join community oriented youth organizations and participate actively in the organizations

National Policy on Education 2004 This policy addresses the imbalance in the provision of education in different parts of the country with regard to access, quality of resources and girls’ education. It seeks to inculcate national consciousness, unity, training and appropriate skill acquisition as well as mental and physical competence for the survival of the individual and Nigerian society.

National Policy on Science and Technology 1986 This policy focuses on national development through the effective application of scientific and technologically skills for the production of goods and services and to ensure a better quality of life for the country. The policy addresses the need for a coherent, systematic and comprehensive approach to the determination of technological programmes and their implementation.

National Policy on the Environment 1988 This Policy aims to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, and in particular to: • secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and well-being; • conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations; • restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems; • raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between the

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework environment, resources and development, and encourage individuals and communities participation in environmental improvement efforts; and • co-operate with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of trans- boundary environmental degradation.

The National Urban Development Policy 1989

This policy focuses on developing a dynamic and sustainable system of urban settlements, fostering economic growth, promoting efficient regional development, and ensuring improved standards of living and well-being for all Nigerians.

National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) 2004 NEEDS which was launched in 2004 to boost economic growth and help achieve the MDGs. NEEDS focuses on the establishment of a broad-based market oriented economy involving the private sector, through which people can be empowered to attain the basic needs of life. A key strategy for attaining this objective is via educational reforms.

State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (SEEDS) 2004 SEEDS provides a framework for the implementation of the state’s MDGs, a major part of which is educational reforms.

Kano State Revised Education Strategic Plan, 2009-2018

The Kano State Education Strategic Plan (ESP) provides an overview of education sector policies, objectives, targets and strategies for the period 2009 to 2018. As such, the ESP provides the framework for education development in Kano State over the next ten years. The ESP has been developed with reference to current national and state policies. The purpose of the ESP is to assist in poverty reduction and economic development efforts through the enhancement of Kano State’s human resources. Ultimately the aim is to enable all citizens to access education in order to develop as individuals, to improve their social and economic well-being and to play their part in the development of the State and the country as a whole. The achievement of Universal Basic Education (UBE) is a high priority as outlined in the Federal Universal Basic Education Act, the Kano State UBE Board law passed in 2005, the Kano State Action Plan for Education For All (EFA), 2004, and the 2005 Kano State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (K-SEEDS). To a large extent, achievements in post-basic education are dependent on the quality of the basic education system. The achievement of UBE is guided by a commitment to achieving the internationally agreed EFA goals. The 2004 Universal Basic Education Act requires all state governments to provide access to free UBE and, in the longer term and depending on resource availability, to Senior Secondary School education and life-long learning. The main strategic objective of UBE is to provide free access to 9 years of good quality schooling for all children between the ages of 6 and 15 years. Sustainabiliti Limited Page 26

Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework The State Ministry of Education (SMOE) recognises the need to adopt a holistic approach to education sector development. The ESP therefore takes a whole sector, or sector wide approach (SWAp). However, given the current situation of limited resources and capacity, basic education is afforded the highest priority in the ESP. It is recognized that further policy and strategy development will be required for post-basic education as the ESP progresses. There will be joint responsibility between Government and stakeholders for implementing ESP strategies and the SMOE and SMOHE will therefore work in partnership with other governmental and non-governmental organisations. This will require strengthened co-ordination amongst all stakeholders. It is recognised that the development of SWAp in Kano (and more widely in Nigeria) is at a very early stage. It is emphasised that the key principles of a SWAp with most immediate relevance are: a) establishing a comprehensive whole sector plan, b) prioritising resources, c) building capacity for effective and efficient service delivery, and d) facilitating improved coordination and use of all resources (including external assistance). In respect to external assistance the most important issue is to ensure that all support is consistent with Kano State education policy and strategy priorities as outlined Kano State Revised Education Strategic Plan, 2009-2018 in the ESP, to ensure optimum use and targeting of external assistance, and to facilitate increased levels of external assistance in support of the ESP. Currently, the following laws are under review: • Education Law Cap 36 and 39 Private and Voluntary Agency Institutions Regulations • Education Law and school grading system depending on the structural facilities and academic performance of each school (to be presented again to the Executive Council)

Table 2. 2: Technical and vocational education and training (Main targets) TVET 1 TVET 2 TVET development strategy and programme in Establish at least 1 vocational centre in each LGA place by end 2009 by 2018 Increase technical senior secondary enrolment by 50% by 2018

Main strategies The ESP includes plans for a gradual expansion of technical and vocational opportunities over the coming ten years. However, it is imperative that technical and vocational training is relevant to the needs of industry and local communities. In order to achieve this relevance, the private sector and local communities will need to play a central role in developing a TVET strategy early on in the ESP. Technical and vocational education policy: Expand technical and vocational training opportunities There are five Technical Colleges (four for boys and one for girls). A new college for girls was established at Karaye in 2010, while a new college for boys is proposed to be established at Danbatta. Technical College students at SS3 level participate and undertake Students Industrial Work

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Experience Scheme (SIWES) programme in which they are attached to nearby industries for industrial attachment to enhance their practical skills. Three vocational centres were established at Kano Municipal LGA, Gani in Sumaila LGA and Giginyu in Nassarawa LGA, while two others in Albasu and Doguwa are under construction. There is an ongoing process of converting one of the vocational centres into a technical college. The primary aim is to increase the number of technicians and engineers in the State and address gender disparity. Share of technical college budgets generated from internally generated revenue Technical Colleges are tuition free since the inception of this administration, but they were allowed to collect PTA levy as part of community participation. Plans are underway for each technical college to have a consultancy unit so as to generate own revenues.

2.2 Regulatory Framework Constitution of the Federal 2.2.1 Federal Legislation Republic of Nigeria 1999 The Constitution (Section 18) provides the basis for the national education policy, which through which the government shall eradicate illiteracy by ensuring that there are equal and adequate educational opportunities at all levels. To what extent practicable, the government shall ensure that: • Free compulsory and universal primary education; • Free secondary education; • Free university education; and • Free adult literacy program Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act 1988 The Federal Ministry of Environment, (FMEnv) has taken over the functions of FEPA in administering and enforcing environmental laws in Nigeria. Other responsibilities of the ministry include: • Monitoring and enforcing environmental protection measures; • Enforcing international laws, conventions, protocols and treaties on the environment • Prescribing standards for and making regulations on air quality, water quality, pollution and effluent limitations, atmosphere and ozone protection, control of hazardous substances; and • Promoting cooperation with similar bodies in other countries and international agencies connected with environmental protection. To enhance the operations of the ministry the following statutory provisions have been put in place: • Harmful Wastes (Criminal Provisions) Decree No. 42, 1988; • National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitations) Regulations (S.1.8) 1991; • National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulations (S.1.15) 1991; • Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 1991; • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992; and • Environmental Impact Assessment (Amendments) Act 1999; • Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines 1995; • National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality 1999

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework • National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (EMS) 1999 • National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) (S.1.9) 2004; • National Guidelines on Environmental Audit in Nigeria 1999 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Policy The objectives of any environmental Impact assessment policy as defined under the Act shall be – (a) to establish before a decision taken by any person, authority corporate body or unincorporated body including the Government of the Federation, State or Local Government intending to undertake or authorise the undertaking of any activity that may likely or to a significant extent affect the environment or have environmental effects on those activities shall first be taken into account;

(b) to promote the implementation of appropriate policy in all Federal Lands (however acquired) States and Local Government Areas consistent with all laws and decision making processes through which the goal and objective in paragraph (a) of this section may be realised;

(c) to encourage the development of procedures for information exchange, notification and consultation between organs and persons when proposed activities are likely to have significant environmental effects on boundary or trans-state or on the environment of bordering towns and villages.

National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007 To assist the FMEH&UD, the National Assembly established NESREA to ensure compliance with environmental standards, guidelines and regulations. Universal Basic Education Act 2004 The Universal Basic Education Act provides the legal framework for the implementation of the UBE Programme, which makes basic education not only free but also compulsory. Subsequently, the UBE Commission was established as a way of ensuring the proper implementation of the UBE programme. The commission is responsible for the coordination of the activities of the programme.

Child Rights Act (2003) The act gives full protection to privacy, honour, reputation, health and prevention from indecent and inhuman treatment through sexual exploitation, drug abuse, child labour, torture, maltreatment and neglect to a Nigerian Child. It also declares that every child has a right to life, to be allowed to survive and develop. Currently, the States owes their 2.2.2 State Legislation legal existence to the provisions of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. As a State, it is constitutionally mandated to establish: 1. An Executive arm of government headed by an elected Governor;

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 2. A legislative arm of government which members shall be drawn from constituencies defined in the Constitution. Its activities are presided over by a Speaker elected by the members of the State House of Assembly which oversees the exercise of the State’s legislative energies; 3. A judicial arm made up of judges, magistrates and other officers that help in the administration of justice and related activities within the State. The judicial arm is headed by the State’s Chief Justice. Nonetheless, judicial pronouncement of the State’s tribunals are subject to the appellate review of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Nigeria, in that order; 4. The Local Government level of governance. Presently, the Nigerian Constitution prescribes 16 Local Government Areas for the State; and 5. The powers of the State, the institutions and resources of its arms and levels of government in order to secure a socio-economic environment for persons resident in the State and its other stakeholders to pursue legitimate goals in dignity under the State's justice administration umbrella. The legal system of States in Nigeria comprises: 1. The compendium of Constitutional provisions applicable to the State as one of the 36 States that constitute the Nigerian Federation; 2. Laws made by the Federal Legislature applicable throughout the entire federation or specifically to each State; 3. Laws made (or deemed to have been made), by the State’s legislature; 4. Laws made by Local Government Councils in the State; 5. Customary laws or other customs of the market place applicable under the operation of Law; 6. Judicial precedents of the courts of the State and of appellate courts with jurisdictions over its tribunals like the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Nigeria; 7. Judicial precedents of federation tribunals like the Federal High Court, the National Industrial Court, Code of Conduct Tribunal, Investments and Securities Tribunal and so on to the extent to which their mandates allow. Sources of Legal Systems in the States include:

1. The Constitution of Nigeria (including its amendments and other laws it refers to expressly as having the same character as provisions contained within the formal Constitutional document; 2. Laws of the Federation of Nigeria;

3. Legislations of the National Assembly applicable to each State;

4. Legislations of the State House of Assembly;

5. Recognized customs of the people of each State;

6. Judicial precedents of courts with judicial authority over each State;

7. Local Government edicts.

Ekiti State Education Trust Fund Law No. 6 of 2011

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework The Fund shall be utilised for the purpose of renovating, rejuvenating and general upgrading of Education in Ekiti State as follows: 1. The provision of adequate infrastructure for educational institutions under the control and management of the State; 2. Provision of Bursary / Scholarship for the benefit of indigenes of the State in circumstances and in such institutions as the Governor may from time to time approve; 3. The provision of functional and qualitative education for indigenes of the State; 4. The provision of any other matter incidental to or pertaining the matters contained in sub- sections (1 - 3) this Section Ekiti State Gender-Based Violence (Prohibition) Law, 2011 No. 21 of 2011 The various laws on VAW permit complaints to be made by persons other than the victim/survivor e.g. a family member, a concerned third party, police, health professional, etc as referenced in Section 6 of the Ekiti State Gender-based Violence (Prohibition) Law; Section 2(3) Protection Against Domestic Violence Law 2007; Section 30, Violence Against Person (Prohibition) Bill). This provision helps eliminate concerns such as a victim withdrawing her application as a result of intimidation from family members and firmly places the issue of VAW in the public sphere. An interested party may in the states where VAW laws exist make a complaint to the police and apply for a protection order against the perpetrator. The Gender-based Violence Support Fund is a fund created under the Ekiti State Gender-based Violence (Prohibition) Law to provide material support to victims/survivors, their dependants, contribute to their rehabilitation, and for construction of shelters and training. A similar trust fund is planned for the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Bill. Victims Care and Counselling is also a benefit under the laws. Victims have access to counsellors to help them prepare for next steps. Ekiti State Educational Development Levy The Education Development Levy of N1, 000, Secondary school students will pay N500 as Parents Teachers Association (PTA) levy, N600 for Examination, N300 for Extra Lesson, making N2, 400 per term while it is proposed that Primary school students will pay N100 as PTA levy, N100 for Extra Lesson, N100 for Examination, making a total of N800 per term.

Environmental Protection Agency Edict (SEPA)

SEPA has mandates to monitor and control disposal of wastes generated within the state; monitor and control all forms of environmental degradation from agricultural, industrial and government operations; monitor surface, underground and potable water, air, land and soils within the State to determine the pollution level as well as collect baseline data; and cooperating with federal governments on matter and facilities relating to environmental protection

State Environmental Sanitation Law

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework This was enacted to enhance the effectiveness of the State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA). Specifically, the law provides for environmental sanitation in each State. It prescribes varying fines for individuals and corporate organizations which violate environmental sanitation standards in the State. It aims at enhancing improved sanitary conditions in each State by prohibiting acts such as littering, improper disposal or refuse, pasting of posters on public property, illegal road construction activities, etc.

State Waste Management Authority (SWMA) Edict 1991 WMA has the task of coordinating refuse disposal activities in each State. Initially it was mandated to take charge of general environmental sanitation and the collection, disposal, and management of domestic refuse. Subsequently, it was assigned the responsibility of cleaning primary and secondary drains, collection and disposal of industrial wastes, flood relief activities, and the collection and disposal of scrap and derelict vehicles.

Urban & Regional Board and Town Planning Authority (URBTPA) The URBTPA was created to control and regulate indiscriminate development in the state. Specific functions of the board include; • Formulate state policies for urban and regional planning and development, including spatial location of infrastructural facilities. • Advise state government, initiation of and prepare regional and sub-regional plans for the state; outline development plans and other physical development plans and schemes embracing spatial distribution of major roads, location of industrial, commercial, residential as well as recreational facilities. • The establishment and operation of an effective development control organ on state lands • The provision of technical assistance to the local government;

The edict stipulates that developers shall submit an environmental impact assessment report in respect of applications for residential land in excess of half an hectare and/or development in excess of 4 floors; factory building ; commercial buildings; places of worship and petrol service stations

2.2.3 Applicable International Agreements

World Conference on Education for All (WCEFA) 1990 This declaration made in Thailand states that every person – child, youth and adult- shall be able to benefit from educational opportunities designed to meet their basic needs.

World Summit for Children 1990 This further reaffirms the WCEFA declaration by stating that children should have access to basic education by the year 2000. The summit also placed emphasis on the need to raise the level of female literacy worldwide.

Dakar World Education Forum 2000

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework This was also held as a follow up to the WCEFA, and it set six goals to be attained by 2015. The goals include: • Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children; • Improving all aspects of the quality of education, and ensuring excellence for all, so that recognized and reasonable learning outcomes are achieved, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills; and • Ensuring that by 2015 all children, with special emphasis on girls, children in difficult circumstances and from ethnic minorities have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality.

United Nations Millennium Development Goals 2000 These declaration adopted in 2000 has two of the eight goals devoted to education. They are goal two (to achieve universal primary education) and goal 3 (to promote gender equality and empowerment of women).

United Nation Sustainable Development Goals 2016 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (or Global Goals for Sustainable Development) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations Development Programme. The formal name for the SDGs is: "Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development." That has been shortened to "2030 Agenda." The goals are broad and interdependent, yet each has a separate list of targets to achieve. Achieving all 169 targets would signal accomplishing all 17 goals. The SDGs cover social and economic development issues including poverty, hunger, health, education, global- warming, gender equality, water sanitation, energy, urbanization, environment and social justice.

Others Nigeria is also a signatory to the following relevant international conventions: ▪ International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (IESCR) ▪ The Dakar Framework for Action 2000 ▪ Convention on Rights of the Child (CRC) ▪ Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) ▪ The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, The African Convention, 1968; ▪ The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, The World Heritage Convention, 1972; ▪ The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Disposal, 1989; ▪ The Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, 1995; ▪ The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992;

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework ▪ Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Trans-boundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Waste within Africa 1991.

In addition, Nigeria also has obligations to protect the environment through various commitments to the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Commonwealth. It is also committed through relations with the European Community under the Lome IV Convention.

2.3 Assessment of the Policy and Regulatory Framework Nigeria has adequate policy and legal provisions for environmental assessment; detailed laws, regulations and guidelines have been developed and serve as the framework for conducting EIAs in both the public and private sectors. However, due to lack of adequate enforcement, the implementation of these rules has been poor. Shortcomings of some policies and regulations are discussed below.

EIA Act An identified oversight of this Act lies in the issue of public participation. Under the Act, the public and interested third party stakeholders make an input in the assessment process only during public review, which takes place after preparation of the draft report (which is often not well publicized). Early public participation during scoping and preparation of the ToR will contribute greatly to the success of the project.

FEPA Sectoral Guideline FEPA’s Guideline covering infrastructural projects deals with both the procedural and technical aspects of EIA for construction projects. The guideline stresses the need to carry out an EIA at the earliest stage possible. Infrastructure Project EIAs have been conducted in rather loose form, and often taken as a supplementary requirement to overall economic and engineering issues.

National Policy on Environment The policy and its institutional arrangements have not yielded the desired results. This is principally due to weak enforcement; inadequate manpower in the area of integrated environment management; insufficient political will; inadequate and mismanaged funding; a low degree of public awareness of environmental issues; and a top–down approach to the planning and implementation of environmental programmes.

National Policy on Education The major problems hindering the actualization of the policy objectives are inadequate manpower; insufficient political will; mismanaged funding; a low public participation in policy formulation; and a top–down approach to the planning and implementation of environmental programmes.

Universal Basic Education Act

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework The UBE programme implementation has been hindered by poor project supervision, poor funding and lack of commitment from state governments. In addition, critical issues of poor facilities and unbalanced access to education have remained unaddressed.

2.4 Institutional Framework To address the multi-sectoral nature of the components of the project, the following institutions and agencies are deemed relevant.

State Ministry of Education (SMOE) SMOE will have primary responsibility for coordination and implementation of the project in conjunction with other agencies and institutions. As the proponent of this project, the SMOE has mandate for monitoring and evaluation, quality assessment and control, and coordination, and providing information on a range of procedural and project management issues including procurement, financial management, disbursement, performance benchmarking etc.

It is envisaged that there will be a Project Implementation Committee Team (PIC) at the SMOE which will be responsible for project implementation and ensuring that all parties perform and carry out their responsibilities as detailed in the ESMP. In this regard, the PICs will rely on the analysis of periodic reports of the respective stakeholders.

Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) The ministry ensures that all major development projects in Nigeria conform to the Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1992. The ministry reviews and approves EIAs for development projects and ensure that all project activities are conducted in accordance with National regulations.

State Ministry of Environment (SMOEnv) The ministry is charged with establishing guidelines and standards for the management and monitoring of the environment in each State. Furthermore, the ministry is responsible for managing environmental problems caused by drainage issues, solid waste, sewage and pollution from inhabited areas, including slums within the urban region. The SMOEnv will liaise with ensure that all project activities complies with state standards.

State Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development The ministry oversees implementation of physical planning and land use related activities. It approves directs the sitting of public infrastructure including educational institutions with due consultation with relevant institutions and stakeholders.

State Ministry of Works and Infrastructure The ministry supervises private sector participation in projects as well as the coordinate government agencies in provision of infrastructure in the State.

State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework The SEPA sets, monitor and enforce environmental standards as well as pollution prevention and environmental management within the state.

State Waste Management Authority (SWMA) SWMA will ensure construction and demolition are promptly collected and adequately disposed. Project Coordination Plan The coordination of environmental and social management plan for the project spreads amongst several institutions, each carrying out their functions at the inter-agency level thereby creating the possibility of overlap and duplication of efforts. In order to have a well-coordinated approach, it is suggested that the PIC create a department dedicated to this purpose. The department should have its members drawn from the various agencies mentioned above, and should be the platform for liaising with stakeholders as well as monitoring the execution of project components. To further enhance the environmental capabilities of this department, it is suggested that proficiency in environmental assessments be made a criteria for appointment of members. Based on this the following the institutional structure depicted in Figure 2.1 below is suggested.

Figure 2. 1: Institutional Framework for SESP 2.5 World Bank Safeguard Policies The World Bank has given increasing attention to the assessment of environmental impact of investment projects and requires environmental assessments for all projects it is to finance. Its ten safeguards policies, aimed at preventing and mitigating undue harm to people and their environment in the development process, also provide a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design and implementation. The ten World Bank safeguard policies are: 1. Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) 2. Forests (OP/BP 4.36)

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 3. Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) 4. Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) 5. Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) 6. Pest Management (OP 4.09) 7. Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) 8. Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) 9. Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) 10. Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)

In this project, only the two safeguard policies mentioned below are triggered, through Component 1 titled: “Enhanced quality and relevance of skills development in public Technical Colleges by incentivizing public-private partnerships” which involves the financing of rehabilitation and upgrading to selected Technical Colleges thus triggering OP/BP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment. The anticipated rehabilitation and construction of new classrooms, drains, culverts and roads, building safety improvements and maintenance through increased capacity of existing structures, so as to improve existing structures.

2.5.1 OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment The IDEAS is rated a category ‘B’ project applying the Bank screening procedures as a project for which “impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects.” Environmental assessment is required, but OP 4.01 states that “the scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than for Category A projects and full ESIAs are normally not required. However, because the specific IDEAS investments are not known at this time, the OP/BP 4.01 requirement is initially met through the preparation of this ESMF. The ESMF sets out the applicable environmental management policies and regulations of the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) and the World Bank Group (WBG) and defines how they will be applied in the preparation and implementation of the individual investments assessments. Typically the first step is screening to determine what level of environmental assessment and thus what type of instrument is appropriate. For IDEAS, there are three possibilities: a site-specific Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) for investments in Category B or II, with more limited potential impacts but still requiring some environmental or social impact studies; a generic ESMP for investment with impacts that do not vary from site to site and are managed through standard practice no matter where they are located; and an Environmental Audit for investments involving rehabilitation of existing facilities where there may be significant environmental, social, health or safety conditions that need to be addressed. Impact monitoring plans will be integral parts of the ESMPs and Audits.

2.5.2 OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement The Bank policy on involuntary resettlement takes care of situations where people will lose property, means of livelihood or experience a change in their standard of living as a result of the implementation of a Bank financed project. This policy provides the guidance for the mode and

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework schedule for payment of all compensations and recommends that due consultations be made with all stake holders of the project before, during and after project implementation with special attention to disadvantaged groups (women, children and the disabled) within the population. IDEAS might involve moving encroachers out of the premises of the Technical Colleges in the participating states, especially where the TCs are not fenced or where perimeter fence around the TCs are porous. Since the specific investment locations are known, the framework approach is also used to establish the procedures for compliance with OP/BP 4.12. The Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for this project has been prepared and is to be disclosed as a separate document.

The screening result shows that the following OPs will be triggered: ▪ OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment ▪ OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement

2.6 Comparing the Nigeria Extant EIA Law and the World Bank Operational Policies Table 2. 3: Nigeria Extant EIA Law and the World Bank Operational Policies Aspects Extant EIA Laws World Bank Ops Mandatory EA The law makes it mandatory for For all Bank supported project, consideration proponents of all development projects for EA, is required before approval of the to undertake mandatory EA to ascertain proposed project in order to ensure the environmental sensitivity of the environmental and social sustainability of the project whether EIA is required or not project. before proceeding with project implementation Projects for EIA All projects with significant adverse All projects with significant adverse effect effects on the environment whose impact can be mitigated through planning Exclusion from EIA 1. All projects that fall under category Projects that have been pre-determined to 3, implying that they have no have no adverse environmental and social adverse environmental impacts impacts, typical of category C projects. 2. Those in the list of projects which the President, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces or the Council is of the opinion that the environmental effects of the project is likely to be minimal; 3. the project is to be carried out during national emergency for which temporary measures have been taken by the Government; Screening Required to be carried out at early stage Required to be carried out at early stage of of project conception, planning & design project conception, planning & design to to determine the nature, scope, site, and determine the nature, scope, site, and environmental impacts. It also environmental impacts. It also determines the determines the category of the sub- category of the sub-project project Category 2 categories- 1, 2 and 3 3 Categories,- A, B, C and F1 1 and 2 required for further EA A, B and F1 required for further EA study study Public engagement Provides that opportunity be given to Public or community consultation is a or consultation government agencies, members of the continuous process of public inclusion and public, experts in any relevant discipline participation in decision that affects any and interested groups to make comment development project on environmental impact assessment before final decision on the proposed

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework development Pollution limit Guided & regulated by the national Guided & regulated by the Pollution Control guideline & standard for environmental Prevention and Abatement handbook, and pollution control also takes into account the borrower country’s legislation and local condition Social The extant EIA laws anticipates and WB OPs is very rigid with social Sustainability addresses social concerns but in a rather sustainability. It mainstreams vulnerability, non-stringent manner. In terms of involuntary resettlement and gender concerns project involving land acquisition, it in its EA concerns. compensates land for money subject to In terms of project involving land right of ownership of land. Asset acquisition, it compensates land for land and compensation is based on the current compensation for non-land asset is based on market value of the asset asset replacement amount at current market value irrespective of PAPs right to land being occupied.

Disclosure Required to be carried out in accessible To be disclosed at two levels: in country and public domain such as 3 National Daily at World Bank Infoshop Newspapers, FMEnv, SMEnv, LGAs and at the implementing institutions Concerns & Input of the public to be taken Concerns & Input of the public to be into account in further decision of the project taken into account in further decision of the project Management Plan Requires that mitigation measures be Requires that mitigation measures be offered offered to adverse environmental to adverse environmental & social impacts impacts and an EMP prepared to ensure and an ESMP prepared to ensure management of the impacts to reduce management of the safeguards concerns. adverse conditions

From the above, it is found that a lot of similarities exist between the World Bank operational policies and the Nigerian extant EIA laws. However, where discrepancies exist, the more stringent one will prevail or take pre-eminence. Based on the World Bank EA guideline, two instruments, the ESMF and the RPF are required at this level to provide frameworks for addressing the potential impacts related to Environmental Assessment and Involuntary Resettlement respectively due to the project. This ESMF is the appropriate instrument prepared to address OP/BP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) policy. In order to fulfil the OP 17.50 requirement, the two instruments (ESMF and RPF) are prepared as stand-alone documents and shall be disclosed at two levels; in-country and at the World Bank Infoshop. In-country disclosure shall be carried out in accordance with the guideline of the FMEnv.

Compliance with OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment The objective of OP 4.01 is to ensure that projects financed by the Bank are environmentally and socially sustainable, and that the decision making process is improved through an appropriate analysis of the actions including their potential environmental impacts. Environmental assessment (EA) is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework OP 4.01 is triggered in this project because some sub-projects will require civil works such as the gullies/drainage, construction of vocational skill centres and administrative offices and/or their rehabilitations. The impact is however expected to be site specific, moderate and reversible, hence, classified as a category B project based on World Bank EA screening guideline. According to the Annex C of the World Bank OP 4.01, an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) could be a recommended instrument of EA reports for category B projects. This is however, subject to the environmental health & safety risk and hazard consideration of the sub- project, usually determined from the screening activity by the Task Team with the concurrence of the Regional Environmental and Social Unit (RESU). The ESMP consists of a set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. The ESMP of IDEAS will align with the following requirements: • Developing terms of reference (TORs), collecting baseline data, impact assessment; and formulating mitigating measures • Identify feasible and cost effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels • Appropriately delineate responsibilities for implementing and monitoring safeguards mitigation measures • The ESMP will define monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring needed, with linkages to the impacts and mitigation measures assessed in this ESMF report. • The ESMP will provide the capacity to strengthen the IDEAS SPCUs and PIUs on environmental and social management capability. It may specifically recommend any technical assistance that may be needed by IDEAS Project Management Team, • For all three aspects above (mitigation, monitoring and capacity development) the ESMP should provide: o An implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans, and o The cost estimates and sources of funds for implementation and monitoring of the ESMP.

The ESMP must be mainstreamed into the projects overall planning, design, budget and implementation. During project implementation the PCUs/PIUs shall ensure that it reports on compliance with the mitigation measures outlined in the ESMF/ESMP, the status of the mitigation measures, the compliance monitoring of the contractors implementing safeguards measures, and the extent of the involvement of national/state regulatory and operational agencies on environmental protection. These items are the integral requirements of the environmental and social safeguards audit that will follow at during or at post implementation stage as part of the Bank’s monitoring of sub- projects.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12 Component 1 titled: “Enhanced quality and relevance of skills development in public Technical Colleges by incentivizing public-private partnerships” involves the financing of rehabilitation and upgrading to select Technical Colleges. A stand-alone Resettlement Policy Framework has been developed for the IDEAS Project and sub-projects. The RPF will outline the resettlement process in terms of procedures for preparing and approving Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs), institutional arrangements, likely categories of affected people, eligibility criteria and categories, compensation rates, methods of valuing affected assets, community participation and information dissemination, Grievance Redress Mechanism and effective monitoring and evaluation. These arrangements are to ensure that there is a systematic process (as against an ad hoc one) for the different stages of implementation of a framework that assures participation of affected persons, involvement of relevant institutions and stakeholders, adherence to both World Bank and Government procedures and requirements.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE CONDITIONS 3.0 Description of the Nigerian Environment 3.1 Location/Regional Setting The Federal Republic of Nigeria is located on the west coast of Africa and is bounded on the west by Benin Republic (with a boundary of about 773 km), on the north by Niger (with a boundary of 1,497 km), on the east by Chad and Cameroon (with a combined boundary of 1,777 km) and on the south by the Gulf of Guinea (853 km of coastline). It has a continental shelf of 200 m depth, an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles (NM) and a territorial sea of 12 NM. Nigeria lies around latitude 10o 00’N and Longitude 8o 00’E and has a total area of 923,768 km2 . It consists of four major natural zones: a 60-km wide coastal band in the south indented by lagoons and by the immense Niger River Delta; a stretch of high forest-covered mountains (Shebshi Mountains) rising to heights of about 2,042 m above sea level in the west; the Jos Plateau (1,200 m) in the centre; the Highlands along the eastern border, south of the Benue River; and the plain of Sokoto and the Lake Chad Basin in the north, which forms part of the Sahel region, and is semi desert. The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m (7,936 feet). The River Niger traverses the country from the northwest, meets the River Benue at Lokoja in the central part of the country before draining into the Atlantic in a deltaic fashion. Nigeria is divided into three main climatic regions: the tropical rain forest region covering the southern part of the country with an annual rainfall of around 2,000 mm (80 inches), the near desert region covering the far north of the country with an annual rainfall around 500 mm (20 inches) and the savannah region with annual rains around 1,000 mm (40 inches) and covering the central portion of the country.

3.2 Vegetation The vegetation of Nigeria is of four main types: Savannah, Forest and Montane. The savannah vegetation stretches from the central parts of Nigeria to the extreme northern parts. It is divided into marginal – Sahel – (in the northeastern borders), short grass – Sudan – savannah (stretching from upper western borders to the northwestern borders) and woodland and tall grass – Guinea – savannah (lying below the short grass savannah and covering the central states and parts of the eastern region of the country). The tropical forest vegetation covers the remaining southern portion of the country and is divided into three types: rain forest (with tall trees), fresh water swamp (consisting of both fresh and salt water swamps) and mangrove forest (made up of mangrove vegetation).

3.3 Political Geography and Population The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of thirty-six states with a federal capital territory of Abuja. Each state is ruled by an elected governor and is assisted by a deputy. It is sub-divided into local government areas, each headed by an elected Local Government Chairman. The country as a whole is ruled by a democratically elected President and assisted by a Vice President.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework As of 2018, the estimated population of the country is over 195.88 million. Last collected in 2012 by the Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics, the total population of citizens in Nigeria was around 166.2 million people. In 2016, it is estimated to have over 178.5 million people although United Nations projections have placed the population as high as 186 million. In general, Nigeria has a young population with a median age of 18.7 years. Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity. The largest ethnic groups are the Fulani/Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, accounting for 68% of population, while the Edo, Ijaw (10%), Kanuri, Ibibio, Ebira Nupe and Tiv comprise 27%; other minorities make up the remaining 7%. Despite its vast government revenue from the mining of petroleum, Nigeria is beset by a number of societal problems. Some of these problems are listed below. There is evidence that the key health indicators have either stagnated or declined. Life expectancy is 48.5 years for females and 47.2 years for males. The infant mortality rate is 94 per 1,000 live births. About 52% of under-five deaths are associated with malnutrition. The maternal mortality rate of 800 per 100,000 live births is one of the highest in the world. Disease prevalence rates include malaria, 919/100,000; dysentery, 386/100,000; pneumonia, 146/100,000; and measles, 89/100,000. The national median prevalence rate of HIV is 5.8%. Over 40 million Nigerians are exposed to Onchocerciasis; and about 120,000 have gone blind from the disease. Schistosomiasis is prevalent in rural areas which lack potable water, and control of the infection has been limited by the high cost of the drug of choice.

3.4 Natural Resources and Land Use 3.4.1 Agricultural Resources Nigeria has abundant human and natural resources. Agriculture used to be the mainstay of the economy before the discovery of crude oil. Cocoa, rubber and kola nut are cultivated in the south-western region in commercial quantities for export. Oil palm is cultivated in the south- eastern parts of the country, and processed into palm oil and packaged for export. The northern parts of the country were known for groundnut and cotton production. With the production of crude oil, however, and the onset of, much agricultural production has declined. 3.4.2 Biodiversity Nigeria is an important centre for biodiversity. It is widely believed that the areas surrounding Calabar in Cross River State contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The drill monkey is only found in the wild in Southeast Nigeria and neighbouring Cameroon. The total number of higher plant species in Nigeria is 4,715 (of which 119 are threatened). For mammals, the total number of species is 274 (27 threatened), and for breeding birds the total known species is 286 (9 threatened).

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Nigeria has over 1,000 protected areas (nature reserves, wilderness areas, national parks), covering a total 5.5 million ha. The total land area under protection represents 6% of the total land area. Under categories I and II (the highest level of protection) Nigeria has 2.5 million ha. 3.4.3 Mineral Resources There are varieties of mineral resources found throughout the country; some are of great economic significance, while others are in small quantities. Most of these minerals occur near the soil surface and do not require specialized equipment for extraction. The schist belt of the country stretches from the northwest to the southwest, and hosts the gold deposits of the country. The occurrence is moderate, but is mined by locals for commercial benefits. Typical sites are in Ilesha in Osun State. The north-central part of Nigeria is home to precious stones like amethyst, garnet, tourmaline, aquamarine, and emerald. These gemstones are mostly found in Nasarawa and Plateau States and are mined in commercial quantities for export. Jos, in Plateau State, used to export tin worldwide, but large-scale commercial mining of this metal is no longer in progress. Nigeria has an abundant deposit of limestone, found mainly along the Benue trough with significant deposits in Gombe and Enugu states. These two states have cement factories to serve both local and international markets. There are also occurrences of gypsum in Gombe State. 3.4.4 Energy Resources 3.4.4.1 Oil and Gas Nigeria’s oil reserves are located in the Niger Delta (both onshore and offshore). Proven reserves of petroleum stand at 17.9 billion barrels, sufficient for 24 more years of production at current levels (around 2 million barrels per day - or 3% of world production). Proven reserves of natural gas amount to 182 tcf (approximately 1,000 times the volume of oil reserves).

3.4.4.2 Hydro Power The hydroelectric power stations are located in the north-central part of the country on the River Niger at Shiroro, Kainji and Jebba and have installed capacities of 600 MW, 720 MW and 540 MW respectively. These hydroelectric plants generate below their installed capacities producing an average of 111 MW, 283 MW and 225 MW respectively. There are prospects of other hydroelectric power sources Makurdi, Katsina-Allah, Zungeru and in the Mambila Plateau, Adamawa State. Other mini hydroelectric plants are being constructed to serve small communities off the national grid in a few places around the country.

3.4.4.3 Coal There are abundant coal reserves in Enugu, Kogi and Gombe. The National Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) recently awarded licenses to some private firms to establish coal-fired power plants in Enugu. When these plants come on stream they will add to the total available power in the country and improve power supply. Studies are presently ongoing to establish the viability of running coal-fired power plants in other parts of the country where coal is found in commercial quantities.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 3.4.4.4 Solar Nigeria has a lot of potentials for solar energy particularly in the Northern part of the Country. Plans are on-going to implement renewable off-grid power systems in a bid to decongest the existing grid Detailed Baseline Descriptions of the participating states are in Annex 7

EKITI STATE

Ekiti state was created on 1st October 1996 with Ado-Ekiti as capital. It is located between latitudes 7°25' and 80°5'N and between longitudes 4°45' and 5°46 east. The state is bound to the south of Kwara and Kogi States while it is bound by Osun State to the west. To the east of Ekiti State is found Edo State, while it is bounded in the south by Ondo State. Ekiti State is a landlocked state, having no coastal boundary. The state covers a total landmass of 6,353km2

Climate & Vegetation of Ekiti State Ekiti State has a tropical climate with two distinct seasons. These are the rainy season (April– October) and the dry season (November–March). Temperature ranges between 21° and 28°C with high relative humidity of about 65% to 75%. The mean annual total rainfall in the south is about 1800mm while that of the northern part is about 1600mm. The south westerly wind and the northeast trade winds blow in the rainy and dry (Harmattan) seasons respectively. Tropical forest exists in the south, while savannah occupies the northern peripheries. The expected climax vegetation is the evergreen high forest composed of many varieties of hardwood timber, such as a procera Terminalia superba, Lophir, Khivorensis, Melicia excelsa and Antiaris africana. This natural vegetation is hardly present now but relics are observable, especially in the southern half of the state where some forest reserves are established by the government.

It can therefore be stat ed that the state is covered by secondary forest. To the northern part, there is the forest savanna mosa This is a woody savanna featuring such tree species as Blighia sapida, Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata and Butyrospermum paradox over most of the state, the natural vegetation has been very much degraded as a result of human activities, the chief of which is bush fallow farming system. Others are fuel wood production and road construction. An important aspect of the vegetation of the state is the prevalence of tree crops. The major tree crops include: cocoa, kola, coffee, oil palms and citrus. In the southern part, cocoa is the most prevalent while in the northern part, fruit trees such as mango and cashew are very common. Cocoa and oil palms are cultivated in large plantations, especially by the government. As a result of the degradation of the natural for e est, exotic trees have been introduced as forest plantations. The exotics introduced include Tectona grandis (teak) and Gmelina arborea. Teminalia superba, a native species is also cultivated. All these cultivated trees now replace the natural veg y etation of the forest reserves, as in Ikere and ljero ti forest reserves.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Soils: The soils derived from the basement complex rocks are mostly well drained, having a medium to fine texture. The soils of Ekiti state fall into two main association classifications according to Syrnth and Montgomery. These are Egbeda I Association and lwo Association.

Under the e FAO/UNESCO classification, they are Orthic and n Plinthic Luvisols, respectively. The former is of high agricultural value for tree crops especially cocoa. The latter is found to the north of the state classified al as Ekiti series. The soils here are skeletal in nature and of comparatively recent origin. Both soil types are of high value for arable crops.

Geology and Drainage of Ekiti State The state is underlain by metamorphic rocks of the Pre-Cambrian basement complex, the great majority of which are very ancient in age. These basement complex rocks show great variations in grain size and in mineral composition. The rocks are quartz gneisses and schists consisting essentially of quartz with small amounts of white micaceous minerals. In grain size and structure, the rocks vary from very coarse grained pegmatite to medium grained gneisses. The rocks are strongly foliated and they occur as outcrops especially in Efon Alaaye and Ikere Ekiti areas. The Land is also blessed with water resources, some of its major rivers are Ero, Osun, Ose, and Ogbese.

EDO STATE Edo State in southern Nigeria, was formed in 1991 from the northern portion of Bendel state, the southern portion becoming Delta state. Prior to this, in 1963, the citizens of the territory had voted to separate from what was then the Western region, and the Mid-West region was created. This became Mid-Western state following the federal reorganization in 1967; from a second reorganization in 1976 until its division in 1991, it was named Bendel state. It lies roughly between longitude 6º04'E and 6º43'E and latitude 5º 44'N and 7º34'N of the equator and is bounded by the states of Kogi to the northeast and east, Anambra to the east, Delta to the southeast and south, and Ondo to the west and northwest; the Niger River flows along the state’s eastern boundary. Benin City is the state capital and largest urban centre. Edo state lies at elevations between 500 feet (150 m) in the south and more than 1,800 feet (550 m) in the north. Tropical rain forest covers most of the area. The state is inhabited largely by the Edo (Bini) people, who are linked to the historic kingdom of Benin. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Yams, cassava (manioc), oil palm produce, rice, and corn (maize) are the major subsistence crops, while rubber, timber, and palm oil and kernels are cash crops. Mineral resources include limestone and lignite. Industries produce pharmaceuticals, rubber, plywood, beer, sawn wood, and furniture. A network of trunk roads in the state and an airport at Benin City facilitate travels.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Climate & Vegetation of Edo State The climate of Edo State is tropical. It has two distinct climatic seasons the rainy and the dry seasons. The rainy season is between April and October with a two-week break in August. Average rainfall is between 150cm in the far north of the state to 250cm in the south. The dry season lasts from November to April, with a cold, humid and dusty harmattan period between December and January. The average temperature ranges between 25°C in the rainy season and 28°C in the dry season. Generally, the climate is humid tropical in the southern areas of the state and sub- humid in the north.

Geology and Drainage of Edo State The distinct relief regions in the state include: the swamps/creeks, the Esan plateau, Orle valley and the dissected uplands of Akoko Edo Local Government Area. There are six types of physical features which constitute the landscape of Edo State. In the Benin lowlands is found a sandy coastal plain and alluvium clay with some hills in the east. Slopes are tilled in the southwest direction. Rivers Osse, Orihionmwon and lkpoba drain the area. With the exception of River Osse that has a wide flood plain, the other rivers are characterised by steeply incised valleys in their upper courses; they become broad as they enter River Ethiope in Delta State. The Esan Plateau ranges from 213 to 305m. It is characterised by sandstone hills, numerous dry valleys, steep slopes in the northern and southern portions but gentle slopes in the west. The Orle valley is developed on sandstone and runs in an east west direction with Rivers Owan and Orle as the main drainage outlets westwards and eastwards, respectively. The dissected uplands of Akoko Edo on the other hand, range from 183m to 305m. Outstanding features of the uplands include granite peaks, which rise above 610m and sandstone in the south. In addition, erosional and stable land sur faces are predominant. The riverine areas of Edo State have mainly mangrove swamp vegetation. The rainforest of the Benin Lowlands is gradually being displaced by rubber plantations. The soil types, here, are the low- productive sand in the south east and the fertile, clayey soil in the North West.

ABIA STATE Abia state in the south eastern part of Nigeria with the capital in Umuahia and the major commercial city is Aba. The commercial hub, Aba was formerly a British colonial government outpost in the region. Abia state was created in 1991 from part of Imo State. It is bounded on the north and northeast by the states of Anambra, Enugu, and Ebonyi. To the west of Abia is Imo State, to the east and southeast are Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State respectively and to the south is Rivers State.

Climate & Vegetation of Abia State The southern part of the State lies within the riverine part of Nigeria, it is a low-lying tropical rainforest with some oil-palm brush, the southern portion gets heavy rainfall of about 2,400 Sustainabiliti Limited Page 47

Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework millimetres (94 in) per year and is especially intense between the months of April through October. The rest of the State is moderately high plain and wooded savannah. The soils of Abia State fall within the broad group of ferrallitic soils of the coastal plain sand and escarpment. Other soil types include alluvial soils found along the lower trace of the Cross River and other rivers. The soils are not particularly fertile and are prone to much leaching because of heavy rainfall. The main ecological problems in the state are sheet and gully erosion. The vegetation in Abia State is ordinarily considered part of tropical rain forest which is the dominant natural vegetation in most parts of southern Nigeria. The northern part of the State has rich Savannah vegetation of which the bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) is a typical grass species. The economic trees of the rainforest community are extremely numerous in species and varied in sizes, but the oil palm appears to be the most important.

Geology and drainage of Abia State Abia state has two principal geological formations in the state namely Bende-Ameki and the Coastal Plain Sands otherwise known as Benin Formation. The Bende-Ameki Formation of Eocene to Oligocene age consists of medium–coarse-grained white sand stones. The late Tertiary Early Quaternary Benin Formation is the most predominant and completely overlies the Bende-Ameki Formation with a south-westward dip. The Formation is about 200m thick. The lithology is unconsolidated fine-medium-coarse-grained cross-bedded sands occasionally pebbly with localized clay and shale. The two principal geological Formations have a comparative groundwater regime. They both have reliable groundwater that can sustain regional borehole production. The Bende-Ameki Formation has less groundwater when compared to the Benin Formation. The numerous lenticular sand bodies within the Bende-Ameki Formation are not extensive and constitute minor aquifer with narrow zones of sub- artesian condition. Specific capacities are in the range of 3 - 6 m3/hr. On the other hand, the high permeability of Benin Formation, the overlying lateritic earth, and the weathered top of this Formation as well as the underlying clay shale member of Bende-Ameki series provide the hydro- geological condition favouring the aquifer formation in the area. The topography of Abia State dominated by flat and low-lying land, generally less than 120m above sea level. The low-lying plain is the inland extension of the coastal plain from the Bight of Benin. The central part of the state is characterized by undulating land with many hills. The highland areas are part of the Enugu - Nsukka - Okigwe cuesta. This area has an average height of between 120m and 180m above sea level. From Okigwe (Imo State), this escarpment extends in a west-east direction and, on getting to Afikpo (Ebonyi State), veers south-eastwards to Arochukwu where it terminates. The principal rivers in Abia State are the Imo River and its tributary; the Aba River. Imo River originates from the north-western part of the state and flows southwest through Abia and Imo states towards the Atlantic Ocean passing through the southern parts of Ukwa-West and Ukwa East local government areas. Other important rivers include lgwu, Azumiri, Blue River and Akwa lbom River.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework KANO STATE Kano State was created on 1st April 1968 in the northern Nigeria with capital located in Kano metropolis. It is located on latitude 12037” north and 9029” east. It is bordered on the north by Katsina state and Jigawa state, on the south by Bauchi state and Kaduna state, to the west by Katsina state while to the east is Jigawa state. The State covers a total landmass of 22,410 km2.

Climate & Vegetation of Kano State Kano State is typically very hot throughout the year, though from December through February, the city is noticeably cooler with temperatures as low as between 13oC to 16oC. Highest mean annual temperature of about 33oC to 36oC is recorded in April. The natural vegetation consists of the Sudan and the guinea savannah both having been replaced by secondary vegetation. Annual rainfall in Kano state ranges from 600mm to 750mm. Kano consists of wooded savanna in the south and scrub vegetation in the north and is drained by the Kano-Chalawa-Hadejia river system. The state’s light sandy soils are excellent for growing peanuts (groundnuts), a major export.

Geology and Drainage of Kano State Kano state is predominantly underlain by quartzite, undifferentiated met sediments and basement complex rocks of the pre-Cambrian upper Cambrian origin. Prolonged weathering of the rocks produced deep clay rich regolith’s, which have been subjected to laterization. The state is drained by several rivers such as Rivers Kano, Challawa, Watari, Jatau and Dudurun Gaya, which empties into the Lake Chad while Gari, Tomas and Jakara disappear into the sands of the Chad Formation further east. BENUE STATE Benue State is one of the Middle Belt states in Nigeria, is named after the Benue River and was formed from the former Benue-Plateau State in 1976, along with Igala and some part of Kwara State. In 1991 some areas of Benue state (mostly Igala area), along with areas in Kwara State, were carved out to become part of the new Kogi State. Igbo people are found in the boundary areas of Ebonyi State and Enugu State in local government areas like the Obi, Oju, etc.

Climate & Vegetation of Benue State Based on Köppen climate classification, Benue State lies within the AW climate and experiences two distinct seasons, the Wet season and the Dry season. The rainy season lasts from April to October with annual rainfall in the range of 100-200mm. The dry season begins in November and ends in March. Temperatures fluctuate between 21 – 37o C in the year. The south-eastern part of the state adjoining the Obudu-Cameroun mountain range, however, has a cooler climate similar to that of Plateau State. The soils are mainly oxisols and ultisols (tropical ferruginous) which vary over space with respect to texture, drainage, gravel content, etc. A typical profile is highly weathered with a sandy surface layer

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework overlying a clay mottled subsoil. In the southern part of the state, around Vandeikya, Oju, Obi, Oturkpo, Ogbadibo LGAs, well developed lateritic profiles with pallid zones exist. Deep seated lateritic crusts occur over extensive areas on the plains. The agronomic significance of this subsoil crust is that it often produces a perched water table which is an important source of capillary water, which keeps the surface moist long after the end of the rainy season. Entisols and inceptisols also occur associated with young soils on hill slopes and recent alluvium on flood plains. Around Gbajimba in Guma LGA, Euthropic Brown Earths occur associated with the volcanic parent materials. Sheet erosion is the dominant form of water erosion in the State. Deep gullies occur in Ogbadibo LGA and represent a northern extension of the eastern Nigerian, meta-sedimentary deep gully system. Other gulled areas in the state include Makurdi North Bank area, Tse Mker and Gbem in Vandeikya LGA, Gbajimba town, stream bank erosion in Gboko town, incised streams on sloppy ground coterminous to Anwase-Kyogen-Abande ranges in Kwande LGA.

Geology and Drainage of Benue State Much of Benue State falls within the Benue Valley/trough which is believed to be structurally developed. During the Tertiary and possibly the Interglacial periods of the Quaternary glaciation, the Benue and Niger Valleys, otherwise known as the Niger/Benue trough, were transgressed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, marine sediments form the dominant surface geology of much of Benue State. The land is generally low lying (averaging 100m-250m) and gently undulating with occasional inselbergs, Knoll, Laterite etc. It is only at the boundary area with Cameroon, also Kwande and Oju Local Government Areas that hilly terrain with appreciable local relief is encountered. Here, the terrain is characterised by steep slopes, deep incised valleys and generally rugged relief. Elsewhere, gradients average less than 4°. River Benue is the dominant geographical feature in the state. It is one of the few large rivers in Nigeria. The Katsina-Ala is the largest tributary, while the smaller rivers include Mkomon, Amile, Duru, Loko Konshisha, Kpa, Okpokwu, Mu, Be, Aya, Apa Ogede and Ombi. The flood plains which are characterised by extensive swamps and ponds are good for dry season irrigated farming. Though Benue State has high drainage density many of the streams are seasonal. Hence, there is an acute water shortage in the dry season in Local Government Areas such as Guma, Okpokwu, Ogbadibo, Gwer West (Naka, Nigeria) and Oju.

GOMBE STATE Gombe State, nicknamed the Jewel of Excellence, was formed in October 1996 from part of the old Bauchi State by the Abacha military government. Its location in the in the centre of the north east of the country on latitude 9030’ and 12030’N, Longitude 805’and 11045’E, right within the expansive

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework savannah, allows the state to share common borders with the statesof Borno, Yobe, Taraba, Adamawa and Bauchi.

Climate & Vegetation of Gombe State Gombe has two distinct climates, the dry season (November–March) and the rainy season (April– October) with an average rainfall of 850mm. The State climate is generally warm, with temperatures not exceeding 300c during the months of March-May considered to be the hottest months. The neoloav of Gombe State has exerted an enormous influence on soil development; hence over half of the state (central) that is underlain by the Kerri Formation has shallow to moderately shallow impoverished soils, with sandy loams on iron pan. On the Chad Formation in the northern part of the state, the soils are deep but sandy, and developed on clays and silty clays; but are mostly blanketed by sand dunes. Soils in the eastern part of Gombe State are shallow to deep loamy, sandy clay, loam and vertisols with cracking clays that have weathered from shales. Vegetation in Gombe State is predominantly wooded shrubland in the central part, with the plant community comprising Anogeissus / Combretum / Affrormosia / Detarium. The northern part of the State exhibits a mosaic of shrubbed grassland and grassed shrubland with the preponderance of Acacia. In the hilly southern areas, the vegetation is shrubbed woodland with mostly Affrormosia and Detarium. Gombe State has the cultivated and urban areas constituting over 35 per cent of the land use/land cover.

Geology and Drainage of Gombe State Mainly mountainous, undulating and Hilly to the South-East and flat open plains in the Central, North, North-East, West and North-West. Gombe State is part of the central Nigeria highlands; but the flat landscape in the northern and southern parts of the state have isolated hills. While the elevation of the plain is at about 600m above sealevel, the hills reach between 700m and 800m. The Gongola River is the main drainage system, running approximately north-south towards the Benue River Basin, but with principal tributaries draining from west to east into River Gongola. Gombe State is geologically a part of the Upper Benue Trough, although the state is an entity of its own, the Gongola Trough. As such, the state constitutes a major sedimentary basin, with a fill of about 6,000m of Cretaceous Tertiary Sedimentary rocks. These rocks are well exposed throughout the state and have been recently explored for oil and gas, but without success. The eastern part of Gombe State is geologically older than the west. Exposures of the non-marine Bima Sandstone, a sequence of Albian coarse sandstones, occur extensively in the south eastern part of the state, succeeded westwards by the transitional beds of the Cenomanian Yalde and Jessu Formations.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework These are overlain by the Marnne Cenomanian to Caniacian shales and lime stones of the Pindiga Formation, followed by the Gombe Sandstone of Late Cretaceous age. Half of Gombe State is underlain by the Early Tertiary Kerri Kerri Formation of estuarine origin comprising sandstones, siltstones and ironstones.

The Chad formation, a sequence of continental silts and clays of lake origin and Late Tertiary age, covers the northern one third of the state. Gombe State lies mostly within the poor groundwater provinces in the Gombe Sandstones, the Pindiga shales; KerriKerri Formation of Tertiary Age and the isolated hills region of the northern central and southern parts. Groundwater occurs between 0180m depth on the sandstones. In the Gongola River Basin sedimentaries, because of the cretaceous sandstones and shales, groundwater is generally erratic and meagre.

River Gongola is the only major river that traverses the state in the north and east through Dukku, Nafada and all the eastern LGAs, to join the River Benue at Numan.

At Nafada, the Gongola bends in a loop southward and flows through much of the eastern border of the State before it joins River Benue at Numan, outside the state. It is the sixth longest river in Nigeria, being about 530km, much of which is within Gombe State.

It has numerous tributaries and smaller streams in the state including Rivers Dukul and Ruhu in the north (Dukku LGA). In the westcentral part, there are some tributaries of River Guji, while in the southern parts of the state (including Balanga, Billiri, Kaltungo and Shongorn LGAs) the headwaters of several minor tributaries of River Benue characterise the land scape. They include Rivers Balanga and Dadin kowa.

Thus, the state is within the wider Benue Drainage Basin, with the dominance of the western part of the Gongola (sub) basin. As a result of its geological and geographical features, Gombe State has a large and wide variety of solid mineral deposits, abundant grazing fields and fertile agricultural land.

3.5 Socio-Economic Environment Across the States, the State Capital is the most prosperous city, and much of the economic activities are concentrated there. The standard of living is higher than in the rest of State. The infrastructures in the states vary and include public primary schools, public junior secondary schools, public senior secondary schools and private primary and secondary schools. There are state hospitals and public health care centres in addition to private owned hospitals and clinics. The main water sources in the States are public taps, yard well/borehole, and water vendors. Majority of residents of the states use streams and rivers as their water sources, particularly in the rural areas. Poor solid waste and sewage disposal practices pose potential environmental and health issues in the communities. Common reported health problems include: malaria diarrhoea, cholera, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), asthma, hypertension, skin infections, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework and tuberculosis. Previous studies reveal that malaria is the most commonly reported health problem in the states. Predominant land uses in the state are residential, industrial, recreational and agriculture. Full details of Baseline data in each participating states attached as Annex 7

3.5.1 Socio-Economic Data of the States

3.5.1.1 Demography The population estimates for the 6 project states visited are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3. 1: Population Figure of the States S/N Name of State Total Population Male Population Female Population 1 Ekiti 2,398,957 1,215,487 1,183,470 2 Edo 3,218, 332 1,640,461 1, 577, 871 3 Abia 2,845,380 1,430,298 1,415,082 4 Kano 9,383,682 4,785,677 4, 598,005 5 Benue 4,253,641 2,144,043 2,109,598 6 Gombe 2,365,040 1,244,228 1,120,812 Source: Annual Abstract of Statistics 2011

3.5.1.2 Youth Literacy Rate among selected participating States The National Youth Literacy Survey (2010) measured the level of youth literacy in English language and any other language. The outcome of that survey shows that 75% of the youth in Nigeria are literate in English language while 85% of youth are literate in any other language. The English language literacy report indicates that 3 out of every 4 youth in Nigeria are literate in English language. However, Kano State is below the National average particularly for literacy in English language at 49.5%.

Table 3. 2: Youth Literacy Rate in any Language, 2010 STATE MALE FEMALE BOTH SEXES Abia 99.4 97.2 98.4 Adamawa 78.8 72.2 75.6 Akwa Ibom 100.0 99.5 99.8 Anambra 100.0 99.2 99.6 Bauchi 55.5 48.9 52.6 Bayelsa 95.4 94.6 95.0 Benue 95.9 89.7 93.2 Borno 85.1 81.7 83.3 Cross River 92.8 90.6 91.9 Delta 90.4 85.4 88.1 Ebonyi 93.5 94.8 94.2 Edo 92.6 93.3 92.9 Ekiti 98.5 98.7 98.6 Enugu 99.4 99.0 99.2 Gombe 71.7 59.5 65.5 Imo 96.2 97.9 97.0 Jigawa 78.2 57.8 69.4 Kaduna 79.5 61.4 71.1 Kano 51.4 46.7 49.5 Katsina 73.1 47.4 60.3 Kebbi 69.5 50.8 60.7

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Kogi 92.6 85.3 88.7 Kwara 88.2 83.8 86.2 Lagos 99.4 99.3 99.3 Nassarawa 85.3 72.3 79.2 Niger 90.6 72.7 82.7 Ogun 98.2 88.1 93.5 Ondo 97.9 97.1 97.6 Osun 99.1 97.5 98.2 Oyo 92.9 90.6 91.7 Plateau 77.7 65.4 71.6 Rivers 94.3 95.1 94.7 Sokoto 84.5 83.2 83.9 Taraba 71.6 56.7 63.6 Yobe 83.7 61.1 73.7 Zamfara 75.4 63.7 69.5 FCT, Abuja 87.1 77.1 82.2 SECTOR URBAN 95.2 91.6 93.4 RURAL 83.7 75.6 79.9 National 86.0 79.0 82.6

3.5.1.3 Analysis of Unemployment Trend National unemployment rate for Nigeria has been above single digit between the period 2002 to 2010 (see Table 3.3); the highest point was recorded in 2010 (23.10 %). The 2012 national unemployment rate for Nigeria is estimated at 23.9%, an indication of an exacerbating condition. The matrix below gives a picture of the unemployment trend among 6 IDEAS participating states visited. The matrix shows that Benue, Gombe and Kano are many times worse than the national average.

Table 3. 3: Unemployment Trend in Nigeria showing States visited (shaded rows) State 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Abia 14.80 11.40 9.70 7.90 13.50 25.10 14.50 14.50 14.50 Akwa-Ibom 12.30 14.40 14.40 14.40 15.30 18.00 34.10 34.10 34.10 Anambra 6.60 9.10 9.50 9.80 10.80 14.90 16.80 16.80 16.80 Bauchi 10.40 20.50 25.10 29.70 23.90 20.50 37.20 37.20 37.20 Benue 3.50 7.10 14.00 20.90 16.00 21.90 41.50 38.40 39.95 Bayelsa 8.20 4.80 11.70 18.60 10.80 7.90 8.50 8.50 8.50 Borno 6.40 0.80 3.60 6.30 5.80 12.50 27.70 27.70 27.70 Cross-River 7.90 12.00 11.60 11.10 16.90 32.80 14.30 14.30 14.30 Delta 14.90 17.10 10.80 4.50 13.80 22.90 18.40 18.40 18.40 Ebonyi 2.80 16.70 11.90 7.00 10.90 7.90 12.00 12.00 1200 Edo 4.80 3.10 6.50 9.90 8.60 14.80 12.20 12.20 12.20 Ekiti 17.50 8.20 7.90 7.50 8.70 11.40 20.60 20.60 20.60 Enugu 15.20 16.50 22.00 27.40 20.00 14.10 14.90 14.90 14.90 Gombe 13.40 7.60 15.20 22.80 15.60 16.90 32.10 32.10 32.10 Imo 19.90 22.10 19.30 16.50 21.50 28.30 20.30 20.30 20.30 Jigawa 6.10 20.50 19.80 19.10 21.60 27.00 26.50 26.50 26.50 Kaduna 8.40 19.60 15.90 12.10 14.10 8.70 11.60 11.60 11.60

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Kano 12.80 25.90 22.50 19.10 19.40 10.10 27.60 27.60 27.60 Katsina 10.40 20.30 22.10 23.80 19.30 10.90 37.30 37.30 37.30 Kebbi 12.30 19.80 19.90 19.90 15.20 1.30 12.00 12.00 12.00 Kogi 13.90 14.90 11.80 8.70 12.50 14.60 19.00 19.00 19.00 Kwara 8.80 5.40 4.20 2.90 7.50 17.70 11.00 11.00 11.00 Lagos 8.00 25.60 16.10 6.50 15.50 13.70 19.50 19.50 19.50 Nasarawa 1.60 5.10 6.90 8.70 8.10 11.80 10.10 10.10 10.10 Niger 6.30 6.70 3.50 0.20. 3.60 4.20 28.00 11.90 11.90 Ogun 9.20 1.30 1.90 2.50 2.30 3.60 8.50 8.50 8.50 Ondo 16.80 7.30 6.80 6.20 6.70 6.70 14.90 14.90 14.90 Osun 1.00 0.40 1.20 1.90 2.70 7.20 12.60 12.60 12.60 Oyo 7.00 0.80 3.10 5.30 4.30 8.10 14.90 14.90 14.90 Plateau 11.80 0.40 1.60 2.80 2.90 6.80 7.10 7.10 7.10 Rivers 6.60 15.30 11.20 7.00 25.00 66.40 27.90 27.90 27.90 Sokoto 4.10 4.90 4.50 4.10 6.40 12.30 22.40 22.40 22.40 Taraba 16.80 23.80 13.60 3.40 14.00 15.20 26.80 26.80 26.80 Yobe 15.00 12.10 10.10 8.00 13.60 24.40 27.30 27.30 27.30 Zanfara 46.40 71.50 61.30 51.10 50.80 19.10 13.30 13.30 13.30 FCT (Abuja) 14.40 5.30 5.90 6.50 16.40 47.80 21.50 21.50 21.50 Nigeria 12.60 14.80 03.40 11.90 13.70 14.60 19.70 19.50 23.10 Source: National Bureau of Statistics, General Household Survey Report (2002-2010) 3.5.1.4 Economy There are no scientific data for major economic indicators for states in Nigeria, particularly for statistics such as income, human welfare and poverty rate. Table 3.4 shows the number of unemployed youths trained under annual training profile/distribution of NOAS Trainees, 2002 – 2006.

Table 3. 4: Number of Unemployed Youths Trained under Annual Training STATE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Abia 457 1,180 619 1,000 710 Adamawa 360 448 651 1,000 660 Akwa Ibom 328 996 643 1,000 660 Anambra 384 990 544 1,000 500 Bauchi 356 1,000 730 1,000 660 Bayelsa 434 1,044 816 1,000 710 Benue 572 1,000 730 1,000 660 Borno 260 1,028 683 1,000 560 Cross River 370 997 625 1,280 610 Delta 627 996 637 1,000 660 Ebonyi 442 1,013 615 1,050 560 Edo 363 1,124 672 1,000 510 Ekiti 479 854 603 1,000 570 Enugu 950 733 1,560 1,000 1,000 Gombe 340 1,000 647 1,070 540 Imo 530 1,041 586 1,000 610 Jigawa 151 926 884 1,000 560 Kaduna 300 1,017 1,614 1,130 1,000 Kano 419 1,000 1,588 1,214 1,000 Katsina 325 1,168 917 1,000 660 Sustainabiliti Limited Page 55

Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Kebbi 381 1,000 684 1,000 560 Kogi 350 1,000 573 1,000 710 Kwara 465 994 641 1,000 660 Lagos 714 924 1,657 1,000 1,000 Nassarawa 312 811 569 1,000 560 Niger 470 1,200 563 1,000 610 Ogun 64 1,042 573 1,000 560 Ondo 450 1,203 614 1,475 560 Osun 148 941 722 1,000 560 Oyo 532 914 1,614 1,000 1,000 Plateau 333 955 632 1,000 560 Rivers 570 931 1,661 1,000 1,000 Sokoto 372 915 573 1,000 560 Taraba 527 942 613 1,000 560 Yobe 281 964 843 1,000 560 Zamfara 384 1,000 716 1,000 560 FCT, Abuja 465 814 599 1,000 1,020 TOTAL 15,265 36,105 30,211 38,219 25,000

However, the Table 3.5 presents selected socio-economic indicators collected based on collation from relevant MDAs in the respective IDEAS states visited.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Table 3. 5: Selected Socio-economic Indicators in the IDEAS States Visited

STATES SELECTED ECONOMIC VARIABLES

Major Occupations Agricultural Produces Natural Resources Tourism Potentials Means of

Transport Mainly farming across the state Yams, Maize, Potatoes, Glass National War Museum, Umuahia; National Road Abia for Rice, Cashews, Plantains, Taro, Sand, Limestone, Museum of Colonial History, Aba; Azumini Textile manufacturing, pharmaceu and Cassava. Oil palm is the most Salt, Shale, Ball Clay, Blue River; Arochukwu Cave; Akwete ticals, soap, plastics, cement, important cash crop Galena, Granite, Weavers footwear, and cosmetics. Oil and Marble, Gas production by Multinational Lateritic Sand, Crude Oil and Gas companies Oil

Farming and Fishing Cash crops include: Soy-beans, Tim Ti Road, Air, Benue Rice, Peanuts, Citrus, Palm oil, Rail and

Mango varieties, Melon, Chili Water pepper, African pear, Tomatoes etc. Food crops include: Yam, Sweet potato, Cassava, Beans, Maize, Millet, Guinea corn, Vegetables Farming Major cash crops produced are Crude The Royal Palace of Benin, Benin Museum, Road, Air, Edo Rubber, Cocoa and Palm Produce. Oil, Natural Gas, Benin Moat (Iya), Emotan Status, Somorika Others are: Yams, Cassava; Rice, Clay Chalk, Marbles Hills and Okomu Wildlife Sanctuary Plantains, Guinea-Corn, and assorted and Limestone types of fruits and vegetables. Farming Cocoa, oil palm, timber, rubber and Kaolin, Feldspar, Ikogosi warm spring, Erinta waterfalls, Road Ekiti food crops (yam, cassava, citrus, Granite & Columbite Olosunta Hills maize) Farming, Mining & Public work Rice, Yam, Cassava, Palm produce, Coal, limestone, iron Nike lake, Awum waterfalls and cave, Opi Road & Air Gombe maize ore & bauxite caves, Eziagu hot & cold water spring Farming, Commerce Guinea-corn, maize, millet, cowpeas, Kaolin and asbestos Gidam Makama Museum, Dala hill, Goron Road, Rail Kano groundnut, rice, wheat, fruits, Dutse hill, Falgore Game Reserve, Challawa & Air vegetables as well as livestock Gorge Dam, Kurmi Market, Kano grazing & poultry rearing Zoological Garden

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 3.5.1.5 Waste Management and Environmental Awareness Waste collection is a major challenge in many of the States in Nigeria. The State Environmental Protection Agencies are the main authority responsible for waste management in the States. There is a high cost associated with the operations and maintenance of the waste management services especially as over 70% of households in the States attest to not paying any fees for waste management services. The awareness on environmental management is still inadequate, and remains more or less confined to the monthly municipal environmental sanitation observed based government policies. The practice has not reflected in terms of improvement in the general management of wastes by households, contractors and institutions. This is evidenced in the indiscriminate waste disposal by households, organizations and road users in many cities. Cross River and Lagos are perhaps significant exceptions to this amongst the states in Nigeria due to government strong enforcement in those States.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework CHAPTER FOUR: IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL RISKS AND IMPACTS 4.1 Introduction The project will enhance the economic, social and political development of Lagos through the facilitation of improved access to primary and junior secondary education, infrastructural improvements, and provision of teacher training and local skills development. Since all sub-activities and beneficiary schools are yet to be identified, the impact assessment is based on potential impacts from anticipated project activities. Site specific project impact would be detailed for each site before the commencement of activities as part of the Environmental and Social Management Plan implementation.

A summary of the main project activities and their potential impacts on the environment is shown in Table 4.1. The impact of each activity is assessed qualitatively through the relevant environmental and social media which are: ▪ Environmental media - Air, Water, Soil and Vegetation ▪ Social media - Community Structure, Livelihood, Community Infrastructure, Population/Demographics, Public Health, and Land Use In analysing the impacts, three criteria were used: ▪ The Severity of the impact on the existing environment (High, Medium, or Low) ▪ The Likelihood of the impact occurring (High, Medium, or Low) ▪ The Effect of the impact, whether beneficial (+) or adverse (-) 4.2 Environmental Impacts 4.2.1 Construction and Rehabilitation Phase Flora and Fauna The rehabilitation and/or expansion of existing schools could result in clearing and depletion of vegetation that will result in: loss of plant cover, disturbance and loss of fauna habitats, soils degradation, disturbance of the natural landscape and disfiguring of the natural morphology.

Soil and Land Degradation Earth-moving equipment such as excavators will be used in cutting and excavation during the rehabilitation /construction of infrastructural facilities. These equipment will affect soil quality and stability exposing the soil to erosion and compact resulting in the breakdown of soil structure which will potentially decrease the drainage of the areas. Furthermore, the risk of accidental spills of paints, oil or grease and other hazardous products from construction machinery also constitutes potential sources of soil pollution.

Waste Management Activities at construction sites will produce construction wastes such as excavated soils and debris. Excavated waste piles on road sides could obstruct the general public, the movement of students and workers as well as affect the aesthetics of the environment.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Slope Erosion and Drainage If the topography of the project area is hilly, erosion problems during construction are likely to be more severe, as compared to a flat area. However, if the area is flat, water will not drain away easily, and stagnant pools of water will be created. These pools, if not drained regularly will provide favourable breeding grounds for mosquito and other disease vectors. Air Quality The construction and/or rehabilitation of boreholes, buildings and sanitary facilities could result in the emission of dust and other odours that may lead to the reduction of air quality. Air Quality will also be impacted by emissions from vehicles, earthmoving equipment and released particulate matters. Water Quality The rehabilitation and construction of boreholes may affect the groundwater quality. However, water budgeting should be conducted to ensure a balance between groundwater extraction and recharge. There is a high likelihood of the occurrence of wastewater spills/run-off but with minimal adverse effect on the immediate environment due to the small volume of wastewater envisaged.

4.2.2 Operation Phase Water Resources Additional demand for water in some of the schools might require more extraction from boreholes; water budgeting is suggested to ensure a balance. Water quality of surrounding water bodies could also be affected due to run-off of waste water generated by the project activities or from improper waste management.

Air Pollution Laboratory and workshop equipment that may be provided to schools may emit air pollutants which may increase respiratory disorders e.g. nasal discomfort as a result of inhaling air particles from extractor fan.

Solid Waste Illegal dumping of solid waste in drainage channels may result in blocked drainages and cause flooding, while improper use and disposal of sanitary facilities can attract pests and disease vectors. Visual intrusion Rehabilitation activities, e.g. civil works, may mar the landscapes. The clearing of vegetation that will be required for the expansion of existing buildings will impact the visual amenity of nearby houses and surrounding communities.

4.3 Social and Health Impacts Perceived socio-economic were identified from key socio-economic indicators (livelihood, community structure, public health, land use and population) and the projects components at all level of the project implementation.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 4.3.1 Construction and Rehabilitation Phase Disruption of Utilities Service Excavation and cutting may cause temporary disruptions of utility services such as electricity and water. Such disruptions may incur the anger in targeted project areas.

Occupational Safety and Health The safety of the local population may be at risk during civil works. The movement of trucks to and from the site, the operation of various equipment and machinery and the actual construction activities will expose the workers to work-related accidents and injuries. Pollutants such as dust and noise could impact health of workers and near-by communities.

Noise Noise and vibration caused by machines, site vehicles, pneumatic drills etc will be commonplace during construction activities. These impacts can affect the quietness of the communities and provoke irritation and anger.

Traffic Communities around the construction sites (where schools are being rehabilitated) will experience heavier human and vehicular traffic. Construction related activities will be a nuisance to road users e.g. storage of construction stones by the road side. 4.3.2 Operation Phase Provision of Development Grants The impacts of the project on educational development are largely positive. The provision of development grants will improve local skills in schools, enhance relevant teaching, research and development activities as well as increase training opportunities, skill development and income for teachers. Awareness on public health issues is likely to increase among targeted communities.

Improve Quality and Relevance of Science and Technical Education The project implementation will provide training opportunities and learning materials for teachers. This will improve the quality of education at both the basic and secondary level. There is also the likelihood that the training opportunities will lead to improve teaching quality, job satisfaction, improved livelihood as well as standard of living among teachers. The general public health of targeted areas would also be positively impacted.

Improved Governance The project will strengthen government systems for the planning, delivery, monitoring and resourcing of education in each of the Project’s Pilot State. This could cause a significant improvement in the educational sector of the state. Grievance Redress Mechanism:

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework The grievance redress procedure provides a mechanism to mediate conflict and cut down on lengthy litigation which often causes delay in project implementation. It will also provide people with concerns about project impacts a public forum to raise their objections and, through conflict resolution, ensure issues are adequately addressed. The grievance procedure adopted for the project will not entail complex processes or procedures; administered as far as possible at the local and State levels to facilitate access; flexible and open to various proofs, taking cognizance of the fact that most people are illiterate; and, will entail timely, and fair resolutions of their grievances.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework

Table 4. 1: Summary of Potential Environmental/Social Impacts of the IDEAS Project Environment Environmenta Severi Likelih Effe Social Severi Likelih Effe Activities al Hazards / Social Media l Media ty ood ct Hazards/Issues ty ood ct Issues Borehole Air Emissions / L M - Community None rehabilitation/ dust Structure construction Groundwater Discharge of L L - Livelihood Possible + drilling fluids, L H - employment for Wastewater community spill members Soil Discharge of L L - Community Improved access M H + drilling fluids, L H - Infrastructure to potable water Compaction within schools Vegetation Dust/PMs, L M - Public Health Improved welfare M M + Wastewater M H - spill Land Use Population/ Demographics

Construction and Air Emission/dust N L - Community None rehabilitation of Structure sanitary facilities Groundwater None Livelihood Possible L M + (toilet, drainage, employment for etc) community members Soil Compaction, L M - Community Improved M M + excavation, Infrastructure hygiene for loss of topsoil students Vegetation Dust, L M - Public Health Improved welfare M M + loss of vegetation Land Use None Population/ None Demographics

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Building repairs: Air Dust/PMs N L Community None roof, lights, Structure furniture, painting, Groundwater None Livelihood Possible L M + etc employment for community members Soil Wastewater N L - Community Provision of H H + (paint) Infrastructure conducive learning facilities Vegetation Wastewater N L - Public Health None (paint) Land Use None Population/ None Demographics

Provision of new Air None Community None learning equipment. Structure (lab, sports, Groundwater None Livelihood None musical, etc) Soil None Community Better equipped M M + Infrastructure schools Vegetation None Public Health None Land Use None Population/ None Demographics

Fencing (concrete Air Emissions / N L - Community None activities) PMs Structure Groundwater None Livelihood Possible L M + employment for community members Soil Compaction, L M - Community Enhanced security H H + Loss of topsoil Infrastructure in schools Vegetation Loss of N L - Public Health None

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework vegetation Land Use None Population/ None Demographics

Landscaping (tree Air None N N Community None planting, grasses, Structure etc) Groundwater None N N Livelihood None Soil None N N Community None Infrastructure Vegetation Increase in M M + Public Health None vegetation Land Use None Population / None Demographics

Development Air None Community None Grants Structure Groundwater None Livelihood Improvement in local skills, Training M M + opportunities, Increase in income Soil None Community Improved M H + Infrastructure educational sector Vegetation None Public Health Increased L M + awareness on health issues Land Use None Population / None Demographics

Quality of Air None Community None

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Education Structure Groundwater None Livelihood Training opportunities, M M + Increase in income Soil None Community Improved M M + Infrastructure educational quality Vegetation None Public Health Increased M M + awareness on health issues Land Use None Population / None Demographics

Conditional Air None Community Improved M H + Cash Transfers Structure educational culture in families H H - Family conflicts Groundwater None Livelihood Additional source H H + of family income Soil None Community Improved L H + Infrastructure educational performance Vegetation None Public Health Increased M M + awareness on health issues, H H + Improved family welfare Land Use None Population / Possible increase L L - Demographics in population

Improved Air None Community None Governance Structure Groundwater None Livelihood None

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Soil None Community Improved M M + Infrastructure educational sector Vegetation None Public Health None Land Use None Population / None Demographics

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CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction Analysis of alternatives is done to establish the preferred or most environmentally sound, financially feasible and benign option for achieving project objectives. This requires a systematic comparison of proposed investment design in terms of site, technology, processes etc in terms of their impacts and feasibility of their mitigation, capital, recurrent costs, suitability under local conditions and institutional, training and monitoring requirements. For each alternative, the environmental cost should be quantified to the extent possible and economic values attached where feasible, and the basic for selected alternative stated. The analysis of alternative should include a NO ACTION alternative. The following alternative actions were considered for the study areas –

5.2 No Action Alternative or Civil works The “No Action” alternative assumes that there will be no alteration to the existing areas. This would imply that the Technical Colleges would be left in their present states with a real potential for worsening. Negative environmental effects of this option will include deterioration of structural assets in the locations. Further deterioration of the buildings, drainages, and culverts will lead to increased storm water runoff, lower stream catchment degradation, reduction of road space, vegetation, fauna and land resource due to flooding of roads, bridges and clogged channels and probably pollution of water bodies. A no- action alternative is certainly not recommended.

5.3 Use of Civil Works The Development Objective of the proposed IDEAS Project is to improve the quality and demand- orientation of skills development programs in Nigeria. Component 1 titled: “Enhanced quality and relevance of skills development in public Technical Colleges by incentivizing public-private partnerships” involves the financing of rehabilitation and upgrading to selected Technical Colleges thus triggering OP/BP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment. The anticipated rehabilitation and construction of new classrooms, drains, culverts and roads, building safety improvements and maintenance through increased capacity of existing structures, so as to improve existing structures. It is envisaged that a combination of civil engineering as well structural, geotechnical and hydraulic techniques will be most suitable to meet the expected rehabilitation goals rehabilitation of facilities in the Technical Colleges sites to be addressed by the IDEAS Project. Socially there will be disruption of economic activities. These impacts will be minor and of short duration and are manageable. It is also anticipated that infrastructure investments such as the repairs and restoration of bridges and culverts on critical secondary and tertiary sub-catchment areas across the Technical Colleges, cleaning of

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework drainage channels, restoring or establishing natural water courses will reduce the risk of floods. There will also be negative environmental and social impacts from the alternative. These include air, water and noise pollution, and destruction of vegetation while socially there will be disruption of economic activities. These impacts will be minor and of short duration and are manageable. From the above, the advantages of the civil works alternative make it a better option than the “No-Action” option. The two actions will be assessed using the following criteria indicated in Table 5.1 below.

Table 5. 1: Evaluation of the ' No Action' alternative and use of civil works Criteria No Action Civil Work Overall Protection of The field visits revealed some problems Intervention would lead to Human Health and the members of the various communities have strengthening Ferries sites’ Environment experienced due to the flood impacts. safety, reduction in eroded Damage and loss effects are enormous soil and increased storm water and sources of livelihood have been lost, runoff, reduction in the and transportation cost has increased turbidity and silting of nearby tremendously. Taking a "no action” water bodies and drainage alternative will not benefit members of the channels as well as study areas or their environment. restoration of livelihood Compliance with Does not require ARARs IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE Applicable or Relevant will ensure that standards and Appropriate permit requirement are met. Requirements (ARARs) Long-term No action alternative does not meet the Civil works will provide long- Effectiveness and long-term effectiveness and permanence term effectiveness for Permanence criteria environmental management. Short-term No action alternative will not add any The civil work will be Effectiveness input under this criteria completed in a long-term period. However the benefits when completed outweighs a “no action” alternative

From the table above, it can be established that even though the civil work is more extensive, it is a better approach to use for attaining the objectives of IDEAS PROJECT. The no action alternative will further lead to problems which will affect the livelihood, health and environment of the people.

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CHAPTER SIX: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 6.1 Public Consultation Public consultation and participation are essential because they afford potential displaced persons the opportunity to contribute to both the design and implementation of the activities and reduce possibility of conflict between IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE contractors and the communities. The World Bank recognizes the importance of open and transparent engagement between the Borrower and project stakeholders as an essential element of good international practice. Effective stakeholder engagement can improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation. Stakeholder engagement is an inclusive process conducted throughout the project life cycle. Public consultation for the IDEAS Project entails the process of informing stakeholders on the need to carry out potential various IDEAS sub-projects in (a) their environment, (b) the scope and the (c) need for the community to own and safeguard the project as beneficiaries and stakeholders. Public consultation would be an on-going activity taking place throughout the entire project process. Public participation and consultation would take place through meetings, radio programs, requests for written proposals/comments, filling in of questionnaires, explanations of project to the locals, making public documents available at the state and local levels. At the local level, suitable locations will include the residents at the flood risk areas. These measures would take into account the low literacy levels prevalent in these rural communities by allowing enough time for responses and feedback. Annex 13 describes the steps of public consultation in the IDEAS project cycle.

6.2 Stakeholder Focused Group Discussion and Interpretation Stakeholders to be present in all interactions will include Permanent Secretaries, IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, Directors, HODs of Ministries of Environment, other line ministries (MDAs), Community Based Organizations (CBOs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Representatives/Leadership of the communities hosting the Technical Colleges, and Heads of community households. Women and Vulnerables (Aged, Youth and Disabled persons) are also included. Information in this section is completely based on responses from (i) stakeholders, (ii) documented reports in state holdings and (iii) physical site observations.

6.3 Consultations in the study area The ESMF consultant visited the 6 Pilot States between 9th August and 12th September. Informal interactive sessions with the various stakeholders in MDAs were carried out. The session provided insight to the state legislations and laws on the environment management, state government methods for engaging local communities and achieving participation in implementation of projects.

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Other needs of importance for information gathering included; • List of E & S issues across the Technical Colleges; • Solid waste management; • Peripheral vegetation description; etc

Present at the interactive stakeholder consultation sessions were:

Project Implementation Unit • IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE team members • IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE safeguards unit

State Government MDAs • State Ministry of Education • State Ministry of Environment o Director, Environmental Sanitation and Sewerage; o HOD Pollution; o HOD Engineering • State Ministry of Works • State Ministry of Water Resources • State Ministry of Women Affairs and Poverty Alleviation • State Ministry of Health • State Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development • State Ministry of Information • State Emergency Management Agency • State Water Corporation • State Waste Management Authority • State Transport Management Authority

Federal Government MDAs • Ministry of Environment • NESREA State Office

CDA (Community Development Associations) • Site Engineers • NGOs/CSOs and Associations

Institutional Communities • State University • Local University

The General Public. Questions was asked to obtain their views on the project such as the history, the efforts of the state/community to check environmental pollution, knowledge of the potential environmental and social impacts of proposed sub-project activities, institutional capacity to implement the recommendations in the ESMF, presence or absence of community conflict, community associations and cultural heritage that might be impinged upon by the project.

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The stakeholder consultations overview for the MDA s/CDAs/NGOs visited the knowledge on the IDEAS and sub-project activities from stakeholders and details of stakeholder contacts are summarized in Annex 20 Public meetings: meetings with Community Leaders, Trade Union Leaders, Representatives of Market Men and Women, and PAPS as individuals (as during the survey) and in their groups were deferred till resumption of Academic activities in the Technical Colleges which were on vacation. IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE will develop a stakeholder’s management plan which will be used during the implementation of the IDEAS projects. The Media and Communication, and Safeguards Units of IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE will be in charge of ensuring this plan is implemented. Another tool to be used by IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE to keep in constant close touch with stakeholders and to disseminate information is the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE website. IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE will also use social media platforms such as Instagram, whatsapp, telephone texts, Facebook tool to interface the public and engage with its customers. At the meeting with the Project Affected Persons, the resettlement team will explain the various options of resettlement so that they can choose what they want; for instance cash compensations, alternative land or building, or group resettlement. PAPs will also be briefed on the compensation/resettlement process and each affected person will be given the opportunity to air their views. a) Involvement in site preparation: Participation will also be fostered through use of local know-how and materials; the contractor will be encouraged to use local people to supply materials and goods needed for the sub-project implementation. b) Group formation: using existing groups or assisting PAPs to form groups provides institutional framework for participatory resettlement. c) Involvement in resettlement committees and monitoring teams: participation in committees would be one of the key mechanisms for involvement of PAPs in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the RAPs.

The PIC has responsibility to effectively engage stakeholders to successfully implement the project and achieve the stated objectives for the benefit of all. The public consultation will aim to assist the government in learning about the interests of, establishing a systematic dialogue with, and earning the trust of the surrounding residents and other stakeholders.

6.4 Objectives of Public Consultations This plan provides a framework for achieving effective stakeholder participation and promoting greater awareness and understanding of issues so that the project is carried out effectively within budget and on-

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework time to the satisfaction of all concerned. To ensure effective implementation of this plan, the PIC shall be committed to the following principles:

• promoting openness and communication;

• ensuring effective stakeholder participation in the development of the project;

• increasing public knowledge and understanding of the project implementation process;

• using all strategies and techniques which provide appropriate, timely and adequate opportunities for all stakeholders to participate; and

• evaluating the effectiveness of the engagement plan in accordance with the expected outcomes.

6.5 Stakeholders Government Agencies - State Ministry of Education - State Science and Technical Educational Board - State Board for Technical and Vocational Education - National Union of Teachers (NUT) - Nigeria Education Research and Development Council (NERDC) - National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) Educational Institutions - Science and Technical Schools (Public and Public) - Vocational Training Centres (Public and Private) Others - National NGOs/ Intergovernmental Organizations - Scientific Experts/Researchers - Students/Parents - Private Sector - State Chambers of Agric, Commerce and Industry - NECA / MAN 6.6 Consultation Strategies A comprehensive public awareness program could include but not limited to the following: - Meetings and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with teachers, students, parents etc - Develop and distribute a project newsletter - Organize seminars and workshops - Develop and maintain a project web site - Develop radio and television adverts - Prepare project press releases and posters Concerns/comments from all stakeholders will be compiled by the project social development specialist for periodic feedback to the PICs. This will ensure that concerns are adequately documented and taken into consideration in project design and mitigation measures.

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CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 7.1 Introduction The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMPs) is a detailed plan and schedule of measures necessary to minimize, mitigate, etc. any potential negative environmental impacts identified under the IDEAS Project during planning and operational phases of the proposed project. The ESMP provides a generic description of institutional arrangements i.e. who is responsible for carrying out the mitigating and monitoring measures (for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training). The ESMP also includes monitoring objectives that specifies the type of monitoring activities that will be linked to the mitigation measures with an estimate of the costs of the measures and activities recommended; and are required all through the implementation stage of the project or sub-projects.

This ESMP is intended to ensure efficient environmental management of these activities. It includes the following sections:

- the potential environmental and social impacts, - the proposed mitigation measures, - implementation arrangement , - responsibilities for implementing mitigation and monitoring measures; - capacity building needs; and - implementation cost estimate

7.2 Mitigation Measures This includes measures that can reduce the negative impacts associated with sub-project activities e.g. construction, expansion, rehabilitation etc. Potential impacts and the appropriate mitigation measures are identified in Table 7.1. The Table indicates the areas to which the potential impact applies. In addition, mitigation measures are identified as either social or physical measures. Social mitigation includes minimise noise and other effects on the human environment. Physical measures address impacts on vegetation, air quality, water, and soil. The measures serve as the basis for the cost estimates. During implementation, the mitigation costs will be included in the bid for sub-project activities.

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Table 7. 1: Summary of Environmental Mitigation Measures Potential Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures Physical Noise - Disturbance of school and education activities during construction ▪ Installation of sound insulation such as silencers, mufflers, etc works ▪ Schedule work periods to avoid school hours - Employees and communities exposed to high noise level ▪ Use appropriate well serviced machinery to reduce noise output

Air Quality ▪ Emission of pollutants from vehicles ▪ Introduction of dust reduction measures at construction ▪ Air pollution from burning of demolition wastes e.g. wood, paper sites(sprinkle water on earth roads) etc ▪ Avoid construction activities during bad weather ▪ Dust and PM emissions from construction works ▪ Adopt proper waste management strategy ▪ Prohibit waste combustion on site ▪ Service construction vehicles and equipment regularly ▪ Workers should use PPEs (nose masks) Soil ▪ Point source contamination around workshop areas ▪ Appropriate containment measures for all operational areas and ▪ Increased soil erosion due to vegetation clearing , soil trampling proper disposal of used lubricants (dedicated containers, bund and compaction walls). ▪ Increased rapid runoff due to vegetation clearing and soil ▪ Soil erosion control measures (e.g. reforestation, reseeding of compaction diminishing infiltration capacity grasses, land preparation, terracing etc) ▪ Deterioration of soil characteristics due to increased erosion ▪ Restrict site activities to relevant areas only Water Quality ▪ Potential pollution of surface and ground water though runoff of ▪ Appropriate containment measures for all operational areas and pollutants e.g. lubricating oil, diesel fuel etc from workshop areas proper disposal of used lubrication oil (Bund walls, dedicated etc containers). ▪ Water pollution due to seepage from tanks (diesel, sanitary wastes ▪ Site storage facilities far from water bodies etc) ▪ Regular collection of work sites wastes for proper disposal ▪ Lack of water for sanitation or toilet facilities ▪ Liquid waste discharged at designated outfalls after effluent ▪ Heavy water usage resulting in reduction of surface and treatment to protect water resources groundwater sources ▪ Regular emptying of on-site latrines and toilets ▪ Prohibit use of defunct machinery Biological Resources Vegetation

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Potential Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures ▪ Vegetation clearing resulting in loss of valuable habitat, species ▪ No siting and excavations in sensitive habitat diversity and population levels. ▪ Careful planning and selection of sites ▪ Impacts on protected areas; critical habitats for rare species or of ▪ Forests and cultural heritage sites protection enforced. ecologic or domestic importance. ▪ Restrict site activities to relevant areas only Wildlife ▪ Wildlife impacted through direct loss, loss of movement corridors, ▪ Pre-construction focused surveys, dust and noise abatement and indirectly through introduction of noise and pollutants. measures, and minimization of construction generated pollutants. ▪ Prohibit hunting activities amongst workers Wetlands ▪ Expansion and new construction encroaching on the wetland and ▪ Preservation, restoration, and enhancement of existing wetland. directly impact wetland plant communities. ▪ Sensitive and critical habitats avoided

Farmlands and Grazing Areas ▪ Land take for new school construction could lead to loss of ▪ Farmland and grazing areas should be relocated to other areas. farmland and grazing areas. ▪ If possible avoid farmlands and grazing areas.

Solid/Hazardous Waste Management ▪ Solid waste generated from demolition and construction activities ▪ Quick sorting, collection and disposal of waste removed from the containing potentially hazardous materials (e.g. asbestos). sites in accordance with applicable regulations. ▪ Waste generation during building works piling on the roadside ▪ Employ services of registered waste management company

Social Health and Safety ▪ Risks of road accidents during work ▪ Conduct an awareness raising campaign for the work sites staff and the users of school infrastructures (pupils, students, teachers, etc.) ▪ Develop proper traffic management plan ▪ Restrict construction activities to off-peak traffic periods

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7.3 Implementation Arrangement The key stakeholders required to implement the ESMP are identified in Figure 7.1 including their relationships and reporting responsibilities.

SMoEnv/SEPA

- review monitoring reports

to ensure regulatory

compliance SMoE

PIC

Contractor/Consultant

SMoF SG - PT

- provide financial - inform communities, residents, etc management of project Communities - mobilise and organise community

Figure 7. 1: ESMP Implementation Arrangement An Environmental and Social Management Specialist (ESMS), seconded from either SMOEnv or SEPA to the PIC will be responsible for the implementation and monitoring of the ESMP.

The PIC will achieve the following objectives: ▪ propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while implementing the project, ▪ promote awareness of environmental protection, and ▪ propose concrete means of applying the ESMP.

The ESMS will develop a monitoring plan to ensure ESMP implementation occurs in a structured manner. On behalf of the PIC, the ESMS will implement the monitoring plan and submit periodic environmental monitoring reports to SMOEnv and SEPA. Each report will indicate that members of the PIC should be contacted for clarification of issues. It is the responsibility of the Borrower to ensure that WB Safeguards policies are complied with. The World Bank (WB)

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The World Bank has the overall responsibility to ensure that its safeguards polices are complied with. In addition, the WB is responsible for the final review and clearance of the ESMPs or ESIAs; as well as review and approval of TORs; including supervision.

7.4 Capacity Strengthening for ESMP Implementation Institutional strengthening will be required for the PIC to effectively carry out the environmental and social management responsibilities for sub-project implementation. Capacity building will encompass PIC and state agencies involved in sub-project implementation. An assessment of training needs and the development of a training strategy plan need to be conducted as an initial implementation activity which will, inter alia, determine and conform whether the training programme proposed will suffice or is required.

Proposed training for the ESMS are as follows: - Environmental and Social Management Process. - Use of Screening form and Checklist - Preparation of terms of reference for carrying out EA - Design of appropriate mitigation measures. - Review and approve EA reports - Public consultations in the ESMF process. - Monitoring mitigation measures implementation. - Integrating ESMP into sub-projects implementation.

7.5 Monitoring Plan Monitoring requirements for the implementation of the ESMP are provided in Table 7.2. The monitoring plan establishes appropriate criteria to validate the predicted impacts and ensure that any unforeseen impacts are detected and the mitigation adjusted where needed at an early stage. The plan will ensure that mitigating measures are implemented during renovation, upgrading and maintenance. Specific objectives of the monitoring plan are to:

▪ check the effectiveness of recommended mitigation measures; ▪ demonstrate that sub-project activities are carried out in accordance with the prescribed mitigation measures and existing regulatory procedures; and ▪ provide early warning signals whenever an impact indicator approaches a critical level.

7.5.1 Monitoring Procedure The ESMP will prepare a long-term monitoring plan that will encompass clear and definitive parameters to be monitored for each sub-project. The plan will take into consideration the scope of development, the

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework environmental and social sensitivity and the financial and technical means available for monitoring. It will also identify and describe the indicators to be used, the frequency of monitoring and the standard (baseline) against which the indicators will be measured for compliance with the ESMP.

A number of indicators would be used to determine the status of the affected environment: - Has the pre-project human and natural environmental state been maintained or improved? - Has the effectiveness of the ESMF technical assistance, review, approval and monitoring process been adequate to pre-empt and correct negative impacts inherent in sub- projects? - Environmental Indicators: vegetation loss; land degradation; regulatory compliance. - Social indicators: population incomes; traffic, changes in school attendance and performance.

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Table 7. 2: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) per State Proposed Activity- Mitigation Measures / Rehabilitation of the damaged Areas Phase Impact Mitigation Responsibility Frequency Costs Performance USD Indicator Pre- Environmental ▪ Assessment of all Environmental Specialist 30,000 Have studies been construction Impacts possible environmental IDEAS PROJECT carried out and plans phase impacts and threats as a OFFICE prepared? Land degradation & basis for defining Subsidence; environmental Have environmental sustainability, monitoring Topography mechanisms been Land use etc.; ▪ Establish measures and Environmental Specialist established? procedures for IDEAS PROJECT Air Quality enforcing OFFICE Have environmental, environmental sound social, health and Noise and Vibration management broader impacts been identified and Water Quality ▪ Setting up monitoring Environmental Specialist mitigation measures mechanisms and IDEAS PROJECT designed. schedule to ensure OFFICE adherence to measures M&E Specialist, IDEAS Does the planning proffered. PROJECT OFFICE framework follow best practice ▪ Conduct ESIA. Environmental Specialist approaches? Baseline elemental - IDEAS PROJECT Studies (water, air, soil OFFICE Are the environmental quality). and social screening checklist utilized? ▪ Standard Operating Environmental Specialist Procedures (SOP) - IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE

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Social Impacts 45,000 Have studies been Community resources ▪ Refer to the RPF Social Development carried out and plans e.g. Land Specialist prepared? Communication Community perception ▪ Establishing measures Specialist, IDEAS Have environmental and procedures for PROJECT OFFICE and social monitoring enforcing social mechanisms been protection and social Social Development established? Is system accountability Specialist for monitoring in Communication regulatory ▪ Setting up monitoring Specialist, IDEAS requirements? mechanisms and PROJECT OFFICE schedule to ensure Have Community- adherence to measures based Grievance proffered. Environmental Specialist, Redress Mechanisms IDEAS PROJECT been established and ▪ Establishment of OFFICE , M&E accessible to all community-based Specialist, IDEAS stakeholders including Grievance-Redress PROJECT OFFICE members of systems and Planning vulnerable groups? Frameworks. Social Development Project Affected Specialist Is there effective Persons (PAPs) which ▪ This would be Communication feedback from project include: addressed in the RPF Specialist, IDEAS affected persons? Affected individuals, which is a stand-alone PROJECT OFFICE Have environmental, Affected Households report. social, health and and Vulnerable broader impacts been

households including ▪ To ensure students with identified and internally displaced any form of disability mitigation measures persons, the elderly and are not marginalised but designed. women given equal opportunity Social Development Disability Awareness Specialist Training Programme Communication for Teachers and Specialist, IDEAS Students PROJECT OFFICE

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Health Impacts 10,000 Has HIA been ▪ Conduct Health Impact Environmental Specialist conducted, and Communicable Assessment (HIA) and IDEAS PROJECT impacts identified diseases subsequent Health OFFICE, Social (health, social, Non-communicable Action Plan (HAP) / Development Specialist, environmental) as diseases Health Management IDEAS PROJECT part of the ESIA? Injury Plan (HMP) as part of OFFICE in collaboration Malnutrition the ESIA with the Ministry of Health Construction Physical Impacts ▪ Integration of Environmental Specialist, 15,000 Is there community phase community driven Communication specialist driven approach in – Land degradation & interventions (legal, Community Development use / how are Subsidence; scientific and social) for Specialist , - IDEAS community reactions achieving community PROJECT OFFICE Increased local runoff participation and in flow pattern; acceptance of project objectives amongst Alterations of the urban project affected land surface and water persons; Environmental Specialist Are the environmental pathways; IDEAS PROJECT and social screening ▪ Good practice in the OFFICE checklist utilized? Increased impervious utilization of physical Contractor surfaces; engineering techniques Project Engineer for flood prone sites Have standard and consideration of operating procedures Topography and Land downstream areas in the for best environmental use e design of protective practices been structures. Impacts established? Air Quality Identification and Are engineering ESMP implementation. designs considerations Environmental Specialist and options Noise and Vibration ▪ Standard Operating IDEAS PROJECT Are there Material Procedures (SOP) OFFICE Safety Data Sheets Water Quality Contractor (MSDS) ▪ Environmental Solid waste management of

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construction/rehabilitati Environmental Specialist Is a waste on works; IDEAS PROJECT management plan OFFICE developed? ▪ Adopt proper waste Contractor Management strategy and recycling options; Does the contractor Environmental Specialist have a HAZCOM IDEAS PROJECT program? ▪ Institute a Noise Hazard OFFICE /Waste Communication Management Specialist- Program (HAZCOM) IDEAS PROJECT Does the contractor for workers and project OFFICE have affected communities, a safe-works Environmental Specialist procedure? ▪ Establishment of safe- IDEAS PROJECT work procedures for OFFICE /Contractor operations and activities Is there an emergency planning framework? ▪ Disaster/Emergency Environmental Specialist planning framework. IDEAS PROJECT Are training OFFICE / requirements updated Contractor and schedule developed? Environmental Specialist IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE / Contractor/

Disaster Risk Management Specialist, IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE Biological Impact ▪ Routine (baseline- Environmental Specialist 20,000 ESIA Reports, • Flora and Fauna checks) biodiversity IDEAS PROJECT Feasibility Study • Wildlife studies / Baseline OFFICE / Reports

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ecological assessment Contractor

Socio-economic Environmental Specialist 45,000 Has a traffic Impacts ▪ Institute traffic / Social Development management plan management plan. Specialist IDEAS been made? Transportation & Reduce road congestion PROJECT OFFICE Are government Traffic impact in project areas and related agencies Accidents access routes. (Federal Road Safety Migration Corps and STMA) Community Perception ▪ Application of local Social Development parts of -Employment workforce as priority; Specialist IDEAS implementation of the Social stress & utility PROJECT OFFICE, traffic management disruption ▪ Monitoring vandalism Contractor plan? Risk of social conflict Vices ▪ Trainings to enable M&E Specialist, IDEAS community motorists to PROJECT OFFICE Limited understanding be responsive to of WB safeguards changes as per civil Social Development works. Specialist, IDEAS Archaeological & PROJECT OFFICE Chance finds ▪ Mechanism for the preservation of cultural Environmental Specialist, Project Affected heritage and a Social Development Persons (PAPs) which continuous consultation Specialist- IDEAS include: strategy PROJECT OFFICE Affected individuals, Affected Households ▪ This would be and addressed in the RPF Vulnerable households which is a standalone

including internally report

displaced persons, the elderly and women Disability Inclusion Social Development Awareness Training for ▪ Mechanism for Staff and Students ensuring disabled Specialist - IDEAS students are not PROJECT OFFICE marginalised

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Public Health Have appropriate Impacts ▪ Conduct trainings on Environmental Specialist 30,000 capacity in HIA And Occupational diseases IDEAS PROJECT Community Health • HIV/AIDS and STDs and awareness OFFICE Management needs • Pathogenic disease campaigns on Sexually been built? and disease outbreak Transmitted Infections • Water-Borne and other infectious Diseases (e.g. Diseases. Cholera, Dysentery, Amoebiasis, ▪ Conduct health Have subsequent Salmonellosis etc.) screening Environmental Specialist health screenings been • Malaria IDEAS PROJECT conducted in project • Occupational Health ▪ Conduct Occupational OFFICE affected & Safety Health Risk Assessment communities? • Psychosocial for contractors, disorder personnel and project • Social well-being affected communities Has an Occupational (broader effects/health Environmental Specialist Health Risk impacts of project IDEAS PROJECT Assessment Been activities on OFFICE Conducted? communities is a very important issue) Physical Impact Are environmental Operation and ▪ Monitoring and Environmental Specialist 30,000 and social monitoring maintenance Land Degradation & Evaluation/Verification IDEAS PROJECT mechanisms being phase Agriculture; processes. OFFICE, M&E implemented? Specialist, IDEAS Air Quality; ▪ Implementation of PROJECT OFFICE ESMP document ESMP Noise and Vibration; Environmental Specialist/Social Is upstream, reservoir Water Quality; ▪ Catchment and flood Development Specialist- and floodplain plain management IDEAS PROJECT management Morbidity and OFFICE implemented? mortalities; ▪ Disaster and Environmental Specialist Is disaster and

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Disasters Emergency planning IDEAS PROJECT emergency planning framework. OFFICE proactive? Has training on disaster Disaster Risk management been Management Specialist, conducted? IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE

Social Impact ▪ Monitoring and M&E Specialist / Social 45,000 Is the traffic Evaluation/Verification Development Specialist, - management plan Traffic and processes. Communication specialist being implemented? Transportation IDEAS PROJECT Who is responsible ▪ Conduct training on OFFICE and why? safeguards ESMP document Limited understanding implementation and Environmental Specialist of WB safeguards monitoring / Social Development Is off-site Specialist IDEAS management and ▪ Implementation of PROJECT OFFICE environmental ESMP protection followed? who is responsible and why?

Is the ESMP being implemented?

Is compliance status (specific regulations that apply) effective?

Success in mitigation measures. TOTAL US$270,000

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7.6 ESMP Cost Estimate It is recommended that at least 2.5% of the total budget for the project should be allocated to manage environmental and social concerns. The costs shown in Table 7.3 has been made using an average estimate of $833,300 as the total project cost per State.

Table 7. 3: Budget and Responsibilities per State Item Budget (US$) Responsibility Mitigation 270,000 PIC / SEPA / SMOEnv Management 27,000 PIC Capacity Strengthening 412,500 PIC / World Bank Monitoring 40,500 PIC / SEPA/ SMOEnv Contingency 83,330 Contingency Total $833,330,000

7.7 Chance Find Procedures In the event of chance finds of items of cultural significance, all forms of excavation in and around the site will be stopped. Subsequently, experienced archaeologists and anthropologist would be recruited to carry out an investigation and proposed plans for the preservation of such cultural artefacts.

During the project site induction meeting, all contractors will be made aware of the presence of an on-site archaeologist who will monitor earthmoving and excavation activities.

The following procedures are to be executed in the event that archaeological material is discovered. Annex 14 describes the procedure in detail:

• All construction activity in the vicinity of the find/feature/site will cease immediately; • Delineate the discovered find/ feature/ site will be delineated; • Record the find location, and all remains are to be left in place; • Secure the area to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects; • The on-site archaeologist will assess, record and photograph the find/feature/ site; • The on-site archaeologist will undertake the inspection process in accordance with all project health and safety protocols under direction of the Health and Safety Officer; and • In consultation with the statutory authorities the on-site and Project Archaeologist will determine the appropriate course of action to take.

7.8 Description of subsequent safeguard instruments (ESIAs/ESMPs) The ESIA/ESMP process is required before the implementation of sub-projects for which the screening process has determined that an ESIA/ESMP is necessary.

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7.8.1 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIAs) The ESIA will identify and evaluate potential environmental and social impacts that IDEAS sub-projects activities may pose especially with activities during construction. The preparation of the ESIA will be done in consultation with stakeholders, including PAPs. Public consultations are critical in preparing proposals for sub-project activities likely to have impacts on the environment and populations within the project site. The public consultations should identify key issues and determine how concerns of all stakeholders will be addressed in the ESIA.

7.8.2 Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) The IDEAS and all sub-projects will include the preparation of ESMPs to address and achieve health, safety, and environmental regulatory compliance objectives, institutional responsibilities (e.g., World Bank / WB), and other related commitments. An ESMP is an important element of the IDEAS overall Environmental and Social Management strategy to ensure environmental, social, and health performance of the entire program and sub-projects. The ESMPs will identify and evaluate potential environmental and social impacts that IDEAS sub- projects activities may pose downstream.

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CHAPTER EIGHT: PRINCIPLES FOR MITIGATING IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS AND IMPACTS 8.1 Introduction The ESMF considered a number of generic mitigation and enhancement measures for implementation to ensure the IDEAS Project and sub-projects are environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable. The mitigation measures will be useful and fundamental in the preparation of mitigation strategies which will be developed and implemented in the ESMPs prepared for sub-projects requiring ESIAs. The ESMF institutionalizes the measures through assigning implementation responsibilities and formulation of contract clauses for incorporation into contract documents. The potential impacts of the projects and their recommended mitigation measures are indicated in Table 8.1 below.

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Table 8. 1: Potential impacts and generic mitigation measures Project Phase Potential Impact source Mitigation Measures Roles and Responsibilities Pre-construction phase • Adequate and timely information will be Community Perception provided to affected owners. IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, MDAs • Creating proper complaints procedure. (State Ministry of Information, State Members of the Community may • Providing enlightenment forums to Ministry of Women Affairs, have negative perception about stakeholders from the preparatory stage Community Development, Social the project if not properly and on potential environmental and social Welfare and Poverty alleviation) managed. concerns from civil works CBOs • Development of communications and stakeholder engagement strategy. IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE – • Carry out wide range consultations to Environmental Specialist, Social increase project awareness, improve Development Specialist, Community accountability, transparency Development, Specialist, responsiveness, and promote community Communication Specialist participation, increase cooperation of community and other public and private sector partners. • Existing social structures (e.g mosques, churches, community development committees, youth and women groups) should be used for continuous awareness building and sensitization at every stage.

Land take/land • This would be addressed in the RPF which Refer to RPF report acquisition/involuntary is a standalone report. resettlement

Land acquisition from members of the communities

Project Phase Potential Impact source Mitigation Measures Roles and Responsibilities • Erosion control measures such as Construction phase Soil Impact water bars, gabions, straw bales, Environmental Specialist IDEAS Excavation, grading, compaction, and re-vegetation will be PROJECT OFFICE, MDAs (State Physical Impact filling and other civil works. implemented during and after Ministry of Works, State Ministry of

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construction phases. Environment).

• Re-vegetation efforts will be implemented to ensure long-term recovery of the area and to prevent significant soil erosion problems. • Environmental Specialist IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, MDAs (State Solid Waste • Measures will be taken to ensure that solid waste is handled in an Ministry of Environment, State Generation and disposal of excavated adequate manner. Ministry of Works, State Solid solid waste from construction sites, • Minimize windblown materials Waste Management Authority) vegetative waste drainage channels from the waste disposal site and during the clearing of clogged • Cover dumped waste as quickly as drainages possible Geomorphology & Hydrology • Environmental Specialist IDEAS • Good use of engineering best PROJECT OFFICE, MDAs (State Civil works, heavy rain splashes, practice must be maintained during Ministry of Environment) increased local run off construction. • Ensure wastewater from cleaning of equipment and other civil works is not disposed of in water bodies instead it should be collected and treated. Topography • The construction works such as IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE - Excavation and other machinery road grading, filling of large holes Environmental Specialist, Project activities on the land surfaces and formidable concrete sides for Engineer, State Ministry of Works culverts and drainages should be carried out. • Old drainage systems should be IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE maintained if available and new Environmental Specialist, Project ones should be constructed Engineer, State Ministry of Works • Site specific safety plans should be developed and properly implemented by construction companies executing sub-projects. IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE

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• Effective public consultation Environmental Specialist through active involvement of all affected stakeholders.

Channelization of flood waters • Good flood plain management Environmental Specialist, IDEAS practices PROJECT OFFICE, Solid Waste Cleaning/clearing of clogged Management Specialist-IDEAS drainages PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State Ministry of Environment, State Ministry of Water Resources Air Quality • Dust suppression method should be Environmental Specialist, IDEAS

Due to mobilization of equipment, in place to minimize airborne PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State construction activities such as particulate matter that may result Ministry of Environment, State earthworks, grading, filling, from the construction activities. NESREA excavation, Vehicle emissions, Road Routine watering of the dust. Improved quality of service construction sites and access roads from urban infrastructure such as will keep the dust level down. drains, lawns, etc. • Provide breathing protection masks Environmental Specialist, IDEAS for employees and other task- PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State specific Personal Protective Ministry of Environment, State Equipment (PPE). NESREA, • Reduce travel distances by placing constructions campsites close to work areas. • Ensure that vehicles and other equipment are regularly inspected and schedule maintenance if need be. Also ensure that vehicles and machineries comply with international standards for exhaust emission. • Maintenance of engines and exhaust gas checks to minimize exhaust emissions

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Increased sedimentation and runoff • Regular inspection of the project Environmental Specialist, IDEAS sites will be needed. PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State This impact is site-specific and will be Ministry of Environment, State of concern to project sites close to • Construction like dykes, sediments Ministry of Works, State NESREA water streams. Sediments can basins should be considered in significantly impact surface waters order to divert the flow of and wetlands with silts and pollutants sediments. such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons • Define flood plain boundaries and and toxic substances. Runoff from pollutants of concern, and conduct rainfall can further lead to erosion of resource inventory and information the road. Drainage channels from the analysis. roads to nearby watercourses are • Identify sensitive areas in order to receptors of soils eroded from the protect surface water and prevent road surfaces. These eroded sediments non-point source pollution. can adversely affect the aquatic ecosystem and can even increase the risk of flooding and eutrophication. Water Quality • Mobile toilet facilities, which will Environmental Specialist, IDEAS be provided for the workforce be PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State The water quality will be impacted maintained, emptied daily and Ministry of Environment, State by wastewater discharges from disposed of at approved sites. NESREA, construction activities and • Sewage can be composted in behavioural practices of workers compost bin (mixtures of sewage, associated with project activities. straws and hays), which can be This could lead to increase in feed to soils as source of manure turbidity and siltation affecting use for the community. Thus recycling by man, land mammals and aquatic of sewage waste. organisms. • The Contractor should ensure that proper storage facilities are provided at worksites. They should be leak proof and fitted round with bunds to prevent leakage into the water streams. • Development and implementation of proper Waste Management

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Plans (WMPs) by the Contractor (s). Construction Phase Impact on flora and fauna • Identify any Site of Special Environmental Specialist, IDEAS Scientific Interest. PROJECT OFFICE Biological Impact Clearing of vegetation. • Co-operate with relevant MDAs Biodiversity will be affected as a such as the Department of result of the civil activities from the Livestock, conservation parks, construction phase. Zoos and Zoological Department Vegetation/vegetative covers will be of the local University for housing destroyed in the course of of possible animals that may be implementing civil works and relocated as a result of the establishment of construction construction. campsites. Exposure of the plant surfaces to dust particularly during • Ensure that affected flora species the transportation of materials will are transferred and raised in destroy them (impairment of available nurseries. photosynthesis). Most faunas, which may have created niches for themselves, will be disturbed especially borrowing mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insects. Construction Phase Weed invasion/proliferation of opportunist species (weeds & pests). Socio-economic Impact Impact on Wildlife • Ensure that the necessary Environmental Specialist, IDEAS safeguards policies such the OP PROJECT OFFICE. During Land clearing, Civil works, 4.04 on Natural Habitats and relevant legislatives are used in addressing the issue of wildlife. • Liaise with Zoos Management Authorities in the affected States and Universities to provide temporary habitats for accommodating animal species until new habitats are provided. Transportation & Traffic impact: • A good traffic management plan Environmental Specialist, Social Development Specialist,

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Existing travel patterns will be should be developed which will Communication Specialist - IDEAS heavily impacted during the specify; safety rules on speed limits PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State construction phase of the project in while driving, trainings to enable Ministry of Works, State Traffic the states. drivers to be responsive to local Management Authority (STMA) conditions, procedures for dealing with accidents involving injury to local people and livestock and restriction of heavy vehicle movements to specific access roads. • Carefully site stock piling areas, work depots and work sites in good locations, which will alleviate possible traffic congestions. • Information on road closure should be made publicly on local radio stations and television. Signage advising on closures and detours should be strategically placed along the roadsides. • Ensuring that all road signs are put in place and detours made possible to divert traffic. • Ensure alternative footpaths are provided for local residents. • Relevant State Government Agencies such as the State Transport Management Authority / Federal Road Safety Commission will be engaged by the contractor all through the construction period to ensure that safety is maintained throughout the construction phase. Accident • Ensure that workers are provided Social development specialist with health and safety equipment Communication specialist - IDEAS

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Accidents are bound to occur during such as High visibility vest, PROJECT OFFICE, MDAs -(State the construction phase as a result of helmets, earplugs, safety glasses, Ministry of Works, State Ministry of movement of materials, equipment, and safety boots and, stress on the Labour, State Emergency pedestrians and livestock. need to use them always. Management Agency • Ensure that adequate and proper signs barriers and lane markers are put up within the project location sites • Applying Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) during the project activities to all workers. • Managing the working hours based on the laws • Ensure the management of construction debris and handling of hazardous materials; • Ensure the use of reflectors at night as well as signposts, placement of caution tapers and guard rails at construction sites that involve drainages, trenches and canals Employment • Ensure that individuals from Community Development Specialist, project affected communities Social Development Specialist, Employment will be on the increase especially local and unskilled Communication Specialist - IDEAS as work force i.e. local artisans and labour are employed as labourers PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State labourers migrants will be utilized and artisans. This should be Ministry of Works. State Ministry of Though construction works are not communicated to the contractor. Women Affairs, Community

large-scale, this impact will have an • Public consultation will be Development, Social Welfare and

indirect influence in the increase in implemented to address any Poverty alleviation

crime rate, traffic, and hike in rents, situation of wrong notion created

prostitution and spread of diseases. by members of the communities.

• The campsite for workers should

be located remotely away for the

community.

• Contractors and Project Managers

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should ensure that the workers are prohibited from patronising prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs within the site areas. Archeological & Cultural loss • The Social Development Specialist Environmental Specialist, Social needs to ensure that thorough Development Specialist - IDEAS Impact Source: discussions are carried out during PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State Excavation/earth works, the Focus Group meeting Ministry of Finance deforestation activities and other addressing issues on Archaeology engineering activities e.g. water and cultural. channelling • The World Bank Operational Policies relevant to this situation such as OP 4.11 Physical and Cultural Resources will be applied to enable the Social Officer administer the right tool to avoid cases of conflicts in the communities. Social stress & disruption • Root causes should be identified Social Development Specialist, and addressed. Community Development Specialist, Impact Source: • Address governance and mobilize Communication Specialist, - IDEAS • Civil work activities. communities. PROJECT OFFICE, • Human • Engage the private sector, and •Governance. (Corrupt practices) possibly introduce a market-based solution to take advantage of good Nigerian entrepreneurship and creativity; • Community members should be enlightened about GRM procedures while the social development specialist need to keep a database of complaints and grievances as well as put in place a structure to ensure prompt resolution of such (Refer to RPF).

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Aesthetics • Proper use best engineering Environmental Specialist IDEAS practice; PROJECT OFFICE Impact Source: • Employ an aesthetics expert to the Construction works contractor team. Project Affected Persons (PAPs) • This would be addressed in the Refer to RPF related to land acquisition / loss of RPF which is a stand-alone report livelihood which include: Affected individuals, Affected Households and Vulnerable households including internally displaced persons, the elderly and women

Impact Source: Civil work activities • Environmental and Social Specialist Health problems (HIV/STDs) • Effort will be made to enlighten the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) Construction Phase employees on HIV/AIDS and STD - State Ministry of Health, Impact Sources. awareness programme in each of the project areas. Public Health • Improper housing and sanitary. • Migrant workers and / or those • During civil works from outside the communities, if used, should have proper housing and sanitary. • Other activities will include treating other sexually transmitted diseases, distributing condoms, and providing counseling, screening, and support services for employees. • Medical examinations should be performed on new employee and repeated regularly throughout the term of employment. • Each contractor should have operating procedures that control unsafe behaviours amongst

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personnel especially considering the fact that there will huge influxes of workers and the likely spread of STD’s due to possible sexual interactions between workers and members of the project affected communities. • Liaise with appropriate health focused NGOs to promote HIV/STDs awareness, HIV Voluntary Confidential Counselling and Testing as well as put in place appropriate referral linkage for Most At Risk Environmental Specialist IDEAS Populations. If needed, PLWHAs PROJECT OFFICE Water-Borne Diseases (e.g. Cholera, could be referred to the nearest Dysentery, Amoebiasis, HIV treatment programme Salmonellosis etc.) center(s) where they can access free treatment and support. Impact Source • Provision of proper human waste • Poor environmental sanitation disposal facilities for the habits exhibited by members of construction workers. the contractor’s workforce. • Good sanitation including proper waste disposal at its operation and • Overload of existing sanitation residential accommodations. facilities. • Participate in environmental sanitation initiatives in communities where its workers are domiciled. • Avoid any deterioration in public health and environmental sanitation as a result of the project. • Participate on improvement of community sanitation and public health through the community

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development programs. • Involvement of NGOs and civil societies in waste management and healthcare activities • Maintenance of good drainage at construction areas to avoid creation of stagnant water bodies. • Proper reservoir operation, engage in disease surveillance and insecticide sprays to prevent the proliferation of the disease vector; conduct routine medical check-ups and development of medical facilities. • Government programs to improve existing medical and health services in the local communities should be supported as much as possible by the Project. This includes Mosquito control programs such as the distribution of insecticide treated nets to affected community members. • Provision of good sanitation including proper waste disposal at its operation and residential accommodations. • Participate in environmental sanitation initiatives in communities where its workers are domiciled.

Occupational Health & Safety • The contractor will ensure that IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs)

a.PPEs Personal Protective Equipment - State Ministry of Works, State

b.Emergency Response & First (PPE) are made available to all Emergency Management Authority,

Aids workers. State Solid Waste Management

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• The Contractor should ensure that Authority. necessary measures to avoid and minimize the negative health and safety impacts such as trainings for employees be established. • Contractors should develop Occupational Health and Safety Systems (OHSMSs), which will include policies, plans, procedures, processes and programs. • Contractors should posses operating practices for the following: • Accident investigation and control • Hazards investigation and analysis • Hazard communication programme

• Work place violence

• Work stress risk assessment / work

stress management plans

• Ergonomics

• Heavy equipment safety • Fire and fuel safety • Ensure that workers use protective gears during all working activities. • Proper disposal of construction spoil and any hazardous waste will be stored in areas clearly designated and labelled. • It will be very appropriate if a good health care unit is made available in Operation/ Maintenance the campsites. Phase • First Aid Services should be provided at the campsites to provide immediate attention to accident victims before referring them to nearby clinics if need

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arises. Topography • Embarking on tree planting Environmental Specialist IDEAS exercises, which can serve as a PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State Impact Source: wind barrier and help stabilise the Ministry of Physical Planning and • Construction activities including soils. Urban Development movement of goods and services. • Training activities targeted at local • Flood catchment rehabilitation farmers to improve awareness activities • The affected population identified will participate in the planning and/or decision making process for the alternative livelihood options and the process and agreement will be in line with relevant operational policies. • Good engineering practices to be included in contract documents and contractor’s performance will be monitored and reported. Land use • Encouragement of early and on- Environmental Specialist and Social going consultation within the local Development Specialist, Urban Impact Source: community. Planner - IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, • Civil works. • Providing complimentary (MDAs) - State Ministry of Physical • Livestock including overgrazing. livelihood (promoting alternative Planning and Urban Development, means of income (which is sustainable and adaptable for each community). • Improve roles of NGOs and Civil Society. • If land acquisition and/or land donation is involved, resettlement policy framework will be applied • Good engineering practices to be included in contract documents and contractor’s performance will be monitored and reported.

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Air Quality • Ensure that the air quality levels are Environmental Specialist IDEAS constantly monitored which can be PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State After rehabilitation works, the roads obtained from relevant local air NESREA are bound to be busy and this will pollution control agencies/ negatively affect the members of the metrology units in the states. community • Surround roadsides with vegetation Impact Source: Increase in the as the trees will serve as number of vehicles that ply the route. windbreaks and keep dust from spreading long distances. Noise and Vibration • The traffic management plan Environmental Specialist IDEAS Impact Source: should be used to address PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - • Increase in number of vehicles movement of vehicles during the State NESREA plying the road early hours of the morning when members of the community are still asleep. • Keeping proper records of complaints in the complaints register. Water Quality • Development of proper Waste Environmental Specialist IDEAS Impact Source: Management plans by the PROJECT OFFICE, (MDAs) - State Roadway runoff, wastes (municipal Contractor(s). Ministry of Environment solid wastes, effluent, hazardous • Roadway runoff will not be placed wastes etc) directly into watercourses but allowed to flow over grassed or pervious pavements in order to permit the settling out of fine materials. • Divert the flow of surface water around the site to prevent contamination from storm water (by pollutants, soil or any other material from the site). • It is also important to develop a site drainage plan to reduce storm water flow and sediment load before

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storm water is discharged from the site. Traffic and Transportation • Ensure that all road signs are IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, State Impact Source: completed with speed limits zones NESREA • Increase in traffic within the roads and traffic signs in place. • IIncrease in economic growth. • Provide pedestrian pathways within • Increase in migration the settlements of the communities. • Measure suggested for the construction phase should be carried forward to the operational stage. Occupational Health & Safety • Development of inspection and Environmental Specialist IDEAS a. PPEs maintenance programmes. PROJECT OFFICE, State NESREA, b. Emergency Response & First • Clearly mark road signs and State Emergency Management, Aids hazards symbols within the Impact Source: location to minimise road Exposure of workers to accidents, accidents. working in potential weather extremes, contact with natural hazards such as animals, insects, and poisonous plants.

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8.2 Monitoring Plan This section sets out requirements for the monitoring of the environmental and social impacts of the IDEAS sub-project activities. Monitoring of environmental and social indicators will be mainstreamed into the overall monitoring and evaluation system for the project. Monitoring and evaluation is primarily required to ensure proper and timely implementation of environmental and social mitigation measures identified in the planning stage, based on the ESMF. Monitoring at regular intervals during implementation and for a specified period in the post implementation stages is necessary to identify and implement any change / improvement needed in the execution of the sub-project activities or in the mitigation measures. Monitoring will be used to measure the success rate of the project; it will also be used to determine whether the established mitigation measures have resulted in dealing with the negative environmental and social impacts associated with the project. It will be used to establish whether further monitoring is to be extended in some areas. Table 8.2 below describes the Monitoring and Evaluation framework for the ESMP.

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Table 8. 2: Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Project Phase Proposed activity Monitoring indicators Implementation Responsibility Frequency Cost (USD) schedule Pre-construction E & S Risk • Have environmental Before Environmental 5,000 Phase Mitigation Measures accountability trainings commencement of Specialist IDEAS been conducted? civil works PROJECT OFFICE • Have environmental and Social Development social studies been Specialist IDEAS carried out and plans PROJECT OFFICE prepared? M&E Specialist, IDEAS • Have environmental and PROJECT OFFICE social monitoring Communication mechanisms been Specialist, IDEAS established? PROJECT OFFICE • Is there effective feedback from project affected persons? • Has GBV / SEA & VAC Training been conducted for all Site Workers? • Have environmental, social, health and broader impacts been identified and mitigation measures designed? Construction E & S Risk • Have Standard During Environmental 25,000 Phase Mitigation Measures Operating Procedures for implementation of Specialist IDEAS best environmental civil works PROJECT OFFICE practices been Social Development established? Specialist IDEAS • Does the contractor have PROJECT OFFICE a safe-works procedure? M&E Specialist, IDEAS • Is there an emergency PROJECT OFFICE planning framework? Community

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• Has GBV / SEA & Development Specialist, VAC Training been IDEAS PROJECT conducted for all Site OFFICE Workers? Disaster Risk • Is there a signed GBV / Management Specialist, SEA & VAC Code of IDEAS PROJECT Conduct in place? OFFICE Contractor Communication Specialist, IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE

Operations and E & S Risk • Are environmental and During operations Environmental 10,500 maintenance Mitigation Measures social monitoring and maintenance to Specialist IDEAS Phase mechanisms being project closure PROJECT OFFICE implemented? Social Development • Are the Specialist IDEAS recommendations in the PROJECT OFFICE ESMP implemented? M&E Specialist, IDEAS • Success in mitigation PROJECT OFFICE measures. Contractor • Is disaster management Communication in-place. Specialist, IDEAS • Complaints from PROJECT OFFICE communities Total US$40,500

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CHAPTER NINE: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMF 9.1 Introduction The implementation of the ESMF depends on the commitment of the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, relevant MDAs, and the capacity to apply or use the framework effectively, and the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. This section addresses the key ESMF areas relevant to its successful implementation: • Implementing the ESMF; • Institutional arrangements; • Capacity building (See sub-section 9.8 ); • Monitoring and Evaluation; • Indicative cost of implementing the ESMF • Disclosure of safeguard instruments. 9.2 Implementing the ESMF 9.2.1 IDEAS Institutional Arrangement Generally, the IDEAS project is expected to be implemented at two levels, namely the Federal and State. At the Federal level, the Federal Project Support Unit (FPSU) supervised by the Federal Ministry of Finance will manage the Coordination and Program Support. The FPSU will establish coordination and support relationship with the State counterpart Agencies. Thus at the State level, the participating State governments are expected to set up by State Law, Agencies that would work in collaboration with the FPCU, though operating independently. Albeit, the Ministry of Finance, Budget and / Economic Planning, as the case may be in the various States is at present taking the lead in the coordination of the IDEAS preparatory programmes. The law or legal agreement used in establishing the agencies will insulate the agencies and specifically the management unit from undue political or administrative interference. In addition, to implement the IDEAS program according to the agreed terms and conditions, a formal agreement is needed between the State Governments, the Implementing Agencies (PCUs/PIUs) and other MDAs outlining the tasks, responsibilities, schedules, procedures, deliverables etc., required for preparation and implementation of the approved sub-projects. Furthermore, the State Agency/Project Coordinating Unit (PCU) will have an Advisory Board or a Technical Steering Committee and a Management Unit. The Board will include representatives from civil society and the government. The PCU shall be headed by a General Manager who will supervise activities of staff within three (3) major departments of the Agency, namely: Operations, Finance and Administration, and Monitoring & Evaluation (all three departments will cater for the environmental and social components/issues as concerns the IDEAS).

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To capture the inflow and use of credit proceeds in a transparent manner through the Office of the Accountant General [Project Financial Management Unit (PFMU) set up for financial management of donor assisted projects at the state level], the PCU shall establish a relationship with PFMU.

This relationship would entail: • A copy of the annual budget and work plan will be made available to the PFMU by the PCU; • PFCU internal auditors will be responsible for regular internal audit in the PCU and submit quarterly reports to the government (copied to IDA). • A copy of monthly progress reports, quarterly reviews and interim Financial Reports (IFRs) shall be sent regularly to the PFMU; • The PFMU internal auditors shall participate in quarterly monitoring visits to communities as organized by the PCU. 9.3 Roles and Responsibilities for Environmental & Social Safeguards Implementation

The successful implementation of the ESMF depends on the commitment of the inter-related institutions, and the capacity within the institutions to apply or use the ESMF effectively, as well as the appropriate and functional institutional arrangements, among others. Therefore, details of institutional arrangements, the roles and responsibilities of the institutions that would be involved in the implementation of the ESMF are highlighted below.

For the purpose of this ESMF, the institutions identified include; • Federal Level Institutions: Federal Ministry of Education (as the Implementing Agency), Federal Ministry of Environment and other relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). • State Level Institutions: PCUs and other relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). • Community Level and other Institutions • Direct and Other Stakeholder/Groups: Community Project Management Committee (CPMC); CDA; CBO/NGOs • Consultants, Contractors and Site Engineers • World Bank and Other Development Partners

Their roles and responsibilities are highlighted below

9.3.1 Federal Level Institutions The institutions at the federal level are responsible for the establishment of national policy goals and objectives and the appropriate provision of technical and financial assistance to State and local governments. As the Implementing Agency for the IDEAS Project, the Federal Ministry of Education (FME) is responsible for the national coordination of the Project and sub-projects with the participating states and ensures strict compliance with all requirements of the World Bank, especially its Safeguards Policies.

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For this ESMF specifically, the Federal Ministry of Environment shall play the role of lead environmental regulator, overseeing compliance requirements, granting consent and also monitoring or providing supervisory oversight for the IDEAS project and sub-projects. It shall also receive comments from stakeholders, public hearing of project proposals, and convening technical decision-making panel as well as provide approval and needed clearance for EA/EMP or other environmental clearance Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is mandated by the Federal Republic of Nigeria to ensure environmental protection and natural resources conservation for a sustainable development in the country. They promote cooperation in environmental science and conservation technology with similar bodies in other countries and with international bodies connected with the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources. The Ministry also cooperates with Federal and State Ministries, Local Government, statutory bodies and research agencies on matters and facilities relating to the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources.

National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA) The Agency is chiefly responsible for the protection and development of the environmental, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general and environmental technology including liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matter of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. The safeguard responsibilities for the IDEAS are highlighted in Table 9.1 below:

Table 9. 1: Safeguard Responsibilities for IDEAS S/N Category Roles i Federal Government Lead role -provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of draft RAP/EA MDAs report (in liaison with State Ministry of Environment), receiving comments from (Federal Ministry of stakeholders, public hearing of the project proposals, and convening a technical Environment and her decision-making panel, Project categorization for EA, Applicable standards, agencies (Such as Environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation NESREA) process and criteria ii State Government Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land Acquisition and MDAs (Ministry of compensation and other resettlement issues, Lands, Survey and Lead role -provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of draft RAP/EA Urban Development, report (in liaison with Federal Ministry of Environment), receiving comments Ministry of from stakeholders, public hearing of the project proposals, and convening a Environment, etc. technical decision-making panel, Monitoring and evaluation process and criteria. Other MDAs The MDAs applies when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction are likely to be affected by or implicated sub-projects. They participate in the EA processes and in project decision-making that helps prevent or minimize impacts and to mitigate them. These institutions may also be required, issue a consent or approval for an aspect of a project; allow an area to be included in a project; or allow impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions or conditions, monitoring responsibility or supervisory oversight.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework iii World Bank Assess implementation Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance. iv IDEAS PCU Liaise closely with Ministry of Environment in preparing a coordinated response Safeguards Unit on the environmental and social aspects of project development. v Local government Liaising with the PCU to verify adequacy of resettlement location and provide approval for such sites, Providing additional resettlement area if the designated locations are not adequate, Provide necessary infrastructures in relocated areas, engage and encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed sub-projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups. vi CDA (Community Ensure Community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing community Development members; Associations) Consultants, Will work with the PCUs at Federal and State levels, and other stakeholders. Contractors, and Site They are to ensure effective project delivery in a timely, safe and Engineers environmentally sound manner. vii NGOs/CSOs Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively & Providing wide support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, Project impacts and mitigation measure, Awareness campaigns viii The General Public Same as above

The other institutions, on the other hand, come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or implicated in the execution of the project. These institutions are grouped broadly into two – resource based ones and the utility service providers. They all have a significant role and are consulted as appropriate. They participate in the EIA processes and in project decision-making that helps prevent or minimize impacts and to mitigate them. These institutions may also be required: • To issue a consent or approval for an aspect of a sub- project; • To allow impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions or conditions. Furthermore, the institutions may have monitoring responsibility or supervisory oversight during in an area of concern or interest to them during implementation.

9.3.2 State Level Institutions The State level institutions include the PCUs and other relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs). Some relevant agencies include:

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State Environmental Protections Agencies/Authorities (SEPAs) Most states have set up Environmental Protection agencies as the regulatory body to protect and manage the environmental issues in their domain. The functions of the SEPAs include: • Enforcement of all environmental legislations in the states • Minimization of impacts of physical development on the ecosystem • Preservation, conservation and restoration to pre-impact status of all ecological process essential for the preservation of biological diversity. • Protection of air, water, land, forest and wildlife within the state. • Pollution control and environmental health in the state. State Ministry of Education (SMoE) The State Ministry of Education is the state government ministry charged with the responsibility to plan, devise and implement the state policies on Education.

State Ministry of Works (SMW) The Ministry of Works at the State level ensures the construction and maintenance of rural and urban road networks. They are also responsible for the physical development of the States specifically the duties of Planning, Researching, Formulation, Implementation and evaluation and evaluation of policies on roads, electrical and Mechanical installations as well as the acquisition of earthmoving equipment and other machines needed in survey and Civil Engineering works. State Ministry of Lands The major function of the Ministry of Land is to ensure that there is optimal utilization of land resources in their states in order to achieve development. For the IDEAS purpose, the State Ministry of land will provide proper guidelines in acquiring land from the members of the community for the purpose for the work. State Ministry of Information and Communications The State Ministry of Information and Communication will be responsible for dissemination of information that will enhance and facilitate project understanding and acceptance at the level of the state. It will have an idea on the language of the community members and the culture of its indigenous people. The ministry will utilize the use of radios, television media, public awareness campaigns and jingles; going into the communities and informing the people and other communication media to educate the community members on the importance of the IDEAS in their community. This ministry will play a vital role in community involvement mechanism.

9.3.2.1 State Project Coordinating Unit (SPCU) The SA/PCU, as the implementing authority, has the mandate to: • Co-ordinate all policies, programmes and actions of all related agencies in the States

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• Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical programmes • Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities; • Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the sub-projects • Plan, coordinate, manage and develop IDEAS projects to ensure success. • Recommend on policy issues to the Governor including mechanisms for implementation. • Prepare plans for the management and development of IDEAS project. • Facilitate the discussion between PAPs and communities regarding compensation for land acquired for the subprojects micro-projects; • Monitor the project work to ensure that the activities are carried out in a satisfactory manner; • Organize the necessary orientation and training for the departmental officials so that they can carry out consultations with communities, support communities in carrying out RAPs and implement the payment of compensation and other measures (relocation and rehabilitation entitlement) to PAPs in a timely manner; • Ensure that progress reports are submitted to the World Bank regularly 9.3.2.2 PCU Safeguard Units To ensure sustainability in all the IDEAS projects, an Environmental/Social Safeguards Unit that reports directly to the General Manager shall exists. The paramount objective of the Environmental/Social Safeguards unit is to ensure the effective consideration and management of environmental/social concerns in all aspects of IDEAS project, from the design, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of initiatives in the various States. Thus a key function of the Unit is to engender a broad consensus, through participatory methods and extensive dialogue with affected and interested parties, on fair and adequate methods by which rights of way can be cleared of occupants as needed, taking account of international standards for involuntary displacement as incorporated into the World Bank's OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement and environmental compliance with the EA. With this, particular attention is directed at minimizing environmental/social risks associated with the development of sub-project initiatives, as well as the identification and maximization of social development opportunities arising from investments. In the implementation of the IDEAS Project, the Safeguard Unit will be expected to advise on the environmental and social costs/benefits of the different options and audit environmental and social safeguards compliance of sub-projects. The PCU Safeguards Unit will function as an independent unit. For all environmental and social issues, the Safeguard Unit shall work to closely with other relevant MDAs in preparing a coordinated response on the environmental and social aspects of the IDEAS sub- projects. In order to achieve this made, the PCU would have in each State Steering Committee (Board) and a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for coordinating the day to day activities with the relevant line departments.

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Two members of the PCU will be designated as Environmental & Social Officers to oversee the implementation of Safeguard instrument for the ESMF and the RPF as well as any other environmental and social provisions as deemed fit for project implementation as per the regulations of the World Bank and Government of Nigeria and the respective State government. The roles and responsibilities of the Safeguard Specialists (Environmental and Social Officers to anchor environmental and social issues distinctively) are described below

Roles & Responsibilities of Safeguard Specialist • Review all EA / SA Documents prepared by consultants and ensure adequacy under the World Bank Safeguard policies including the OP4.01. • Ensure that the project design and specifications adequately reflect the recommendations of the EIA / ESIA • Co-ordinate application, follow up processing and obtain requisite clearances required for the project, if required • Prepare compliance reports with statutory requirements. • Develop, organize and deliver training programme for the PIU staff, the contractors and others involved in the project implementation, in collaboration with the PCU • Review and approve the Contractor’s Implementation Plan for the environmental measures, as per the ESIA and any other supplementary environmental studies that may need to be carried out by the PIU • Liaise with the Contractors and the PIU / State Implementing agency on implementation of the ESMP / RAP • Liaise with various Central and State Government agencies on environmental, resettlement and other regulatory matters • Continuously interact with the NGOs and Community groups that would be involved in the project • Establish dialogue with the affected communities and ensure that the environmental concerns and suggestions are incorporated and implemented in the project • Review the performance of the project through an assessment of the periodic environmental monitoring reports; provide a summary of the same to the Project Manager, and initiate necessary follow-up actions • Provide support and assistance to the Government Agencies and the World Bank to supervise the implementation Note: Because of the sectoral nature of the IDEAS and anticipated project types, and given the number of safeguard policies, a safeguards manual will be prepared by the proponent.

9.3.3 Community Level and other Institutions This includes direct and other concerned stakeholders/groups. This may have complaints / views that need to be resolved in the choosing and execution of the various sub-projects. 9.3.4 Community Based Organizations (CBO) These are organization based in the communities. Organizations in the community can serve as an inter- phase and can speak for the people. They can communicate to the IDEAS, the intentions and needs of the people and vice versa.

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9.3.5 World Bank The World Bank will assess the implementation of the ESMF and recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance, where need be. The reporting framework, screening procedures and preparation of management and mitigation plans shall be discussed and agreed by the Bank team and PCU during the early part of project implementation. 9.3.6 Consultants, Contractors and Site Engineers The Consultant and Contractor will work with the PCUs and other stakeholders in prompt and effective projects delivery.

9.3.7 Safeguards Manual A Safeguard manual will be prepared in order to enable the IDEAS-PCU, IDEAS-SPCU, Safeguards PCU and implementers of sub-projects, ensure that all sub-project activities comply with environmental and social safeguards requirements of the World Bank. The Environmental and Social Specialists attached to IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE will be responsible for the implementation of the ESMF in close collaboration with the State Ministry of Environment. The environmental and social plan covers ESIAs/ESMPs and the pre-project/project planning process. It is a process that identifies and assesses the potential environmental and social concerns and implications that may arise with the implementation of a project, in order to influence the design and other engineering feasibility options and decisions, for informed and sustainable project development.

- Governor’s provide IMSC policy guideline and oversee projectSMOE progress

State Ministry of

State IDEAS OfficeProject Environment Steering Committee (PSC)

State Ministry of Women STMA State Ministry of State Ministry of State Ministry of SEMA SWMA Physical Planning & Health Affairs Works Urban Development

Department of Public Buildings Department of Urban Renewal - Selection - Selection

Figure 9. 1: ESMF Implementation Arrangement

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Figure 9.1 describes an organogram for the ESMF implementation. Key stages of the EISAs/ESMPs include proposal screening, Scoping, ESIA and mitigation measures, while the pre-project/planning process involves project concept, identification, design and appraisal (See Annex 5 and 6).

9.3 Institutional Arrangements At the participating Pilot States, the IDEAS Project will be implemented by State IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE and monitored by the Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee (IMSC) made up of relevant stakeholders from relevant institutions with IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE managing every day affairs of the entire project. IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE has the responsibility to: • Co-ordinate the IDEAS programs and actions; • Plan, coordinate, manage and develop the various sub-project activities; • Prepare plans for IDEAS Project management and development. The State IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE will liaise with the various levels of the state Government and other identified stakeholders, namely relevant state MDAs, Local Government Council Offices, NGOs/CSOs, and professional groups. The roles and responsibilities of these levels of institutions has already been defined in chapter 5.

9.4 Monitoring of ESMF Implementation This framework is suggesting that State Ministry of Environment be structured into the whole M&E component of the project. This would take the form of giving these Agencies the mandate to carry out independent monitoring of the implementation of the ESMF at periodic intervals of quarterly or half yearly (as circumstances dictate) during the project life. Their report would then be sent to the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, of the FMEnv and will become part of the official documents of the project. In addition to the project reports required, the environmental specialist and social development specialist will prepare a quarterly audit on ESMF implementation. In addition, each sub-project requiring an ESIA / ESMP study will also be required to produce an annual audit report for delivery to the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE.

9.5 Evaluation of Results The evaluation of results of the environmental and social mitigation can be carried out by comparing baseline data collected in the planning phase with targets and post project situations.

9.6 Estimated Budget for Implementing the ESMF To implement the environmental and social management measures as part of the ESMF, necessary budgetary provisions have been made for the individual sub-projects. It is important to identify financial

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resource requirements even if indicative. This ensures upfront appreciation of the financial requirements and allows early planning and budgeting accordingly. Tentative budget for each of the project includes the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices and cost of environmental monitoring. All administrative costs for implementing the ESMF shall be budgeted for as part of the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE’s costing. Table 9.2 below shows an indicative itemization of responsibility for the cost for implementing due diligence in the project. Based on the above mitigation principles the estimated budget for the implementation of the provisions of this ESMF is US$ 833,330 per participating state.

Table 9. 2: Summary of indicative budget breakdown and responsibility per state Cost Estimates In US Dollars Item Responsibility Cost Breakdown (US$) Mitigation Project Proponent / FPCU / 270,000 SPCU / FMEnv / WB Management Project Proponent / FPCU / 10% of Mitigation 27,000 SPCU / FMEnv / WB Cost Capacity Project Proponent / FPCU / 412,500 Building SPCU / FMEnv / WB Monitoring and Project Proponent / FPCU / 15% of Mitigation 40,500 Reporting SPCU Cost Sub- Total 750,000 Contingency 11.12% of Sub- Total 83,330 Total 833,330

9.7 Disclosures of safeguard instruments The ESMF has been prepared in consultation with the National IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, relevant state MDAs, CBOs/NGOs and some community groups. Copies of this ESMF, like other safeguard instruments (such as ESIAs/ESMPs/RAPs) that would be prepared for IDEAS Project and its sub- projects will be made available to the public by the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE. IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE will disclose the ESMF as required by the Nigeria EIA public notice and review procedures as well as the WB’s Disclosure Policy at the WB Website. Copies of other safeguards instruments (such as ESIAs/ESMPs/RAPs) should be disclosed in like manner. Table 9.3 below outlines documents to be disclosed.

Table 9. 3: Typical documents to be disclosed Topics Documents to be Frequency Media disclosed Public Minutes of Formal Public Within two weeks of National IDEAS Project Office Consultation Consultation Meetings Meeting website. State Ministry of Environment Project Implementation Unit

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(IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE ) Local government Secretariat Environment ESMF, Environment and Prior to awarding works State Ministry of Environment Management Social Assessment and State Ministry of Physical Planning and (ESIAs); to remain on website Urban Development, Report & Environment State Ministry of Works and Transport, and Social State Ministry of Health, Management Plans State Emergency Management Agency, (ESMPs); State Waste Management Authority State Ministry of Women Affairs and Poverty Alleviation Project Implementation Unit (IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE) Local government Secretariat . State website.

9.8 Training and Capacity Strengthening Plan Based on the public consultation, the capacity assessment of implementing state level Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) as well as IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE were carried out. The effective functioning of the MDAs is compromised by limited technical skills and resource constraints. Thus, institutional barriers include: • Limited knowledge on Environmental and Social Risk Reduction; • Lack of enforcement of development control regulations; • Limited knowledge on ESIAs and Environmental and Social Audits during construction of drainages and culverts; • Limited monitoring of water quality, data collection; • Limited technical capacity on solid waste management; and • Limited capacity at LGA level on waste collection.

For effective implementation of the ESMF, there will be need for technical capacity in the human resource base of implementing institutions as well as logistical facilitation. Implementers need to identify and understand the environmental and social issues. Appropriate understanding of the mechanisms for implementing the ESMF will need to be provided to the various stakeholders implementing IDEAS Project. To enhance the respective roles and collaboration of the relevant stakeholders, the following broad areas (not limited to) for capacity building have been identified as deserving of attention for effective implementation of the ESMF: • Project prioritization process; • Project Management;

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• Urban Flood Risk Management; • Urban drainage management; • Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA); • Occupational Health and Safety; • Environmental and Social Management Planning (ESMP); • Monitoring and Environmental Audit; • Annual Environmental Report preparation and other reporting requirements; • Public participation techniques Public Hearing Procedure; and • Public awareness creation / educational techniques (on environmental, social and health issues).

Specific areas for effective training and institutional capacity needs are given in Table 9.4 below.

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Table 9. 4: Training programs (Environmental and Social Accountability) Programme / Participants Form of Duration/Location When Training to be Training Training Costs Description Training conducted by who Organizing USD Agency WB Safeguards IDEAS Workshop 2 Working days During project To be discussed WB 15,000 Awareness PROJECT preparatory stage with WB Training of OFFICE , Environmental Ministry of Safeguards Policies Environment, triggered Project Affiliated MDAs WB Social IDEAS Workshop 2 Working day During project To be discussed WB 15,000 Accountability PROJECT preparatory stage with WB System OFFICE , Ministry of Women Affairs and Poverty reduction, Project affiliated MDAs Nigerian IDEAS Workshop 2 Working days During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 25,000 Environmental PROJECT preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, Ministry Guidelines OFFICE , of Environment Introduction to Ministry of Environment Environment, Basic Concept of project affiliated Environment MDAs Environmental Regulations and Statutory requirements as per Government. Environmental IDEAS Workshop 1 Working day During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 5,000 Considerations in PROJECT preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, sub-project OFFICE , Environmental activities: Ministry of Specialist, Environmental Environment, Ministry of components project affiliated Environment affected during MDAs construction and operation stages;

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Environmental management and Best practice; Stakeholder participation Project Training of 1 Working day During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 10,000 Prioritization Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, Process Environmental Specialist, Ministry of Environment Review of EIA and Lecture and 3 Working days IDEAS PROJECT 27,500 its integration into Field visit OFFICE, designs Environmental EIA methodology; Specialist, Environmental provisions Implementation arrangements Preparation of Training of 2 Working days During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 15,000 ESIA, EA and EMP Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, Terms of Reference Environmental / Implementation Specialist, Ministry of Environment Preparation and IDEAS Training of 1 Working day During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 10,000 administration of PROJECT Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, questionnaires and OFFICE, Ministry Environmental stakeholders of Environment, Specialist, consultation / FGD project affiliated Ministry of MDAs Environment Project IDEAS Training of 2 Working days During project Project IDEAS PROJECT 20,000 Management PROJECT Trainers preparatory stage Management OFFICE, (scope, OFFICE , Consultant Environmental implementation, Ministry of Specialist, time, budget, costs, Environment, Ministry of resource, quality, project affiliated Environment procurement, MDAs monitoring and

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework evaluation) Environmental and IDEAS Training of 3 Working days During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 32,500 Social Audits PROJECT Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, OFFICE , Environmental Ministry of specialist, Environment, Ministry of project affiliated Environment MDAs Gender Based IDEAS Training of 4 Working days During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 60,000 Violence / Sexual PROJECT Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, Social Exploitation & OFFICE , Specialist, Ministry of Abuse; Ministry of Environment Decent Work and Environment, Violence Against project Children Training affiliated MDAs Logistic and IDEAS Training of 2 Working days During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 17,500 planning PROJECT Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, OFFICE , Environmental Ministry of specialist, Ministry of Environment, Environment project affiliated MDAs Total 262,500

Training program (Health Impact Assessment) – HIA 10 days Programme/Description Participants Form of Training When Training to be Training Training Costs conducted by who conducting agency USD Overview of HIA IDEAS PROJECT Training of During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 75,000 OFFICE, Ministry Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, Ministry of Health project affiliated MDAs Screening — How to IDEAS PROJECT Training of During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Decide Whether to OFFICE, Ministry Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, State Conduct an HIA of Environment, Ministry of Health project affiliated MDAs Environmental Health IDEAS PROJECT Training of During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT

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Areas OFFICE, Ministry Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, Ministry of Health project affiliated MDAs Scoping — How IDEAS PROJECT Training of During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Comprehensive Should OFFICE, Ministry Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, State the HIA Be of Environment, Ministry of Health project affiliated MDAs Baseline Data — What, IDEAS PROJECT Training of During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT When, and How Much? OFFICE, Ministry Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, Ministry of Health project affiliated MDAs Risk Assessment— IDEAS PROJECT Training of During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Assessing and Ranking OFFICE, Ministry Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, State Impacts of Environment, Ministry of Health project affiliated MDAs Health Action Plan IDEAS PROJECT Training of During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, Ministry Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, Ministry of Health project affiliated MDAs Monitoring and IDEAS PROJECT Training of During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Verification OFFICE, Ministry Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, Ministry of Health project affiliated MDAs Resourcing IDEAS PROJECT Training of During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, Ministry Trainers preparatory stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, Ministry of Health project affiliated MDAs Training Programs Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan (OHSMP) – 10 days Programme / Participants Form of Training When Training to be Training Training Costs Description conducted by who Conducting USD Agency Occupational Health IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT 75,000

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework and Safety(OHS) OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State Leadership of Environment, (Before Ministry of Management project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs Contractors, civil works) Project affected Community representatives Safety performance IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT assessment OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, (Before Ministry of project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs, Contractors civil works) Hazard Analysis and IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Control OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, (Before Ministry of project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs, Contractors civil works) Hazard IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Communication OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State Program of Environment, (Before Ministry of project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs Contractors civil works) Effective Accident IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Investigation OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, (Before Ministry of project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs Contractors civil works) Conducting Health IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT and Safety Audits OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, (Before Ministry of project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs Contractors civil works) Job Hazard Analysis IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, (Before Ministry of project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs Contractors civil works) Occupational Health IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Risk Assessment OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State

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of Environment, (Before Ministry of project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs Contractors civil works) Work Stress Risk IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Assessment OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, (Before Ministry of project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs, Contractors civil works) Electrical safety IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State Fire of Environment, (Before services project affiliated commencement of MDAs, Contractors civil works) Fire Safety IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State Fire of Environment, (Before services project affiliated commencement of MDAs Contractors civil works) Fall protection Plan IDEAS PROJECT Training of Trainers During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, (Before Ministry of project affiliated commencement of Environment MDAs, Contractors civil works) Fleet Safety IDEAS PROJECT During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Management OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, State of Environment, (Before Ministry Works and project affiliated commencement of Transport MDAs Contractors civil works) Disaster IDEAS PROJECT During project Relevant IDEAS PROJECT Management and OFFICE, Ministry initiation stage Consultant OFFICE, SEMA Emergency Planning of Environment, (Before project affiliated commencement of MDAs, Contractors civil works) GRAND TOTAL 412,500

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ANNEXES Annex 1 Assessment of Education Sector History of the Education Sector in Nigeria Formal education in Nigeria began when the first primary school opened its doors in 1843 in Badagry, Lagos. This school was then owned by the Methodist missionaries, marking the first evidence of private sector stimulated delivery of education in Nigeria. Following this, was the flag-off of secondary school education in Nigeria by Christian missionaries with the establishment of the C.M.S Grammar School also in Lagos in 1859. By the year 1914, when both the Northern and Southern Protectorates were amalgamated, there were a total of 59 government and 91 mission primary schools in the South; all 11 secondary schools except for King’s College Lagos were run by Missions. Due to the pressure on the need to have more schools across the Federation, additional schools where created by local efforts in the 1920s to meet these needs. Since then, the private sector’s involvement in education delivery across Nigeria has been on the increase. The various bodies that constitute the major private sector elements involved in providing basic, post-basic and higher education in Nigeria include; private individuals, communities, corporations, foundations and religious bodies. The growing confidence in private schools across Nigeria over the years has been informed by the belief that these schools out-perform their public counterparts particularly in the area of education. Also, owing to the peculiar nature of education in Nigeria, most private schools are known to be consistent with their academic colanders compared with public schools which are known for repeated strikes and unstable time frames. While there is no doubt that the private sector has contributed significantly to the growth of the education sector in Nigeria, it is also a reality that there have been some challenges along the way. The efficiency and effectiveness of private schools across Nigeria is marred by the lack of accreditation and high tuition, as just some of the challenges facing private sector-driven services in education. In Nigeria, basic education typically begins at the age of six. This is comprised of six years of primary school and three years of junior secondary school (JSS); the first nine years of basic education is mandatory. It is equally pertinent to note that achieving Universal Primary Education (UPE), Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 2, may present a major challenge for Nigerian, based on the most recent data from National Bureau of Statistics (2014). The net attendance for primary school in 2014, stood at 68.7% compared with 2012, which was 71%. Similarly, Secondary school net attendance rate was 54.80% and 57.40% in 2012 and 2014 respectively. The primary six Completion Rate was 87.70% in 2012 and by 2014 had declined to 74%. Furthermore, Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds (women) was at 66% in 2012 and increased slightly to 66.70% by 2014.

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Education remains a potent tool for self-reliance and national development in Nigeria. Studies show that education or human development is at the core of every socio-economic development program for any nation. There are a number of challenges that the education sector in Nigeria remains confronted with. These according to the sector operators include academic staff shortages in all areas of the education sector in Nigeria particularly in the critical areas of Science and Technology. In addition to these human capacity gaps, there are also the challenges associated with education quality and insufficient investments to keep pace with Nigeria’s growing school-age population. As at 2010, close to 3 million children aged 6 to 14 years had never attended any school in Nigeria. This represents 8.1% of the population of children within that age group. Also, during the same period, about a million children aged 6 to 14 years dropped out of school. This represents 3.2% of the population of children in that age group that never attended school in Nigeria. Furthermore, there re regional variations as the percentage of the population that attended schools in the year 2010 was higher in urban areas (91.4%) than in rural areas with 80.7%. Also, gender variation still exists in school attendance in Nigeria. In the aforementioned year, females’ attendance stood at 81.2%, lower than that of males’ with 88.1%. As Nigeria strives to improve the quality of education across all levels, it remains pertinent that efforts and opportunities aimed at ensuring better standards of education in Nigeria are fully utilized. In addition to this, while a lot has already been done to revive the sector in recent times, more still needs to be done with regards to ensuring improved funding for the education sector in Nigeria, considering the important role education plays in national development. The education system of Nigeria is based on the National Policy on Education (1977, revised 1999). The system comprises 9 years of basic education (6 years of primary and 3 years of junior secondary education), 3 years of senior secondary, and 4 years of tertiary education. The purpose of basic education is to equip its recipients with basic knowledge and skills to allow them to function as competent and productive citizens in a free society. Education is administered by three branches of government. Primary education is under the control of local governments. Secondary schools fall under the jurisdiction of the state governments except for the “Unity Schools” which are administered by the federal government. Higher education is administered by both the federal and state governments. The education sector in Nigeria constitutes a significant part of the labour force. The total number employed in the education sector was 1,987,742 in 2010. An increase by 3.90% would take its 2011 total to 2,065,225, and by 2012 it had reached a total of 2,227,784 employees, showing an average growth rate of 6.97% within the period.

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Nigerian females made up the largest demographic employment group in the education sector, with a share of 56.59%, 56.26% and 54.70% for 2010, 2011 and 2012 respectively. The ratio of the Nigerian female to the second highest employment group, the Nigerian male, was 0.75, 0.70 and 0.73 in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The average growth rate of Nigerian female employees in the period considered was 8.46%. In 2011, the total number of Nigerian males in the sector increased by only 0.30% from the previous year to reach 816,495, which was 41.10% of the education labour force. In 2012, this group’s number would increase at a much higher growth rate of 14.39%, thereby increasing its share to 40.95% of total employment size for the sector. Non-Nigerian employees made up less than 5.00% of the total employment in the sector, with males making up a considerable greater percentage of the group than females. Males declined by 6.45% in 2011 to 76,807 giving the group a share of 2.47%. However, a further decline of 26.83% in 2012, left the group with a higher share of the total at 4.13%. Non-Nigerian females showed a decline in numbers in 2011 by 31.71%, but would have an increase of 25.02% in 2012 to reach a total of 3,942 employees. Since 2010, the number of students enrolled in the formal education sector has increased significantly. In 2010 the total stood at 25,754,380, which increased by 27.49% to 32,834,449 and by 15.46% to 37,911,596 in 2011 and 2012 respectively, showing an average growth rate of 24.48% for the period. Nigerian males made up a significant portion of the student body, increasing its percentage share each year from 77.55% in 2010 to 83.82% in 2012. Over the period under review, the ratio of Nigerian male students to Nigerian female students, being the second highest group, averaged at 4.5:1. The number of Nigerian male students increased by 59.12% or 11,806,478, between 2010 and 2012. Nigerian female students increased by only 8.43% or 464,058 in the same period. In fact, Nigerian female student numbers increased at an average of only 4.13% for the years considered, while their male counterpart numbers increased at an average of 26.42%. Non-Nigerian student numbers started off in 2010 with relatively high numbers but by 2012, the males would decline by 40.62% while females declined by 41.72% of their 2010 numbers. This decline would also affect their share of total student enrolment numbers, with males going from 0.55% in 2010 to 0.22% in 2012 and females from 0.51% to 0.20% for the same period. In the late seventies and early eighties, the educational system grew rapidly in size at the detriment of its overall quality. Problems imposed by the expansion of the system include lack of capacity for planning and management, limited financial resources, inadequate information and monitoring systems. Inadequate funding has had an impact on the organisation and management of education at all levels. There is also a need for the reconstruction of infrastructure, and an improvement in the quality and standard of all educational programmes.

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The problem of poor infrastructure is evident in dilapidated school buildings and lack of adequate sanitary, water, and boarding facilities. Along with a lack of material resources, this adversely affects the teaching and learning environment. It has been shown that whenever user fees are abolished, enrolment increases and therefore budget and revenue reforms need to be introduced. To counter the adverse effects of increased student-teacher ratios, it is necessary to employ and train more teachers, provide more teaching and learning resources, and rehabilitate/construct new facilities.

Another major problem facing the sector is access which has attracted a lot of attention particularly in recent years. Studies have shown that a major reason why pupils from poor families do not go to school is that their time is of economic importance to the family, either in terms of generating additional income or providing some other form of support to the household. Other reasons are illness and hunger; high cost of schooling arising from examination fees, books and stationery, uniforms, administrative fees, etc; and ignorance of the benefits and relevance of education. Poor quality of education arises from a lack of infrastructure, lack of motivated staff, limited resources, a poor curriculum, poor teaching methods, and lack of relationships between the school, teachers and the wider community.

This has resulted in poor performance in examinations which will inevitably lead to low competency levels and poor contributions to the nation’s development. A detailed survey commissioned by the Federal Government in partnership with UNICEF and the United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) in1997 confirmed that the quality of education offered at the primary school level was low. A few ongoing staff development programs have proved to be effective in improving the level of qualification amongst teachers. However, there is still much needed support in developing such programmes as pre-service training programmes have been criticised for their more theoretical rather than practical approach.

Efforts to improve the sector led to the introduction of the UBE programme by the Federal Government. However, to successfully implement this programme, there is a need for proper planning and management within the sector. Management problems include: inadequate record-keeping, shortage of support and administrative staff, and inadequate budget control mechanisms. In addition, there is the need to establish transparent and democratic funding mechanisms to ensure better financial accountability.

Annex 1A Outline for ESMF report 1 Cover page 2 Table of contents 3 List of acronym 4 Executive summary 5 Introduction 6 Description of sub-project sites 7 Description of environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures for project activities

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8 Institutional Assessment and framework for Environmental Management. 9 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project o including the proposed mitigation measures; o Institutional Responsibilities for Implementation; o Monitoring indicators; o Institutional responsibilities for monitoring and implementation of mitigation; o Summarized table for ESMP including costs o ESMP Training requirements 10 Public Consultation 11 Conclusion and Recommendations 12 Annexes: List of persons / institutions meet

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Annex 2 Environmental and Social Screening (ESS) of sub-projects This stage marks the beginning of the ESIA or ESMP process, which should be initiated as early as possible along with the sub-project planning process after the sub-project is conceived. During this stage, the important functions that need to be performed are: i. Establish the likely study area by identifying broad boundaries for the sub-project; ii. Make a preliminary assessment of the significance of potential environmental impacts, and likely mitigating measures; iii. Identify possible alternatives and the major potential environmental impacts associated with each, as well as the likely corresponding mitigation measures; iv. Estimate the extent and scope of ESIA to be performed, and offer an initial recommendation as to whether a full ESIA is required; v. Estimate the time frame of the ESIA study; vi. Identify the expertise and human resources needed for the ESIA study; and vii. Prepare the terms of reference for the conduct of an initial environmental examination. The value of conducting environmental and social screening at the early conception and planning phase of a development project is to provide useful technical input to the project team for their planning and budgeting, thereby eliminating the possibility of costly remedial environmental work and delays caused by problems with adverse environmental damage. Such early input on environmental considerations also provides useful information that helps the project team to gain government approval and win public acceptance. The environmental and social screening process considers the following aspects in the recommendation: project type, environmental and social setting, and magnitude and significance of potential environmental and social impacts. Some of the typical questions asked in the environmental and social screening process are outlined in the figure in the next page

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Requires full Environmental Impact New Construction Yes Assessment, Management and Monitoring Plan

Is the sub-project within/around: No - Area of significant social impacts? Potentially Significant Impact - Steep slope and other fragile areas? - Cultural heritage sites? - Swamp/wetland areas? - Areas surrounding reservoirs? Yes Major Rehabilitation/Expansion Yes Field Study - Spring and water supply areas? e.g expansion - Biodiversity Protection areas?

No Significant Impact

Environmental Management and Environmental Monitoring Plan No

Special cases of minor improvement on existing Consultation should be held with ongoing schools in sensitive areas should be dealt with on No sectoral environmental management case-by-case basis plan, environmental management action and standard operating procedures

Minor Rehabilitation/Upgrading Yes Implementation of standard operating e.g repairs etc procedures to mitigate environmental impacts

Annex Figure 1: Typical Environmental Screening Procedure

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Standard Format for Screening Report 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1.1. Overview of the study area 1.2. List of Selected Schools 2. PROJECT-SPECIFIC SCREENING (FOR EACH SUB-PROJECT): 2.1. Existing infrastructure 2.2. Proposed Works 2.3. Estimated Cost 2.4. Summary of Environmental and Social Issues 2.4.1. Land Resources 2.4.2. Hydrology and Water Resources 2.4.3. Air and Noise 2.4.4. Biological Resources 2.4.5. Socio-Economic and Cultural 2.4.5.1. Population 2.4.5.2. Employment and Other Benefits 2.4.5.3. Resettlement 2.4.5.4. Other site-specific issues 2.5. Environmental Screening Category 2.6. Applicable Safeguard Policies 3. ESMP ACTION PLAN 4. ATTACHMENTS 4.1. Maps 4.2. Photos 4.3. Location and Administrative Maps 4.4. Environmental and Social Checklist

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Annex Table 1: Environmental and Social Checklist for Screening Report Local Government: Ward: Date: School Name: Address:

Issue Degree* Comment Land Resources Worksite/Campsite Areas Excavation Areas Disposal Areas Others

Water Resources & Hydrology Sources of Water for Construction Drainage Issues Others

Biological Resources Special Trees/Vegetation around Protected Areas directly affected Others

Air Quality & Noise Special issues (e.g. quiet zone for hospital) Residential Areas

Socio-Economic & Cultural Involuntary Resettlement** Graveyards and Sacred Areas affected Cultural Resources Population affected/provided access Others

*Degree: N = Negligible or Not Applicable L = Low M = Moderate H = High

**If yes, indicate # of persons likely to be affected and nature of the effect

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Annex 3 Standard Format for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.1. Overview of the Local Government where the school are located 1.2. List of Selected Schools 1.3. Environmental Screening Category 2 POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 3 SCHOOL - SPECIFIC ESMPs (FOR EACH SCHOOL): 3.1. Location 3.2. Proposed Works 3.3. Estimated Cost 3.4. Baseline Data 3.4.1. Land Resources 3.4.2. Hydrology and Water Resources 3.4.3. Air and Noise 3.4.4. Biological Resources 3.4.5. Socio-Economic and Cultural 3.5. Potential Impacts 3.5.1. Land Resources 3.5.1.1. Construction Phase 3.5.1.2. Post Construction Phase 3.5.2. Hydrology and Water Resources 3.5.2.1. Construction Phase 3.5.2.2. Post Construction Phase 3.5.3. Air Quality and Noise 3.5.3.1. Construction Phase 3.5.3.2. Post Construction Phase 3.5.4. Biological Resources 3.5.4.1. Construction Phase 3.5.4.2. Post Construction Phase 3.5.5. Socio-Economic and Cultural 3.5.5.1. Construction Phase 3.5.5.2. Post Construction Phase 3.6. Analysis of Alternatives 3.7. Mitigation Measures 3.7.1. Construction Phase 3.7.2. Post Construction Phase 3.8. Monitoring and Supervision Arrangements 3.9. Summary ESMP Table 4 ATTACHMENTS 4.1. Photos 4.2. Summary of Consultations and Disclosure 4.3. Others

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Annex 4 Guidance on Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) by Project Phases Implementing Monitoring Phases Issue/Potential Impact Mitigation Measure(s) Cost Responsibility Responsibility Design Impacts on physical Consider the impact of the construction activities Design Consultant PIC To be Phase environment: air quality, on the physical environment for the design of determined hydrology, waste, soils, civil works noise Impact on Air Quality: Bid document will include requirement to ensure: Design Consultant PIC To be Emission of dust and - Adequate watering for dust control determined other pollutants - Prohibition of open burning - Ensure stockpile of materials are properly secured - Proper unloading/storage of construction materials - On-site mixing of materials in shielded area - Equipment and materials to be properly covered during transportation. Noise impact Bid document to include requirement to ensure: Design Consultant ESMU/PIC To be - Noise silencers be installed on all exhaust determined system - Use of ear plugs for construction workers - Equipment placed as far as possible from sensitive land users. Impact on hydrology: The contract document should specify: Design Consultant ESMU/PIC To be Degradation of surface - use of good engineering practice during determined water quality construction, including adequate supervision - Minimal water usage in construction area - Minimal soil exposure time during construction - Minimal chemical usage (lubricants, solvents, petroleum products. Alteration of surface Contract document to include requirement to Design Consultant ESMU/PIC To be drainage ensure: determined - installation of adequately sized drainage

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Implementing Monitoring Phases Issue/Potential Impact Mitigation Measure(s) Cost Responsibility Responsibility channels - stabilization of slopes to avoid erosion Waste generation and Contract document to include requirement to Design Consultant ESMU/PIC To be disposal (solid/ ensure: determined oily/hazardous) - Provision of waste management plan. - Proper handling and disposal /recycling of oily waste Impact on Soil: Contract document to include requirement to Design Consultant ESMU/PIC To be Increased soil erosion ensure: determined - Use of less erodible materials, - Lined down-drains to prevent erosion Socioeconomic Impact: - Avoid the creation of congested and unsafe Design Consultant ESMU/PIC To be Disruption during work- road conditions at intersections and in determined demand for local villages or cities. infrastructure increase Disruption to traditional - Ensures access to homes, businesses, other Design Consultant ESMU/PIC To be lifestyles and other key services determined services Constructi Impact on Air Quality: - Periodically use water to spray areas under Contractor, ESMU/PIC To be on Emission of dust and construction Supervising determined other pollutants - Construction workers to wear face masks consultant and gloves - Ensure that all equipment and materials loaded on trucks are covered during transportation Noise Impact - Noise standards to be enforced to protect Contractor, ESMU/PIC To be construction workers Supervising determined - Ensure that silencers are installed on all consultant exhaust systems. - Ear plugs to be worn by construction workers - Turn off construction equipment when not in use

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Implementing Monitoring Phases Issue/Potential Impact Mitigation Measure(s) Cost Responsibility Responsibility Impact on hydrology: - Use good engineering practice during Contractor, ESMU/PIC To be Degradation of surface construction Supervising determined water quality - Ensure wastewater from cleaning of consultant equipment is not disposed of in water course. - Wastewater should be collected and treated suitably before being disposed of in water courses. - Ensure minimal use of water in construction area - Minimal soil exposure time during construction Alteration of surface - Install adequately sized drainage channels Contractor, ESMU/PIC To be drainage - Ensure stabilization of slopes to avoid Supervising determined erosion consultant Solid waste generation - Ensure all waste earth and materials Contractor, ESMU/PIC To be and disposal associated with construction activities are Supervising determined disposed land without prior consent of PPT. consultant - Daily life rubbish and waste materials associated with construction activities should be daily collected and disposed of in suitable approved dumpsites. - Ensure that solid wastes are not disposed of in water courses. Poor sanitation at sites - Provide adequately located and maintained Contractor ESMU/PIC latrines Accidental spill of toxic - Design and implement safety measures Contractor ESMU/PIC material/oil - Provide an emergency plan to contain accidental spill Impact on Soil: - Avoid erosion of cuts and fills by providing Contractor, ESMU/PIC Increased soil erosion proper drainage, Supervising - Lined down-drains to prevent erosion Consultant

Impact on vegetation - Replanting of land within project area. Contractor, ESMU/PIC

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Implementing Monitoring Phases Issue/Potential Impact Mitigation Measure(s) Cost Responsibility Responsibility Supervising Consultant Health and Safety Impact - Ensure adequate health facility systems are Contractor, ESMU/PIC in place on-site to deal with influx of Supervising temporary workers. Consultant - Ensure use of nets, insect repellent and other malaria preventive measure for workers on site. - Health education about STDs should be introduced. - Training of construction crew and supervisors on health and safety guidelines - Personal protective equipment to be worn by all workers Socioeconomic Impact: - Avoid or reduce loss of property Contractor Supervising To be Loss of property - Avoid land where farmers will be displaced. Consultant/ESMU determined

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Annex 5 Federal Guidelines for EIA Process The process for undertaking ESIA and other forms of environmental assessment in Nigeria is presented in the EIA Decree No. 86 of 1992. The Federal Government of Nigeria enacted the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) No. 86 of 1992 as a demonstration of her commitment to Rio declaration. Prior to the enactment of EIA act in Nigeria, project appraisals were limited predominantly to feasibility studies and economic – cost – benefits analysis. Most of these appraisals did not account for environmental costs, public opinion, and social and environmental impacts of development projects.

EIA ACT No.86 of 1992 The EIA Act gave the Federal Ministry of Environment the implementing mandate and requires that the process of EIA be mandatory applied in all major development projects right from the planning stage to ensure that likely environmental problems, including appropriate mitigation measures to address the inevitable consequences of development are anticipated prior to project implementation and addressed throughout the project cycle. The EIA Act stipulates that all Agencies, Institutions (whether public or private) except exempted by the Act, shall, before embarking on proposed projects, apply in writing to The Federal Ministry of Environment so that subject activities can be quickly identified and allow for the conduct of environmental assessment(s) as the activities are being planned. The Act made provision for all stakeholders (agencies, public, experts, NGOs, communities, etc) to be notified, consulted and or given the opportunity to make comments on the EIA of a project prior to approval or disapproval. The objectives of the EIA Act of 1992 among others include: • The establishment of the environmental effects of proposed activities before a decision is taken to embark upon them. • Promotion of the implementation of appropriate policy in all Federal land, states, and Local Government Area consistent with all laws and decision making process through which these goals in (1) above may be reached. • It encourages the development of procedures for information exchange, notification and constitution between organs and persons when proposed activities are likely to have significant effects on boundary or trans – state or on the environment bordering towns and villages.

Minimum content of an ESIA study

Section 4 of the EIA Act specifies the minimum content of an EIA to include the following; • A description of the proposed activities; • A description of the potential affected environment, including detailed information necessary to identify and assess the environmental effects of the proposed activities; • A description of the practical activities; • An assessment of the likely or potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed activity and the alternatives, including the direct or indirect, cumulative, short-term and long- term effects; • An identification and description of measures available to mitigate negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed activity and assessment of those measures; • An indication of gaps in knowledge and uncertainty, which may be encountered in computing the required information;

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• An indication of whether the environment of any state or local government areas outside Nigeria is likely to be affected by the proposed activity or its alternatives; and • A brief and non-technical summary of the information provided under the above listed paragraphs.

EIA procedural guideline in Nigeria After the dissemination of the EIA Act 86 in 1992, the Federal Ministry of Environment (formerly called FEPA) came up with the EIA Procedural Guideline and Sectoral Guidelines for some Nigerian Economic sub-sectors. The EIA Procedural Guideline contains a list of steps which when carefully followed shall result in better project planning and a streamlined decision making process. These steps include, brief descriptions of the project environment and process, legal framework, identified impacts etc. These steps are; • Project proposal; • Initial environmental examination (IEE) / preliminary assessment; • Screening; • Scoping; • EIA study; • Review; • Decision making; and • Monitoring, and Auditing.

EIA Sectoral guideline in Nigeria The sectoral Guidelines provide sector-specific guide for preparation of EIA reports. Sectoral guidelines have been developed for the following sectors. 1. Oil and Gas, including petroleum refining, petrochemical industry pipelines, on-shore, offshore exploration and drilling etc. 2. Infrastructures – including airports, construction, harbours, construction and expansion, railways highways, etc 3. Industries – including all other manufacturing industries, besides those in the oil and gas sector. 4. Agriculture - all agricultural practices including land clearing, afforestation projects, etc. 5. Mining – including solid minerals prospecting and exploration.

In practice, sectoral guidelines: • are most useful in the early stages of an environmental assessment when ToR for the ESIA are unavailable or are being prepared; • help with impact identification and in the development of detailed TOR for conducting an ESIA; • provide guidance on how to present information in the proper format to aid in review; and • provides useful information against which to evaluate the actual results of the ESIA.

ESIA Studies / Report Preparation ESIA studies and report preparation are the responsibilities of the project client. In the course of preparing an EIA Report of a proposed sub-project, all stakeholders should be consulted. The objective of such consultation is to identify early in the ESIA process, the worries of stakeholders regarding the impacts of the proposed sub-project in order to address such issues during the actual study and to reflect such comments in the sub-project’s ESIA report.

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ESIA Review Process To establish the type of review to be adopted, a draft ESIA report should be submitted to the State Ministry of Environment and also the Federal Ministry of Environment by a client for evaluation. There are different forms of reviews, depending on the nature, scope, anticipated impact, risks, etc that may arise in project planning and implementation, and an ESIA report may be subject to any or a combination of these reviews. The various types of review are an in-house review, public review, panel review and mediation. In – House Review In order to assess how far issues raised in the Terms of Reference (ToR) have been addressed and to determine if the draft ESIA reports are suitable for public review (if necessary), all draft ESIA reports forwarded to the Ministry are reviewed in-house. If the in-house review finds that the issues in the report do not merit putting it on public display, the review process may be terminated at the in-house review stage. Some projects (e.g. those that fall under Category III of the EIA Act) may be recommended for approval by the Ministry’s In-House Panel of Experts.

Public Review (Public Display) The provisions of Section 25 of the EIA Act states that, ‘interested members of the public are given the opportunity to participate in the ESIA review process through comments on project reports that are put on display’. Displays are usually done for a 21 working day period at strategic locations. Notices of such venues of display are usually published in the National and relevant State daily newspapers and information about such display are complemented with further announcements on the relevant state electronic media. Often times, the venues of displays include the Local Government Headquarters, where a project is located, the State Ministry of Environment or Environmental Protection Agency(s), The Federal Ministry of Environment. Comments received from the display venues are forwarded to the Federal Ministry of Environment Headquarters as well as the State Ministry of Environment for collation and evaluation preparatory to the Review Panel meeting for the project.

Review Panel After the public display exercise, The Federal Ministry of Environment and State Ministry of Environment may decide to set up a review panel to review the draft ESIA report depending on the sensitivity or significance of the comments received. The review panel meetings are held in the public so that stakeholders can utilize this opportunity to put forward their views and concerns for consideration. The choice of members of the review panel depends on the type of project, its scope as well as the ecosystem to be affected. However, the Chairman of the affected Local Government(s) and the Commissioner of Environment of the project location are always included in the Panel.

Mediation Projects that are likely to cause significant negative effects that are immitigable, or of public concerns are referred to Federal Ministry of Environment Ministerial council for subsequent referral to mediation. For a mediation to be set up, Ministerial Council would have been convinced that the parties involved are willing to participate in the mediation and to abide by its decisions.

ESIA Approval After the submission of a satisfactory final ESIA report, the Federal Ministry of Environment and State Ministry of Environment could decide to set a number of conditions for the approval of the implementation of the project. Such conditions usually include a statement that mitigation measures highlighted in the projects ESIA report shall be complied with.

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Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) The following are the objectives of an ESIA Impact mitigation monitoring: ▪ Check that mitigation measures are implemented as appropriate; ▪ Determine whether environmental changes are as a result of project developments and/or natural variation; ▪ Monitor emissions and discharges at all stages of project development for compliance with regulatory standards; ▪ Compare effluent quality/quantity with design specifications and statutory standards; ▪ Determine the effectiveness of Environmental Management Plans, Environmental Monitoring Plans and especially the mitigation measures to predicted impacts and to also act as a feedback mechanism towards the improvement of the ESIA Evaluation and Approval process; ▪ Determine duration of identified impacts; ▪ Create a data bank for future development of predictive tools.

The Legal requirements for Impact Mitigation Monitoring in the EIA process are specified in Sections 16 (c), 17 (2) (c), 37 (c), (1), 40 (1) (a) (2), 41(1) and 41 (2) of the EIA Act as well as Section 11 of the EIA procedural guideline

Environmental Impact Monitoring is designed to monitor the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), and concerns during project operations. It is also designed to ascertain the extent to which commitments contained in EIA reports are reflected during the various phases of project development and operations.

Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) exercises are conducted to assess the degree and effectiveness of the mitigation measures offered in an ESIA report. Hence, relevant documents, in-house monitoring records as they affect the project, the project implementation schedule, as well as all other documents to support the environmental good housekeeping of the project are scrutinized and verified.

In a typical Impact Mitigation Monitoring exercise, the following statutory actions are carried out, ▪ Facility inspection; ▪ Interactive session with project managers on the Mitigation Checklist for the ESIA of that sub-project; ▪ Interview and interaction with the action party responsible for ensuring full implementation of a particular action; ▪ Inspection and Verification of the parameters that shall be monitored to ensure effective implementation of that action; ▪ Check the timing for the implementation of the action to ensure that the objectives of mitigation are fully met; ▪ Interact with project Engineers and Technicians on mitigation measures that are not applicable, or not enforceable or still not practicable in line with good environmental principles with a view to finding out practical alternatives.

At the conclusion of an IMM exercise, a report should be written for the Minister/Head of Department’s approval, after which, necessary suggested corrective measures would be communicated to the client.

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Annex 6 Procedures for determining sub-projects requiring an ESIA Step 1: Screening

To determine the depth of ESIA required, potential impacts in the following areas need to be considered:

 Social issues  Health issues  Protected areas  Cultural heritage  Existing natural resources such as forests, soils, wetlands, water resources  Wildlife or endangered species habitats

Step 2: Scoping

To identify the relevant environmental and social issues, this step determines:

 Level of detail required for the ESIA  Extent of the area to be covered in light of the potential impact zones  Timeframe for the ESIA based on the potential impact zones  Sequencing and scheduling of the various ESIA tasks  Preliminary budgets

Step 3: Preparation of Terms of Reference for Sub-project ESIAs

Based on the screening and scoping results. ESIA terms of reference will be prepared. A local consultant will conduct the ESIA and the report should have the following format:

 Description of the study area  Description of the sub-project  Legislative and regulatory considerations  Determination of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects  Environmental Management Plan  Public consultations process  Development of mitigation measures and a monitoring plan, including cost estimates.

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Annex 7 Description of Baseline Conditions in participating States 7.1 Project Area and Location of Ekiti State Ekiti State, with capital at Ado Ekiti, was created on 1 October 1996 by the military dictatorship led by the late General, Sani Abacha. It was carved out of the old Ondo State, which came out, itself, from the defunct Western State. The State lies between co-ordinates 7°40′N 5°15′E with Kwara State on its northern border, Ondo State to the south, Kogi to the east and Osun State to the west. The population of Ekiti State according to a recent estimate from the National Population Commission is 2,398,957- Male: 1,215,487; Female: 1,183,470. Agriculture is the major economic activity in the State providing up to 90 percent of the gross domestic product of the state. The land in Ekiti is said to be very fertile for agricultural production. Cocoa is the leading cash crop produced in the State with the State reputed to have been the source of well over 40 percent of the cocoa products of the famous cocoa-pyramids of the old Western Region. The State is also known for its forest resources, notably timber. Food crops like yam, cassava, and also grains like rice and maize are grown in large quantities. Notable tourist landmarks adorn the scapes including the famous Ikogosi tourist centre, Ikogosi with its warm spring being the most advanced.

Figure 7.1: Map of Ekiti State Showing Headquarters of the Local Governments Ekiti State is referred to as “The Fountain of Knowledge” due to many illustrious high-level intellectuals that trace their ancestral roots from the State. In fact, Ekiti State is reputed to have produced the highest number of Professors in Nigeria.

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Plate 7.1: Ongoing construction work in Government Technical College, Ado- Ekiti

Plate 7.2: Government Technical College, Ado-Ekiti

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Rehabilitation of Government Technical College, Ado Ekiti under the auspices of the Transformation of Ekiti State Government Technical Colleges into World Class Standard Entrepreneurial Skills Acquisition Centres The main biological, physical and socio-economic characteristics of the state are summarized below.

7.2 Physical Environment of Ekiti 7.2.1 Climate 7.2.2.1 Temperature and Rainfall The climatologically data has been provided by the NIMET for the period between 2011 and 2016. This data is detailed in Table 7.1. Ekiti State enjoys tropical seasons. These are the rainy season (April – October) and the dry season (November – March). Temperature ranges between 24° - 30.7°C with high humidity for the six (6) years climatological data as indicated in the Table 7.1 below. Tropical forest exists in the south while Guinea Savannah occupies the northern part of the state. The dry season is characterised by the dry dusty north-easterly winds known as the Harmattan and the later by the rain-bearing south-westerly winds blowing from across the gulf of guinea dropping its moisture as it gradually moves inland. The total annual rainfall distribution pattern from Table 7.1 shows that it ranges from a minimum of about 0.2mm to a maximum of about 339.6mm. The peak annual rainfall occurred all over the area is April 2013 with a value of 339.6mm, while the minimum values were recorded is widespread drought in the area. The monthly distribution pattern shows the usual annual bi-modal peaks i.e. rainfall peaks twice a year. These periods are June and September. September is the month with the highest rainfall in any of the years while November, December and January are recorded as fairly dry periods. The month of August is often characterised by a drastic drop is precipitation which has often been referred to as the “August Break”, although in reality precipitation may be high in “wet” years.

Table 7.1: 2011 – 2016 Climatological Data of Ekiti State Rainfall (MM) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 0.0 69.1 59.7 77.0 118.6 175.2 143.7 125.6 257.8 213.6 4.3 0.0 2011 35.5 69.9 68.2 155.3 145.3 329.2 207.3 39.3 216.4 256.2 67.1 6.7 2012 58.1 15.1 192.9 339.6 130.1 151.0 193.1 45.4 294.5 116.5 30.1 30.1 2013 14.6 45.5 166.9 205.0 221.2 116.4 130.0 107.5 292.9 253.8 36.3 0.2 2014 23.7 34.2 74.9 35.4 143.4 178.4 45.5 138.0 270.7 204.6 36.7 0.0 2015 0.0 0.8 171.7 142.8 100.6 254.4 80.8 107.6 213.2 130.8 49.2 0.0 2016 AIR TEMPERATURE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 28.7 28.8 28.2 28.0 26.6 25.3 24.9 25.6 24.9 26.4 25.7 2011 27.5 28.4 29.1 28.1 26.8 25.9 24.5 24.0 25.3 26.5 28.1 28.3 2012

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28.8 29.2 29.0 29.3 27.02 26.0 24.8 24.6 25.3 26.0 28.0 27.8 2013 28.2 28.8 28.7 28.1 27.4 26.7 25.5 24.2 25.3 26.3 27.6 28.3 2014 27.8 29.6 29.5 29.4 28.6 24.2 25.7 25.3 25.5 26.7 28.2 27.5 2015 28.6 30.7 29.4 29.3 28.1 26.0 25.5 25.4 25.6 27.1 28.8 28.7 2016 RELATIVE HUMIDITY Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 65 78 79 82 84 87 89 87 84 78 64 2011 60 66 75 78 81 85 88 89 86 82 77 61 2012 56 65 77 79 82 84 87 82 86 81 75 64 2013 65 60 73 77 80 82 86 87 85 83 75 57 2014 66 80 80 79 80 87 92 91 91 87 79 42 2015 50 62 83 83 83 87 89 91 88 84 80 66 2016 Source – NIMET Lagos Station 7.2.2.2 Temperature and Relative Humidity Temperature, sunshine hours and humidity are important parameters in the evaluation of evapotranspiration rates. On the basis of extrapolation from records at the Lagos Meteorological Station, from 28.0-30.7°C, while the minimum ranges from 24.0 – 26.0°C monthly variations, hottest month begin February/March. Relative Humidity records show a minimum in the month of January, gradually rising peak in the month of July and August from the available data evapotranspiration will be highest during the months of December to February when precipitation is minimal. However, based on empirical estimates, the amount of evapotranspiration is not likely to exceed 10% of water volume. The months of July – September remain under high relative humidity which favors lower rate of evapotranspiration. 7.2.2.3 Winds Data collected by the NIMET between 2011 and 2016, and shown in Table 7.2 and graphically (see annex), reflects the position of the area with respect to the dominant south western trade winds. The mean wind speed over the period was 1.92 knots (3.56km/h). The highest wind speed recorded over the period is in August 2013 and the value is 2.9 knots from the west while the least value recorded for wind speed is 1.0 knots from south – west in April 2014.

Table 7.2: Wind Speed and Direction of Ekiti State WIND SPEED Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.3 2011 1.4 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.4 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.7 2012 2.6 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 2013 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 2014 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.9 2015 1.9 1.6 2.0 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.8 2016

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DIRECTION SW W SW SW SW SW SW SW S SE NW 2011 N SW SW SW SW W SW SW S SW SE NW 2012 N SW SW SW SW W SW W W SE W W 2013 SW E SW SW S SW SW SW S S E W 2014 N SW SW SW SW S SW W SW SW W W 2015 N SE SW SW SW SW SW SW SW S S E 2016

7.2.2.4 Air Quality 7.2.2.4.1 Air Sampling for Particulate Matter Particulate Matter (PM) was measured with Haz-Dust Model HD-1100; a high sensitive real-time particulate monitor designed for ambient environment and indoor air quality applications. 7.2.2.4.2 Air Sampling for Gaseous Pollutants Oxides of nitrogen (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ammonia and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in the proposed project area. The various methods of sampling adopted are described below.

Table 7.3: Methods of Sampling Adopted Parameter Sampling Equipment

NOX Measurements NOX concentration was measured as NO2 using an in situ single gas NO2 monitor (MultiRAE Pro Model PGM-6248). SO2 Measurements in situ single gas SO2 monitor (MultiRAE Pro Model PGM-6248) CO Measurements in situ non-integrated single gas carbon monoxide monitor (MultiRAE Pro Model PGM-6248) Ammonia (NH3) in situ non-integrated single gas ammonia monitor (MultiRAE Pro Model PGM-6248) Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) and In-situ MultiRAE gas monitor (MultiRAE Pro Model PGM-6248). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

7.3 Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ekiti State 7.3.1 Population Growth and Distribution According to the population census of 1991, the state had 824,224 males and 804,538 females making a total of 1,628,762. The population structure and distribution in Ekiti state have been affected by the great incidence of migration of Ekiti people to other parts of the country. On the other hand, the state has many migrant farmers from all the south western states and from Kwara, Kogi and Benue states. Most of these farmers, especially from the Yoruba area, cultivate cocoa while others cultivate food crops such as the Igbira that cultivate yam. Some others serve as farm labourers and as tappers of palmwine. The summary of results of 1991 population census and 1996 projection for the local Government Areas is as shown below.

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Table 7.4: The 1991, 1996 and 2006 Population Census projection for LGAs S/N LGA 1991 1996 2006 1 Ado Ekiti 155,122 175,763 313,690 2 Ikole Ekiti 119,796 134,867 170,414 3 Ido/Osi 98,584 110,987 160,001 4 Ijero 95,365 107,353 221,873 5 Irepodun/Ifelodun 110,259 124,830 131,330 6 Ise-Orun 72,699 81,853 113,951 7 Oye 115,244 129.742 137,796 8 Gbonyin 67.978 76,345 147,999 9 Moba 128,427 144,582 145,408 10 Efon 72,269 81,299 87,187 11 Ekiti East 64,851 73,195 138,340 12 Ikere Ekiti 58,612 65,986 148,558 13 Ekiti South 140,183 157,819 165,087 14 Emure 67,711 76,297 94,264 15 Ekiti West 145,003 163,258 179,600

7.3.2 Population structure of Respondents 7.3.2.1 Sex distribution 45% of the respondents were male while 55% were. This is as a result of high percentage of traders which are mostly female along the project corridor.

7.3.2.2 Age distribution of the respondents The respondents to the interview were from age 17 upwards. 2% of the respondents were from 17-20 years, 24% of the respondents were within the age of 21-30 years, 37% of the respondents were within the age of 31-40 years, 14% of the respondents were within the age of 41-50 years and 20% of the respondents were within the age of 50 and above. 7.3.2.3 Marital status of the respondents 76.53% of the respondents were married, 18.78% were single, 3.12% were widowed and only 0.16% were separated while 1.41% did not respond 7.3.2.4 Educational Background 38.2% of the respondents completed secondary school while 33.96% of the respondents had postsecondary education. 9.86% of the respondents had other educational background and 7.8% completed primary school while 1.3% did not complete primary school and 2.03% had no former education. Only 0.78% had a quranic education background while 6.1% did not respond to the question. Nevertheless, lager percentage of the respondents had basic educational background due to the nature of the Ekiti people. 7.3.2.5 Religious affiliation 83% of the respondents to the questionnaire are Christians, only 16% are Muslims while 1% did not disclosed their religious affiliation. Christians are dominant in the study area with very few Muslims. 7.4 Water and Electricity Supplies The provision of water to the state dated back to 1953 at Efon Alaaye, Okemesi in 1960 and Ado- Ekiti water scheme in 1961. Apart from these three aforementioned set of schemes other 6 schemes

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework have been added at various time to supply water to both the rural and urban centres of the state under the supervision of the state water corporation. Over time, there has been incremental improvement in the provision of potable water and electricity in Ekiti State. This is the result of the activities of Ekiti State Water Corporation and, in the past, DFRRI and PTF. The State Water Corporation has connected all major urban centres, and even villages, to different water schemes in the state. The main water scheme is the Ero River Water Project which serves over sixty – two towns and villages. The Ose River Water Supply Project also supplies potable water to Ekiti East and Ikere LGAs. There is also the Efon Alaaye water scheme which caters for the western side of the state. Many boreholes and deep well schemes have been completed in urban and rural areas especially by DFRRI and some Local Governments. PTF also contributed to this by sinking boreholes in some higher institutions. 7.5 Topography and Drainage of Ekiti State Ekiti State is mainly an upland zone rising above 250 meters above the sea level. It lies within the area underlain by metamorphic rocks of basement complex. It has a generally undulating land surface with a characteristic landscape that consists of old plains broken by steep-sided out crops dome rocks that may occur singularly or in groups or ridges. The relief of Ado-Ekiti is relatively low with isolated hills and inselbergs that are dome-shaped. The State is mainly an upland zone, rising over 250 meters above sea level. It lies on an area underlain by metamorphic rock. It is generally an undulating part of the country with a characteristic landscape that consists of old plains broken by step-sided out-crops that may occur singularly or in groups or ridges. Such rocks out-crops exist mainly at Aramoko, Efon-Alaiye, Ikere-Ekiti,Igbara-Odoekiti and Okemesi-Ekiti. The State is dotted with rugged hills, notable ones being Ikere-Ekiti Hills in the south, Efon-Alaiye Hills on the western boundary and Ado-Ekiti Hills in the centre.The State enjoys tropical climate with two distinct seasons. These are the rainy season (April–October) and the dry season (November–March). Temperature ranges between 21° and 28 °C with high humidity. The south westerly wind and the northeast trade winds blow in the rainy and dry (Harmattan) seasons respectively. Tropical forest exists in the south, while savannah occupies the northern peripheries 7.6 Hydrology and Hydrogeology of Ekiti State The drainage system over the areas of Ekiti State basement complex is usually marked with the proliferation of many small stream channels. The channels of these smaller streams are dry between November and May. Because of the geomorphology, the State serves as the watershed and source region for many rivers that flows into the Atlantic Ocean. These rivers include Ogbese, Ero, Ose and Oni. Another important aspect of the relief of Ekiti State is the prevalence of erosion gullies along hill slopes and valleys. The main source of groundwater in the State is the weathered basement and

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework fracture zones. Exploitation of groundwater which is structurally controlled and restricted to a depth of 50-70m. Extensive geophysical surveys are usually required to delineate the fracture zones 7.7 Watershed Description of Ekiti Ado-Ekiti has two erosion surfaces separated by a scrap in the North West and by the steep faces of massed inselberg in the south west. The lower erosion surface is a gently undulating to flat plain which occurs at elevation of 335 meters to 400 meters above sea level. It is essentially a pediment surface, which has developed across the weathering profile of the less resistant migmatite-gneiss complex. The upper erosion surface occurs at elevations of 530 meters to 730 meters above sea level. It is present only in the western and south western parts of the town, where it forms the watershed between the south-flowing River Ogbese and Owena and the north flowing River Ero and Oge. 7.8 Geology (Rock type) of Ekiti The geology of Ado-Ekiti belongs to the basement complex (igneous rock) rock of South Western Nigeria. Major lithiological rock units are basically crystalline basement rocks. The rock is generally even textured and homogenous with mineral aggregates mainly of biotite and feldspar phenocryst.

The superficial deposits are clay, quartzite rumbles and fine sand (SiO2). The clay is believed to have be formed from the weathering of feldspar mineral present in charnockitic rocks due to alteration of igneous rocks by hydrothermal process and the quartzite rumbles due to high degree of cyclic weathering. 7.9 Land use and Terrestrial Ecology of Ekiti Ekiti State receives more than 1,500 mm of rainfall annually which can sustain plants for 270 to 365 plant growing days. The zone is found at low latitudes north and south of the equator. Soils in this zone include Ferralsols (Oxisols), Acrisols (Ultisols) and Luvisols (Alfisols), the last of which are commonly encountered at the forest-savannah boundary. Vegetation consists of rain forest and derived savannahs with natural vegetation dominated by tall, closed forest which may be evergreen or semi-deciduous and which is often floristically rich. The herbaceous vegetation often contains large amounts of the major nutrients. 7.10 Biological Environment of Ekiti State 7.10.1 Vegetation As indicated under climate, the expected climax vegetation is the evergreen high forest composed of many varieties of hardwood timber, such as a proceraTerminalia superba, Lophir, Khivorensis, Meliciaexcelsaand Antiarisafricana. It can therefore be stated that the state is covered by secondary forest. To the northern part, there is the forest savanna mosa. This is a woody savanna featuring such tree species as Blighiasapida, Parkiabiglobosa, Adansoniadigitata and Butyrospermumparadoxover most of the state, the natural vegetation has been very much degraded as a result of human activities, the chief of which is bush fallow farming system.

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As a result of the degradation of the natural forest, exotic trees have been introduced as forest plantations. The exotics introduced include Tectonagrandis (teak) and Gmelinaarborea. Teminaliasuperba, a native species is also cultivated. All these cultivated trees now replace the natural vegetation of the forest reserves, as exemplified in Ikere and ljero forest reserves. 7.10.2 Soil Health and Ecosystem of Ekiti State The various threats to soil health and ecosystem services in the state include: (1) erosion by water or wind; (2) loss of soil organic matter; (3) soil nutrient depletion; (4) loss of soil biodiversity; (5) soil contamination; (6) soil acidification; (7) salinization and sodification; (8) waterlogging; and (9) compaction, crusting and sealing/ capping (Mabogunje, 1995; Oldeman, 1991; Meadows and Hoffman, 2002; World Bank, 1997; IFPRI, 1999). Water erosion: This is the most widespread soil degradation type in Ekiti State. Water erosion increases on slopes where vegetation cover is reduced due to deforestation, overgrazing or cultivation that leaves the soil surface bare. It is further aggravated where there has been a loss of soil structure or infiltration rates have been reduced. EDO STATE With capital at Benin city, the state is one of the two states that was created out of the defunct Bendel State on 27 August 1991 under the General Ibrahim Babangida led military dictatorship. The other State is Delta State. The State lies roughly between longitude 6o04lE and latitude 5o44lN and 7o34lN of the equator. Its landmass of about 17,802km2 is bounded on the south by Delta State, on the west by Ondo State, to the by Kogi State while the eastern end is taken up by the boundaries of Kogi and Anambra States. The population of the Edo State according to the National Population Commission is 3,233,366- (Male 1,633,946; Female: 1,599,420). Agriculture is the predominant occupation of the people. Major cash crops produced in the State include rubber, cocoa, palm produce. In addition, the State produces crops such as yams, cassava, rice, plantain, guinea-corn and assorted fruits and vegetables.

Figure 7.2: Map of Edo State

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The main biological, physical and socio-economic characteristics of the state are summarized below. 7.11 Physical Environment of Edo State 7.11.1 Climate The climate of the Edo State is characteristic of the humid tropics with seasonal winds. According to the Koppen classification system, Edo State (and the study Area) is situated in the Tropical / Megathermal climate. More specifically the study area is primarily located in the Tropical Monsoon (AM) climate but straddles the Tropical wet and dry climate (AW), climate where rainfall is a key climatic variable. The two key air masses are the dry tropical continent air mass originating from Sahara in the north, and the moist tropical originating from the Atlantic ocean in the South. The two air masses are separated by an inter Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) zone. This zone is characterized by high levels of rainfall which move north and South with the seasonal movements of the sun. Regional Geology Benin City falls within the Niger Delta geological environment. The regional geological sequence is composed of the Quaternary to recent sediments (alluvium) and tertiary Formations. The tertiary Formations, from the bottom, are composed of the shalyAkata Formation, the Agbada Formation and the Benin Formation otherwise known as the Coastal Plain Sands. Description of the Atmospheric Condition of the study Area Both the long-term and the field observation climatic conditions of Edo State are discussed in this section. Its air quality status and the ambient noise conditions are also presented for discussion.

7.11.2 Relative Humidity The mean relative humidity of the study area ranges between 75 and 90% using a 30-year climatic data from NIMET (Figure 6.3) with the mean monthly level indicating June through September as wettest and December through March as driest. The relative humidity range 54.5 – 92.5% with an average of 67.6% obtained during the study (Table 7.5) agrees with the climatic data.

82 80 78 76

Humidity Humidity (%) 74 72 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 7.3: Thirty years (1985-2014) Relative Humidity in Edo State (NIMET, 2016)

7.11.3 Air Temperature The minimum air temperatures in the proposed project area are 22.2-24.0oC with a mean of 23.1oC while its maximum levels are 28.3-31.6oC with an average of 31.6oC (Figure 7.4). The highest air

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temperature occurs between January and March while the lowest is between June and August. The period of the highest air temperature falls in the dry season of the area and the lowest air temperature are observed to be in the wet season of the year. The lowest temperature during the wet season is attributed to the depletion of incoming solar radiation of greater cloud cover. During the field study, the measured air temperature was 27.2-36.4oC with an average of 33.3oC which agree with the temperature variation of the study area as expressed by the climatic data. Table 7.5: Monthly Annual Rainfall Variations in Benin from 1984-2014 in mm Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 1984 0 45.8 87.3 59.3 120.4 134.1 223.8 181.8 235.2 154.8 4.4 2.4 1249.3 1985 8.7 16 110.5 33.2 173.4 202.5 244.3 305.2 197.9 147.5 106.1 0 1545.3 1986 5.6 45.1 109.6 52.3 162.7 65.1 214.2 117.7 222.3 166.5 67.3 0 1228.4 1987 0.8 79.5 100.2 112.5 151.4 217 269.5 722.5 348.1 299.8 39.9 Trace 2341.2 1988 7 70.9 155.8 136.5 168 227 392.2 191.2 445.4 273.2 23.3 58.6 2149.1 1989 0 25.8 66.1 152 140.4 342 279.2 427.8 157.3 365.1 14.2 Trace 1969.9 1990 19.6 18.8 28.8 256.8 181.4 204.1 350.3 616.5 296.9 298.9 33.7 168.6 2474.4 1991 Trace 58.1 123.5 386.3 196.7 207.2 656.2 382.6 268 247.9 39.2 11.9 2577.6 1992 Trace 0.2 41.4 222.7 240 335.8 515.9 76.4 256.3 292.2 35.6 Trace 2016.5 1993 Trace 9.1 135 95.4 198.2 208.8 191.4 433.7 257.6 174.2 108.1 48.6 1860.1 1994 27.5 14.6 111.4 149.8 327.9 351.3 445.3 461.4 391.8 204.5 47 0 2532.5 1995 Trace 50.6 165.4 215.2 226.9 286.2 383.8 580.8 383.3 124.7 124.7 9.1 2669.8 1996 7 92.6 188.2 298.3 322.2 291.1 182.3 392.3 476 292.7 5.6 1.1 2549.4 1997 75.3 Trace 104 230.9 305.3 203.3 285 160.2 222.9 338.4 176.6 98.9 2200.4 1998 44.1 1.8 104.6 104.8 214.6 214.4 412.3 232 396 244 58.8 42 2069.4 1999 86.3 64.4 98.3 119.6 161.7 99.5 412.3 232 396 472.5 97.8 9.4 249.8 2000 4 73 60.8 170 192 413.7 294.7 237.9 345 351.4 49 48.7 2240.2 2001 18.8 10.1 119.3 394.3 398.1 364.3 216 137.4 357.1 183 82.6 3.9 2284.9 2002 0 115 163.5 278.1 199.4 344.9 411.3 491.8 294.8 149.5 101 9.9 2559.5 2003 33.9 13.7 172 169.8 227.1 187.6 177.1 142.1 398.3 338.1 57.3 26.3 1943.3 2004 28.3 68.4 118.9 250.7 448.9 288 403 297.6 299.8 94.3 1.6 25.4 2324.9 2005 0 9.8 182.7 117.6 95.5 450.2 458.8 97 207.6 333.2 40 20.1 2012.5 2006 33.1 22.3 146 117.1 394 240.2 462.4 359.2 334.4 217.8 32 0.0 2358.5 2007 0 126 91.6 183.5 350.3 373.4 317.4 306 453.8 268.5 167.6 18.5 2656.8 2008 10.3 8.8 146 204.5 202.9 272.9 414.6 319.7 745.8 241.9 95.4 7.2 2670 2009 14.6 125 69.8 151.8 330.5 171.8 192.2 239 281.3 342.9 161 23 2102.5 2010 15.5 99.8 55.3 321.5 158.4 212.6 199.6 532.7 608.7 267.4 306.5 49.2 2827.2 2011 0 78.2 84.3 322.4 353.5 433.6 551.6 502.5 410.1 277.6 50.2 0 3064 2012 47.2 54.1 74.8 168.3 383.6 547.4 394.3 171.3 255.5 285.2 187.9 18.9 2588.5 2013 15.4 61.8 126.2 202.2 322.2 255.6 390 146.3 564 338.8 105.8 60.1 2588.4 2014 10.9 48.8 109.3 104.2 237 146 333.9 201.4 340.2 256 101.9 0.1 1889.7 Total 514 1508 3451 5782 7585 8292 10675 9696 10847 8162 2522 761.9 69794.4 Source: NIMET Lagos Synoptic Station Report, 2016

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40

30

20 Tmin

10 Tmax Temperature(oC) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 7.4: Thirty years (185-2014) Air Temperature in the Study Area (NIMET, 2016)

Rainfall Monthly annual rainfalls recorded in Benin are given in Table 7.6. Annual average rainfall in Benin was measured as 2258.3mm (see Table 7.6) while the maximum and minimum monthly rainfall was measured as 349.9mm and 19.0mm for September and January respectively (see also Table 7.6). There is a relative non-occurrence of rainstorms in January, February, November and December (see Table 7.6). The monthly average rainfall from 1984 – 2014 in Benin was measured as 188.2 mm whereas the maximum and minimum annual rainfall was measured as 255.3mm and 102.4mm for 2011 and 1986 respectively (see Table 7.5). The double maxima characteristic of the rainfall regime is also evidence showing the break in August. The frequencies rose to a peak in July, decline to a low in August and rose to another peak in September (see Table 7.5 and Figure 7.5). Thus, rainfall is only meaningful if it is compared to the infiltration capacities of receiving soils. The relationship shows the proportions of rainstorms that really end up as soil moisture and those that run-off. For the Benin region, the average rainfall intensity per storm is estimated at 18.0mm h-1 (Oguzie and Okhagbuzo, 2010). This is significantly lower than 25mm h-1 considered as a threshold level at which rainfall becomes erosive (Akintola, 1974). Table 7.6: Rainfall Variations in Benin 1984-2014 Months Average Total Rainfall (mm) % Jan 19.0 0.8 Feb 50.3 2.2 Mar 111.3 4.9 Apr 186.5 8.3 May 244.7 10.8 Jun 267.5 11.9 Jul 344.3 15.3 Aug 312.8 13.8 Sep 349.9 15.5 Oct 263.3 11.7 Nov 81.4 3.6 Dec 27.2 1.2 Total 2258.3 100.00 Source: NIMET Lagos Synoptic Station Report, 2016

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6000 5000 4000 3000

2000 Rainfall Rainfall (mm) 1000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year

Figure 7.5: Ten-Year Annual Rainfall in the Study Area (NIMET, 2016)

Rainfall Rainfall (mmm)

Month

Figure 7.6: Thirty Years (1985 – 2014) Rainfall in the Study Area (NIMET, 2016) Sunshine

As shown in Figure 7.7 the proposed project area experiences sunshine of about 2.7-6.3 hours per day with daily average of 4.8 hours. While the minimum sunshine period is experienced in August, the peak of the wet season, the maximum period comes in November which is the dry season.

7

6

5

4

3

2 Sunshine Level (Hrs) 1

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 7.7: Thirty years (1985-2014) Sunshine Period in the Study Area (NIMET, 2016)

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Table 7.7: Measured Meteorological Parameters during Dry Season Study Wind (m/s) Level Temperature (oC) Humidity (%) NE SW Minimum 36.2 53.3 0.2 0.1 Maximum 40.9 70.2 2.5 1.8 Mean 38.5 61.7 1.2 0.7 Wind Pattern Surface wind speed in the area is characterized by small diurnal variation influenced by both land and seas breezes resulting from the alternate warming of the land and sea. It reaches maximum level during the night due to radiation cooling leading to instability in the surface layer. Its two major wind regimes are the northeast and the southeast Trade Winds as earlier indicated and these are similar to the predominant wind pattern observed during the field study (Table 7.7). the mean monthly wind speed of the area can be described as light air (0.1 – 2.0m/sec) followed by light breeze (2.1-3.0 m/sec), gentle breeze (3.1 – 6.0 m/sec), moderate breeze (6.1 – 8.0 m/s), and fresh breeze 8.0 -11.0 m/s). Winds above 11m/sec called the strong gale also occur but only during thunderstorms. During this study, the northeast wind speed ranged between 0.2 and 2.5 m/s with an average of 1.2 m/s and some calmness while the southeast wind speed was 0.1 – 1.8 m/s with an average of 0.7 m/s (Table 7.7). These all fall within the climatic wind data of the area.

Plate 7.3: Staff quarters and school blocks (Built up area)

Plate 7.4: Pictures of Vegetation

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Plate 7.5: Pictures showing some roads in the school

Plate 7.6: Picture showing dilapidated building/roof

Plate 7.7: On-going Construction works under the SEEFOR Project at Benin Technical College

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BENUE STATE With its capital at Makurdi, the state was named after the famous River Benue, the second largest river in Nigeria. It was created out of the defunct Benue-Plateau State on 13, February 1976. Added to the emergent State was the enclave of the Igala ethnic group as well as some other parts of then Kwara State. However, in 1991, the Igala segment was removed from Benue to create Kogi State. Benue state is located in the so-called Middle-Belt axis of Nigeria due to its roughly central placement on the Nigerian map. The state lies between latitude 6o25l and 8o8lN and longitudes 7o47lE and 10oE. Its land area of about 34,059km2 is bordered by Nassarawa State to the north, Taraba to the northeast, Ebonyi and Cross River to the south, Anambra to the southwest and Kogi State to the west. There is also a short international boundary between the state and the Republic of Cameroon along Nigeria’s southeast border. The population of Benue State according to the National Population Commission of Nigeria is 4,223,641- (Male: 2,114,043; Female: 2,109,598) making it the seventh most populated state in Nigeria. The state is abundantly endowed with arable land suitable for agricultural practices and livestock rearing. The importance of agriculture in the state is further boosted by the existence of two agriculture research institutions among other higher citadels of learning in the state. Agricultural produce from the state include yams, rice, beans, cassava, potatoes, maize, soya beans, sorghum, millet and coco-yam. Benue State accounts for 70 percent of Nigeria’s Soya beans production. It also boasts one of the longest stretches of river systems in the country with potential for a viable fishing industry, dry season farming through irrigation and an inland water transportation system.

Figure 7.8: Map of Benue State Benue is a state in North-central Nigeria and was formed from the former Benue-Plateau State in 1976, along with Igala and some part of Kwara State. In 1991 some areas of benue State (majority

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Igala area), along with areas in Kwara State were carved out to become part of the new Kogi State. Traces of Igbo people and tribes are found in the boundary areas of Ebonyi State and Enugu State in local government areas like Obi, Oju etc. Its capital is Makurdi with a population of about 2.8 million in 1991. Benue is a rich agricultural region, full of rivers, and could be called the breadbasket of Nigeria. Some crops grown there include potatoes, cassava, soya bean, guinea corn, flax, yams and beniseed. Benue State is located in the middle belt area of Nigeria and is bordered by Nassarawa State to the north, Taraba to the east, Ebonyi and Cross River to the south and Kogi State to the west. It's a state in the mid-belt region of Nigeria with a population of about 4,253,641 in 2006 census. It is inhabited predominantly by the Tiv and Idoma peoples, who speak the Tiv language and Idoma, respectively. The Tiv's comprises the Etulo's and occupies fourteen local government areas, while the Idoma's comprises the Ufia's (Utonkon), the Igede's, and the Agatu's occupy the remaining nine local government. There are other ethnic groups, including the Igede, Etulo, Abakwa, Jukun, Hausa, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon. With its capital at Makurdi, Benue is a rich agricultural region; some of the crops grown there are potatoes, cassava, soya bean, guinea corn, flax, yams, sesame, rice, and grand nuts. The people of the state are famous for their cheerful and hospitable disposition as well as rich cultural heritage. 7.12 Physical Environment of Benue State Benue occupies a land mass of 32,518sqkm, Benue State lies within the lower river Benue in the middle belt region of Nigeria. Its geographic coordinates are longitude 7° 47’ and 10° 0’ East. Latitude 6° 25’ and 8° 8’ North; and shares boundaries with five other states namely: Nassarawa to the north, Taraba to the east, Cross-River to the south, Enugu to the south-west and Kogi to the west. The state also shares a common boundary with the Republic of Cameroun on the south-east. 7.12.1 Climate of Benue State Benue State has a tropical sub-humid climate, with two distinct seasons, namely a wet season and a dry season. The wet season which lasts for seven months, starts from April and ends in October. There is, however, usually one or more is heavy out of season rains in January, February and March from East-West line squalls. It is this early rainstorm that enables farmers to hoe their farms in preparation for the planting season that starts in March. The annual rainfall total ranges from 1,200mm to 1,500mm. Temperatures are generally very high during the day, particularly in March and April. Along the river valleys, these high temperatures plus high relative humidities produce inclement/debilitating weather conditions. Makurdi, the state capital, for example, records average maximum and minimum daily temperatures of 35°C and 21 °C in summer and 37°C and 16°C in winter, respectively.

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Table 7.8: Benue StateAnnual MeanTemperature 2005- 2009 Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Maximum 33.3 33.3 37.7 33.5 33.5 Minimum 22.5 23.1 22.5 21.4 22.3 7.12.2 Geology of Benue State Much of Benue State falls within the Benue Valley/trough which is believed to be structurally developed. During the Tertiary and possibly the interglacial periods of the Quaternary glaciation, the Benue and Niger Valleys, otherwise known as the Niger/Benue trough, were transgressed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, marine sediments form the dominant surface geology of much of Benue State. These sediments have undergone varying degrees of metamorphism. These sedimentary materials are underlain at variable depth by basement complex rocks. In the southern LGAs such as Ado, Ogbadibo and Okpokwu, the metasediments may be more than 20m thick. Benue State geology can, therefore, be broad Meta-sediments occurring in more ths 7.5 per cent of the state, associated with the Benue trough; Basement complex rocks occurring higher ground further away, particular in Kwande and the eastern part of the State. The meta-sediments are dominantly sand stone, but also contain shale, siltstone, limestone and quartzite. On the flood plains of the Benue are Katsina Ala Rivers and other smaller rivers, alluvial deposits, comprising an assortment clays, sand, gravels and pebbles, overlie the met sediments and form the superficial geology. phonolite, trachyte and various types of pyroclastic materials (e.g. pummic, bomb lapilli) on the surface. In Benue State, these volcanic materials are well represented in Guma LGA around Gbajimba. These volcanoes are thought to be responsible for some economic mineral formations of the area, including the salt springs. Basement complex rocks comprising ancient igneous and metamorphic rocks, occur mainly in Kwande LGA and the eastern part of Oju LGA. The materials also outcrop in widely scattered locations as upland residuals, such as inselbergs, knolls and ruwares and underlie all of the meta- sediments. The basement rocks are dominated by porphyritic granites, migmatites, diorites, pegmatites and gneisses. In much of Benue State, both the tertiary sedimentary rocks and the basement complex have been deeply weathered to produce regolith and saprolite several metres deep. These rocks are rich in solid minerals, such as limestone, baryte, coal, gypsum, salt, shales, silica, sand and kaolin which are currently being mined. 7.12.3 Relief and Drainage of Benue State The land is generally lowlying (averaging 100m250m) and gently undulating with occasional inselbergs, knolls, ruwares laterite capped mesas and buttes. It is only at the boundary area with Cameroun Republic in Kwande and Oju LGAs that hilly terrain with appreciable local relief is encountered. Here, the terrain is characterised by steep slopes, deep incised valleys and generally rugged relief. Elsewhere, gradients average less than 4°.

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Such areas are made up of interfluves, broad open valleys and flood plains, River Benue is the dominant geographical feature in the state. It is one of the few large rivers Nigeria not plagued with water falls and rapids. The KatsinaAla is the largest tributary, while the smaller rivers include Mkomon, Amile, Duru, LokoKonshisha, Kpa, Okpokwu, Mu, Be, Aya, ApaOgede and Ombi. The flood plains which are characterised by extensive swamps and ponds are good for dry season irrigated farming. Elsewhere surface drainage is generally good. Though Benue State has high drainage density many of the streams are seasonal. Also, the permanent water table in many parts of the state is very low, as a consequence of the thick overlying permeable metasediments and the great depth to which weathering has reached. Hence, there is an acute water shortage in the dry season in LGAs such as Guma, Okpokwu, Ogbadibo, GwerWes and Oju.

7.12.4 Soils and Soil Erosion of Benue State The soils are mainly oxisols and ultisols (tropical ferruginous) which vary over space with respect to texture, drainage, gravel content, etc. A typical profile is highly weathered with a sandy surface layer overlying a clay mottled subsoil. In the southern part of the state, around Vandeikya, Oju, Obi, Oturkpo, Ogbadibo LGAs, well developed lateritic profiles with pallid zones exist. Deep seated lateritic crusts occur over extensive areas on the plains. The agronomic significance of this subsoil crust is that it often produces a perched water table which is an important source of capillary water, which keeps the surface moist long after the end of the rainy season. Entisols and inceptisols also occur associated with young soils on hill slopes and recent alluvium on flood plains. Around Gbajimba in Guma LGA, Euthropic Brown Earths occur associated with the volcanic parent materials. Sheet erosion is the dominant form of water erosion in the State. Deep gullies occur in Ogbadibo LGA and represent a northern extension of the eastern Nigerian, metasedimentary deepgully system. Other gulled areas in the state include Makurdi North Bank area, TseMker and Gbem in Vandeikya LGA, Gbajimba town, stream bank erosion in Gboko town, incised streams on sloppy ground coterminous to Anwase Kyogen Abande ranges in Kwande LGA.

7.12.5 Vegetation of Benue State Benue State lies in the southern Guinea Savannah. Persistent clearance of the vegetation has led to the development of regrowth vegetation at various levels of serial development, but more importantly, parklands with grasses ideal for animal grazing during their early growth. These succulent grasses can be cut with machinery, dried and baled for dry season livestock feeding. The grasses however grow very tall, coarse and tough on maturity. The scattered trees are mainly those of economic value and include locust bean, shear butter, mango, silk cotton, African iron, Isoberlinia, cashew, oil palm, DanielliaOliverigmelina, et cetera. These trees produce valuable fruits, wood and fibre which can be utilized for small scale cottage industries.

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In the southern part of the State, particularly in Oju, Ado, Obi, Ogbadibo and Okpokwu LGAs, the vegetation is mainlv oil palm bush. The oil palm is utilized for its palm oil, palm kernel, palm wine, broom sticks and several other products. Dense forests are few and far apart, except in a few LGAs such as Vandeikya, Kwande and Okpokwu. Generally, forest vegetation may be grouped into: village forest; gallery forests; and forest reserves. In these forests, typical rain forest trees such as mahogany, Obeche, Iroko, Afara, etc. occur and are used for timber. Other economic trees in these forests include African pear, ogbono, bamboo, raffia palm, oil palm, orange and coconut.

7.12.6 People of Benue State Many of the ethnic groups that inhabit Benue State today were associated with the rise and fall of Kwororofa Kingdom. The ancient Kwororofa Kingdom under Jukun leadership was a confederacy of many ethnic groups that co-opted in a number of ways to lay the foundation of present day Benue and the neighbouring States like Plateau, Taraba and Cross River. This great empire lasted till about the seventeenth century when it collapsed after suffering severe military attacks from the emerging Borno Empire. It is from this confederacy that the Idoma, Igala, Igbirra and Etulo are believed to have emerged at various times in history. The Etulo are of Jukun stock and their head, OtseEtulo, is still ratified by the AkuUka of Wukari. They left Apa when the Jukun empire disintegrated and fled to their present location. The Bassa-Komo possibly fleeing from the turbulence caused by the Fulani crossed the River Benue to settle in their present location. They speak the same language as the Bassa of Plateau, Niger and Kogi States with whom they claim a common ancestry. Their close neighbours, the Bassa-Nge were among the Nupes who left their land before the Fulani conquest, migrating first southwards, settling in Lokoja before finally crossing over to settle at their present place. Also close to the Bassa is an Igbirra group whose main town is Mozum and who migrated from the legendary Kwororofa Kingdom, settled first at Nassarawa in the present Plateau State before moving to their present location. The Tiv a semi-Bantu-stock from the Katanga region of Congo-Zaire had migrated to seven hills in the West of Cameroun between the years 1750 to 1800 when all the communities in the Apa region of the Kwororofa were in a state of turmoil. Hence it was easy for the arriving Tiv to fight their way into the land until they reached the banks of the River Benue and Katsina-Ala, thus forcing the Idomas, for example, to move further westwards. Local Government Areas Benue State is divided into twenty three (23) Local Government areas: Ado, Katsina-Ala, Oju, Agatu, Konshisha, Okpokwu, Apa, Kwande, Oturkpo, Buruku, Logo, Tarka, Gboko, Makurdi, Ukum, Guma, Obi, Ushongo, Gwer-West, Ogbadibo, Vandeikya, Gwer, Ohimini

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7.12.7 Higher Institutions in Benue State • Benue State University, Makurdi • Colleges of Education at Katsina-Ala and Oju, Akperan • Orshi College of Agriculture in Markudi • Schools of Nursing and Midwifery in Markudi • Federal Government College, Vandeikya • University of Agriculture, Markudi • Federal Technical School, Otukpo • Benue State Polytechnic • Ugbokolo and Fidel Polytechnic • AkperanOrshi College of Agriculture • Federal College of Education Agasha • Makurdi and Mkar University, Gboko Business Opportunities Benue state is acclaimed to be the nation's "food basket" because of its rich and diverse agricultural produce which include yams, rice, beans, cassava, potatoes, maize, Soya beans, sorghum, millet and coco-yam. The state also accounts for over 70 percent of Nigeria's Soya beans production. It also boasts of one of the longest stretches of river systems in the country with potential for a viable fishing industry, dry season farming through irrigation and for an inland water way through irrigation and for an inland water way. Benue is blessed with abundant mineral resources. These include Limestone, Gypsum, Anhydride, Kaolin, natural Gas, Salt, Petroleum Oil, Lead and Zinc, Barytes, Clay, Coal, Calcite, Gemstones and Magnetite. Tourism • Ikyogen Hills The hills exude wild weather conditions which ensures steady green vegetation and a round the year grazing of animals in the area which is also known as Ikyogen cattle ranch. • Dajo Pottery, Makurdi Dajo Pottery is a centre where pots are made locally. Methods and art in which pots are made traditionally are shown to tourist who shows interest. • Anwase-Abande Ranges Located in Kwande local government area on Nigerian-Cameroon border and stretches adjoining the Obudu-Cameroon range, this place features temperate climate and beautiful scenery of forests, dissected hills, dykes, dozens of fast flowing streams and incised valleys. It is a beautiful place for camping, sight viewing and picnicking. • The Rare Manatee, Katsina-Ala River

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African manatee a rare herbivorous mammals found in their natural environment close to the Katsina Ala River.

• Tor Tiv Palace, Gboko This is the official residence of the king of Tiv people. The palace is rich in historical artifacts about the Tiv people and their history. • Ushongo Hills The place also offers climate weather condition that makes it a most fulfilling spot tourists and adventurers. • Ikwe Holiday Resort One of the top destinations in the state where visitors can enjoy most of their time undisturbed. The resort offers visitors an opportunity to experience the work of nature. • Enemabia Warm Spring One of the famous attractions in Benue State which is particularly prized for its warm water. It is available for both night and day for tourists who cherish swimming. • Montane Games Reserve One of the very few game reserves left in the state with animals in their natural habitat.

ABIA STATE The state was created on 27th August, 1991, out of the old Imo state by the military dictatorship of General Ibrahim Babangida. Its capital is in Umuahia. Abia state is geographically located in the southeast region of Nigeria. It lies within approximate latitudes 4o 40’ and 6o 14’ north, and longitudes 7o 10’ and 8o east. The state covers a geographical area of about 5243.7sqkm which is approximately 5.8 per cent of the total land area of Nigeria. Abia state is strategically sandwiched among four major oil producing states and two agriculture-rich but non-oil producing but agro-based states. It shares its boundaries to the north with Ebonyi, to the south and southwest with Rivers and to the east and southeast with Cross River and Akwa Ibom States respectively. The population of Abia state according to the National Population Commission of Nigeria is about 2,881,380- Male: 1,430,298; Female: 1,451,082. 70 per cent of the population is engaged in agriculture which accounts for more than 50 percent of the GDP. Abia state is possessed of rich arable lands that support the growing of yams, maize, potatoes, rice, cashews, plantains and cassava. Aside from agriculture, the state has a fair deposit of crude oil and gas which production accounts for about 39 percent of the GDP. The manufacturing industry in the state contributes about 2 percent of the state’s GDP.

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Figure 7.9: Map of Abia State Map of Abia state showing its different local Governments

7.13 Physical Environment of Abia State Abia State is a state in the South-Eastern part of Nigeria. The capital is Umuahia and the major commercial city is Aba, formerly a British colonial government outpost. The state was created on 27 August, 1991 from part of Imo State and its citizens are predominantly Igbo people (95% of population). It is one of the nine constituent states of the Niger Delta region. The name "Abia" is an abbreviation of four of the state's densely populated regions Aba, Bende, Isuikwuato, and Afikpo. The State is bounded on the north and northeast by the states of Anambra, Enugu, and Ebonyi, to the west of Abia is Imo State, to the east and southeast are Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State, and to the south is Rivers State. The southern part of the State lies within the riverine part of Nigeria. Its coordinates are 5°25'0" N and 7°30'0" E in DMS (Degrees Minutes Seconds) or 5.41667 and 7.5 (in decimal degrees). Abia state covers an area of about 5,243.7 sq. km which is approximately 5.8 per cent of the total land area of Nigeria.It is low-lying tropical rain forest with some oil palm brush. The southern portion gets heavy rainfall of about 2,400 millimetres (94 in) per year especially intense between the months of April through October. The rest of the State is moderately high plain and wooded savanna. The most important rivers in Abia State are the Imo and Aba Rivers which flow into the Atlantic Ocean through the Niger Delta

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There are Seventeen (17) LGAs, namely: Aba North, Aba South, IsialaNgwa North, IsialaNgwa South, Ukwa West, Ukwa East, Obingwa, lkwuano, Bende, Arochukwu, Ohafia, lsuikwuato, Umuahia North, Umuahia South, Ugwunagbo, Osisioma and Nnochi. 7.13.1 Climate and Temperature of Abia State The climate is tropical with two distinct seasons, the rainy season and the dry season. The rainy season begins around the first of May and continues into September while the dry season runs from November to April. Rainfall reaches its highest monthly maximum of 300 – 400mm during the month of June through September and drops to 0.0-1.0mm in December and January. During the rainy season, a marked interruption in the rains occurs during August, resulting in a short dry season often referred to as the “August break”, though for years now this has not been consistent in August due to climate change. The dry season is characterized by the cold dry “Harmattan” from the Sahara Desert. During this period, which begins in November and runs through January a dry and dust laden wind blows from the Sahara Desert. This sometimes makes the hills obscure due to the poor visibility. The sun is also obscured during this period by the prevailing dust haze. The climatic condition in Abia is tropical. Rainfall is significant most months of the year, and the short dry season has little effect. This climate is considered to be Am according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Am. In Abia, the average annual temperature is 26.9 °C. Precipitation here averages 2193 mm. Temperature Air temperature has seasonal and diurnal variations. On the average, the ambient maximum air temperature in the area varies from 28.00C to 37.50C while the minimum temperature varies from about 220C to 270C. Lowest values are recorded in the month of July through August. This coincides with the peak of the rainy season. The diurnal range is kept at a low 40C. The temperature of the area is influenced primarily by the apparent movement of the sun, wind direction and speed as well as land configuration (NIMET). Table 7.9: Table showing the Average Temperature and Rainfall of Abia state by month January February March April May June July August September October November December Avg. 27.1 28 28.4 28 27.4 26.6 25.5 25.4 25.9 26.3 26.9 27.1 Temperature (°C) Min. 22.3 22.9 23.7 23.4 23.1 22.5 21.9 22.4 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.3 Temperature (°C) Max. 31.9 33.1 33.1 32.7 31.7 30.7 29.1 28.5 29.7 30.3 31.4 31.9 Temperature (°C) Avg. 80.8 82.4 83.1 82.4 81.3 79.9 77.9 77.7 78.6 79.3 80.4 80.8 Temperature (°F) Min. 72.1 73.2 74.7 74.1 73.6 72.5 71.4 72.3 71.8 72.1 72.5 72.1 Temperature (°F) Max. 89.4 91.6 91.6 90.9 89.1 87.3 84.4 83.3 85.5 86.5 88.5 89.4

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Temperature (°F) Precipitation 25 47 114 175 252 276 328 274 325 276 85 16 / Rainfall (mm)

There is a difference of 312 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months. Throughout the year, temperatures vary by 3.0 °C. 7.13.2 Relative humidity of Abia State Relative humidity is high both day and night. It is greater than 85% at night, above 81% in the mornings and between 60% and 75% in the evenings. Generally the drier months (December to February) have lower values.

7.13.3 Wind Speed of Abia State Wind speed is generally low and usually less than 3 m/s under calm conditions most of the year. Relatively higher wind speeds may occur mainly in the afternoons inducing convective activities and creating diffusion characteristics. Incidences of these are often associated with thunder and lightning especially during changing seasons. Atmospheric disturbances such as line squalls and disturbance lines often induce the variability that results in speeds higher than 5 m/s. Such increases characterize the beginning of rainy season (March-April) and end of heavy rains (September-October), during which storms are more frequent. The harmattan season (December to February) can give rise to occasional high wind regimes.

7.13.4 Wind Direction of Abia State Wind directions are quite variable over the region. Data shows that about 60% of the winds are south- westerlies and westerlies during the day in the wet season (NIMET). Southerlies, south easterlies and south westerlies prevail more in the night during the period. This implies that directions are usually more variable in the nights than in the mornings. The winds are mostly northerlies, north easterlies and north westerlies in the dry season particularly in the mornings. They are more of southerlies, south easterlies and/or westerlies during the evenings, indicating the fairly strong influences of the adjoining maritime oceanic air masses, contrasting land and sea breezes as well as appreciable degree of differential heating of the two surfaces.

7.13.5 Drainage/ Hydrology of Abia State Abia State has a variety of land forms, despite the fact that it is dominated by flat and lowlying land, generally less than 120m above sea-level. The low-lying plain is the inland extension of the coastal plain from the Bight of Benin. The central part of the state is characterized by undulating land with many hills. The highland areas are part of the Enugu – Nsukka – Okigwe cuesta. This area has an average height of between 120m and 180m above sea-level. From Okigwe (Imo State), this

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework escarpment extends in a west-east direction and, on getting to Afikpo (Ebonyi State), veers south- eastwards to Arochukwu where it terminates. The principal rivers in Abia State are the Imo River and its tributary, the Aba River. Imo River originates from the northwestern part of the state and flows southwest through Abia and Imo state territories towards the Atlantic Ocean, passing through the southern parts of Ukwa-West and Ukwa- East local government areas. Other important rivers include lgwu, Azurnini Blue River and Kwalbo River. Soil study The soils of Abia State fall within the broad group of ferrallitic soils of the coastal plain sand and escarpment. Other soil types include alluvial soils found along the low terrace of the Cross River and other rivers. The soils are not particularly fertile and are prone to much leaching because of heavy rainfall. The main ecological problems in the state are sheet and gully erosion. Geology Abia state has two principal geological formations in the state namely Bende-Ameki and the Coastal Plain Sands otherwise known as Benin Formation. The Bende-Ameki Formation of Eocene to Oligocene age consists of medium–coarse-grained white sand stones. The late Tetiary-Early Quaternary Benin Formation is the most predominant and completely overlies the Bende Ameki Formation with a southwestward dip. The Formation is about 200m thick. The lithology is unconsolidated fine-medium-coarse-grained cross-bedded sands occasionally pebbly with localized clay and shale. The two principal geological Formations have a comparative groundwater regime. They both have reliable groundwater that can sustain regional borehole production. The Bende-Ameki Formation has less groundwater when compared to the Benin Formation. The numerous lenticular sand bodies within the Bende- Ameki Formation are not extensive and constitute minor aquifer with narrow zones of sub-artesian condition. Specific capacities are in the range of 3 - 6 m3/hr. On the other hand, the high permeability of Benin Formation, the overlying lateritic earth, and the weathered top of this Formation as well as the underlying clay shale member of Bende-Ameki series provide the hydrogeological condition favouring the aquifer formation in the area. Table 7.10: Abia State Population Showing Local Government Areas and Sex Data S/N L.G.A MALE FEMALE POPULATION 1. Umu-Nneochi 1 79,295 84,633 163,928 2. Isiukwuato 56,831 57,611 114,442 3. Bende 97,789 94,322 192,111 4. Ohafia 122,704 122,440 245,144 5. Arochukwu 87,555 82,651 170,206 6. Umuahia North 112,102 108,558 220,660 7. Umuahia South 69,965 71,028 138,570 8. Ikwuano 66,965 71,028 137,993 9. Isiala-Ngwa North 76,684 77,050 153,734

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10. Isiala-Ngwa South 67,040 67,722 134,762 11. ObioNgwa 90,284 91,155 181,439 12. Aba North 53,733 53,755 107,488 13. OsisiomaNgwa 111,256 108,376 219,632 14. Aba South 227,595 196,257 423,852 15. Ugwunagbo 39,705 42,913 82,618 16. Ukwa East 30,136 28,729 58,865 17. Ukwa West 25,284 43,271 88,555 TOTAL 1,434,193 1,399,806 2,833,999 Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2006 Population Census)

7.13.6 Agricultural Resources, Minerals and Industries of Abia State Agriculture is the major occupation of the people of Abia State. This is induced by the rich soil, which stretches from the northern to the southern parts of the state. Subsistence farming is prevalent and about 70 per cent of the population is engaged in it. A few farmers also produce on a large scale. Farming in the state is determined by the seasonal distribution of rainfall. Some farmers now use irrigation methods. The main food crops grown are yam, cassava, rice, cocoyam and maize while the cash crops include oilpalm, rubber, cocoa, banana and various types of fruits. There are three agricultural zones in Abia State: Aba, Umuahia and Bende. In the Aba and Umuahia agricultural zones, such cash crops as palm produce, cocoa and rubber are produced, while food crops such as yam, cassava, rice, plantain, banana, maize and cocoyam are produced in large quantities. The Bende agricultural zone is a major producer of rice and yam. Fishing is also carried out by people who live along the Imo River. Large areas of forest can be found in all the Local Government Areas. They provide raw materials for the pulp and paper industry. Abia also has large crude oil deposits, as an oil producing state. Crude oil and gas production is a prominent activity, as it contributes to 39% of the GDP. Representing 27% of the GDP, agriculture, which employs 70% of the state workforce, is the second economic sector of Abia. With its adequate seasonal rainfall, Abia has much arable land that produces yams, maize, potatoes, rice, cashews, plantains, taro, and cassava. Oil palm is the most important cash crop. The manufacturing sector only accounts for 2% of the GDP. The industrial centre of the state is in Aba, with textile manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, soap, plastics, cement, footwear, and cosmetics. Table 7.11: Mineral Resources S/N MINERALS SOURCES OF RAW UTILIZATION (OR POTENTIAL MATERIALS USES) 1 Crude oil Oilfields at Imo River Export, refined products petro- ,Obuzo, OwazaNgboko, Chemicals Nkali, Odogkwa, Obeakpu and Isimiri 2 Natural Gas Ohuru Gas Fields in Ukwa East LGA

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3 Tar Sands/ Ugwueme-Lokpanta axis in Asphalt, tar, Refined products Oilshales Nneochi LGA 4 Lead,Zinc, Copper Lokpaukwu (Nneochi LGA) Metal extraction of lead, Zinc copper 5 Phospate (traces) Amaeke in Umuahia and Ewe Fertiliser Detergent and other chemical in Arochukwu LGA industries 6. Gypsum Lokpaukwu (Nneochi) Cement manufacturers ,pharmaceticals chalk plaster of paris 7 Limestone Ewe- Arochukwu LGA Cement , Glass, Water treatment, sugar southwestern part of Refining Iron and Steel ,Construction Isuikwuato LGA Agriculture fertiliser, etc 8 Iron Ore Around the Northern part of Iron and Steel Isuikwuato LGA 9 Kaolin Umuahia, Ikwuano LGA and Paints, detergent, steel glass ceramics northwestern sector of etc Isuikwuato LGA 10 Industrial sands Ukwa, Aba , Umuahia Glass , Foundry, Ceramics , abrasives 11 Igneous rocks UturuLokpantaLekwesi Aggregate for road and building construction 12 Laterite All LGAs for surfacing roads Source: www.ead.gov.ng • Power plants There are two major power plants in Abia, the Alaoji Power plant and the Geometric Power plant. • Airport The nearest airport to Abia state is Sam Mbakwe Cargo Airport (Owerri Airport), an hour’s drive to Aba; and Port Harcourt International Airport, 2 hours to Aba and about three hours to Umuahia. Uyo Airport Akwa Ibom State can also serve would be visitors. The Distance between Uyo (Akwa Ibom) and Umuahia (Abia) is: 73.28 kilometres (45.53 mi). • Railway The rail transport is also another means of travel, very effective but currently on revitalization. Aba is connected to Port Harcourt by rail. The Coastal parts of the State are equally accessible with boats and canoes. • Land Use Most of the land use is for Farming. The predominant farming method is subsistent manual farming, though few engage in commercial farming (trading of their economic crops) of farm produce. The land use pattern is agricultural and the predominant occupation of the indigenes is farming and trading. The dominant crops grown are Zea mays (maize), Manihot esculenta (Cassava), Musa paradisiaca (plantain), Ananascomosus (pineapple), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Capsicum (pepper), DioscoreaSp (yam), Oriza sativa (rice), while most economic trees present are Elaeisguineensis (palm fruit), Mangiferaindica (mango), Malus domestica (apple), orange, Carica papaya (pawpaw), Pyrus (pear), and guava. Also, another major land use in the area is for Mining purposes.

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However, a quarter portion of the land use is for residential purposes, as most of the respondents live in their own houses. • Ecological Issues Abia state is prone to flooding and erosion, which can be attributed to the soil types found in the areas, the low-lying topography, increased rainfalls and poor sanitation, credited to behavioural practices of the people. In place like Aba, drainages are not maintained properly as such, roads are heavily flooded after the rains. 7.14 Biological Environment of Abia State Flora The project area belongs to the tropical rain forest belt covering a zone of unconsolidated sedimentary rock and soil structures easily prone to massive sheet and gully erosion. dominant features of the local vegetation were such deciduous plant species as the oil bean tree, the silk-cotton and the Iroko timber trees, the oil palms and the raffia palms, and the coconut trees. Economic trees found within the community include avocado pear, oranges, mangos, guava, pawpaw, plaintain, banana coconut, kola nut, raphire palms, palen trees, local pear, mahogany, Melina etc. Also some cash crops include mainly Cassava, yams cocoyam, maize, pepper, sweet potatoes, melon, pumkin, and okra. Fauna Some wildlife found in the state include Antelope, rabbit, mgbada, wild pigs, glasscutters, Guinea fowls, (ogazi), etc. Most of these have long been chased out by ever growing human activity on a much limited land space. Furthermore, Sheep, goats, chicken, turkey, pigs, dogs, and cats can also be found in the state. 7.14.1 Demography Ethinicity Abia people are of the Igbo ethnic group who predominates much of the South eastern part of Nigeria. Their traditional language is Igbo with English widely spoken and serves as the official language in governance and business. Religion Abia people are pre-dominantly Christians of different denominations. There are also a good number of Muslims, with adherents of the two religions living together peacefully. Some people in the state are animists, who believe in a Being called "Chukwu." The traditional worshippers believes in the ability of deities to exercise strong influence on the destiny of man. They are known and reputed to be industrious, highly market oriented, very hospitable and accommodating, probably due to their migratory nature.

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Table 7.12: Gender, Age Distribution of Abia State Gender (C 2006) Age Groups (C 2006) Age Distribution (C 2006) Males 1,430,298 0-14 years 1,008,008 0-9 years662,276 Females 1,415,082 15-64 years 1,709,491 10-19 years 687,918 65+ years 127,881 20-29 years 537,046 30-39 years 348,674 40-49 years 259,513 50-59 years 161,938 60-69 years 95,331 70-79 years 53,576 80+ years 39,108

GOMBE STATE With its capital at Gombe State, it was created on 1st October 1996 under the military regime of General Sanni Abacha out of the former Bauchi State. Lying between latitude 9o30lN and longitudes 8o45l and 11o45lE of the Greenwich Meridian, the State’s 18,768km2 land mass is bounded by Borno State to the east, Adamawa and Taraba States to the south, Yobe State to the north and Bauchi State to the west. The population of Gombe State according to National Population Commission estimate is 2,365,040. The people of the State are mainly farmers. Crops produced in the State include food crops such as yam, cassava, maize, tomato, and groundnut. The major cash crop produced cotton. Mineral resources produced in the State include Uranium, gypsum, and limestone.

Figure 6.10: Map of Gombe State

Gombe state is located in the northeastern part of Nigeria; its capital is Gombe. The state was formed in October 1996 from part of the old Bauchi State by the Abacha military government.

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The state lies between latitude 9“30’ and 12”30’N, Longitude 8”5’ and 11”45E of the equator. Its landmass is 20,265km2 . Topography is mainly mountainous, undulating and hilly to the South-East and flat open plains in the Central, North, North-East, West and North-West. The approximate altitudes of Gombe ranges from 400-500m above mean sea level, (Fieldwork, 2010). It is bounded by Borno state to the east, Taraba and Adamawa states to the south, Yobe state to the north and Bauchi state to the west. The population of Gombe state according to the 2006 population census is 2,365,040. The major occupation of the state indigenes is farming. Crops produced include cotton, maize, Groundnut, millet, guinea corn. Mineral resources found in the state include gold, columbite, coal, limestone, iron, while the natural resources are uranium, gypsum and limestone. The languages spoken include Hausa, Fulfulde, Tangale, Tera, Waja, and Kanuri are commonly spoken. Gombe state is referred to as “Jewel of the Savanna”. Catering Equipment

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7.15 Physical Environment of Gombe State 7.15.1 Climate and Temperature The climate in Gombe is warm to hot and humid. Unlike the northern parks, the nights in Gombe are not cold but comfortable year-round. Daytime temperatures are around 26°C/79°F, and it cools down at night to around 16°C/61°F. The altitude in Gombe is varied, from 767 to 1,606m (2,516-5,269ft). Temperatures drop by about 6.5°C for every 1,000m you climb (or 3.5°F per 1,000ft). The Dry season is from May to October. Unlike the coastal areas and northern parks (which have two wet seasons with a dry spell in between), Gombe has one continuous wet season from November to April. It rarely rains all day, but afternoon thundershowers can be expected. Gombe state has two distinct climates, the dry season (November–March) and the rainy season (April–October). In winter, there is less rainfall in Gombe than in summer. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Aw. The average annual temperature is 25.4 °C in Gombe. The average rainfall in Gombe is 907 mm. Table 7.13: Gombe State Annual Mean Temperature, 2005- 2009 Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Maximum 33.1 35.8 35.4 32.4 33.1 Minimum 22.8 23.5 21.1 21.8 22.2

The driest month is January. There is 0 mm of precipitation in January. With an average of 254 mm, the most precipitation falls in August. Gombe state, being located geographically within the sub-Sudan climatic zone, experiences the influence of these air masses from October to March and the influence of the south western air-masses from April to September. It receives an average precipitation between 900-1,000mm in 7 months per year (Salisu, 2000 cited in Hocking, 1979).

Rainfall There are monthly and daily rainfall variations all over the state. Thus annual rainfall could be as low as 850mm as recorded in 1970 and 1989 or as high as 1200mm as in 1953 (Nigerian Metrological Agency; in cited Salisu, 2000). The rainfall is concentrated between April/May to October with a single maximum in August or September. The dry season covers November to early March and April, which are usually the hottest months. However, heavy falls at over 76mm per hour was recorded (Udo, 1970). However, the mean rainfall of 86.4mm and 80.61 mm were recorded in 1997 and 2006 respectively. The mean maximum monthly temperature of 37ºC was recorded in April and March, while the minimum monthly temperature was about 21ºC around December and early February which is considered as tropical wet and dry type coded Aw according to Koppen’s classification system. The mean temperatures of 32.6 ºC and 33.3 ºC were recorded in 1997 and 2006 respectively.

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Relative humidity (%) Location 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001-2010 Station Gombe 46.69 48.64 54.03 Dadin-k Range 35.64 – 59.00 37.33 – 64.37 37.89 – 64.21 Source: Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online) Vol.8, No.3, 2016 7.15.2 Geology of Gombe State Gombe State is geologically part of the Benue Trough, although the State is an entity of its own, the Gongola Trough. It is dotted by low swampy plain, rugged hill of granite and sandstone, volcanic plugs and Plateau which developed on Sedimentary and volcanic rocks, ranging from the Dadiya- Filiya syncline, the Tangale peak of 4,242 feet or 1,270 meters, and the Bima Hill. Geological survey of Gombe State has shown that the eastern part of the state is geologically older than the west. Other geological features of the State include, which is a sequence of continental silts and clays of lake origin and late tertiary age. The northern one third of the State is covered by Chad formation. Substantial part of Gombe State lies within the poor groundwater provinces in the Gombe sandstones, the Pindiga shales; Kerkikeri Formation of Tertiary age and the isolated hills region of the northern, central and southern parts. Soil The soils are highly ferruginous, formed as a result of intensive weathering of the basement rocks. (Amos et al., 2015) 7.15.3 Biological Environment Fauna The predominant trees species found in the state include: Parkia (Parkiaclappertoniana), tamarind (Tamarindusindica) Baobab (Adansoniadigitata), Date palm (Phoenix doctylifera) and Neem (Azadirachtaindica) (Abaje, 2007). Local Governments in Gombe state. S/N L.G.A MALE FEMALE TOTAL 1. Akko 175200 162653 337853 2. Balanga 109236 103313 212549 3. Billri 102264 99880 202144 4. Dukku 106529 100661 207190 5. Funakaye 123784 112303 236087 6. Gombe 141947 126053 268000 7. Kaltungo 80377 69428 149805 8. Kwami 99576 95722 195298 9. Nafada 709576 67227 138185 10. Shongom 76105 75415 151520 11. Yamaltudeba 144746 110502 255248 TOTAL 1230722 1123157 2353879

SOURCES: Land and Survey, Gombe State. See also 2006 Population Census Partial Analysis of Provisional 2006 Population For Gombe State Produced by Statistics Unit, Budget and Planning Bureau, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, 2007. And National Population Commission Gazette No.24 of 15th May, 2007

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KANO STATE Kano State was created on May 27, 1967 out of the defunct Northern region as one of the emergent 12 States of Nigeria created by the military dictatorship of General Yakubu Gowon. On August 27, the old Kano State was further divided to create Jigawa. Kano State is located in the north western parts of Nigeria. It covers a total land area of 20,131km2. It is bounded to the north-west by Katsina State, north east by Jigawa State, while its northern end is ringed by Bauchi and Kaduna States. The population of Kano State according to a recent estimate from the National Population Commission is 9,401,288- (Male: 4,947,952; Female: 4,453,336) making it the most populous State in Nigeria. Kano State has a long history of commercial and agricultural activities which accounts for the State’s slogan as “the Centre of Commerce”. Its groundnut pyramids are part of the nation’s established folklore. The State is also home to the most ambitious irrigation projects in West Africa which ensure all year round farming. The result is that Kano State is also the most irrigated State in Nigeria with more than 3 million hectares of cultivated land. Additionally solid mineral resources like gemstones, granite, glass-sand, gold, lead, zinc-ore, columbite, copper, rear-earth metals, feldspar, cassiterite, columbite, wolfram and clay are also found in the State. The following legislation governs the provision of education in Kano State: • 1991 Education Law • 2004 Compulsory Free Universal Basic Education Act • 2005 Kano State Universal Basic Education Board Law 2005 • 2003 Private Institutions Regulations, which govern the provision of approval to schools and the closing of those schools that do not meet the requirements: the law was reviewed in 2005 but was not assented by the Executive Governor

Figure 7.11: Map of Kano State

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Kano State is located in North-western Nigeria consisting of forty-four (44) Local Government Areas (LGAs). Kano state borders Katsina State to the northwest, Jigawa State to the northeast, Bauchi State to the southeast and Kaduna State to the southwest. The capital of Kano State is Kano. Kano State has a population totalling 9,383,682 (2006 Census). Officially, Kano State is the most populous state in the country and Hausa language is commonly spoken. 7.16 Physical Environment of Kano State 7.16.1 Climate and Meteorology of Kano State As with other parts of Nigeria, the state experiences two seasonal patterns: wet and dry seasons. The wet season starts in May and ends in October while the dry season starts from November and ends in April. Mean annual rainfall ranges from over 1,000mm in the south to a little less than 800mm in the north. Mean temperature ranges from 26°C to 33°C. Relative humidity is high in August up to 80% and lowest in January, November and December with 23%. The rainy season has a moderate effect on temperature which falls to the lowest in August with a mean monthly value of 24.5°C. The monthly evaporation rate for Kano varied from 55% in March and April at the beginning of wet season to 78% in September during the end of rainy season. The meteorological data of the study area was obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). The data obtained included weather parameters on rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine hours spanning over a one-year period January - December 2015 The climate experienced in the study areas is semi-arid characterized by two predominant climatic conditions annually. These include a very hot and long dry season and a warm, humid and short wet season influenced by two air masses: the tropical maritime or south-west trade winds and tropical continental or north-east trade winds. The former are the moisture laden, rain-bearing winds coming on-shore from the Atlantic Ocean and the latter are the dry, dusty and cold-bearing winds blowing from the Sahara desert associated with the dry season. Table 7.14: Kano Monthly Averages, Month Solar Radiation Temperature Rainfall Relative Humidity January 24.2 20.2 0.0 29.3 February 26.8 26.4 0.0 26.7 March 25.9 29.1 0.0 23.3 April 25.5 30.0 0.0 30.2 May 22.5 30.0 0.0 45.1 June 19.7 31.3 2.3 56.0 July 18.3 28.7 4.9 78.5 August 17.7 26.8 15.6 80.6 September 19.4 27.3 3.88 76.9 October 19.4 22.9 3.88 76.9 November 26.2 23.8 0.0 24.7 December 27.7 19.6 0.0 26.6 Source: NIMET, 2015 Rainfall

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The study area is characterized by short wet season with most of the rainfall occurring between June and September. During this period, rainfall is a daily occurrence even though they rarely last long and is a far cry from the regular torrential rain known in wet tropical regions of the southern region of the country. The average annual rainfall ranges from 510 mm to 1000mm in the study area. Historically, rainfall in the region usually peaks in with little or no rain at all between November and April during when the climate is dominated by the harmattan wind blowing dust over the land. The dust dims the sunlight thereby lowering temperatures significantly and also leading to dust disturbance especially in rural regions with unpaved road surfaces. Figure 7.12 and 7.13 shows the average monthly rainfall between January to December 2015, for the study areas.

Figure 7.12 Average monthly rainfall for Kano state in 2015 Temperature The study area is characterized by two extreme temperatures relative to its tropical position; the hot and cold seasons. The maximum daytime temperatures for most of the year are generally under 43.3°C for Kano state and 42.8°C for Jigawa state. The highest monthly temperature of 36.6°C - 39.2°C is experienced between March and May. There is usually the prevalence of harmattan, characterized by very cold temperatures and dust laden winds between November and February, when average monthly temperature can be as low as 13°C. In general, the study area is very hot but the dryness however makes the heat bearable. Figure 7.12 and 6.13 show the average monthly maximum and minimum temperature distribution between January to December 2015 for the study areas.

Figure 7.13: Minimum and Maximum Temperatures for Kano state in 2015

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Relative Humidity The average monthly relative humidity for the areas ranged from 52.8% to 78.6% during the rainy season (May to September), with its peak usually recorded in the month of August the same month with the highest rainfall. Lower values were recorded during the dry season months. Figure 7.14 shows the average monthly relative humidity for the study areas between January and December 2015.

Figure 7.14: Average monthly relative humidity for Kano state in 2015 Sunshine In the study area, the average range of sunshine hours is between 6.88 hours per day in March to about 8.57 hours per day in November with an approximate average of 7.71 sunlight hours for each day. The average annual sunshine in the area is about 2,821 hours corresponding to an approximate average of 3000 hours obtainable in the northern part of Nigeria as against an average of 1,500 hours in the Southern part. Figure 7.15 shows the average sunshine hours for each month between January- December, 2015.

Figure 7.15: Average monthly sunshine hours for Kano state in 2015

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Geology: The major geologic formations of Kano include crystalline igneous, metamorphic rocks and granite. The relief ranges from heights of 500 m for lower plains to 1000 m above sea level for higher ones. Soil: The soil types are classified into three main groups; the ferruginous tropical soils, the reddish brown soils and hydromorphic soils, which are found in poorly, drained areas. Soils arechemically poor with 80 to 90% sand, and 2 to 4% clay contents. Water Resources: The major rivers are Kano, Challawa, Watari, Jatau, Dudurun and Gaya. These rivers flow into the Hadejia River, which empties into the Lake Chad. Kano also has about 25 lakes and dams, which provide potable water to towns and villages. Hydrology and Hydrogeology of Kano Region: The Region is divided into two hydrological zones, demarcated by the hydro-geological divide. To the west of the divide is the zone of high surface water discharge and retention, which coincides, with the zone of Basement Complex structure. To the east and north east of the divide is the zone of large accumulation of ground water, which is part of upper aquifer of Chad Basin. Retention and flow of water on the surface are very limited in this zone. The climate of the region controls the amount of water that is available both on the surface and at sub- surface at any given time within a water year (Olofin, 1984).

The construction of dams, which started in about 1969, marked the beginning of the modification of drainage and hydrology in Kano Region. More than 30 earth-dams were planned for the region, and by 1984, about twenty-two (22) of these have been completed. The reservoir of the completed dam and the intricate networks of main distribution and field canals in numerous irrigated sites have created different type of surface drainage.

The hydrogeology of the region is to a large extent controlled by geologic settings, climatic condition and human activities. The surface situation, which is directly governed by the underlying geology, has its infiltration, evaporation, runoff and other flow components as the major factors responsible for the groundwater recharge and development in the region’s hydrologic environment. Groundwater occurrence within the basement complex areas is limited to fissures and weathered overburden. This has consequently given rise to two main types of aquifers, which are the weathered zone and fractured zone aquifers (Yakudima, 2009). In the Chad formation, groundwater occurs within the sedimentary strata that made up the upper level sandy horizons.

Generally, water in the basement complex area is higher, relatively to the water table in the Chad formation. In the basement complex areas, water level generally vary from 6 m to 25 m and in some rare cases may reach up to 50 m in some places. Within Chad formation, in contrast, water table ranges from 20 m to 50m (WRECA, 1987).

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7.17 Biological Environment of Kano State 7.17.1 Vegetation The natural vegetation is a mixture of Sudan, Savannah and Sahel thorn shrubs species, sparsely distributed over the entire area, with variation in density from place to place due to human imprint. The Sudan Savannah trees are composed of variety of species hardly taller than 20m ranging from baobab to different types of acacias, for example Acacia albidaspp, Acacia nitoticaspp, and Acacia seyal spp. Most of these trees adapt to drought conditions through long taproots, leathery leaves, and tiny leaves. With the exception of Acacia albida, which retains their green leaves throughout the year, the other trees shed their leaves during the dry season. Vegetation of the region was originally defined as undisturbed Sudan savannah and guinea savannah. The normal vegetation has always been the dry Guinea in the southern fringe and the Sudan in the larger part of the region (Olofin, 2008). The vegetation has now been subjected to destruction through fuel wood extraction, urban encroachment and population pressure (Dakata and Yelwa, 2012), hence eventuating the formation of four vegetation zones in the region namely: Sudano-Sahelian Savannah, Sudan Savannah, Open Guinea Savannah and Protected Guinea Savannah (Dakata, 2012).

There are thorny shrubs and small tree species, which normally cover the forested area of the basin and abandoned areas of irrigation cultivation. Peculiar among the thorny shrubs are Isoberhnia, Acanthospermumhispidumand Guiera Senegalensis to mention but a few. Grasses are the main species of vegetation that dominate both cultivable and uncultivated lands, and these include Strigagesneriooles, Pennisetumpolystachion, Cyperusrotundusand many others. Some of these grasses as well as tree species are regarded as cultural vegetation. These include Neem, guava, mango and cashew. These vegetation species dominate most parts of the channel width with average height of 1.5m, while mango, guava and cashew are purposely planted for sale as cash crops in irrigation plots. The Neem trees are found in the rural settlements and sometimes in the upland farms to provide shades for the farmers.

Within the region, there is disparity between the northern and southern part. In the southern part more intensive agricultural activities are practiced both in the dry and rainy seasons, while the northern part characterized by low vegetative growth (Dakata and Yelwa 2012). There is high level of vegetation setback along Hadejia-Jama’are wetland as well as the dam site of the region, caused by emergence of Typha grass (Dakata and Yelwa 2012).

Agriculture: Kano Region is one of Nigeria's most important agricultural regions and currently produces food and cash crops such as sorghum, rice, millet, groundnut, wheat, cowpeas, and vegetables under both rain-fed and irrigated farming. The practice coupled with high population density presents a negative scenario on the surface water system in the region. During the past two decades, there has been increasing recognition of the impacts of agricultural activities on water

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The agricultural system operated by the people in Kano state represents the equilibrium established between the people and the physical environment after a long period of trial and error. However, agricultural system of an area is rarely static, fixed for all the time: it represents a state of equilibrium in a dynamic process of adjustment between man and his environment, and with any change in one or more factors and the equation, modification of the system is inevitable. The major agricultural practices in Kano state are crop production (farming system), animal husbandry (livestock rearing), forestry and fishery (Lynch et al., 2000). The irrigation project areas are extensively and intensively cultivated for arable crop production such as rice, tomato, onion, pepper, watermelon, sorghum, millet, cow pea, groundnut, sugarcane, etc. Isolated trees on croplands were limited to ≤ 1 per hectare. The trees are non-species specific. However, at the inter and intra-boundaries, more than 1 tree per heater were observed mainly for resting on very hot days. The natural vegetation of the irrigation project area has been eliminated for arable crop cultivation. Evidence from residual trees, and shrubs in cropland and within the vicinity of the project area and along canals and reservoirs show characteristic flora of the vegetation zone (Table 7.15). Table 7.15: List of common woody plant species of the project areas S/N Scientific name Common name Habit Local uses 1 Acacia nilotica Acacia Shrub Source of Gum and Tannin 2 Acacia sengal Acacia Tree Source of Gum and Arabic 3 Adansoniadigitata Baobab Tree Edible leaves and fruits 4 Afromosialaxiflora Makerfo (Hausa) Tree Fuel wood 5 Afzelia Africana Kawo (Hausa) Tree Fodder for livestock 6 Albiziachevalieri Albizia Tree Shade plant 7 Andropogongayanus Grass Cattle feed 8 Anogeissusleicarpa Marike (Hausa) Tree Chewing stick, medicinal 9 Aristodosp Grass Livestock feed 10 Azadirachtaindica Neem Tree Fuel wood, medicinal 11 Bauhinia refescens Tree Livestock feed 12 Bombax costatum Red silk cotton Tree Edible leaves and fruits 13 Borassuseathiopum Ron palm Tree Edible fruits 14 Brachiariassp Grass Cattle feed 15 Burkea Africana Barkinmakarfo Tree Source of Tannin, fish (Hausa) poison 16 Ceiba pentandra Silk cotton Tree Edible leaf, Timber

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S/N Scientific name Common name Habit Local uses 17 Cochlospennum sp. Shrub 18 Combretum micranthum Woody climber 19 Danielliaoliveri Maje (Hausa) Tree Fuel wood 20 Digitariasp Grass Cattle feed 21 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Euslyptus Tree Planted shelter tree 22 Hymenocardiaacida Janyaro (Hausa) Tree Fuel wood 23 Hyphaenethebaica Dum palm Tree Fruit for livestock feed 24 Isoberliniadoka Doka (Hausa) Tree Fuel wood 25 Khaya senegalensis Mahogany Tree Timer tree 26 Mangiferaindica Mango Tree Fruit edible 27 Parkiabiglobosa Locust bean Tree Fruit edible 28 Phoenix doctylifera Date palm Tree Edible fruit 29 Piliostigniareticulatum Kalgo (Hausa) Tree Fruit eaten 30 Senna occidentialis Coffee senna Herb Leaves edible 31 Tamarindusindica Isamiya (Hausa) Tree Fruits eaten by cattle 32 Terminalia avicennoides Boushe (Hausa) Tree Fuel wood 33 Vitellaria paradoxa Shea butter tree Tree Edible fruit and vegetation oil 7.17.1.1 Aquatic vegetation The aquatic vegetation observed in Kano appear to be the most threatening to the success of the irrigation systems in the both KRIP and HVIP areas. The threatening invasive weeds include Typha grasses observed throughout the canals (waterways, the reservoirs, burrow pits and along the Hadejia/Kafin- Hausa river courses; water hyacinth observed at Hadejia Barrage diversion gate besides Typha in the Hadejia reservoir; and water fern observed right at the centre of the main canal besides typha at KRIP East. However, Table 7.16 shows the common aquatic plants of all the irrigation area. Table 7.16: Common Aquatic Plants of the project areas S/N Scientific name Common name Habit 1 Ludwigiaabyssinica Water primerose Woody herb 2 Ludwigiadecurrens Water primrose Woody herb 3 Nymphaea lotus Water lily Herb 4 Typha species Cattail Woody herb 5 Hydrleapalustris Herb 6 Ipomoea aquatic Swamp morning Herb 7 Kyllingapumila Swamp cyperus Herb 8 Oryza longistaminata Wild rice Woody herb 9 Clappertoniaficifolia Woody herb 10 Mimosa pigra Giant sensitive plant Woody herb 11 Eichhorniacrassipes Water hyacinth Floating herb 12 Salviniaauriculata Water fern Floating water fern About Typha Linn. (Cattail)

They are marsh or lake herbs with creeping rhizomes, often tall, with simple stems submerged at the base (Hepper 1968). They belong to the family, Typhaceae. This genus Typha was observed as a

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework major threat to the dam delivery canals in all the irrigation project areas including KRIP and HVIP (RuwanKanya Reservoir and HadejiaBarrage respectively) (Figure 7.16). The Typha grasses were taken to the laboratory for taxonomic identification. The following Typha species were identified according to Hepper (1968): • Typha australis – the most abundant • Typha latifolia • Typha elephantina The Typha species occurred mixed and gregariously in different habitats along the irrigation water delivery canals and reservoirs. The spread of Typha spores or seeds is mostly dispersed by wind and through the rhizomes as seen in Figure 7.17 The growth of Typha in the riverbed is causing major problems by diverting the course of the river flow. This is causing particular problems for the inflow of the Hadejia barrage, which is almost completely blocked therefore forcing the Hadejia River to discharge into the Kafin Hausa river bed upstream of the barrage, thus depriving the others of required water volume needed for irrigation.

Figure 7.16: Typha covering a burrow pit in KRIP West

Figure 7.17: Typha dispersal process

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Striga (witch weed) This weed was observed in an unharvested rice farm at HVIP area. The species was identified as Strigasenegalersis(Rowland 1993). It is a parasitic weed of grain crops and thrives under condition of low soil fertility and unreliable rainfall. The weed may not pose any major problems at present, but may causea major pest problem if an exponential future increase in population was to occur, therefore affecting grains such as rice and wheat, which are grown by farmers in the irrigation area. It can be managed by adopting integrated crop rotation, fertilizer or manure application, and use of resistant crop species. Acanthospermumhispidum This was observed in harvested farms though not reported by farmers as a threatening weed. It is removed with hoe as farmers prepare the land for cropping. Water hyacinth Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) was observed at the Hadejia river barrage gate. This invasive floating water hyacinth is a weed of waterways streams, lakes and canals. It should be considered a major threat in HVIP water delivery system. It can be physically removed beforeitextensivelyinvades the barrage reservoir and the irrigation canals. 7.17.1.2 Fauna Studies No game mammals were sighted. According to villagers at Kano, the KRIS was home to various game mammals including Hyenas (Kura) Crocutacrocuta, Lions (Zaki) – Pantheraleo; Buffalo (Bauna)- Synceruscaffa; and Giraffes. According to the natives, Kura (one of the main Local Government Areas where Kano River Irrigation Scheme is located) was named after Hyenas. Hyenas were populous in the area especially in the early 1970s before Kano River Irrigation Scheme was established. Giraffes, according to Ayeni et al., (1982) were also common in Kura. The lack of game mammals in the project area is obviously a direct impact of the project on their habitats, which were lost to the project. However, Nile Monitor (Guza) – Veranusnilotica was sighted at the planted Eucalyptus canaldulensis riparian vegetation of Ruwan Kanya Reservoir discharge outlet point. However Table 6.17 shows common animals of the project area. Table 7.17: Common animals of the project areas S/N Common name Scientific name 1 Nile monitor (sighted) Veranusniloticus 2 Bush mouse Myomysdaltoni 3 Termites TrinervitermesSpp 4 Cattle Bovine spp 5 Sheep Ovine spp 6 Goat Caprine spp 7 Dogs Canine spp Livestock in Farmland: Livestock farming or extensive animal husbandry are a common practice in the irrigation schemes. In the project areas animal husbandry is practiced by two groups (i) Fulani

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Herdsmen and their families (ii) State Ministry of Agriculture designated ranches. The Fulani Herdsmen graze their cattle throughout the irrigation schemes but the ranches specifically in Kano River Irrigation Scheme graze their cattle on formulated animal feed and partly on pasture. Livestock are taken care of by veterinary services, which are provided through the State Ministry of Agriculture, or by independent practitioners. Amongst the cattle breeds reared in the irrigation areas, the White Fulani and Sokoto Gudali (Bokoloji) account for the most breeds bred in KRIP, while in HVIP the Red Bororo, Bokoloji and White Fulani are most reared. Common Caprine breeds in both irrigation areas include the Sahel and Red Sokoto Goats. The major Ovine species are Balami, Yankasa, Ouda and the West African Dwarf Sheep. 7.17.1.3 Birds (Avifauna) Birds sighted in the area include: • Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) • Grey Heron (Ardcacineria) • White-faced whistling duck (Deridrocygnavidnata) • Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtesmonachus) • Black kite (Milvus migrans) • Speckled pigeon (Columbia guinea) • Black billed dove (Streptopeliaabyssinicus) • African morning dove (Streptopeliadecipiens) • Village indigo bird (Vidua chalybeate) • Chestnut-and-Black weaver (Cinnamopteryxcasteneofuscus) • Abyssinian roller (Coraciasabyssinicus) • Little swift (Apus offinis) • Pied king fisher (Cerylerudis) • Common garden bulbul (Pycnonotus barbatus) • Scaly-fronter weaver (Sporopipes frontalis) • Guinea fowl (Numidameleagris) The Quella bird: The red-billed quella bird (Quellaquella) was not observed in this assessment and no farmer complained of any bird attack on the food crops. Most farmers had harvested their rainy season grain crops and were planting dry season vegetable crops, which Quella birds do not eat. The interval in cropping time appears to render the Quella bird migratory arrival ineffective on farm crops by (i) Planting rice earlier than obtained in the schemes so that it is harvested before the swarming of Quella birds in the project areas which is mainly experienced in November (ii) Crop rotation – where vegetables and other crops which are not eaten by Quella birds are planted immediately after harvesting of rice (iii) The use of faster growing varieties such as FARO, NERICA and LAC varieties (iv) Enhancement of indigenously applied cultural methods such as the use of fishing nets which serve as a barrier between Quella birds and planted rice. Weaverbirds: Weaverbirds were observed specifically on trees located within farms and near communal residential areas. Two species were identified – (i) scaly fronted weaver and (ii) chestnut and Black weaver according to Elgood (1972).

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The birds appear to be endemic, friendly, and harmless to arable crops. They feed on the ground in harvested farms and gardens ignoring food crops. They nest on trees of their choice in farms, and around villages. They are non-tree specific. 7.17.1.4 Termites and Ants Termite ant hills were observed in all the irrigation project areas. Interaction with the farmers indicated that these insects were no serious pests to farm crops. They were mainly part of the soil fauna that eat mainly dead plant refuse. However termites could be pests in farmlands where tuber crops such as yam, cassava and potatoes are planted. 7.17.1.5 Fish and Fishing Activities No major fishing activities were observed during this asssessment.Minor fishing activities were observed east of the Tiga Dam, at the Spill Way of Ruwan Kanya, at the Southeast of Challawa Gorge and at the Kano and Challawa Rivers; and Hadejia River. Few small scale fish markets were observed within the villages located in the project areas.

7.18 Social Environment of Kano State Kano state is highly commercialized; the economy of the state is driven by commerce, manufacturing and subsistence agriculture. Large-scale industries specific in the areas of manufacturing textiles, plastic and rubber, paper and paper products, leather, food and beverages are found in the state. Administrative Hierarchy: The Emir is head in the local government traditional council. Following the Emir are District heads, Village heads and Wards heads. Language and Religion: Hausa and Fulani are the predominant languages in the project area. Islam is the main religion commanding the adherents of greater number of the population in Kano state. Amenities: The entire project area has a good telecommunication coverage network. It is connected to the national grid enjoy proximity to good conditioned artillery roads. However, the link roads to the villages and farmlands are earth roads and in some cases in deplorable conditions. Institutions and Industry: Major institutions in Kano include: College of Islamic study, Kano state Sports Institute, Bayero University, North West University, Irrigation Institute, Dangote Tomato Processing Factory and School of Informatics.

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Annex 8 Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies • Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded by IDEAS. • Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its sitting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under the IDEAS. • Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to IDEAS. Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. This policy will most likely not apply to IDEAS as this project will not entail taking of land or restriction of access to sources of livelihood. However, Component 1 titled: “Enhanced quality and relevance of skills development in public Technical Colleges by incentivizing public-private partnerships” involves the financing of rehabilitation and upgrading of selected Technical Colleges which may lead to involuntary resettlement. The stand –alone RPF prepared for the Project has outlined the resettlement process in terms of procedures for preparing and approving Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs), institutional arrangements, likely categories of affected people, eligibility criteria and categories, compensation rates, methods of valuing affected assets, community participation and information dissemination, Grievance Redress Mechanism and effective monitoring and evaluation. These arrangements are to ensure that there is a systematic process (as against an ad hoc one) for the different stages of implementation of a framework that assures participation of affected persons, involvement of relevant institutions and stakeholders, adherence to both World Bank and Government procedures and requirements. • Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub- projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under IDEAS. • Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under IDEAS. • Cultural Property (OP 11.03). The term “cultural property” includes sites having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank’s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government’s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist. IDEAS will not fund sub- projects that will have negative impacts on cultural property. • Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height; this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. This policy does not apply to IDEAS since the policy is not triggered under the project. • Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to IDEAS. • Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur between the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by sub-projects. This policy is unlikely to be triggered by sub- projects to be funded by IDEAS.

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Annex 9 General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts General 1 In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2 Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction worker camps. j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation.

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k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3 The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4 The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan /strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5 Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 6 All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7 All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8 Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally. 9 Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10 Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11 If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. Material Excavation and Deposit 12 The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13 The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14 New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas.

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b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15 Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16 Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17 The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18 Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention 19 To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20 Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21 Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22 Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23 Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24 To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25 Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26 Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27 Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28 Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29 Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.

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30 Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31 Re-vegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32 The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33 Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34 Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35 Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities down stream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36 No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37 Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38 Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Traffic Management 39 Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40 Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41 Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. Disposal of Unusable Elements 42 Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 43 As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 44 AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 45 Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. Health and Safety 46 In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 47 Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 48 Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.

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Repair of Private Property 49 Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 50 In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. Contractor’s Health, Safety and Environment Management Plan (HSE-MP) 51 Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: • For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. • For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s HSE performance. 52 The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least: • a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; • a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; • a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and • the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 53 The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. HSE Reporting 54 The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on: • HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; • Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); • Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; • Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and • Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings. 55 It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor

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keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi- weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client. Training of Contractor’s Personnel 56 The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be: • HSE in general (working procedures); • emergency procedures; and • social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues). Cost of Compliance 57 It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact. Example Format: HSE Report Contract: Period of reporting: HSE Management Actions/Measures: Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken, etc.

HSE Incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports.

HSE Compliance: Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of non-compliance.

Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects.

Concerns and Observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings and visits.

Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor Representative

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Example Format: HSE Incident Notification

Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer

Originators Reference No: Date of Incident: Time:

Location of incident:

Name of Person(s) involved:

Employing Company:

Type of Incident:

Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual)

Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation

Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor Representative

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Annex 10 Terms of Reference for the ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the Innovation Development and Effectiveness in the Acquisition of SkillsProject (IDEAS Project)

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Purpose of the ESIA There is need to carry out an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), which will have to comply with the environmental procedures of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and with the environmental guidelines of the financing institution, WB.

2.0 Objectives of the ESIA The objectives of the ESIA are to: • Thoroughly document baseline conditions of the study area and the socio-economic conditions of the affected communities. • Place the ecological baseline conditions of the concession area in the context of the surrounding region. • Inform, obtain and address contributions from stakeholders including relevant authorities and the public. • Assess in detail, the environmental and social impact that would result from the project • Identify mitigation measures that would reduce the significance of predicted negative impacts or enhanced predicted benefits of the proposed mining projects. • Develop an appropriate Monitoring Plan for the proposed IDEAS sub-projects • Meet the requirements of the National environmental regulatory agencies in Nigeria as well as international best practice for project of this nature.

The ESIA will identify the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the development and then provide the measures that will be required to manage those impacts, which will be incorporated into an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan. A multi-disciplinary team of experts will conduct the ESIA with the stages identified as follows:

3.0 Phase Description

Screening/Scoping- Identification of key issues and concern that are to be addressed by the specialist studies Baseline -Characterize current broadly defined environmental and social conditions on and near the site to serve as a basis against which impacts can be measured and monitored. Assessment and Mitigation - Identification of positive and negative impacts. The potential spatial extent, severity, duration and probability of impacts are described along with mitigation actions. Integration - Collation of specialist studies and assessments and the compilation of the ESIA Report. Review - The ESIA Report is reviewed by the State Ministry of Environment, sector agencies and stakeholders. The ESIA process will be guided by the Federal Guidelines for EIA process as stipulated in Annex 6 and international best practice guidelines for projects of this nature such as the World Bank WB.

4.0 Tasks

In the conduct of the ESIA the consultant team will undertake the following tasks: Assemble relevant baseline information on the project area including its geology, soils, hydrology, climate, surface water quality, noise, air quality and terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna. • Collect Information on the socio-economic background of the project area; • Provide a detailed description of the projects; • Identify the relevant laws, guidelines, regulations and standards that would define the operating framework of the project; • Identify, as far as is possible, and assess the physical, biological, socio-economic as well as

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cumulative impacts of the project which will include the transport and processing components of the project; • Describe alternatives examined in developing the project, and identify other alternatives that would achieve the same objectives. This will include alternative methods for flood control and the rationale for the preferred choice; • Prepare an Environmental Management Plan that recommends measures to address those adverse impacts that can be avoided, or reduced to acceptable levels including a plan for monitoring during project implementation. The Management Plan will include a Mitigation Plan, Emergency Response Plan, Monitoring Plan and provisions for Environmental Auditing.

5.0 Specific Issues to be addressed by the ESIA

The consultant team will address the full range of issues as it pertains to the proposed project. Specific issues include:

• A detailed description of the project areas including maps showing the boundaries of the project areas, layout of current land uses of the surrounding areas and network of drainage systems; • Current water quality data from surrounding streams, rivers which include pH, TSS or turbidity, conductivity, TDS, ammonia and sulphates and the establishment of fixed stations for continuous monitoring ; • Dust and noise management in particular from haul roads, crushing plant; • Impacts to aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna; • Water Use and effluent management; • Waste management; • Land use; • Cultural and archaeological resources; • Occupational Health and Safety; • Social and economic impacts to the local communities including direct benefits such as jobs; • Cumulative impacts of the project; • Presentation of the proposed IDEAS plan with all relevant information concerning potential impacts on the environment and develop mitigation strategies to reduce the identified impacts; • A Monitoring Plan with focus on reclamation efforts and on discharge and receiving water quality limits with provisions for effluent discharge monitoring. This will be base on the results of the ESIA and the management plan; • A Detailed Emergency Response Plan to respond to environmental emergencies and issues with respect to worker’s safety as well as residents. The plan will consider identification of emergencies, response mechanisms, personnel responsibilities and equipment and training requirements.

6.0 Site Visit and Scoping The ESIA consultant will cover the cost of site visits associated with the conduct of the ESIA, public notices and other costs associated the ESIA.

7.0 ESIA Report Outline for an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment process should not exclusively be perceived as a matter of preparing a report and obtaining approval only, instead the use of the ESIA should help ensure that the environmental and social concerns of local communities and other stakeholders are taken into account throughout the life of the IDEAS Project. The ESIA should be tailored to the specific sub-project and to the legal requirements, environmental and social conditions where it is situated. The coverage of the ESIA report itself will therefore depend on local circumstances. To describe and agree on the extent and boundaries of the proposed sub-projects, a map may be useful. The Identification of relevant stakeholders would be part of this mapping exercise, and these

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework stakeholders can then be involved in the mapping process, which can help everyone understand the complex flow of impacts and feedback loops more easily. The following outline for a typical ESIA report is offered on the basis that identified issues will not necessarily have the same degree of relevance for all sub-projects.

• Executive summary / non-technical summary - The summary should be written in non-technical language, be translated to the major indigenous language, and be accessible and understandable to the relevant stakeholders and/or affected communities. • Methods and Key issues – This provides the opportunity to clarify some basic information about the ESIA including what difficulties have been encountered and the limitation of the assessment. • Legislative Framework – The legislative framework should include the relevant legislation and requirements of the country and region where the project is situated. It is also important to include a statement that commits the project to compliance. • Consultation Process – Should contain the step by step approach and views expressed. If clear recommendations resulting from the consultation process were not followed, the reasons for those decisions should be provided. • Description of the existing Social and Environmental Baseline – should describe information collected on the past, present and future context for the IDEAS Project in order to provide a picture of existing trends resulting from natural events or human activities, the current state of the environment, the current socio-economic conditions in the region, and any potential future changes which may occur as a result of planned developments. • Consideration of Alternatives – this section should present the results of a well thought-out process that has ensured that reasonable alternatives of different types have been considered. • Description of the proposed development – this section should cover the objectives and scope of the sub-projects, an overview of the sub-project and its location, a detailed description and layout, the site preparation and construction, and the nature of the process, resources and technologies to be used. • Prediction and Evaluation of significant social and environmental impacts – this should emphasize the most important impacts, who or what these will affect, and how significant the effect will be. • Mitigation / offset measures – this section should provide an assessment of the hierarchy of impacts and whether mitigation measures proposed to alleviate the impacts and residual and/or cumulative effects. Proposed methodology to reduce negative impacts should also be included. • Environmental and Social management and monitoring plans – This section should provide a framework for managing and monitoring impacts (implementation costs inclusive) for the duration of the sub-projects and also ascertain the necessity of introducing corrective measures. It should be designed to ensure that the commitments made in the ESIA, and in any subsequent assessment reports, together with any license approval or similar conditions are implemented. • Bibliography – A list of all references cited should be included in the report. Annex 11 Draft ESMP Terms of Reference Introduction and context This part will be completed in time and will include necessary information related to the context and methodology to carry out the study. Objectives of study This section will indicate (i) the objectives and the project activities; (ii) the activities that may cause environmental and social negative impacts and needing adequate mitigation measures. Tasks The consultant should realize the following: 1 Assess the potential environmental and social impacts related to project activities and recommend adequate mitigation measures, including costs estimation.. 2 Review institutional assessment and framework for environmental management. 3 Identify responsibilities and actors for the implementation of proposed mitigation measures

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4 Assess the capacity available to implement the proposed mitigation measures, and suggest recommendation in terms of training and capacity building, and estimate their costs. 5 Develop a Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project. The ESMP should underline (i) the potential environmental and social impacts resulting from project activities (ii) the proposed mitigation measures; (iii) the institutional responsibilities for implementation; (iv) the monitoring indicators; (v) the institutional responsibilities for monitoring and implementation of mitigation measures; (vi) the costs of activities; and (vii) the calendar of implementation. 6 Public consultations.The ESMP results and the proposed mitigation measures will be discussed with relevant stakeholders, NGOs, local administration and other organizations mainly involved by the project activities. Recommendations from this public consultation will be include in the final ESMP report. Plan of the ESMP report 10 Cover page 11 Table of contents 12 List of acronyms 13 Executive summary 14 Introduction 15 Description of sub-project sites 16 Description of environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures for project activities 17 Institutional Assessment and framework for Environmental Management. 18 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project o including the proposed mitigation measures; o Institutional Responsibilities for Implementation; o Monitoring indicators; o Institutional responsibilities for monitoring and implementation of mitigation; o Summarized table for ESMP including costs o ESMP Training requirements 13 Public Consultation 14 Conclusion and Recommendations 15 Annexes: List of persons / institutions meet Duration of study The duration of study will be determined according to the type of activity Production of final report The consultant will produce the final report one (1) week after receiving comments from the WB, State Ministry of Environment (Pollution Control Unit) and the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE. The report will include all the comments from all. Supervision of study Annex 12 Generic Environmental and Social Screening Checklist No Item Details INTRODUCTION 1 Name of the State 2 City 3 Local Government 4 Brief description of the project

5 Does the site /project require any; Yes No If yes give the extent (in ha) Reclamation of land, wetlands Clearing of forest Felling of trees

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6 Minimum land area required for the proposed development (ha) 7 Available total land area within the identified location (ha) 8 Expected construction period 9 Responsible contact person with contact Information 10 Present Land Ownership State Private Other (specify) 11 Source of Funding 12 Total Cost of the Project 13 Anticipated Date of Completion DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT PHYSICAL 14 Topography & Landforms (map) Attach an extract from relevant 1: 50,000 topographic sheet/ if detailed maps are available provide them 15 Relief (difference in elevation) Low <20m Medium 20-40m High 40-60 >60m 16 Slope Low <30% Medium 30-40 % High 40-60 Very % High > 60% 17 Position on Slope Bottom Mid-slope Upper- slope 18 Soil 19 Soil Depth Shallow Moderate Deep < 20cm 20 – 100 cm >100cm 20 Soil Erosion Low Medium High 21 Climate Wet Zone Intermediate Zone Dry Zone/ Semi Arid Zone 22 Annual dry period 23 Source of fresh Surface Water Spring/canal Tank/Reservoir Perennial Seasonal N Stream Stream o n e 24 Surface Water Use Domestic Washing/Bathing Irrigation Ani mal use 25 Surface Water Quality Poor Moderate Good 26 Ground Water Availability Dug Well Tube Well Other (specify) 27 Ground Water Use Domestic Washing/Bathing Irrigation Anima l use 28 Ground Water Quality Poor Moderate Good

29 Incidence of Natural Disasters Floods Prolonged droughts Cyclones/tidal waves O t h e r 30 Geological Hazards Landslides Rock falls Subsidence Other ECOLOGICAL 31 Habitat Types in the Project Site Natural forest ( %), degraded forest( %), natural (indicate the % of each habitat type) scrubland( %), degraded scrubland( %), riverine forest, grassland( %), abandoned agricultural land( %), marsh(

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%), lagoon( %), estuary( %), coastal scrub( %), mangrove( %), salt marsh( %), home-gardens( %), Other ( %) (List) 32 Habitat types within 250m radius from Natural forest ( %), degraded forest( %), natural the site periphery scrubland( %), degraded scrubland( %), riverine forest, (indicate the % of each habitat type) grassland( %), abandoned agricultural land( %), marsh( %), lagoon( %), estuary( %), coastal scrub( %), mangrove( %), salt marsh( %), home-gardens( %), Other ( %) (List) 33 Habitat types within 500m radius from Natural forest ( %), degraded forest( %), natural the site periphery scrubland( %), degraded scrubland( %), riverine forest, (indicate the % of each habitat type) grassland( %), abandoned agricultural land( %), marsh( %), lagoon( %), estuary( %), coastal scrub( %), mangrove( %), salt marsh( %), home-gardens( %), Other ( %) (List)

34 Are there any environmentally and Protecte Migrator Archeologica Wetlands Mangro culturally sensitive areas within 250m? d Areas y l sites ves pathways strands of animals

35 Are there any plants of conservation importance within 250m (endemic and threatened species)? If yes, encouraged to provide a list

36 Are there any animals of conservation importance within 250m (endemic and threatened species)? If yes, encouraged to provide a list ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY 37 Does the project wholly or partly fall within any of the following areas? Area Yes No Unaware 100m from the boundaries of or within any area 100m from the boundaries of or within any area Coastal zone Any erodable area Any Flood Area Any flood protection area 60 meters from the bank of a public stream Any reservations beyond the full supply level of a reservoir Any archaeological reserve, ancient or protected monument Within a distance of one mile of the boundary of a National Reserve

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD IMPACT MITIGATION/ ENHANCEMENT H M L N/A 38 Soil erosion 39 Water pollution 40 Noise pollution 41 Solid waste generation

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42 Loss of vegetation cover 43 Habitat loss or fragmentation 44 General disturbance to animal behaviour 45 Interference with normal movement of animals 46 Irreversible/irreparable environmental change ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENT DURING OPERATION PERIOD 47 Sewerage Disposal Cess Pool Sewage Pond Septic Tank Other 48 Solid Waste Disposal 49 Drinking Water Supply Common Dug Well Yes / No Individual dug well Yes / No Common Tube Yes / No Town supply – pipe Yes Well / No Spring Yes / No Town supply – Stand post Yes / No 50 Alteration to storm water No changes No major Major changes drainage pattern Changes CONTACT DETAILS OF OFFICIALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51 Name of the officer completed the form (From the Developer) 52 Designation and contact Information 53 List of team members

55 Overall observation and recommendation

55 Signature and date

56 Name and Contact Information of the officer who checked this form (Environmental Officer)

57 Remarks

58 Signature and Date

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Annex 13 Generic Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Checklist Upon completion of the screening form, which would have identified potential sub-project negative environmental and social impacts, IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE or stakeholders at various levels may use the checklist below to identify the corresponding mitigation measures to successfully manage these impacts. Land Degradation Water Bio-diversity, People Natural Habitats and Wetlands Planning Flood control: i) Promote potable i) Consideration of i) No involuntary water and sanitation alternative settlement allowed due to (i) Rehabilitate anti- sub-projects. locations/siting of land acquisition, denial or flooding ii) Promote sub-projects. restriction of access to infrastructure such environmental ii) Reduce biomass economic resources such as, micro-basins, health measures and use through as trees, buildings etc., hill side terracing, public health provision of used by members of soil bunds etc. education. alternative energy communities. (iii) Construct new iii) Improve sources and ii) Provide social services anti-flooding management of construction in areas of infrastructure. household and solid materials (cooking Primary education (iv) Introduce crop waste, including stoves, Primary health care rotation infrastructure for photovoltaics). Water supply management, use of collection and iii) Strengthen Micro-finance fertilizers, tree treatment of liquid natural resource Feeder roads planting and soil waste and waste management Soil conservation and drainage water. capacities natural resources (v) Control bush iv) Review, update iv) Develop management. burning and fires. and enforce alternatives to Basic and required vi) Protection of pollution control slash training at State and local roadsides by legislation. and burning community levels. planting of v) Strengthen clearing, decrease Ensure that these services vegetation. enforcement overgrazing. are vii) Protection of capacity. v) Promote agro equitably distributed outlet of drainage vi) Develop and forestry. throughout the districts canals and culverts implement rural vi) Wetlands and that access is open to to avoid clogging of water supply and management and all ethnic groups

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Land Degradation Water Bio-diversity, People Natural Habitats and Wetlands river drains. sanitation policy. small irrigation irrespective of status. viii) Prepare an vii) Locate sub- development. iii) Ensure that vulnerable effective and projects at far/safe vii) Protect groups in sub- project sustainable distances from water sensitive areas are included in maintenance plan. points and sources. ecosystems project activities and viii) Increase public such as forests and benefit from decision- awareness. wetlands, making and prevent further implementation. encroachment in iv) Provide employment protected areas. opportunities during viii) Enforce contracting of Civil works existing laws. e.t.c ix) Locate sub- projects appropriately. x) Training of communities of sustainable uses of resources. xi) Identify certain species of trees and animals that must be protected. xii) Exclude ecosystems that provided and important habitat for protected species. xiii)Establish buffer zones around protected

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Land Degradation Water Bio-diversity, People Natural Habitats and Wetlands parks and wetlands

Construction • Construction in dry season. Protection of soil surfaces during construction. • Adequate protection from livestock entry by fencing the site perimeters. • Employ all unskilled labour from local community and semi-skilled labour first from local community when available there in. • Source goods and services from local districts first, when available. • Control and daily cleaning at construction sites. • Provision of adequate waste disposal services including proper disposal of chemicals and other hazardous materials. • Dust control by water, appropriate design and siting, restrict construction to certain times. • Appropriate and suitable storage of building materials on site. • Siting of Latrines at safe distances from wells and other water points and using closed systems for sewage drainage. • Restrict construction to certain hours • Minimize loss of natural vegetation during construction; alternative sites; various special measures for sensitive species • Restoration of vegetation; cleanup of construction sites. • Safety designs (signage) • Ensure availability of clean potable water for use in latrines, canteens and for drinking. • Use of appropriate building materials. No asbestos etc

Day to Day • Use facilities/infrastructure as designed and as intended. Operations • Employ trained staff to man and secure facilities. • Log and report any damages done and repairs needed. • Perform periodic monitoring of all aspects as contained in the sub-project Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Land Degradation Water Bio-diversity, People Natural Habitats and Wetlands

Maintenance • Prepare and adopt suitable maintenance plan. • Maintain appropriate budget necessary to implement maintenance plan. • Implement maintenance plan in two stages: for activities requiring day-to-to maintenance such as repairs to damages done, regular inspections etc and longer/periodic term maintenance. • Have suitably trained staff to carry out maintenance and access to materials/goods/equipment.

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Annex 14 Additional Screening Questions to Determine the Need and Possible Extent of Further Environmental and Social Review and Management ADDITIONAL SCREENING QUESTIONS TO DETERMINE THE NEED AND POSSIBLE EXTENT OF FURTHER ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL REVIEW AND MANAGEMENT 1. Biodiversity and Natural Resources Answer (Yes/No/ Not Applicable) 1.1 Would the proposed project result in the conversion or degradation of modified habitat, natural habitat or critical habitat? 1.2 Are any development activities proposed within a legally protected area (e.g. natural reserve, national park) for the protection or conservation of biodiversity? 1.3 Would the proposed project pose a risk of introducing invasive alien species? 1.4 Does the project involve natural forest harvesting or plantation development without an independent forest certification system for sustainable forest management (e.g. PEFC, the Forest Stewardship Council certification systems, or processes established or accepted by the relevant National Environmental Authority)? 1.5 Does the project involve the production and harvesting of fish populations or other aquatic species without an accepted system of independent certification to ensure sustainability (e.g. the Marine Stewardship Council certification system, or certifications, standards, or processes established or accepted by the relevant National Environmental Authority)? 1.6 Does the project involve significant extraction, diversion or containment of surface or ground water? For example, construction of dams, reservoirs, river basin developments, groundwater extraction. 1.7 Does the project pose a risk of degrading soils? 2. Pollution Answer (Yes/No/ Not Applicable) 2.1 Would the proposed project result in the release of pollutants to the environment due to routine or non-routine circumstances with the potential for negative local, regional, and trans-boundary impacts? 2.2 Would the proposed project result in the generation of waste that cannot be recovered, reused, or disposed of in an environmentally and socially sound manner? 2.3 Will the propose project involve the manufacture, trade, release, and/or use of chemicals and hazardous materials subject to international action bans or phase- outs? For example, DDT, PCBs and other chemicals listed in international conventions such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, or the Montreal Protocol. 2.4 Is there a potential for the release, in the environment, of hazardous materials resulting from their production, transportation, handling, storage and use for project activities? 2.5 Will the proposed project involve the application of pesticides that have a known negative effect on the environment or human health?

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework ADDITIONAL SCREENING QUESTIONS TO DETERMINE THE NEED AND POSSIBLE EXTENT OF FURTHER ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL REVIEW AND MANAGEMENT 3. Climate Change

3.1 Will the proposed project result in significant3greenhouse gas emissions? Annex E provides additional guidance for answering this question. 3.2Is the proposed project likely to directly or indirectly increase environmental and social vulnerability to climate change now or in the future (also known as maladaptive practices)? For example, a project that would involve indirectly removing mangroves from coastal zones or encouraging land use plans that would suggest building houses on floodplains could increase the surrounding population’s vulnerability to climate change, specifically flooding. 4. Social Equity and Equality Answer (Yes/No/ Not Applicable) 4.1 Would the proposed project have environmental and social impacts that could affect vulnerable groups? 4.2 Is the project likely to significantly impact gender equality and women’s empowerment? 4.3 Is the proposed project likely to directly or indirectly increase social inequalities now or in the future? 4.4 Will the proposed project have variable impacts on women and men, different ethnic groups, social classes? 4.5 Have there been challenges in engaging women and other certain key groups of stakeholders in the project design process? 4.6 Will the project have specific human rights implications for vulnerable groups? 5. Demographics Answer (Yes/No/ Not Applicable) 5.1 Is the project likely to result in a substantial influx of people into the affected community(ies)? 5.2 Would the proposed project result in substantial voluntary or involuntary resettlement of populations? For example, projects with environmental and social benefits (e.g. protected areas, climate change adaptation) that impact human settlements, and certain disadvantaged groups within these settlements in particular. 5.3 Would the proposed project lead to significant population density increase which could affect the environmental and social sustainability of the project? For example, a project aiming at financing tourism infrastructure in a specific area (e.g. coastal zone, mountain) could lead to significant population density increase which could have serious environmental and social impacts (e.g.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework ADDITIONAL SCREENING QUESTIONS TO DETERMINE THE NEED AND POSSIBLE EXTENT OF FURTHER ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL REVIEW AND MANAGEMENT destruction of the area’s ecology, noise pollution, waste management problems, greater work burden on women). 6. Culture Answer (Yes/No/ Not Applicable) 6.1 Is the project likely to significantly affect the cultural traditions of affected communities, including gender-based roles? 6.2 Will the proposed project result in physical interventions (during construction or implementation) that would affect areas that have known physical or cultural significance to indigenous groups and other communities with settled recognized cultural claims? 6.3 Would the proposed project produce a physical “splintering” of a community? For example, through the construction of a road, powerline, or dam that divides a community. 7. Health and Safety Answer (Yes/No/ Not Applicable) 7.1 Would the proposed project be susceptible to or lead to increased vulnerability to earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding or extreme climatic conditions? For example, development projects located within a floodplain or landslide prone area. 7.2 Will the project result in increased health risks as a result of a change in living and working conditions? In particular, will it have the potential to lead to an increase in HIV/AIDS infection? 7.3 Will the proposed project require additional health services including testing? 8. Socio-Economics Answer (Yes/No/ Not Applicable) 8.1 Is the proposed project likely to have impacts that could affect women’s and men’s ability to use, develop and protect natural resources and other natural capital assets? For example, activities that could lead to natural resources degradation or depletion in communities who depend on these resources for their development, livelihoods, and well-being? 8.2 Is the proposed project likely to significantly affect land tenure arrangements and/or traditional cultural ownership patterns? 8.3 Is the proposed project likely to negatively affect the income levels or employment opportunities of vulnerable groups? 9. Cumulative and/or Secondary Impacts Answer (Yes/No/ Not Applicable) 9.1 Is the proposed project location subject to currently approved land use plans (e.g. roads, settlements) which could affect the environmental and social sustainability of the project? For example, future plans for urban growth, industrial development, transportation infrastructure, etc.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework ADDITIONAL SCREENING QUESTIONS TO DETERMINE THE NEED AND POSSIBLE EXTENT OF FURTHER ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL REVIEW AND MANAGEMENT 9.2 Would the proposed project result in secondary or consequential development which could lead to environmental and social effects, or would it have potential to generate cumulative impacts with other known existing or planned activities in the area? For example, a new road through forested land will generate direct environmental and social impacts through the cutting of forest and earthworks associated with construction and potential relocation of inhabitants. These are direct impacts. In addition, however, the new road would likely also bring new commercial and domestic development (houses, shops, businesses). In turn, these will generate indirect impacts. (Sometimes these are termed “secondary” or “consequential” impacts). Or if there are similar developments planned in the same forested area then cumulative impacts need to be considered.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Annex 15 Is the proposed project likely to increase environmental and/or social vulnerability to climate change now or in the future? YES NO i Does the project involve any of the following activities? o Changes in land use

o Agricultural expansion or intensification o Intensification of water use o Development in areas that are under existential threat (e.g. low-lying coastal areas), or the longer-term habitability of which is in question (e.g. areas at risk of extreme desertification or extreme disaster risk) o Other economic/livelihood development based on climate-sensitive resources (e.g. exploitation of rangelands, forests, fisheries, rivers, lakes; natural resource-based tourism; etc) o Activities in areas with existing conflicts over natural resources o Pricing of basic commodities (e.g. water)

o Privatization of, or formalisation of rights over, natural resources o Resettlement (e.g. facilitated or incentivised voluntary resettlement)

ii Does the project have the potential to have nagative impacts on any marginalized or already vulnerable groups, particularly those dependent on climate-sensitive resources, such as: o Pastoralists o Hunter-gatherers

o Forest dwellers o Subsistence farmers or fisher folk o Indigenous peoples (or other peoples) living outside of the mainstream economy o Women and minority groups iii Are project activities/outcomes predicated on assumptions (implicit or explicit) that future climatic and environmental conditions will resemble those of the present day? (e.g. require persistence of current rainfall regimes, surface runoff, extremes frequency/severity, natural resource abundance, ecological conditions, etc).

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Annex 16 Public Participation in Project Cycle Project Cycle ESIA Component Public Participation Activity

Pre-Feasibility Environmental and Social Identifies public groups and begins initial Screening contact with groups.

Initial Environmental Continue consultations – public provides Examination (IEE) input to IEE report. Scoping Identifies major issues for Scoping and TOR using public input and makes plan for public involvement. Feasibility Environmental and Social The public reviews and comments on Impact Assessment (ESIA) draft ESIA study report. The public provides input to design and survey. Detailed Survey and Design Integration of Environmental Detailed design made available to the Mitigation Measures public.

Construction and Operation Environmental and Social The public provides input to post- Monitoring evaluation of impacts and mitigation measures.

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Annex 17 Protection of Cultural Property 1. Cultural property include monuments, structures, works of art, or sites of significance points of view, and are defined as sites and structures having archaeological, historical, architectural, or religious significance, and natural sites with cultural values. This includes cemeteries, graveyards and graves.

2. The initial phase of the proposed emergency reconstruction operations pose limited risks of damaging cultural property since projects will largely consist of small investments in community infrastructure, reconstruction of existing structures, and minor public works. Nevertheless, the following procedures for identification, protection from theft, and treatment of discovered artifacts should be followed and included in standard bidding documents as provided in Annex 15. . Chance Find Procedures 3. Chance find procedures will be used as follows: (a) Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find; (b) Delineate the discovered site or area; (c) Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible local authorities and the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums take over; (d) Notify the supervisory Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture immediately (within 24 hours or less); (e) Responsible local authorities and the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archeologists of the Department of Archaeology and Museums (within 72 hours). The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values;

(f) Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage;

(g) Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums; and

(h) Construction work could resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities and the Ministry in charge of Department of Archaeology and Museums concerning safeguard of the heritage

4. These procedures must be referred to as standard provisions in construction contracts, when applicable, and as proposed in Annex 11. During project supervision, the Site Engineer shall monitor the above regulations relating to the treatment of any chance find encountered are observed.

5. Relevant findings will be recorded in WB Project Supervision Reports (PSRs), and Implementation Completion Reports (ICRs) will assess the overall effectiveness of the project’s cultural property mitigation, management, and activities, as appropriate.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Annex 18 Construction Contracts Environmental Management Conditions General 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an ESMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Project Engineer (PE) to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.

2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable negative environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant negative impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities which include the environmental specialist in IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally.

9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis.

11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality.

Material Excavation and Deposit 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. However, Stockpile shall not be situated in flooding areas, swamps, wetlands or in other places with high biodiversity value.

17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the environmental specialist and solid waste specialist of IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE and appropriate local and/or national authorities (SEPA / SWMA / NESREA approved Contractor) before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Revegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites by SEPA / SWMA / NESREA approved Contractor. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities down stream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Traffic Management 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. Blasting 42. Blasting activities, if any, shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. Disposal of Unusable Elements 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes and Asbestos materials as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. Health and Safety 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. Repair of Private Property

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation Contractor’s Health, Safety, Environment and Social Management Plan (HSES-MP) 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s HSES-MP will serve two main purposes: • For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. • For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSES aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s HSES performance.

55. The Contractor’s HSES-MP shall provide at least: • a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an ESMP; • a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize negative impacts; • a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and • the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 56. The Contractor’s HSES-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s HSES-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. HSES Reporting 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project ESMP if any, and his own HSES-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on: • HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; • Problems encountered in relation to HSES aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); • Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; • Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and • Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSES management 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSES incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendices to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSES performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Training of Contractor’s Personnel 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project ESMP, and his own HSES-MP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the HSES-MP. General topics should be: • HSES in general (working procedures); • emergency procedures; and • social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues). Cost of Compliance 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of the art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental & Social Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSES impact (This may include the following items: − Presence of Contractor HSES specialist on the site − HSES-Management Plan drafting and updating until the end of works, including training of Contractor’s personnel on this HSES-MP. − Bi-weekly HSES report − Waste management − Sites rehabilitation. Roles and Responsibilities In undertaking an ESIA, it is important that the roles, responsibilities, rights and involvements of all stakeholders in the process are clearly defined and agreed before commencement. The level of involvement of stakeholders in the ESIA will depend (not limited) on the following factors; • Location of the sub-projects; • Legislation; • Source for financing of the sub-project; • Public profile of the sub-project. Stakeholders in the ESIA process may include, but are not limited to the following groups: • The project client and / or developer. • Teams of specialists (possibly including independent consultants). • External reviewers. • Relevant local public authorities, government departments and government agencies; • Financial institutions; • Local residents and communities; • NGOs and community interest groups/project affected persons. 8.0 The Technical team for the ESIA will be procured by the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE . 9. 0 Management of the ESIA process The consultant will manage the overall ESIA process and will be responsible for the compilation and presentation of the ESIA Report. The consultant will plan, coordinate and execute all activities of the ESIA process as well as in the planning and execution of the public scoping meeting and public hearing if required. The consultant will provide updates to all relevant agencies on the ESIA process. 10. Duration This will be discussed with the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE. 11. ESIA Submission This will be discussed with the IDEAS PROJECT OFFICE.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework

Annex 19 Code of Conduct on Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children Company Code of Conduct Preventing Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children

The company is committed to creating and maintaining an environment in which gender based violence (GBV)and violence against children (VAC) have no place, and where they will not be tolerated by any employee, associate, or representative of the company. Therefore, in order to ensure that all those engaged in the project are aware of this commitment, and in order to prevent, be aware of, and respond to any allegations of GBV and VAC, the company commits to the following core principles and minimum standards of behaviour that will apply to all company employees, associates, and representatives including sub-contractors, without exception:

1. The company—and therefore all employees, associates, and representatives—commit to treating women, children (persons under the age of 18), and men with respect regardless of race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. Acts of GBV and VAC are in violation of this commitment. 2. Demeaning, threatening, harassing, abusive, culturally inappropriate, or sexually provocative language and behaviour are prohibited among all company employees, associates, and its representatives. 3. Acts of GBV or VAC constitute gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for sanctions, which may include penalties and/or termination of employment. All forms of GBV and VAC, including grooming are unacceptable, regardless of whether they take place on the work site, the work site surroundings, at worker’s camps or at worker’s homes. 4. In addition to company sanctions, legal prosecution of those who commit acts of GBV or VAC will be pursued if appropriate. 5. Sexual contact or activity with children under 18—including through digital media—is prohibited. Mistaken belief regarding the age of a child is not a defence. Consent from the child is also not a defence or excuse. 6. Sexual favours—for instance, making promises or favourable treatment dependent on sexual acts—or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behaviour are prohibited. 7. Unless there is full consent4 by all parties involved in the sexual act, sexual interactions between the company’s employees (at any level) and members of the communities surrounding the work place are prohibited. This includes relationships involving the withholding/promise of actual provision of benefit (monetary or non-monetary) to community members in exchange for sex— such sexual activity is considered “non-consensual” within the scope of this Code.

4Consent is defined as the informed choice underlying an individual’s free and voluntary intention, acceptance or agreement to do something. No consent can be found when such acceptance or agreement is obtained through the use of threats, force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or misrepresentation. In accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the World Bank considers that consent cannot be given by children under the age of 18, even in the event that national legislation of the country into which the Code of Conduct is introduced has a lower age. Mistaken belief regarding the age of the child and consent from the child is not a defence.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 8. All employees, including volunteers and sub-contractors are highly encouraged to report suspected or actual acts of GBV and/or VAC by a fellow worker, whether in the same company or not. Reports must be made in accordance with GBV and VAC Allegation Procedures. 9. Managers are required to report suspected or actual acts of GBV and/or VAC as they have a responsibility to uphold company commitments and hold their direct reports responsible. To ensure that the above principles are implemented effectively the company commits to ensuring that: 10. All managers sign the ‘Manager’s Code of Conduct’ detailing their responsibilities for implementing the company’s commitments and enforcing the responsibilities in the ‘Individual Code of Conduct’. 11. All employees sign the project’s ‘Individual Code of Conduct’ confirming their agreement not to engage in activities resulting in GBV or VAC. 12. Displaying the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct prominently and in clear view at workers’ camps, offices, and in public areas of the work space. Examples of areas include waiting, rest and lobby areas of sites, canteen areas, health clinics. 13. Ensure that posted and distributed copies of the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct are translated into the appropriate language of use in the work site areas as well as for any international staff in their native language. 14. An appropriate person is nominated as the company’s ‘Focal Point’ for addressing GBV and VAC issues, including representing the company on the GBV and VAC Compliance Team (GCCT) which is comprised of representatives from the client, contractor(s), the supervision consultant, and local service provider(s). 15. Ensuring that an effective Action Plan is developed in consultation with the GCCT which includes as a minimum: a. GBV and VAC Allegation Procedure to report GBV and VAC issues through the project Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM); b. Accountability Measures to protect confidentiality of all involved; and, c. Response Protocol applicable to GBV and VAC survivors and perpetrators. 16. That the company effectively implements the Action Plan, providing feedback to the GCCT for improvements and updates as appropriate. 17. All employees attend an induction training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure they are familiar with the company’s commitments and the project’s GBV and VAC Codes of Conduct. 18. All employees attend a mandatory training course once a month for the duration of the contract starting from the first induction training prior to commencement of work to reinforce the understanding of the project’s GBV and VAC Code of Conduct. I do hereby acknowledge that I have read the foregoing Company Code of Conduct, and on behalf of the company agree to comply with the standards contained therein. I understand my role and responsibilities to prevent and respond to GBV and VAC. I understand that any action inconsistent with this Company Code of Conduct or failure to take action mandated by this Company Code of Conduct may result in disciplinary action. Company name: ______

Signature: ______

Printed Name: ______

Title: ______

Date: ______

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Manager’s Code of Conduct Preventing Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children Managers at all levels have particular responsibilities to uphold the company’s commitment to preventing and addressing GBV and VAC. This means that managers have an acute responsibility to create and maintain an environment that prevents GBV and VAC. Managers need to support and promote the implementation of the Company Code of Conduct. To that end, managers must adhere this Manager’s Code of Conduct and also sign the Individual Code of Conduct. This commits them to supporting and developing systems that facilitate the implementation of the Action Plan and maintain a GBV-free and VAC-free environment at the workplace and in the local community. These responsibilities include but are not limited to: Implementation 1. To ensure maximum effectiveness of the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct: a. Prominently displaying the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct in clear view at workers’ camps, offices, and in public areas of the work space. Examples of areas include waiting, rest and lobby areas of sites, canteen areas, health clinics. b. Ensuring all posted and distributed copies of the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct are translated into the appropriate language of use in the work site areas as well as for any international staff in their native language. 2. Verbally and in writing explain the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct to all staff. 3. Ensure that: a. All direct reports sign the ‘Individual Code of Conduct’, including acknowledgment that they have read and agree with the Code of Conduct. b. Staff lists and signed copies of the Individual Code of Conduct are provided to the GCCT and the client. c. Participate in training and ensure that staff also participate as outlined below. d. Staff are familiar with the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and that they can use it to anonymously report concerns of GBV orVAC incidents. e. Staff are encouraged to report suspected or actual GBV or VAC through the GRM by raising awareness about GBV and VAC issues, emphasizing the staff’s responsibility to the Company and the country hosting their employment, and emphasizing the respect for confidentiality. 4. In compliance with applicable laws and to the best of your abilities, prevent perpetrators of sexual exploitation and abuse from being hired, re-hired or deployed. Use background and criminal reference checks for all employees. 5. Ensure that when engaging in partnership, sub-contractor or similar agreements, these agreements: a. Incorporate the GBV and VAC Codes of Conduct as an attachment. b. Include the appropriate language requiring such contracting entities and individuals, and their employees and volunteers, to comply with the Individual Codes of Conduct. c. expressly state that the failure of those entities or individuals, as appropriate, to take preventive measures against GBV and VAC, to investigate allegations thereof, or to take corrective actions when GBV or VAC has occurred, shall constitute grounds for sanctions and penalties in accordance with the Individual Codes of Conduct. 6. Provide support and resources to the GCCT to create and disseminate internal sensitization initiatives through the awareness-raising strategy under the Action Plan. 7. Ensure that any GBV or VAC issue warranting police action is reported to the client and the World Bank immediately. Training 8. All managers are required to attend an induction manager training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure that they are familiar with their roles and responsibilities in upholding the GBV and VAC Codes of Conduct. This training will be separate from the induction training course required of

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework all employees and will provide managers with the necessary understanding and technical support needed to begin to develop the Action Plan for addressing GBV and VAC issues. 9. Ensure that time is provided during work hours and that staff attend the mandatory project facilitated induction training on GBV and VAC required of all employees prior to commencing work on site. 10. Ensure that staff attend the monthly mandatory refresher training course required of all employees to combat increased risk of GBV and VAC during civil works. 11. Managers are required to attend and assist with the project facilitated monthly training courses for all employees. Managers will be required to introduce the trainings and announce the self-evaluations. 12. Collect satisfaction surveys to evaluate training experiences and provide advice on improving the effectiveness of training. Response 13. Managers will be required to provide input to the GBV and VAC Allegation Procedures and Response Protocol developed by the GCCT as part of the final cleared Action Plan. 14. Once adopted by the Company, managers will uphold the Accountability Measures set forth in the Action Plan to maintain the confidentiality of all employees who report or (allegedly) perpetrate incidences of GBV and VAC (unless a breach of confidentiality is required to protect persons or property from serious harm or where required by law). 15. If a manager develops concerns or suspicions regarding any form of GBV or VAC by one of his/her direct reports, or by an employee working for another contractor on the same work site, s/he is required to report the case using the GRM. 16. Once a sanction has been determined, the relevant manager(s) is/are expected to be personally responsible for ensuring that the measure is effectively enforced, within a maximum timeframe of 14 days from the date on which the decision to sanction was made. 17. Managers failing to report or comply with such provision can in turn be subject to disciplinary measures, to be determined and enacted by the company’s CEO, Managing Director or equivalent highest-ranking manager. Those measures may include: a. Informal warning. b. Formal warning. c. Additional Training. d. Loss of up to one week's salary. e. Suspension of employment (without payment of salary), for a minimum period of 1 month up to a maximum of 6 months. f. Termination of employment. 18. Ultimately, failure to effectively respond to GBV and VAC cases on the work site by the company’s managers or CEO may provide grounds for legal actions by authorities.

I do hereby acknowledge that I have read the foregoing Manager’s Code of Conduct, do agree to comply with the standards contained therein and understand my roles and responsibilities to prevent and respond to GBV and VAC. I understand that any action inconsistent with this Manager’s Code of Conduct or failure to take action mandated by this Manager’s Code of Conduct may result in disciplinary action.

Signature: ______

Printed Name: ______

Title: ______

Date: ______

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Individual Code of Conduct Preventing Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children

I, ______, acknowledge that preventing gender based violence (GBV) and violence against children (VAC)is important. The company considers that GBV or VAC activities constitute acts of gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for sanctions, penalties or potential termination of employment. All forms of GBV or VAC are unacceptable be it on the work site, the work site surroundings, or at worker’s camps. Prosecution of those who commit GBV or VAC may be pursued if appropriate. I agree that while working on the project I will: • Consent to police background check. • Treat women, children (persons under the age of 18), and men with respect regardless of race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. • Not use language or behaviour towards women, children or men that is inappropriate, harassing, abusive, sexually provocative, demeaning or culturally inappropriate. • Not participate in sexual contact or activity with children—including grooming, or contact through digital media. Mistaken belief regarding the age of a child is not a defence. Consent from the child is also not a defence or excuse. • Not engage in sexual favours—for instance, making promises or favourable treatment dependent on sexual acts—or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behaviour. • Unless there is the full consent5 by all parties involved, I will not have sexual interactions with members of the surrounding communities. This includes relationships involving the withholding or promise of actual provision of benefit (monetary or non-monetary) to community members in exchange for sex—such sexual activity is considered “non-consensual” within the scope of this Code. • Attend and actively partake in training courses related to HIV/AIDS, GBV and VAC as requested by my employer. • Consider reporting through the GRM or to my manager any suspected or actual GBV or VAC by a fellow worker, whether employed by my company or not, or any breaches of this Code of Conduct. With regard to children under the age of 18: • Wherever possible, ensure that another adult is present when working in the proximity of children. • Not invite unaccompanied children unrelated to my family into my home, unless they are at immediate risk of injury or in physical danger. • Not sleep close to unsupervised children unless absolutely necessary, in which case I must obtain my supervisor's permission, and ensure that another adult is present if possible.

5Consent is defined as the informed choice underlying an individual’s free and voluntary intention, acceptance or agreement to do something. No consent can be found when such acceptance or agreement is obtained through the use of threats, force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or misrepresentation. In accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the World Bank considers that consent cannot be given by children under the age of 18, even in the event that national legislation of the country into which the Code of Conduct is introduced has a lower age. Mistaken belief regarding the age of the child and consent from the child is not a defense.

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework • Use any computers, mobile phones, or video and digital cameras appropriately, and never to exploit or harass children or to access child pornography through any medium (see also “Use of children's images for work related purposes” below). • Refrain from physical punishment or discipline of children. • Refrain from hiring children for domestic or other labour which is inappropriate given their age or developmental stage, which interferes with their time available for education and recreational activities, or which places them at significant risk of injury. • Comply with all relevant local legislation, including labour laws in relation to child labour. Use of children's images for work related purposes When photographing or filming a child for work related purposes, I must: • Before photographing or filming a child, assess and endeavour to comply with local traditions or restrictions for reproducing personal images. • Before photographing or filming a child, obtain informed consent from the child and a parent or guardian of the child. As part of this I must explain how the photograph or film will be used. • Ensure photographs, films, videos and DVDs present children in a dignified and respectful manner and not in a vulnerable or submissive manner. Children should be adequately clothed and not in poses that could be seen as sexually suggestive. • Ensure images are honest representations of the context and the facts. • Ensure file labels do not reveal identifying information about a child when sending images electronically. Sanctions I understand that if I breach this Individual Code of Conduct, my employer will take disciplinary action which could include: • Informal warning. • Formal warning. • Additional Training. • Loss of up to one week’s salary. • Suspension of employment (without payment of salary), for a minimum period of 1 month up to a maximum of 6 months. • Termination of employment. • Report to the police if warranted. I understand that it is my responsibility to avoid actions or behaviours that could be construed as GBV or VAC or breach this Individual Code of Conduct. I do hereby acknowledge that I have read the foregoing Individual Code of Conduct, do agree to comply with the standards contained therein and understand my roles and responsibilities to prevent and respond to GBV and VAC. I understand that any action inconsistent with this Individual Code of Conduct or failure to take action mandated by this Individual Code of Conduct may result in disciplinary action and may affect my ongoing employment.

Signature: ______

Printed Name: ______

Title: ______

Date: ______

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Annex 20 Attendance list and summary of Consultations 1. Innovation Development and Effectiveness in the Acquisition of Skills (IDEAS) Project Consultative Meeting at the Ekiti State Ministry of Education and Technology on Wednesday 15th August, 2018

S/N NAMES DESIGNATION PHONE EMAIL NUMBER 1. Dr (Mrs) Director 08033521264 [email protected] AyelesoFolu (STM)/AGPS

2. Ojo O.T Director (PR&S) 08031567173

3. Ajibola E.A Director (F&A) 08035280295

4. Owolabi G.R DAS 07060508862

5. Ileola A.O Director (TER) 08030420132 [email protected]

6. Kayode A. Environmental & 08033026092 [email protected] Oluwagbuyi Social Safeguards Consultant 7. OlatundeAdesua Environmental 09050625278 [email protected] .S Consultant

In the absence of the Honourable Commissioner and the Permanent Secretary, both of whom were on Official Engagements outside the State, Dr. Mrs. FoluAyeleso met with the IDEAS Project Team of Environmental and Social Safeguards Consultant with other Senior members of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.

The listened to the visiting Consultants and agreed to reschedule the visit to a suitable time when both the Honourable Commissioner and Permanent Secretary would be available.

2. Innovation Development and Effectiveness in the Acquisition of Skills (IDEAS) ProjectConsultative Meeting at the Edo State Ministry of Education on Monday 27th August, 2018 S/N NAMES DESIGNATION PHONE EMAIL ADDRESS NUMBER 1. Mrs. Obahiagbon Permanent Secretary

2. S.A Omoruyi Director(Ministry of 08039568526 - Education) 3. UgiagbeEdosOsifo H.O.D Mechanical 08058840979 [email protected] Engineering (Benin Technical College)

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework 4. ObanorOsato Environmental 08063495809 [email protected] Chioma Consultant

Met with Mrs. Obahiagbon, the Permanent Secretary Edo State Ministry of Educationwho excused as herself as she had an urgent meeting to attend to with the commissioner and referred me to the Director (Mr S.A Omoruyi) who explained that the Ministry of Education was no longer in charge of Technical Colleges in Edo State as they had been transferred to the Ministry of Science and Technology. He called the Hon. Commissioner Ministry of Education to tell him about my visit and gave me his contact.

3. Innovation Development and Effectiveness in the Acquisition of Skills (IDEAS) ProjectConsultative Meeting at the Edo State Ministry of Science& Technology on Tuesday 28th August, 2018

S/N NAMES DESIGNATION PHONE EMAIL ADDRESS NUMBER 1. Dr. Christopher I. Hon.Commissioner 08065524388 [email protected] Adesotu

2. Dare .I. Dania Permanent 08034744571 [email protected] Secretary 3. Barr. Ikilo A.O Director of Admin 08052530357 [email protected]

4. ObanorOsato Environmental 08063495809 [email protected] Chioma Consultant

Met with the Hon. Commissioner for Science and Technology, Dr. Christopher I. Adesotu,in company of the Permanent Secretary, Mr, Dare Dania and Director of Administration, Barrister A. O. Ikilo. They were delighted that Edo State was being considered as a Pilot for IDEAS Project which will dove-tail with the SEEFOR Project under which Technical Colleges were being renovated. The SEEFOR project is supporting TVET (technical and vocational education and training) to youths with secondary level education in four (4) states (Rivers, Bayelsa, Delta, Edo). The Benin Technical College, Edo state is a beneficiary of this project.

He said of the seven (7)Technical Colleges in Edo State namely: a. Afuze Technical College (Afuze) b. Igara Technical College (Igara) c. Benin Technical College (Ugbowo) d. Government Science Technical College (Irrua) e. Federal Science Technical College (Uromi) f. Government Science Technical College (Urhonigbe) g. Government Science Technical College (Agbede)

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework the first four (4) are the functional State Technical Schools in Edo State, but the Benin Technical School is larger than the other three Technical Colleges. There is one (1) functional Federal Technical College at Uromi, and two (2) non-functional technical colleges which have been temporarily shut down because of community dispute. However, the dispute has been resolved but the schools had not been reopened yet.

He was happy with the objective of the proposed IDEAS project which is to enhance the quality and relevance of skills development in Nigeria, as it is in consonance with the Edo State Government’s vision for Technical Education and promised to inform the Edo State Executive Governor of the IDEAS Project to ensure maximum support. He did not envisage any problem in the Project Implementation as the Government is set to embark on Fencing of the Technical Colleges to protect its assets and thus avoid the communal problems of land encroachment which was experienced at Uronigbe and Agbede. Each of the State-owned Technical Colleges had enough land to accommodate any construction envisaged under the IDEAS Project. The porous nature or absence of perimeter fence is a major problem that needs urgent attention to deter trespassers who disturb proper academic learning especially in Afuze where sand and laterite miners have easy access to the school compound

The Head of Mechanical Engineering Department at Benin Technical College, Mr. UgiagbeEdosOsifo, conducted the IDEAS Project Consultant around the school grounds

Consultation (The Permanent Secretary and Commissioner of the Ministry of Science and Technology)

5. Consultative Meeting at the Benue State Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Makurdi 28th August, 2018 S/N NAMES DESIGNATION PHONE EMAIL NUMBER 1. A mee Andrew Permanent A. Secretary 2. Ogbaje A. Director Science 08037616504 [email protected] Patrick and Technology

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Education Department 3. Kayode A. Environmental & 08033026092 [email protected] Oluwagbuyi Social Safeguards Consultant

The Permanent Secretary, Mr. Andrew A. Amee had a pre-scheduled meeting outside his Office and delegatedto Mr. Patrick Ogbaje, Director; Science and Technology Education Department in the Benue State Ministry of Education, Science and Technology to discuss the IDEAS Project and Benue State’s willingness to partner with the Federal Ministry of Education and the World Bank for successful implementation. The IDEAS Project Objective resonated well with the aspirations of Benue State and will help to provide the funds, equipment and skills to modernize its TVET programme while also equipping the students with entrepreneurial skills that will help to reduce youth employment in the State. He thereafter gave a list of the existing Science and Technical Colleges in Benue State. He did not envisage any resettlement issues as the Technical Colleges had adequate land to accommodate any construction under the IDEAS Project and sub-projects. Innovation Development and Effectiveness in the Acquisition of Skills (IDEAS) ProjectConsultative Meeting at the Gombe State Ministry of Education, State Secretariat, Gombe on Thursday 30th August, 2018 S/N NAMES DESIGNATION PHONE EMAIL ADDRESS NUMBER 1. Abdulkadir Permanent 08026910687 [email protected] Usman A. Secretary 2. Burga Hassan Director Science, 07037700281 [email protected] Likka Technology & Vocational Education 3. Umar Dahiru Principal 08039538890 [email protected] 4. Mohammed Principal 08032904524 [email protected] Musa Mohammed 5. Aminu Shohu Principal 07039040081 [email protected] 6. OlatundeAdesua Environmental 09050625278 [email protected] .S. Consultant

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework

Newly renovated class at Government Science and Technical College, Deba

Government Science Technical College, Barunde

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework

G Government Science Tewchnical College, Gombe

7. Innovation Development and Effectiveness in the Acquisition of Skills (IDEAS) ProjectConsultative Meeting at the Ekiti State Ministry of Education, Science and Technology on Monday 3rd September, 2018

S/N NAMES DESIGNATION PHONE EMAIL NUMBER 1. H.S.CJideEgunjo HSC 08033238261 [email protected] bi 2. Dr. (Mrs) Obaisi Permanent 08039198740 [email protected] F.A Secretary 3. Mrs. A. I. Executive 08033525190 [email protected] Akeredolu Secretary (BTVE) 4. Dr (Mrs) D (STM) 08033521264 [email protected] AyelesoFolu 5. Ileolu A.O D (TER) 08030420132 [email protected] 6. Dr (Mrs) Director 08033521264 Ayeleso Tolu (STM)/AGPS

7. Ojo O.T Director (PR&S) 08031567173

8. Ajibola E.A Director (F&A) 08035280295

9. Owolabi G.R DAS 07060508862

10. Ileola A.O Director (TER) 08030420132

11. Kayode A. Environmental & 08033026092 [email protected] Oluwagbuyi Social Safeguards Consultant

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework The Hon. Commissioner of Ekiti State Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Hon. JideEgunjobi, welcomed the IDEAS Project Consultant and apologized for his inability and that of the Permanent Secretary, Dr. Mrs F. A Obaisi, to meet the Team at the first visit. After an introduction of his Senior Officials present, he expressed appreciation that Ekiti State was being considered for the Pilot Implementation of IDEAS Project. He stated that the IDEAS Project conforms with the Rehabilitation of Government Technical Colleges in Ekiti State under the auspices of the Transformation ofEkiti State Government Technical Colleges into World Class Standard Entrepreneurial Skills Acquisition Centres which has commenced with the Pilot nearing completion at the Government Technical College, Ado Ekiti.

The Ekiti State Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Team were happy that this will provide the needed funds and expertise to bring the vision of the Ekiti State Government under the Transformation of Ekiti State Government Technical Colleges into World Class Standard Entrepreneurial Skills Acquisition Centres into reality as the remaining Government Technical Colleges in the State will be rehabilitated on schedule and the Teachers and Students will benefit from the capacity building components of the IDEAS Project. Innovation Development and Effectiveness in the Acquisition of Skills (IDEAS) Project Consultative Meeting at the Kano State Ministry of Education, Science and Technology on Wednesday 12th September, 2018

S/N NAMES DESIGNATION PHONE EMAIL ADDRESS NUMBER Danlami Garba Permanent Secretary 08037881377 [email protected] 1 Tijjani A. Abba Director Admin & General 08033691383 [email protected] 2 Services (DAGS) 3 Falalu Sani Director Planning Research 08188080321 [email protected] and Statistics(DPRS) 4 Abdusshakur A. Nuhu Director Global Partnership 08060570879 [email protected] for Education & Nigeria Partnership for Education Program (GPE/NIPEP) 5 RabiuMalamia Chief Admin Officer, 08027084121 [email protected] Ministry of Education 6 Miss Faith Lawal Environmental Consultant 08136358023 [email protected]

The IDEAS Project Consultant met with the Permanent Secretary, Kano State Ministry of Education, Science and Technology and his team of Senior Officials from the Ministry to apprise him of the IDEAS Project and the likelihood of Kano being a Pilot State in the Project Implementation. The Team welcomed the idea and stated that the Project Objective is in tandem with the vision of Kano State Government on TVET adding that the funds from the WB / FMOE will help to modernize the TVET Scheme in Kano State.

He did not envisage any social issues of involuntary resettlement as the Technical Colleges are Government – owned and fenced. He promised to discuss this further with the Director, Science & Technical School Board whowas presently in Kaduna for a one weekTeachers training program. Being a WB funded programme, he was sure that adequate skills training and capacity strengthening which will be beneficial to indigenes of Kano State will come with the project

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework Annex 21 SCREENING REPORT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (Environmental and Social Screening Checklist)

Title of sub-project/activity: Brief description of the sub- Project/activity: Location:

Section 1: Environmental Checklist INTRODUCTI 1 Does the site/project require any; ONOONON Yes No If yes, give the extent in ha or km Does the rehabilitation of the vocational centers require any of the following: Reclamation of land/wetland C learing of forest Felling of trees 2 Expected construction period (for infrastructure projects) 3 Anticipated Date of Completion 4 Present Land Ownership State Private Other (specify) 5 Total approximate Cost of the Project

DESCRIPTION OF THEENVIRONMENT PHYSICAL 9 Topography &Landforms (map): Attach an extract from relevant 1: 50,000topographicsheet/if detailed maps are available provide them. If this information is unavailable, please describe the location. 10 Relief(difference in elevation) Low Medium High >60m <20m 20-40m 40-60

11 Slope Low Medium High Very High <30% 30-40% 40-60% >60%

12 Position on Slope Bottom Mid-slope Upper-slope

13 Soil Type 14 Depth of topsoil Shallow Moderate Deep <20cm 20–100cm >100cm

15 Soil Erosion(this information will be Low Medium High based on the site and surrounding environment) 16 Climate Wet Dry Arid

17 Annual dry period

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DESCRIPTION OF THEENVIRONMENT PHYSICAL 24 Incidence of Natural Disasters Floods Prolonged Cyclones/ Other droughts tidal waves (specify)

25 Environmental Hazards Landslides Rock falls Subsidence Other (specify) rainfall runoff

ECOLOGICAL

26 Habitat Types in the Project Site Natural degraded natural riverine abandoned (indicate the approximate % of each habitat forest forest scrubland forest agricultural type) land Marsh lagoon estuary coastal mangrove scrub salt marsh home- grassland degraded Other(list) gardens scrubland 27 Habitattypeswithin500mradiusfrom Natural degraded natural riverine abandoned the site periphery forest forest scrubland forest agriculturall (indicate the approximate % of each and habitat type) Marsh lagoon estuary coastal mangrove scrub salt marsh home- grassland degraded Other(list) gardens scrubland

Screening Questions Yes No Scale of impacts Remarks High Medium Low A. Siting of the Activity/ Sub-project Are there any environmentally and culturally sensitive areas within the project site and 500 meters from the project boundary?

ProtectedAreas/ Forest Reserve

Migratory pathways of animals

Archeologicalsites

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework

Screening Questions Yes No Scale ofimpacts Remarks High Medium Low Wetlands

Mangrove strands

Special area for protecting biodiversity Are there any plants (endemic and

threatened species) of conservation Importance within the project site and 500meters from the project boundary?

Are there any animals (endemic and threatened species) of conservation Importance within the project site and 500meters from the project boundary? B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the activity/sub-project cause land disturbance or sits clearance?

negative effects on rare (vulnerable),threatened or endangered species of flora or fauna or their habitat?

negative effects on designated wetlands?

spread of invasive plants or animals?

Negative effects on wildlife habitat, Populations, corridors of movement?

negative effects on locally important or value the ecosystems or vegetations?

destruction of trees and vegetation?

impact on fish migration and navigation?

obstruction of natural connection Between river and wetlands inside project area or natural drainage

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Screening Questions Yes No Scale ofimpacts Remarks High Medium Low system?

water logging due to inadequate drainage?

Insufficientdrainage leading to Saline intrusion?

negative effects onsurfacewater Quality/quantities or flow?

negative effects on groundwater Quality. /,quantity or movement?

increased demand of water Requirement leading to reduction of water supply for competing uses?

increase probability of spread of Diseases and parasites?

significant sedimentation of soil Erosion or shoreline or river bank erosion on/ or off site?

loss of existing buildingsproperty, economic livelihood?

negative impact on soil stability And compactness?

impacts on sustainability of Associated construction waste disposal?

changes to the land due to material extraction?

traffic disturbances due to Construction material transport and wastes?

increased noise due to Transportation of equipment and construction materials?

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Nigeria IDEAS Environmental & Social Management Framework

ScreeningQuestions Yes No Scale ofimpacts Remarks High Medium Low increased wind-blown /dust from material(e.g.fine aggregate) storage areas?

degradation or disturbance of historical or culturallyimportant sites?

health and safety issues?

Will the activity/sub-project require

setting up of ancillary production facilities?

significant demand on utilities and services?

accommodation or service Amenities to support the workforce during construction

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Nigeria IDEAS Project Environmental & Social Management Framework Note: Please add any other screening questions relevant to the proposed activity/ sub-project. Also provideadditional explanationoftheresponsesand/orpositiveimpactsintheremarkscolumn.

Name of the officer completed the form (project proponent) Designation and contact Information Overall observation and recommendation Signature and date

FINALOBSERVATIONS&RECOMMENDATIONS (a) Does this site require a mandatory EIA/ESIA or any other Environmental Assessments (EA) under the national regulations and please state the reasons?

(b) Although national regulations may not RequireEIAatthisSite,aretheenvironment alissueswhichneedtobeaddressed through further environmental investigations and/or EA based on the guidance provided in ESMF? If the answer is “Yes”. Briefly describe the issues and type of investigations that need to be (c) Wundille rthistake sn.it e be abandoned based on The current observations? If yes, please State the reasons.

FINALOBSERVATIONS&RECOMMENDATIONS (d) Does the proposed site meet the National urban planning requirements (only applicable for activities outside PAs)? If the answer is “No”, what needs to be done to meet these requirements? If the answer is“ Yes”, has the (e) projecInt addition site to obthetai anbeodv e i ssuthees , necessaryapprovals? please indicate any additional observations, recommendation If any Name and Contact Information of the officer who made the final observations and recommendations (PCU)

Signature and Date

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Nigeria IDEAS Project Environmental & Social Management Framework Annex 22 Federal Guidelines for EIA Process

The process for undertaking ESIA and other forms of environmental assessment in Nigeria is presented in the EIA Decree No. 86 of 1992. The Federal Government of Nigeria enacted the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) No. 86 of 1992 as a demonstration of her commitment to Rio declaration. Prior to the enactment of EIA act in Nigeria, project appraisals were limited predominantly to feasibility studies and economic – cost – benefits analysis. Most of these appraisals did not account for environmental costs, public opinion, and social and environmental impacts of development projects.

EIA ACT No.86 of 1992

The EIA Act gave the Federal Ministry of Environment the implementing mandate and requires that the process of EIA be mandatory applied in all major development projects right from the planning stage to ensure that likely environmental problems, including appropriate mitigation measures to address the inevitable consequences of development are anticipated prior to project implementation and addressed throughout the project cycle. The EIA Act stipulates that all Agencies, Institutions (whether public or private) except exempted by the Act, shall, before embarking on proposed projects, apply in writing to The Federal Ministry of Environment so that subject activities can be quickly identified and allow for the conduct of environmental assessment(s) as the activities are being planned. The Act made provision for all stakeholders (agencies, public, experts, NGOs, communities, etc) to be notified, consulted and or given the opportunity to make comments on the EIA of a project prior to approval or disapproval. The objectives of the EIA Act of 1992 among others include: • The establishment of the environmental effects of proposed activities before a decision is taken to embark upon them. • Promotion of the implementation of appropriate policy in all Federal land, states, and Local Government Area consistent with all laws and decision making process through which these goals in (1) above may be reached. • It encourages the development of procedures for information exchange, notification and constitution between organs and persons when proposed activities are likely to have significant effects on boundary or trans – state or on the environment bordering towns and villages.

Minimum content of an ESIA study

Section 4 of the EIA Act specifies the minimum content of an EIA to include the following; • A description of the proposed activities; • A description of the potential affected environment, including detailed information necessary to identify and assess the environmental effects of the proposed activities; • A description of the practical activities; • An assessment of the likely or potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed activity and the alternatives, including the direct or indirect, cumulative, short-term and long-term effects; • An identification and description of measures available to mitigate negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed activity and assessment of those measures; • An indication of gaps in knowledge and uncertainty, which may be encountered in computing the required information; • An indication of whether the environment of any state or local government areas outside Nigeria is likely to be affected by the proposed activity or its alternatives; and • A brief and non-technical summary of the information provided under the above listed paragraphs.

EIA procedural guideline in Nigeria

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Nigeria IDEAS Project Environmental & Social Management Framework

After the dissemination of the EIA Act 86 in 1992, the Federal Ministry of Environment (formerly called FEPA) came up with the EIA Procedural Guideline and Sectoral Guidelines for some Nigerian Economic sub-sectors. The EIA Procedural Guideline contains a list of steps which when carefully followed shall result in better project planning and a streamlined decision making process. These steps include, brief descriptions of the project environment and process, legal framework, identified impacts etc. These steps are; • Project proposal; • Initial environmental examination (IEE) / preliminary assessment; • Screening; • Scoping; • EIA study; • Review; • Decision making; and • Monitoring, and Auditing.

EIA Sectoral guideline in Nigeria

The sectoral Guidelines provide sector-specific guide for preparation of EIA reports. Sectoral guidelines have been developed for the following sectors. 6. Oil and Gas, including petroleum refining, petrochemical industry pipelines, on-shore, offshore exploration and drilling etc. 7. Infrastructures – including airports, construction, harbours, construction and expansion, railways highways, etc 8. Industries – including all other manufacturing industries, besides those in the oil and gas sector. 9. Agriculture - all agricultural practices including land clearing, afforestation projects, etc. 10. Mining – including solid minerals prospecting and exploration.

In practice, sectoral guidelines: • are most useful in the early stages of an environmental assessment when ToR for the ESIA are unavailable or are being prepared; • help with impact identification and in the development of detailed TOR for conducting an ESIA; • provide guidance on how to present information in the proper format to aid in review; and • provides useful information against which to evaluate the actual results of the ESIA.

ESIA Studies / Report Preparation

ESIA studies and report preparation are the responsibilities of the project client. In the course of preparing an EIA Report of a proposed sub-project, all stakeholders should be consulted. The objective of such consultation is to identify early in the ESIA process, the worries of stakeholders regarding the impacts of the proposed sub-project in order to address such issues during the actual study and to reflect such comments in the sub-project’s ESIA report.

ESIA Review Process

To establish the type of review to be adopted, a draft ESIA report should be submitted to the State Ministry of Environment and also the Federal Ministry of Environment by a client for evaluation. There are different forms of reviews, depending on the nature, scope, anticipated impact, risks, etc that may arise in project planning and implementation, and an ESIA report may be subject to any or a combination of these reviews. The various types of review are an in-house review, public review, panel review and mediation.

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Nigeria IDEAS Project Environmental & Social Management Framework In – House Review

In order to assess how far issues raised in the Terms of Reference (ToR) have been addressed and to determine if the draft ESIA reports are suitable for public review (if necessary), all draft ESIA reports forwarded to the Ministry are reviewed in-house. If the in-house review finds that the issues in the report do not merit putting it on public display, the review process may be terminated at the in-house review stage. Some projects (e.g. those that fall under Category III of the EIA Act) may be recommended for approval by the Ministry’s In-House Panel of Experts.

Public Review (Public Display)

The provisions of Section 25 of the EIA Act states that, ‘interested members of the public are given the opportunity to participate in the ESIA review process through comments on project reports that are put on display’. Displays are usually done for a 21 working day period at strategic locations. Notices of such venues of display are usually published in the National and relevant State daily newspapers and information about such display are complemented with further announcements on the relevant state electronic media. Often times, the venues of displays include the Local Government Headquarters, where a project is located, the State Ministry of Environment or Environmental Protection Agency(s), The Federal Ministry of Environment. Comments received from the display venues are forwarded to the Federal Ministry of Environment Headquarters as well as the State Ministry of Environment for collation and evaluation preparatory to the Review Panel meeting for the project.

Review Panel

After the public display exercise, The Federal Ministry of Environment and State Ministry of Environment may decide to set up a review panel to review the draft ESIA report depending on the sensitivity or significance of the comments received. The review panel meetings are held in the public so that stakeholders can utilize this opportunity to put forward their views and concerns for consideration. The choice of members of the review panel depends on the type of project, its scope as well as the ecosystem to be affected. However, the Chairman of the affected Local Government(s) and the Commissioner of Environment of the project location are always included in the Panel.

Mediation

Projects that are likely to cause significant negative effects that are immitigable, or of public concerns are referred to Federal Ministry of Environment Ministerial council for subsequent referral to mediation. For a mediation to be set up, Ministerial Council would have been convinced that the parties involved are willing to participate in the mediation and to abide by its decisions.

ESIA Approval

After the submission of a satisfactory final ESIA report, the Federal Ministry of Environment and State Ministry of Environment could decide to set a number of conditions for the approval of the implementation of the project. Such conditions usually include a statement that mitigation measures highlighted in the projects ESIA report shall be complied with.

Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM)

The following are the objectives of an ESIA Impact mitigation monitoring: ▪ Check that mitigation measures are implemented as appropriate;

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Nigeria IDEAS Project Environmental & Social Management Framework ▪ Determine whether environmental changes are as a result of project developments and/or natural variation; ▪ Monitor emissions and discharges at all stages of project development for compliance with regulatory standards; ▪ Compare effluent quality/quantity with design specifications and statutory standards; ▪ Determine the effectiveness of Environmental Management Plans, Environmental Monitoring Plans and especially the mitigation measures to predicted impacts and to also act as a feedback mechanism towards the improvement of the ESIA Evaluation and Approval process; ▪ Determine duration of identified impacts; ▪ Create a data bank for future development of predictive tools.

The Legal requirements for Impact Mitigation Monitoring in the EIA process are specified in Sections 16 (c), 17 (2) (c), 37 (c), (1), 40 (1) (a) (2), 41(1) and 41 (2) of the EIA Act as well as Section 11 of the EIA procedural guideline

Environmental Impact Monitoring is designed to monitor the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), and concerns during project operations. It is also designed to ascertain the extent to which commitments contained in EIA reports are reflected during the various phases of project development and operations.

Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) exercises are conducted to assess the degree and effectiveness of the mitigation measures offered in an ESIA report. Hence, relevant documents, in-house monitoring records as they affect the project, the project implementation schedule, as well as all other documents to support the environmental good housekeeping of the project are scrutinized and verified.

In a typical Impact Mitigation Monitoring exercise, the following statutory actions are carried out, ▪ Facility inspection; ▪ Interactive session with project managers on the Mitigation Checklist for the ESIA of that sub- project; ▪ Interview and interaction with the action party responsible for ensuring full implementation of a particular action; ▪ Inspection and Verification of the parameters that shall be monitored to ensure effective implementation of that action; ▪ Check the timing for the implementation of the action to ensure that the objectives of mitigation are fully met; ▪ Interact with project Engineers and Technicians on mitigation measures that are not applicable, or not enforceable or still not practicable in line with good environmental principles with a view to finding out practical alternatives.

At the conclusion of an IMM exercise, a report should be written for the Minister/Head of Department’s approval, after which, necessary suggested corrective measures would be communicated to the client.

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