“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance” Robert Gates’ final policy speech SDA keynote address 10 June 2011

SECURITY & DEFENCE AGENDA A Security & Defence Agenda Report Rapporteur: Jonathan Dowdall Photos: François de Ribaucourt Publisher: Geert Cami Date of publication: June 2011

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“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance”

CONTENTS

Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates: Biography 2

Introduction 3

A foreword on solidarity 3

Operational concerns 3

A “two-tiered” alliance 4

The financial crisis and US investment in NATO 5

A final concern - the “ageing out” of transatlantic ties 6

Media coverage 7

List of participants 11

About the SDA 20

The views expressed in this report by speakers and members of the audience are personal opinions and not nec- essarily the views of the organisations they represent, nor of the Security & Defence Agenda, its members or partners.

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“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance” 1

“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance”

SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ROBERT M. GATES

Dr. Robert M. Gates was sworn in on December 18, 2006, as the 22nd Secretary of Defense. Gates joined the Central Intelligence Agency in 1966 and spent nearly 27 years as an intelligence professional. During that period, he spent nearly nine years at the National Security Council, The White House, serving four presidents of both political parties.

He is the only career officer in CIA history to rise from entry-level em- ployee to Director. He served as Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from 1986 until 1989 and as Assistant to the President and Deputy Na- tional Security Adviser at the White House from January 20, 1989, until November 6, 1991, for President George H.W. Bush.

Gates has been awarded the National Security Medal, the Presidential Citizens Medal, has twice received the National Intelligence Distin- guished Service Medal, and has three times received CIA's highest award, the Distinguished Intelligence Medal.

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Introduction ance operations in Libya, “where the number of ac- tively participating allies is regrettably small”. To the mark the final overseas political tour of his of- fice, Robert M. Gates, US Secretary of Defense, ad- “...this imbalance in the burden-sharing, is not sus- dressed a distinguished gathering at the Security & tainable in a world where projecting stability is the Defence Agenda (SDA) in Brussels on June 10. Gates order of the day”. used the opportunity to “speak bluntly” about how he sees the military shortcomings of European members De Hoop Scheffer then focused on the single biggest of NATO; and to issue a warning that the economic caveat of them all: the financial crisis. “The capital “S” crisis and a changing political make-up in US domestic for solidarity in my opinion means that in times of un- politics could foreshadow a diminishing investment in derstandable financial austerity, that the allies go on the transatlantic alliance. realising that projecting security and stability does not come cheap”, he warned. Given this, he rallied against

the “completely un-coordinated” cuts currently occur- A foreword on solidarity ring across Europe. In relation to burden-sharing, the SDA Co-president frankly stated that “Europe had a Jaap De Hoop Scheffer, Co-president of the SDA and rather pale face in this regard”. He thus concluded his former NATO Secretary General introduced the Secre- introduction with a final caveat: “that this situation, this tary. imbalance in the burden-sharing, is not sustainable in a world where projecting stability is the order of the “Mr Secretary, you are leaving an alliance which now day”. has a new Strategic Concept; and you are also leaving an alliance one could only call hyperactive”, he began optimistically. However, “I am going to bring one “caveat” into the group… that we should write the Operational concerns word “solidarity” in the alliance with a capital “S”.” Thanking De Hoop Scheffer, Gates started by saying This capital “S”, he continued, symbolises the impor- that he intended to speak frankly about the transatlan- tant cross-roads the alliance finds itself at in various tic alliance and Europe, the security of which “has been overseas missions, and the commitment of resources the consuming interest of much of my professional these will entail. “It means for NATO’s very important life.” However, he committed himself to “share these operation in Afghanistan, that at a time when we views in the spirit of solidarity and friendship; with the might start reducing our military presence there, NATO understanding that sometimes, friends must speak to allies do not collectively head for the exit”, he cau- each other bluntly.” tioned. He also called for greater solidarity over alli-

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“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance”

Firstly on Afghanistan, the Secretary affirmed that his ongoing alliance mission to protect Libyan civilians un- recent visit had made him “come away impressed and der UN Resolution 1973, Gates expressed deep con- inspired by the changes that have taken place on the cern about European contributions. Indeed, “while ground in recent months.” He also confessed that it “is every alliance member voted for the Libya mission, less no secret that for too long, the international military than half have participated at all, and fewer than a effort in Afghanistan suffered from a lack of focus, re- third have been willing to participate in strike mis- sources and attention”. These challenges were exacer- sions.” To this dire assessment, he added that “frankly, bated by inter-alliance tensions over troop commit- many of those allies sitting on the sidelines do so not ments and political will. because they do not want to participate, but simply because they can’t. The military capabilities simply Yet noting both the sacrifices of alliance troops and the aren’t there.” eventual deployment of 40,000 European soldiers in Afghanistan, the Secretary refused to be down-beat. “Frankly, four years ago I never would have expected the alliance to sustain this operation at this level for so A “two-tiered” alliance long, much less add significantly more forces in 2010. It The Secretary went on to outline his concern about the is a credit to the brave ISAF troops on the ground, as lack of political will by European members to commit well as to the allied governments who have made the sufficiently to NATO as an alliance. Specifically, Gates case for the Afghanistan mis- noted a growing divide be- sion under difficult political “Frankly, many of those allies sitting on the tween members “willing and circumstances at home.” sidelines do so not because they do not want to able to pay the price and bear participate, but simply because they can’t. The the burdens of alliance commit- Yet whilst this commitment military capabilities simply aren’t there.” is laudable, Gates made it ments, and those who enjoy clear there were some significant shortcomings in the the benefits of NATO member- military contributions of European alliance members. ship […] but don’t want to share the risks and the These problems extended beyond boots on the ground, costs.” In the Secretary’s opinion, this divide has come but were characterized by shortages of “crucial support to constitute a “two-tiered alliance”: a divide between assets such as helicopters, transport aircraft, mainte- those who fight and those who do not. “This is no nance, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance; longer a hypothetical worry. We are there today. And and much more.” it is unacceptable.”

More worryingly, the Secretary voiced his belief that “Today, just five of 28 allies [the US, UK, France, these shortcomings have “the potential to jeopardize Greece and Albania] exceed the agreed 2% of GDP the alliance’s ability to conduct integrated, effective spending on defence.” and sustained” operations over Libya. Discussing the

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This lack of will is epitomized by diminishing budgetary This process, he continued, was raising awkward ques- commitments to military force in Europe. “Despite the tions about the ongoing utility of US commitments in demands of the mission in Afghanistan […] total Euro- Europe. “The US share of NATO defence spending has pean defence spending declined […] by nearly 15 per- now risen to more than 75%, at a time when politically cent in the decade following 9/11”, Gates declared. painful budget and benefit cuts are being considered at Despite being the “latest in a string of U.S defence sec- home”, Gates cautioned. retaries who have urged allies privately and publicly, often with exasperation, to meet agreed-upon NATO Indeed, “the blunt reality is that there will be dwindling benchmarks for defence spending […] Today, just five appetite and patience in the US … to expand increas- of 28 allies [the US, UK, France, Greece and Albania] ingly precious funds on behalf of nations that are un- exceed the agreed 2% of GDP spending on defence.” willing to devote the necessary resources or make the necessary changes to be serious and capable partners However, Gates conceded that due to the financial in their own defence.” The Secretary then issues his crisis, “realistically, this situation is highly unlikely to starkest warning yet: “if current trends in the decline of change.” The key then to avoid “the very real possibil- European defence capabilities are not halted and re- ity of collective military irrelevance” will be to versed”, many US policymakers “may not consider the “examine new approaches to boosting combat capa- return on America’s investment in NATO worth the bilities: in procurement, in training, in logistics, in sus- cost.” tainment.” Yet such efforts, represented in NATO’s current “Smart Defence” initiative, will not solve these The challenge, then, is for NATO to reverse the problems completely. A real increase in spending is the “possibility for a dim, if not dismal future for the trans- only solution to many of Europe’s military woes. Ulti- atlantic alliance.” The key to this would be to make “a mately, the Secretary concluded, “nations must be re- serious effort to protect defence budgets from being sponsible for their share of collective defence.” further gutted in the next round of austerity meas- ures”. Gates also recommended this could be achieved

by “better allocating (and coordinating) the resources

we do have; and by following through on commitments The financial crisis and US investment in NATO to the alliance and to each other.”

This theme of financial investment became the central The Secretary ultimately expressed optimism in this focus of Gates’ speech. “As you all know, America’s regard. “The good news is that the members of NATO serious fiscal situation is now putting pressure on our […] have it well within their means to halt and reverse defence budget”, and “tough choices lie ahead affect- these trends, and instead produce a very different fu- ing every part of our government […] from foreign as- ture”, he said. “It is not too late for Europe to get its sistance to military basing, support and guarantees.” defence and security relationships back on track. ”After

all, “over the life of the transatlantic alliance there has

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“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance”

been no shortage of squabbles and setbacks. But kind of emotional and historical attitude American through it all […] we came together to make the tough leaders have had with this alliance for over 65 years is decisions in the face of dissension at home and threats ‘ageing out’”. This process of “ageing out” will mean abroad. I take heart in the knowledge that we can do so future “decisions and choices are going to be made again”, he concluded. more in relation to what’s in the best interest of the US”.

A final concern - the “ageing out” of transatlantic ties “These are officials for whom the Cold War was not the formative experience that it was for me.” Before departing, Gates used a question from the floor This could fundamentally affect the US view of to elaborate on the realistic likelihood that US policy- NATO’s utility. makers could disengage from the transatlantic alliance. It was noted that this was not the first time the Secre- Gates conceded that he did not know “what this will tary had issued such “blunt” warnings to Europe, which mean in practical terms”, but he maintained that “if begged the question: “what more can you do than you told the American taxpayer what I just did, about threaten to stop continuing to support NATO”? The key America bearing 75% of the financial burden in NATO, here is the changing make-up of US policymakers in it would raise eyebrows”. It is this combination of fi- Washington, the Secretary explained, and the “cost- nancial hardship, a changing US policy elite and ques- benefit” calculation that NATO engagement involves. tionable European value to US military missions that ‘”You have a lot of new members of Congress who are makes the Secretary’s warnings more serious than be- roughly old enough to be my children or grandchildren, fore. and they do not have the formative experiences that I Gates thus concluded his final speech by calling for a have had”. Most importantly, these are officials “for European acceptance of these new realities, saying, whom the Cold War was not the formative experience “my hope is that this […] will get the attention of Euro- that it was for me.” This could fundamentally affect the pean leaders, who must realise that the drift of the last US view of NATO’s utility. Indeed, “I am, in the active 20 years cannot be allowed to continue; not if they US government, essentially the last senior leader who is want to have a strong transatlantic partnership with a product of the Cold War”, Gates claimed. “I think the the United States.”

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Global media coverage shortages in military spending and political will, warn- ing of “a dim if not dismal future” unless more member Gates’ farewell speech grabbed the world’s headlines, nations scaled up their participation in the alliance’s with over 70 journalists and a dozen camera crews pre- activities. With little indication of any change in policy sent at the SDA. ‘US Secretary of Defence ‘Blasts among the more reluctant member nations — notably NATO’, ‘Warns of dim future’, ‘Questions capabilities Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and Turkey — of the alliance’, were the terms in which The New York Mr. Gates’s harsh words seemed likely to increase pres- Times, Washington Post, BBC, The Economist, Al- sure on an alliance already deeply strained by differ- jazeera and many others described Robert Gates’ final ences over sharing the burden in Libya and Afghanistan. speech. Tweeted, blogged, and discussed in policy “The blunt reality is that there will be dwindling appe- journals, the speech provides great insights for the fu- tite and patience in the U.S. Congress — and in the ture of the transatlantic alliance. American body politic writ large — to expend increas-

ingly precious funds on behalf of nations that are ap-

Robert Gates used his final policy ad- parently unwilling to devote the necessary resources or dress as US defence secretary to warn make the necessary changes to be serious and capable European allies that they faced “the partners in their own defense,” Gates said. very real possibility of collective mili- tary irrelevance” and that Washington It was a thunderous parting shot was becoming financially unable and from Robert Gates, the outgoing politically unwilling to bear the brunt of their defence. American defence secretary, that In his hour-long address, Mr Gates noted that Wash- most cruelly exposed Europe’s ington had made frequent requests “with exaspera- shortcomings. Libya reveals an uncomfortable fact tion” that European NATO members meet the alli- about NATO. Its military strength is determined mainly ance’s benchmarks for defence spending. What made by what America is ready to put in. Without America, Mr Gates’ remarks more ominous was his assessment the military punch of even the most powerful European of Washington’s view of Europe. He argued that new members, Britain and France, is limited. Now, more American leaders, who unlike him had not worked than ever, Europeans need to get more bangs for their closely with European counterparts through the cold bucks. war, may soon decide the return for the US on its transatlantic investment was not worth the cost. Gates warned against a two- speed alliance, where some Defence Secretary nations settle for humanitarian missions while others Robert Gates take on combat operations. He also added that NATO bluntly criticized NATO nations for what he said were would face a “dark future” if allies renounced sufficient

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“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance”

military investments despite the alliance’s engage- Speaking in Brussels in his final pol- ments in Libya and Afghanistan. icy speech as Pentagon chief, Gates said: "The mightiest military alliance in history is only 11 weeks into an In a stern re- operation against a poorly armed buke, U.S. De- regime in a sparsely populated fence Secretary country. Despite more than two mil- Robert Gates warned that the future of the historic lion troops in uniform, not including the US mili- NATO military alliance is at risk because of European tary, NATO has struggled, at times desperately, to sus- penny-pinching and distaste for front-line combat. The tain a deployment of 25,000 to 40,000 troops, not just United States won’t carry the alliance as a charity case, in boots on the ground, but in crucial support assets the outgoing Pentagon chief said. Gates’ assessment such as helicopters, transport aircraft, maintenance, that NATO could face “a dim if not dismal” future ech- intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, and oes long-standing concern of US policymakers about much more, Gates said, addressing NATO's Security European defense spending. But rarely, if ever, has it and Defence Agenda assembly in the Belgian capital. been stated so directly by such a powerful American figure, widely respected in the United States and inter- nationally. The remarks, at the close of Gates’ final The US defence secretary, overseas trip, reflect a new reality of constrained Robert Gates warned that a American finances and a smaller global reach. new post-cold war genera- tion of leaders in America could abandon NATO and 60 years of security guaran- Robert Gates issued a blunt tees to Europe, exasperated by Europe's failures of critique of the North Atlantic political will and the gaps in defence funding needed Treaty Organization , arguing to keep the alliance alive. In a blistering attack on the Libya operations demonstrated America's allies suf- Europe - which he accused of complacency over inter- fered from serious gaps in military capabilities because national security - Gates predicted a NATO consigned of their failure to spend enough on their own defence. to "military irrelevance" in a "dim if not dismal" future One of the NATO's most ardent defenders and pointed unless allies stepped up to the plate. critics, the outgoing U.S. defense chief scathingly ac- cused Europe of behaving increasingly like a free rider, as budget cuts eat deeper into military spending. Amer- Gates issued the warning as both ica's European allies, Mr. Gates said, are "apparently continents struggle with the remains willing and eager for American taxpayers to assume the of the global recession and President growing security burden left by reductions in European Barack Obama seeks $400 billion in defense budgets." defence spending cuts over 12 years

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to reduce the deficit. While Gates and NATO Secretary Gates cited NATO's Strate- General Anders Fogh Rasmussen have cautioned Euro- gic Airlift Initiative and its pean members not to reduce defence spending fur- Allied Ground Surveillance ther, the implicit threat that the U.S. may withdraw System as good examples of cooperation. He said the support for the alliance marks a hardening of the U.S. US has no problem with Europe's efforts to build up its position. Rasmussen last year said European defence own equipment defence market and that a robust in- risked becoming a “paper tiger.” dustrial capability between the US and its allies is very important. Gates also said the US government was looking at dramatic cuts in a wide range of programs. "Defence will have to bear some of that burden," he Robert Gates said that since the said. fall of the Berlin Wall two decades

ago America's share of NATO's spending had risen to 75%. He US Defence Sec- clearly does not think that is sus- retary Robert tainable. Only four European countries are spending Gates said the 2% of GDP on defence and they are France, the UK, legitimacy of the rule of Syrian President Bashar Assad Greece and Albania. The Americans have lobbied was open to question after the killing of protesters by strongly against UK defence cuts. Even after 9/11, security forces. "I would say the slaughter of innocent European defence spending declined by nearly 15% lives in Syria should be a problem and a concern for over the following decade. everybody," Gates told a seminar in Brussels. "Whether Assad still has the legitimacy to govern his own country I think is a question everyone needs to consider," he

said. US Defence Secretary Robert Gates

warned that military shortcomings

among NATO members could jeop- US Defence Secretary Robert ardise the alliance's air war in Gates warned that NATO's Euro- Libya. With half of the countries in pean allies "must be responsible the 28-member alliance not partici- for their share of collective de- pating in the Libya campaign, Gates said it reflected a fence" to avoid becoming strate- worrisome lack of military assets. He said the NATO- gically irrelevant. During his final policy speech before led ground war in Afghanistan had scored important retiring at the end of this month, Gates said some accomplishments but said the mission, along with the NATO partners "apparently willing and eager for Ameri- Libya war, had reflected chronic under-investment and can taxpayers to assume the growing security burden at times a lack of political backbone. left by reductions in European defence budgets.“

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“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance”

In Afghanistan, Gates said it was worrying that an alliance with two In a blunt valedictory address million in uniform has "struggled, in Brussels, Gates questioned at times desperately, to sustain a NATO's viability, saying its members' penny-pinching deployment of 25,000 to 45,000 troops" and faced and lack of political will could hasten the end of US shortages of helicopters, transport aircraft, mainte- support. NATO was formed in 1949 as a US led bulwark nance and surveillance planes. "Turning to the NATO against Soviet aggression, but in the post-Cold War era operation over Libya, it has become painfully clear that it has struggled to find a purpose. Gates says future similar shortcomings -- in capability and will -- have the U.S. political leaders whose worldview wasn't molded potential to jeopardize the alliance's ability to conduct by the Cold War may not consider the return on Amer- an integrated, effective and sustained air-sea cam- ica's investment in NATO worth the cost. Gates spoke paign," he said. to a European think tank at the end of an 11-day over- seas journey.

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“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance”

List of participants

Nawal Abdullah Eda Aygen Political Analyst Project Assistant Embassy of Qatar to Belgium Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)

Celine Aemisegger Muhammad Ayub Journalist Deputy Head of Mission Agencia EFE Mission of Pakistan to the EU

Valery Afanasiev Vaclav Balek Counsellor, Military Affairs Ambassador, Permanent Representative to the PSC Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU Permanent Representation of the Czech Republic to the

EU Gerhard Ahlbrecht Secretary General Andris Banka European Organisation of Military Associations Project Assistant (EUROMIL) Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)

Tommy Åkesson Martin Banks Defence Advisor Journalist Mission of Sweden to NATO The Parliament Magazine, DODS EU

Juha Ala-huikku Julian Barnes Counsellor The Wall Street Journal

Delegation of Finland to NATO John Barry

David Alexander Newsweek

Reuters Robert G. Bell

Mike Allen Defence Advisor Politico United States Mission to NATO

Nabeela Al-Mulla Haydar Berk Ambassador Ambassador Embassy of Kuwait to Belgium Delegation of Turkey to NATO

Col. Johan Andries Stefanie Bolzen Military Representative Correspondent Permanent Representation of Belgium to the EU Die Welt

Jacopo Avogadro David Brunnstrom Corporate External Affairs EU & NATO Correspondent Finmeccanica S.p.A. Thomson Reuters

“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance” 11

List of participants

Edgar Buckley Roland Coppens Senior Vice President, NATO, UN & EU Cameraman Thales Group VRT

Bob Burns Andrew Cox Associated Press Vice President, Business Development, EU and NATO Lockheed Martin Global, Inc. Nikolas Busse Correspondent Marie Cullen Frankfurter Allegemeine Zeitung (FAZ) Photographer United States Department of Defense (DOD) Agata Byczewska Correspondent Ivo H. Daalder Polish Press Agency Ambassador United States Mission to NATO Geert Cami Co-Founder & Director Sabrina Dallafior Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Counsellor, Foreign Policy and Security Mission of Switzerland to the EU Mark Carlson Associated Press Television Pieter De Crem Minister of Defence Marc Cathelineau Belgium Vice President, European Union & NATO Affairs Thales Jaap de Hoop Scheffer Former Secretary General of NATO and Co-president Božo Cerar Security & Defence Agenda Ambassador Delegation of Slovenia to NATO Petra de Koning EU, NATO Correspondent Denis Chaibi NRC Handelsblad Member of Cabinet Cabinet of EU Commissioner for International Coopera- Dan De Luce tion & Humanitarian Aid Agence France Presse (AFP)

Tudor Churov Adm. Giampaolo Di Paola Ambassador Chairman of the Military Committee Delegation of Bulgaria to NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Jacques Cipriano Maria Manuela dos Santos Lucas Vice President, European Affairs Ambassador Safran Group Mission of Mozambique to the EU

Mark Clark Col. Jeremy Drage Vice President, Business and Development Europe Defence Adviser Raytheon International Permanent Representation of the United Kingdom to the EU David Cloud Los Angeles Times, Washington Bureau Andrew Drake VRT Journalist Associated Press Television

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List of participants

Robert Draper Jacob Freedman President Speechwriter for Secretary of Defence AeroStrategies United States Department of Defence (DOD)

Tomás Duplá del Moral Noureddine Fridhi Director, North America and Caribbean Senior Correspondent European External Action Service (EEAS) Al Arabiya News Channel

Boris Ecker Richard Froh Consultant Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Armaments North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Ioan Enciu Cristina Gallach Member Head of Unit, Communications European Parliament Council of the European Union Committee on Industry, Research and Energy DG for Press, Communication & Transparency

Maj. Gen. Karl Engelbrektson Jennifer Galt Military Adviser Public Affairs Director Permanent Representation of Sweden to the EU United States Mission to NATO

Philippe Errera Jim Garamone Ambassador Journalist Delegation of France to NATO United States Department of Defence (DOD)

Capt. Sandro Fabiani Latini Robert M. Gates Chief, NATO Permanent Liaison Team to the EU Mili- Secretary of Defense tary Staff United States Department of Defense (DOD) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Gérard Gaudin Robert Faucher Defence Correspondent Deputy Chief of Mission Belgian News Agency (BELGA) Embassy of the United States of America to Belgium Jo Geysen Joachim Finkielman Sound engineer Head of NATO/EU Department VRT Ministry of Defence, Denmark Andrea Ghianda Paul Flaherty Project Manager Deputy Permanent Representative Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Joint Delegation of the United Kingdom to NATO Viola Gienger Jens Franssen Bloomberg News Radio journalist VRT Bill Giles Director General Europe Fred Frederikson BAE Systems Director NATO Policy United States Department of Defence (DOD)

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List of participants

Lt. Gen. Jo Godderij Katalin Horvath Former Director of the IMS, NATO PMG Representative Permanent Representation of Hungary to the EU Lt. Col. Patrick Goovaerts Deputy Director High Studies for Defence Rudolf Huygelen Royal Higher Institute for Defence, Belgium Ambassador Delegation of Belgium to NATO Richard W. Graber Vice President Government Relations EMEA Liviu Mihail Iancu Honeywell Europe Counsellor Permanent Representation of Romania to the EU Julian Hale Correspondent Gianfranco Incarnato Defense News Deputy Permanent Representative Delegation of Italy to NATO Tom Hanney Ambassador Thorstein Ingolfsson Embassy of Ireland to Belgium Ambassador Delegation of Iceland to NATO Niels Henrik Hedegaard Defence Advisor Santosh Jha Delegation of Denmark to NATO Counsellor Mission of India to the EU Jessica Henderson Senior Account Manager Col. Dave Julazadeh Fleishman-Hillard Military Advisor to SECDEFREPEUR United States Mission to NATO Edit Herczog Member Karin Kalis European Parliament Journalist Committee on Budgets Deutsche Welle

Gavin Hewitt Lt. Gen. John Kelly Europe Editor Senior Military Advisor to the Secretary of Defence BBC United States Department of Defence (DOD)

Martin Hill William E. Kennard Vice President, Defence Ambassador Thales Mission of the United States of America to the EU

David Hobbs Nawab Khan Secretary General Correspondent NATO Parliamentary Assembly (NATO PA) Kuwait News Agency (KUNA)

Sandra Hodzic Ibrahim Khazar Journalist Ambassador Associated Press Television Mission of Azerbaijan to NATO

Brig. Gen. Gabor Horvath Director, Concepts and Capabilities European External Action Service (EEAS) European Union Military Staff (EUMS)

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List of participants

Mehmet Kinaci François Lenoir Strategic Analyst, Energy Security Operations Photographer NATO - Allied Command Transformation (ACT) Reuters TV

Mesut Koç Christian Levaux Counsellor Cameraman Mission of Turkey to the EU Reuters TV

Nikolay Korchunov Linas Linkevicius Deputy Permanent Representative Ambassador Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to NATO Delegation of Lithuania to NATO

Nata Koridze Grzegorz Liszcz Counsellor Armaments Director Representative Embassy of Georgia to Belgium Delegation of Poland to NATO

Timo Koster Joe Litobarski Defence Counsellor Project Manager, Debating Europe Delegation of the Netherlands to NATO Europe's World

Grigorios Koutsogiannis Janusz Luks Business Development Manager CEO Lockheed Martin Corporation Central Europe Energy Partners

Oleg Kovalenko Isabelle Maelcamp d'Opstaele Counsellor Commercial Specialist Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU Mission of the United States of America to the EU

Karel Kovanda Tarek Mahmoud Governor, EU Representative Journalist Asia-Europe Foundation Middle East News Agency (MENA)

Col. Dmitry Kozharsky Alexander Maisuradze Military Representative Deputy Head of Mission Mission of Belarus to NATO Mission of Georgia to NATO

Leonoor Kuijk Abhijeet Malik EU Correspondent EU Business Development Adviser Trouw PwC

Anton La Guardia Pascal Mallet EU Correspondent NATO and EU Defence Correspondent The Economist Agence France Presse (AFP)

Rear Adm. Giorgio Lazio Sean Maroney Military Assistant to Adm. Di Paola Radio North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) United States of America

IGA Jean-René Le Goff Ricardo Martinez De Rituerto Armament Counsellor Defence, Foreign Affairs Correspondent Permanent Representation of France to the EU El Pais

“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance” 15

List of participants

Pauline Massart Tom Monballiu Senior Manager Public Affairs Officer Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Virginia Mayo Alexandre Moneger Associated Press Counsellor, Civilian Crisis Managament Permanent Representation of France to the EU Ryan McCarthy Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defence Geoff S. Morrell United States Department of Defence (DOD) Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defence for Public Af- fairs, Pentagon Press Secretary Igor Meglajec United States Department of Defence (DOD) Associated Press Television James Moseman Giles Merritt Director, Europe and NATO Director Northrop Grumman International Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Maged Mosleh Vincent Mertens de Wilmars Counsellor Head of Cabinet of the Minister Embassy of Egypt to Belgium Ministry of Defence, Belgium Graham Muir Grigol Mgaloblishvili Director of Policy & Planning Ambassador European Defence Agency (EDA) Mission of Georgia to NATO Col. Otto Naderer Branislav Milinkovic Counsellor, Military Affairs Ambassador Mission of Austria to NATO Mission of Serbia to NATO Evita Neef João Mira Gomes Chief Foreign Desk Ambassador De Standaard Delegation of Portugal to NATO Brendan Nelson Michel Miraillet Ambassador Director for Strategic Affairs Mission of Australia to the EU Ministry of Defence, France Mathias Niepenberg Hirotsugu Mochizuki Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) Defence Correspondent Asahi Shimbun, American General Bureau Kai Niklasch NATO Correspondent Gabriel Moldoveanu Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF) Counsellor Delegation of Romania to NATO Jun Nojima Chief Correspondent Annalisa Monaco Asahi Shimbun Director EU and NATO Relations The Boeing Company

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List of participants

Adam Nyman Christoph Prössl Publication Director Correspondent Europe's World German Radio WDR/NDR Studio Brüssel

Ivan Ollevier Gerrard Quille Television journalist Specialist Foreign, Security and Defence Policy VRT European Parliament DG External Policies Ali Kaan Orbay Counsellor Maarten Rabaey Delegation of Turkey to NATO Journalist foreign desk De Morgen Magnus Ovilius Senior Vice President, Government Relations Fritz Rademacher Smiths Group Deputy Political Advisor NATO - Allied Command Transformation (ACT) Col. Antonio Padula Representative of the Italian National Jason Reed Armaments Director Photographer Permanent Representation of Italy to the EU Pierre Reuland Leah Pease Special Representative of Interpol to the EU Public Diplomacy Officer International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) United States Mission to NATO Thomas Reynaert Dave Peterson President, International Operations, Europe Deputy Military Representative United Technologies Corporation (UTC) United States Mission to NATO David Ringrose Igor Pokaz Head of Unit, Information and Communication Ambassador European Commission Delegation of Croatia to NATO DG Information Society & Media

Martin Povejšil Vanessa Romeo Ambassador Producer Delegation of the Czech Republic to NATO Reuters

Mohammad Naeem Poyesh Rear Adm. Jacques Rosiers Counsellor President Mission of Afghanistan to the EU Euro-Atlantic Association of Belgium

Zoltan Precsenyi Michael Rühle Government Relations Manager Head, Energy Security Section, Emerging Security Chal- Symantec Corporation lenges Division North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Francisco Proença Garcia Military Counsellor Sabiha Safi Delegation of Portugal to NATO Al Arabiya News Channel

“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance” 17

List of participants

Otto Saxen Pat Summers Defence Counsellor Fox News Delegation of Finland to NATO Dusan Svarc Teri Schultz Defence Adviser, EDA Freelance Journalist Permanent Representation of the Czech Republic to National Public Radio (NPR) the EU

Henne Schuwer Nagayo Taniguchi Ambassador Journalist Embassy of the Netherlands to Belgium Sentaku/SEKAI

Thom Shankar Laurent Thomet The New York Times Defence Correspondent Agence France Presse (AFP) William Shapcott Director of EU Joint Situation Centre John Thys Council of the European Union Photographer Agence France Presse (AFP) Steven Shelton Fox News Brooks Tigner EU/NATO Affairs Correspondent Dmytro Shkurko Jane’s Defence Weekly Brussels Correspondent National News Agency of Ukraine (UKRINFORM) Bosco Tinoco Counsellor Paul Smith Embassy of Mexico to Belgium, Luxembourg and Mis- Chief Strategy Manager sion to the European Union NATO - Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A) James J. Townsend Deputy Assistant Secretary of DefenCe for European Mariusz Solis and NATO Policy First Counsellor and Head of Political Section United States Department of Defence (DOD) Delegation of Poland to NATO Ian Traynor Güldener Sonumut Europe Editor Bureau Chief The Guardian NTV Marianne Truttmann Peter Spiegel EU Correspondent Bureau Chief Das Luxemburger Wort Financial Times Leendert Van Bochoven Joseph P. Stein NATO and European Defence Leader Deputy Defence Advisor IBM United States Mission to NATO Luc van de Winckel Ronald Sullivan Senior Manager , Business Development VP, NATO Programs and Business Development Lockheed Martin Global, Inc. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)

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List of participants

Ulrich van Essen Veronika Wand-Danielsson Head of Unit, Information Assurance Ambassador Council of the European Union Mission of Sweden to NATO

Lt. Gen. Ton van Osch Markus Weidinger Director General Counsellor European Union Military Staff (EUMS) Mission of Austria to NATO European External Action Service (EEAS) Stefani Weiss Willem van Sluijs Director, Europe's Future Programme Counsellor Home Affairs Bertelsmann Stiftung Permanent Representation of the Netherlands to the EU Martin Winter Brussels Bureau Chief, Chief Correspondent Filip Vanhevel Süddeutsche Zeitung VRT Maj. Maurits Wygman John Vassallo Aide de Camp Vice President EU Affairs & Associate General Counsel European External Action Service (EEAS) Microsoft Wei Zhang Paolo Venturoni Correspondent Vice President European and NATO Affairs Xinhua News Agency Finmeccanica S.p.A. Dmitry Zorin Alexander Vershbow Counsellor Assistant Secretary of Defence for International Secu- Mission of Belarus to NATO, rity Affairs United States Department of Defence (DOD)

Peceli Vuniwaqa Vocea Ambassador Mission of Fiji to the EU

Olof Von Gawinski Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF)

Kostyantyn Voytovsky Counsellor Mission of Ukraine to NATO

Anna Vvedenskaia Correspondent Voice of America News

John Wallace Fox News

“Reflections on the status and future of the transatlantic alliance” 19

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INTERPOL

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